8/12/2019 La conservazione della conoscenza scritta: dalla carta al digitale

1/16

8/12/2019 La conservazione della conoscenza scritta: dalla carta al digitale

2/16

"

;? 3#)'5+/@$5#$$%&'(% )*+ ,,- .*/0+01 2 0$3'% '++' 40$(' 5% (6((% 7 0 86'.% 7 6)9*)0$3* 40(*):' 5% /'+/0+0 *3*30$%::':%0)*1 /0)5*).'(' %) '44'$*//;% /0.< $%50((% 5' 40(*$ 0//64'$* /0305'3*)(* 40.(0)*+ 4'+30 5*++' 3')0= -+ 5*.%>) '//'((%&')(* 5% 86*.(% 5%.40.%(%&% /;* '..630)0 +9'44*++'(%&0 5%?!"#$%@1 ?&'%())&*('%(@1 +% 40$(' ' *..*$* 6) 0>>*((0 /;* $'44$*.*)('(%&0 5% 6)0 !%#%+! !&"-.)*%) 30+(% 5%3*)(%/')0 7 0 .*34+%/*3*)(* %>)0$')0 7 +' >*)*.% 5% 86*.(0 4$050((0= A*$ '+/6)%1.*3B$' 86'.% 6)' $%.0$.' 5' .*34$* *.%.(%(' * %)5%.4*).'B%+* 4*$ +' 4$04$%' *.%.(*):'= C6'.% '++%&*++0 5% 6) +%B$0D 6)9*)(%(E 4*$ )0% 5*+ (6((0 )'(6$'+*1 .%3B0+0 &*$0 * 4$04$%0 5*++'/0).*$&':%0)* 59%)F0$3':%0)% *1 4%G %) >*)*$'+*1 5% /.'.!/('0#= A$*)5%'30 +' 5*F%)%:%0)* 5%/0)0./*):' 5'+ &0/'B0+'$%0 H$*//')%D

?/.'.!/('0# 12.'.3!"'%!#1 !4 54 67#) )#%4 %#$7. /.*'.!/('% 7($4 7& /.*'.!/9$( :/.'.!/($(:;4 < =4#4 65#/.)%> +"#'# 7& /.'.!/($(8 7& #??$('7($(; @ #??$('7&"('%.8 /.*'&0&.'(8 A'.' /."4B/.'.!/&"('%.8 ?$./(!!. /.*'&%&C.4 -4 6D+#'%. !& /.'.!/(E )# /4 +"#'#; @ !#?($(8 !#?&('0#8 !/&('0#4# 7.%%$&'#8 ($+7&0&.'(8 !/&-&)(4 F4 #4 6)3#%%. . &) 5#%%. 7& !#?($( . /.'.!/($( +'# /.!#E #C($( +'#-+.'# /4 7())# 5&!&/#; @ /.*'&0&.'(8 /."?(%('0#8 /.'!#?(C.)(00#8 ?#7$.'#'0#4 $ &*'.$#'0#8&'/."?(%('0#4G=

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

+9'+($0 6) '//*..0 +%3%('(0 '++' /0)0./*):' /;* *..% /0)(%*)*)>0)0"

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

40..%B%+%(E 5% '..0/%'$* %)F0$3':%0)% ?'>>%6)(%&*@ ' 0>)% 4'$0+' 0 /034+*..0 5% *..*J 5% $%.'+%$*' 86*.(* %)F0$3':%0)% .*):' 4*$P 4*$5*$* +90$%>%)'+%(E 5*++9%)F0$3':%0)*=

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

TConoscenza in Vocabolario. (s.d.). Tratto da Treccani: http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/conoscenza/"Varanini, F. (s.d.).Il libro come misero output vs. la conoscenza emergente. Tratto da Dieci chili di perle:http://diecichilidiperle.blogspot.it/2013/06/il-libro-come-misero-output-vs-la.html SBush, V. (1945, July). As we may Think. The Atlantic Monthly.

8/12/2019 La conservazione della conoscenza scritta: dalla carta al digitale

3/16

S

5% I'))*&'$ M6.;1 F%)0 '% 305*$)% /0$40$' 5%>%('+% '))0('(% F%) )*% 3%)%3% 5*(('>+% %) 3')%*$'86'.% 5*+ (6((0 '6(03'(%/'= -+ /05%/*1 86*++0 /;* 4*$/*4%'30 )'(6$'+* /03* +%)>6'>>%01 5*$%&'5'++9*&0+6:%0)* 5% 6)' .*$%* 5% $*>0+* $%/0$.%&* /;* >*)*$')0 /03B%)':%0)% 5% +*((*$* *'..630)0 .%>)%F%/'(01 )*++' 4%G F*5*+* ($'5%:%0)* U;03.OV')'=

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

%)F0$3':%0)%= [>>%1 2 4$04$%0 +' .*34+%/%(E )*+ $*/64*$'$* 86')(0 .% /*$/'1 ' $*)5*$*+9%)5%&%560 F%) ($0440 /0./%*)(* ')/;* 5% '$>03*)(% %>)0$'(% F%)0 ' 86'+/;* .*/0)50 4$%3'= -+40(*):%'+* 5*+ 40(*$ '//*5*$* ' 86'+6)86* 5'(0 2 86%)5% 6)9'$3' ' 5044%0 ('>+%0 /;* B%.0>)'6(%+%::'$* /0) /'6(*+' * /;* 46P *..*$* .F$6(('(' 4*$ 360&*$* %5*'+% /036)% 0 '55%$%((6$'/$*'$* 5*% &*$% * 4$04$% 30&%3*)(% F%+0.0F%/%=

U0.>% 5% 4$0>$'33':%0)* *%)(*$$0>':%0)* /;* F'))0 '44'$%$* 6) $%.6+('(0 .6++0 ./;*$30= U0.+* /% .*3B$' 0$3'% 6) 5%$%((01 3' .0)0 %) 40/;% ' /;%*5*$.% 86'+* .%' %+3*//')%.30 /;* $*)5* %+ 30(0$* 5% $%/*$/' 6) '//*..0 /0.< %33*5%'(0 * 4$*/%.0 ' 86*++0 /;* .%/*$/'= C6*++0 /;* *$' 6) +'B0$%0.0 /034%(0 5% $%/*$/' %) B%B+%0(*/'1 5%&*)(' 6) '//*..0 '++*

%)F0$3':%0)% 5*F%)%(* 5' 40/;* $%>;* 5% +%)>6'>>%0 YCN]1 '5 *.*34%0=

SELECT autori.nome

FROM autori;

WHERE autori.opera = Commedia;

C6*.(' 40$:%0)* 5% /05%/* YCN1 /% F0$)%./* %)F0$3':%0)% $%>6'$50 ' 6) '6(0$* 4$*.*)(* )*++')0.($' ('B*++' ?'6(0$%@ +' /6% 04*$' 2 5*)03%)'(' ?U033*5%'@= ^) (%40 5% '//*..0 * 5% +0>%/'5*+ (6((0 '//*..%B%+* * F'/%+* 5' /034$*)5*$*1 3' )0) B')'+* * /;* /% 4*$3*((* 5% *&0+&*$* +')0.($' $%/*$/' ')/;* %) 5%$*:%0)% 3'>>%0$3*)(* /034+*..*= K /0.*)*$':%0)% 4%G>%0&')%1 /*$/'$* %)F0$3':%0)% .6 6)9*)/%/+04*5%' 0 .F0>+%'$* 6) %)5%/* .*3B$' 6) *.*$/%:%0 5*+

(6((0 %)6(%+* * 5%.4*)5%0.01 .04$'((6((0 86')50 B'.(' ./$%&*$* %) 6)' .*34+%/* /'.*++' 5% (*.(0?U033*5%'@ * +' 3'//;%)'1 /0) %+ .60 /05%/* * +* .6* $%.0$.*1 B'5*$E ' F'$* %+ $*.(0 4*$$%.40)5*$* /0) +9%)F0$3':%0)* /0$$*((' 0 86*++0 /;* 4%G .% '&&%/%)' ' *..'=

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

]YCN WY($6/(6$*5 C6*$V N')>6'>*X 2 6) +%)>6'>>%0 .(')5'$5%::'(0 4*$ 5'('B'.* B'.'(% .6+ 305*++0 $*+':%0)'+*J

8/12/2019 La conservazione della conoscenza scritta: dalla carta al digitale

4/16

]

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

N' ./$%((6$' ;' 6)' F0$3' 0$>')%::'(%&' /*$('3*)(* >*$'$/;%/' * .*86*):%'+*1 4*$ '//*5*$* '6) 5*(*$3%)'(0 /'4%(0+0 0//0$$* ./0$$*$* (6((% >+% '+($% 01 3*>+%01 /*$/'$+0 .6++9%)5%/*= `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

86*++0 5*% )0.($% 4*).%*$%1 $%/0$5% 0 *.4*$%*):*=

- /'+/0+'(0$% +'&0$')0 %) 3')%*$' 6) 409 5%&*$.' 5'++' 3*)(* 63')'D %+ +0$0 ?/034%(0@ 2 5%3')%40+'$* .%3B0+%1 .*86*):* 5% a * 5% T /;* /0$$%.40)50)0 ' +%&*++% '+(% * B'..% 5% /0$$*)(*=`0) 40..%*50)0 6) 4$04$%0 +%)>6'>>%0 )'(6$'+* '+ 4'$% 5*>+% *..*$% 63')%= N' 3'//;%)'1 /0)('+% .*86*):*1 +'&0$' 30+(0 B*)*J +96030 ;' %)&*/* 5*++* 5%FF%/0+(E ' /036)%/'$* /0) *..*'(($'&*$.0 %+ /05%/* B%)'$%0= N' +0$0 >*)*.% 21 %)F'((%1 F0)5'(' .6+ >*.(%$* *)0$3% 86')(%(E 5% 5'(%1* )0) &% *$' 6)' &*$' * 4$04$%' *.%>*):' 5% 40(*$ /036)%/'$* F%) 5' .6B%(0 /0) *..*= N0 .(*..0N%/O+%5*$ )*+ .60 N%B$'$%*. 0F (;* b6(6$*c1 40)* %+ 4$0B+*3' W)*>+% '))% d]aX 5% /$*'$* 5*++*F6):%0)% /;*1 .*446$ 4*$%F*$%/;*1 4*$3*((')0 '+ /'+/0+'(0$* 5% %)(*$'>%$* /0) +96030 * %+ .60+%)>6'>>%0= K//0 /;* )'./* +' 86*.(%0)* 5*++9*36+'$* %+ 4*).%*$0 63')01 *&0+&*)50 +'

>*$'$/;%' .*86*):%'+* 5*+ (*.(0 ./$%((0 %) 86'+/0.' /;* .% '&&%/%)% 3'>>%0$3*)(*'++90$>')%::':%0)* '..0/%'(%&' 5*++' )0.($' 3*)(*= `0) .% 4$*(*)5* /;* +' 3'//;%)' 4*).% '+40.(0 5*++9*..*$* 63')01 3' .*34+%/*3*)(* /;* +0 '%6(% ' 0$>')%::'$* +* %)F0$3':%0)%/0).*$&'(* * 0FF$' +' 40..%B%+%(E 5% '//*5*$&% %) 6)' 3')%*$' 4%G .%3%+* ' 86*++' /;* +' )0.($'3*)(* '50((' )'(6$'+3*)(*D 6)' $*(* 59%)F0$3':%0)% W5'++' )'(6$' 4%G &'$%'1 86%)5%36+(%3*5%'+*X '//*..%B%+% %) 3')%*$' 4'$'++*+' * '..0/%'(%&'=

A0..%'30 86%)5% ')'+%::'$* 86*++0 /;* .*3B$' *..*$* 6) 56'+%.30 %)5%/'(%&0 5*++9%)(*$'86*.(%0)*1 $'FF$0)('(' /0) % 305*$)% .%.(*3% 5% $%/*$/'= A*).%'30 ' 6)' 4'$0+'1 4*$ /*$(% &*$.%*86%&'+* 86'.% ' ./$%&*$+' )*++' B'$$' %)46( 5% \00>+*J '((%)>*$* '++* *.4*$%*):* 4%G $%+*&')(%+*>'(* ' 86*++' 4'$0+' *86%&'+* ' /0).6+('$* % 4$%3% $%.6+('(% 5% 86*++' $%/*$/' W.*446$

cLicklider, J. C. (1965).Libraries of the Future.Cambridge: M.I.T. Press.

8/12/2019 La conservazione della conoscenza scritta: dalla carta al digitale

5/16

c

+9'+>0$%(30 5% 0$5%)'3*)(0 )0) .%' F$6((0 5% *.4*$%*):* 4*$.0)'+%X= A0% +9*&0+6:%0)*1 %)*)($'3B% % /'.%1 2 5*+ (6((0 )'(6$'+*D 6)9*.4*$%*):' '++' 86'+* .%'30 >%6)(% 4*$ '..0/%':%0)*'4$* +* 40$(* '5 '+($% $%/0$5% * 4*).%*$% /;* /0)5%&%50)0 86'+/0.' /0) *..'1 /0.< /03* 6)'4'>%)' $*4*$%(' .6 %)(*$)*( /0)(%*)* 6)' .*$%* 5% /0++*>'3*)(% /;* /% 40$(')0 &*$.0 )60&*3*(*1 +* 86'+% %) 6) 3050 0 )*++9'+($0 .0)0 '..0/%'(* '+ 4$%30 $%.6+('(0 6(%+* /;* 'BB%'30

/0).6+('(0 )*+ /0$.0 5*++' )0.($' $%/*$/' * 4*$3*((0)0 5% *&0+&*$* 6+(*$%0$3*)(* +' )0.($'$%/*$/'= - )60&% 0$%::0)(% 5*+ )0.($0 4*$/0$.0 * +* )60&* (*3'(%/;* /;* ' +0$0 &0+(' )*>*)*$')0 '+($*((')(%1 5'))0 +60>0 '5 6) /'33%)0 (*0$%/'3*)(* %)F%)%(0=

9?;? 3 F/$B/(G /# ($()&6- -2)&'#-)$%5 -22- (7'$))/'-

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

86%)5% /;*1 4*$ 86')(0 $%>6'$5' +' ./$%((6$'1 )0) &% .%')0 /036)86* 40..%B%+%(E &'+%5* * .%'1 %)F0)501 %+ 3*::0 4$%)/%4'+*1 .* )0) +96)%/01 4*$ /0).*$&'$* 6)9%)F0$3':%0)*= C6*.(0 ')/;*4*$/;e +' )0.($' /6+(6$' 2 ')/0$'(' '+ /0)/*((0 /;* *..0 +0 .%'=

Y40.(%'30 +' )0.($' '((*):%0)* %) Y65 #3*$%/'1 )*+ TcSa 4*$ *.'((*::'= \+% Y4'>)0+%1 >%6)(% %)86*.(* (*$$*1 *)($')0 %) /0)('((0 /0) +' &'.(%(E 5*++9-34*$0 -)/'1 4040+'(0 5' T" 3%+%0)% 5%'B%(')(% * /0) 6) *.(*).%0)* 5% 86'.% "caa f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g1 6) .%.(*3' 5% /0$5* /0+0$'(* *%)($*//%'(* .*/0)50 B*) 4$*/%.% .%>)%F%/'(% * 3*(050+0>%*=

?H+&?+ C+.) 7&$( #''.7#$( ( #''.7#"('%.8 ( #'/I( !& +!# '() !('!. 7& /.'%.8 ?($/IJ *)''.7#"('%& !.'. -+.'& ?($ ?#$)#$( 7& .*'& /.!#4 K)& &'7&.! 5#/(C#'. 5&)& 7& /.).$& 7&C($!&8D+#)/+'. ($# 7& +' !.). /.).$(8 #)%$& 7& 7+( /.).$&8 #)%$& 7& %$( ( #)%$& 7& ?&L8 ?($/IJ & /.).$& !("?)&/&( D+())& "&!/I%&8 %+%%& #C(C#'. +' !&*'&5&/#%. 7& ?($ !JM & 5&)& ($#'. ".)%. $&%.$%&8 7& 7+( . %$( /#?&( *$.!!& /."( +' 5+!. 7& 5($$.8 ( )#$*I& 7# %$( D+#$%& 7& C#$# 6/&$/# !(!!#'%# /('%&"(%$&;M & D+#)& !&

&'5&)#C#'. &' #)%$. 5&). +'. 7.?. )N#)%$.8 #%%.$'. # +'N#'&"#8 /."( ?($ 5#$( +'# 5$#'* O($"(00. 7(& /.).$& %&$#C#'. 5+.$& D+()). /I( /.'%('(C# D+() 5&).8 /."( )N.$. ?($ &) *)).8 ( )N#$*('%.?($ &) -'/.8 ( &) $.!!. )# *('%( 7& *+($$#4@h

C6*++0 /6% .% ($0&'$0)0 5% F$0)(* >+% Y4'>)0+%1 2 6)' &*$' * 4$04$%' ?$%&0+6:%0)*@ $%.4*((0 '+.%.(*3' /0)/*4%(0 5'++96030 0//%5*)('+*J ')/;* )*++' 305*$)' *$' 5*% /0346(*$ * 5*%5%.40.%(%&% 5%>%('+% ' 5%FF6.%0)* /'4%++'$* $%.6+(' 5%FF%/%+* /034$*)5*$* 6) .%.(*3' /;* )0) B'.%10 3*>+%01 &%.6'+%::% %+ 4$04$%0 B'>'>+%0 5% /0)0./*):' '(($'&*$.0 +' ./$%((6$'= ^) +%B$0 * 6)*B00OL$*'5*$ )0) /% .*3B$')0 4%G /0.< +0)(')% ' /0)F$0)(0 5% 86*.(0 .%.(*3' 5*+ (6((00$%>%)'+*J ')/;* 4*$/;e +9*B00O 40)* +* 4$04$%* $%.0$.* 4$04$%0 )*+ $%/$*'$* 6)' &*$.%0)*5%>%('+* 5*+ .6440$(0 /'$('/*01 * 86*.(0 40($*BB* *..*$* 6)0 .46)(0 4*$ )60&* 5%./6..%0)%=

gVaranini, F. (2012). I quipu com codice e come macchina. Seminario di Cultura digitale, Unipi.hVega, G. d. (1609).Los Comentarios Reales que tratan del origen de los incas .

8/12/2019 La conservazione della conoscenza scritta: dalla carta al digitale

6/16

g

Z040(6((01 >+% .(*..% +%)>6'>>% 5% 4$0>$'33':%0)*1 .%')0 *..% /0) /05%/* '5 '+(0i 0 B'..0j+%&*++01 4$*&*50)0 +' ./$%((6$' 5*+ 4$04$%0 /0$40 /0) /'$'((*$% '+F')63*$%/%= N' /0).*$&':%0)*5*++' /0)0./*):'1 /03* /% %).*>)')0 >+% -)/'1 )0) '&&%*)* .0+(')(0 '(($'&*$.0 +* ?+*((*$*@W%)(*.* %) 3')%*$' 30+(0 +'$>' /03* )63*$% * /'$'((*$%X1 3' 46P '&&*)%$* /0) '+($% .%.(*3%1')/;* .* +9'B%(65%)* ' 6) /*$(0 3*(050 $*)5* 5%FF%/%+* +' /034$*).%0)* * +9'44$0//%0 ' *..%=

#+($' )0(' F0)5'3*)('+* /;* B%.0>)' 0FF$%$* $%>6'$50 % C6%40. * .6++' +0$0 )'./%('= - /$0)%.(%.4'>)0+%1 %)F'((%1 )0) 40(*&')0 .'4*$* /;* ('+% .($63*)(% F0..*$0 %) 6.0 5' '+3*)0 "caa '))%4$%3' 5*++' )'./%(' 5% U$%.(01 +9%)&*):%0)* 5*% /'$'((*$% /6)*%F0$3% 2 7 $*+'(%&'3*)(* 7 5% 40/04%G '):%')'=

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

F'$ ($'4*+'$* +' )0&%(E %34+%/%(' )*+ /0346(*$ * )*+ .60 /05%/*= N96030 7 0//%5*)('+*1 %) 86*.(0/'.0 7 2 .4%)(0 5'+ 4$*.*$&'$* % F0)5'3*)(% 5*++' 4$04$%' /6+(6$' $%/0)56/*)50 +' )0&%(E ' /%P/;* 2 .4%*>'B%+* (*)*)50 B*)* ' 3*)(* 6)9*)(%(E B*) )0('D %+ +%B$0= A$0B'B%+3*)(*1 86*.(04*).%*$01 86*.(' ?:'&0$$'@1 +%3%(' '55%$%((6$' %+ 4$0>$*..0 (*/)0+0>%/0 0.('/0+')50 +*40(*):%'+%(E 5% /6% 6) /'+/0+'(0$* 2 /'4'/* 4*$ $%3')*$* F*5*$* ' F0)5'3*)(% /0.< $'5%/'(% 5')0) *..*$* )*33*)0 /0).%5*$'(% ('+%=

#>+% -)/' '44'$* 5*+ (6((0 )'(6$'+* 86*.(0 /05%/*1 /0.< /03* 4*$ )0% '44'$* )'(6$'+* +96.0 5*++'./$%((6$'= `*++' +0$0 /6+(6$'1 /03* )*++' )0.($'1 .% '44$*)5* ('+* /05%/* '(($'&*$.0+9%).*>)'3*)(0 ?./0+'.(%/0@ * .% 6(%+%::' )*++' &%('1 .*):' F'$/% )*33*)0 ($0440 /'.01 6)'5%./%4+%)' /;* 'BB%'30 /0.($6%(0 * /;* .% $%'..63* )*++' /034*(*):' /;%'3'('

+9#)5#-(%&00#0&.'(= K 4$04$%0 86*.(0 (*$3%)*1 .*3B$' 4$*&*5*$* /;* *.%.(' .0+0 6)' +%)>6'F0)5'(' .6 6) '+F'B*(0 4*$ +' ($'.3%..%0)* 5% /0)0./*):'J 4*$ >+% -)/' %)&*/* '&$*330 40(6(04'$+'$* 5% ?H+&?+&00#0&.'(@1 4*$ 4$0&'$* ' F'$* 56'+%.30 /0) 6) >%0/0 5% 4'$0+*= N9'44$0//%0%)F0$3'(%/01 2 %) 86*.(0 /'.0 30+(0 5%&*$.0D )*++96(%+%::'$* >+% .($63*)(% F0$)%(%1 .F$6((%'30 %+/05%/* 5*++' ./$%((6$'1 3' %>)0$%'30 W' 3*)0 5% )0) *..*$* 4$0>$'33'(0$%X %+ /05%/*3'//;%)' .6+ 86'+* %+ .0F(k'$* /;* 6(%+%::%'30 .% B'.'=

Y%'30 6(%+%::'(0$% %)/0).'4*&0+% 5% 6) /05%/* F6):%0)')(*1 /;* /% 4*$3*((* 5% .&0+>*$* %)3')%*$' 4$'(%/' * &*+0/* F6):%0)%1 6)' .0$(' 5% ?./'(0+' 3'>%/'@ /0) 6) %)>$*..0 59%)46( *6)96./%(' 5% 06(46(1 86*+ /;* .6//*5* '+ .60 %)(*$)0 )0) %)(*$*..' '% 4%G1 F%) 86')50 +906(646(2 /0).0)0 '++* '.4*(('(%&*= N9*.4*$%*):' 5% /0).*$&':%0)* 5*++' /0)0./*):' ;' 86%)5% 36('(0 %.60% %)(*$4$*(%D % 3'(*$%'+% * >+% .($63*)(%1 3' $%3')* .0.('):%'+3*)(* %)('((' * $'5%/'(' )*+.60 /05%/* ?0$%>%)'+*@=

- C6%40. /% 3*((0)0 5% F$0)(* '5 6)' 5%&*$.' 40..%B%+%(E1 )0) 4*$ 86*.(0 /% *.4$%3%'30 .6+F'((0 /;* .%' 3%>+%0$* 0 4*>>%0$* 5% 86')(0 6(%+%::'(0 5' 3%++*))% /0) +' ./$%((6$'=

i-) %)F0$3'(%/'1 6) +%)>6'>>%0 5% 4$0>$'33':%0)* '5 '+(0 +%&*++0 2 6) +%)>6'>>%0 5% 4$0>$'33':%0)* 5%&*$.0 5'++%)>6'>>%0 3'//;%)'1 5%$*(('3*)(* *.*>6%B%+* 5' 6) /0346(*$1 3' 4%G &%/%)0 0 F'3%+%'$* '++' +0>%/' 5*+ )0.($0+%)>6'>>%0 )'(6$'+*= W($'((0 5'D Wikipedia. (s.d.).Linguaggio di programmazione ad alto livello. Tratto da Wikipedia:http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguaggio_di_programmazione_ad_alto_livello)j-) %)F0$3'(%/'1 4*$ +%)>6'>>%0 ' B'..0 +%&*++0 .% %)(*)5* %+ .0((0>$6440 5% +%)>6'>>% 5% 4$0>$'33':%0)* 0$%*)('(%'++' 3'//;%)'1 '+ /0)($'$%0 5*+ +%)>6'>>%0 5% 4$0>$'33':%0)* '5 '+(0 +%&*++0 /;* .0)0 %)&*/* 0$%*)('(% '++l6(*)(*=W($'((0 5'D Wikipedia. (s.d.).Linguaggio di programmazione a basso livello . Tratto da Wikipedia:http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguaggio_di_programmazione_a_basso_livelloX

8/12/2019 La conservazione della conoscenza scritta: dalla carta al digitale

7/16

h

Y*34+%/*3*)(*1 6) .%.(*3' 5%&*$.01 /034+*('3*)(* )*++' .6' >*)*.% * )*+ .60 '.4*((01 /% '%6('' /034$*)5*$* 3*>+%0 /03*1 %) *FF*((%1 +' )0.($' /6+(6$' 'BB%' 5*% 46)(% F%..% B*) $'5%/'(% * +%/0).*$&% )*++' .6' *&0+6:%0)*= Z%&*)(' *3B+*3'(%/'1 5% 86*.(0 5%./0$.01 +' .*>6*)(* F$'.* 5%6)0 .(65%0.0 %) 3'(*$%' 5% /6+(6$' .65L'3*$%/')'D

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a

K//0 4*$/;e %+ 5%./0$.0 .6% C6%46. $%.6+(' F0$3')(* 4*$ 86')(0 $%>6'$5' %+ 4'..'>>%0 5'++0.($63*)(0 ')'+0>%/0 '++' 3'//;%)'1 %)(*.' %) 3')%*$' >*)*$'+* /03* .($63*)(0 4*$ +'5%>%('+%::':%0)* 5*++' /0)0./*):'= M%.0>)' (*)*$* /0)(0 5% 86')(0 +' (*/)0+0>%' /% 0FF$*1$%3')*)50 /036)86* /0) 6) 0//;%0 '+ 4'..'(0 4*$ /034$*)5*$* 86')(0 .(%'30 ?4*$5*)50@ 7'33*..0 5% 4*$5*$* 86'+/0.' 7 /0.' .(%'30 *FF*((%&'3*)(* >6'5'>)')50 )*++' 3*('30$F0.% *86')(01 .*446$ %) 3')%*$' 5*+ (6((0 .%+*):%0.'1 $%3')* %)&'$%'(0=

TaVaranini, F. (2012). I quipu com codice e come macchina. Seminario di Cultura digitale, Unipi.

8/12/2019 La conservazione della conoscenza scritta: dalla carta al digitale

8/16

i

8/12/2019 La conservazione della conoscenza scritta: dalla carta al digitale

9/16

j

+' /0)0./*):' 40(*&' *..*$* '$$%//;%(' 5' )0(* * /033*)(%= C6*.(' .0$(' 5% ?./$%&')%'3*//')%/'@ .*3B$' 86'.% 6)9')(%86'(' &*$.%0)* W/0) +* 50&6(* '//0$(*::*X 5*++' 305*$)'o%O%4*5%'1 $%/0$5')50 .*34$* /;* .% ($'((' 5*>+% %)%:% 5*+ .*/0+0=

A%0)%*$* 5*% /0)/*((% /;* ')/0$' )0) 4$*)50)0 %+ )03* 5% ?%4*$(*.(0@1 3' )* 40..%*50)0

+9*..*):'1 2 40% p=U=q= N%/O+%5*$ /;*1 '+ 4'$% 5% M6.;1 0FF$* .0+(')(0 5*++* (*0$%* /;* $%.60)')0/03* 4$*5%:%0)% 5% 6) F6(6$0 /0)/*4%B%+* /03* F')('./%*):'= #++9%)(*$)0 5*+ +%B$0 *5%(0 )*+Tjgc 3' ./$%((0 '+3*)0 &*)(9'))% 4$%3'D [&-$#$&(! .5 QI( ]+%+$(=^1 .% 4$*0//64' 5% 5*F%)%$*86')(0 .%' %340$(')(* %33'>'::%)'$*1 0$>')%::'$* * .04$'((6((0 /0).6+('$* +' /0)0./*):'*+*(($0)%/'3*)(*1 %) 86'+6)86* 303*)(0 * %)5%4*)5*)(*3*)(* 5'+ +60>0 %) /6% /% .% ($0&'=Y04$'((6((0 4*$ 86')(0 $%>6'$5' %+ /0)F$0)(0 +%B$0L/'+/0+'(0$*1 .*34$* )*++0 .(*..0 (*.(0 .%*.4$%3* %) 3')%*$' 30+(0 /;%'$' ' $%>6'$50D

?_! # "(7&+" 5.$ %I( 7&!?)#` .5 &'5.$"#%&.'8 %I( ?$&'%(7 ?#*( &! !+?($-4 R% #55.$7! ('.+*I$(!.)+%&.' %. "((% %I( (`(!N! 7("#'74 R% ?$(!('% ('.+*I &'5.$"#%&.' %. .//+?` %I( $(#7($ 5.$ #/.'C('&('% D+#'%+" .5 %&"(4 R% .55($! *$(#% 5)(a&-&)&%` .5 5.'% #'7 5.$"#%4 R% )(%! %I( $(#7($

/.'%$.) %I( ".7( #'7 $#%( .5 &'!?(/%&.'4 R% &! !"#))8 )&*I%8 ".C#-)(8 /+%%#-)(8 /)&??#-)(8 ?#!%#-)(8$(?)&/#-)(8 7&!?.!#-)( #'7 &'(a?$(!&C(4@Tc

C6*.(% /0)/*((%1 *.4$*..% 5' M6.; * N%/O+%5*$ 86')50 +* (*/)0+0>%* )0) 4*$3*((*&')0 ')/0$'W)0) 5*+ (6((0X 5% '44+%/'$* )*++' 4$'(%/' +* %5** *.4$*..*1 F6$0)0 .F$6(('(* %) .*>6%(0= `0)4'..*$'))0 30+(% '))% 'FF%)/;e )'./' %+ /0)/*((0 7 * %+ (*$3%)* 7 59%4*$(*.(0= K..0 2 /0)%'(0 5'+.0/%0+0>0 * F%+0.0F0 .('(6)%(*).* H*5 `*+.0)1 /0) 6) .%>)%F%/'(0 /*$('3*)(* 4%G '34%0 5%86*++0 /;* 2 %)(*.0 0>>%D 5% F'((01 *..0 'BB$'//%' (6((% % .%.(*3% 5% ./$%((6$' %)F0$3'(%/% *.%.(*)(%=

N90B%*((%&0 5*++9%4*$(*.(0 2 +0 .(*..0 40.(0 5'% $%/*$/'(0$% /;* )* ;'))0 4$*/*56(0 +' >*)*.%D/')/*++'$* +' +%)*'$%(E 7 * +' >*$'$/;%' 7 40.(' 5'+ +%B$0 /'$('/*0 ' F'&0$* 5% 6)' 3'>>%0$*

F+*..%B%+%(E 0FF*$(' 5'% /'+/0+'(0$%1 0>>% %) >$'50 5% %)(*$F'//%'$.% /0) 86*.(' $*'+(E= -+ 4$0>*((0,')'56Tg1 5*+ Tjga1 F0)5'(0 5' `*+.0)1 2 %+ 4$%30 /0)/$*(0 4$0>*((0 59%4*$(*.(0 * 56$*$E 86'.%86'$')(9'))% WF%)0 '+ TjjiX 4*$ '$$%&'$* ' (*$3%)*= K..0 4$*&*5* 6)' .*$%* 5% 50/63*)(%4'$'++*+% /0++*>'(% ($' 5% +0$0 '(($'&*$.0 /0++*>'3*)(% %)/$0/%'(% %) 3')%*$' 4+6$%5%3*).%0)'+*=N0 .(*..0 `*+.0) '&&%' 40% 6)' 40+*3%/' &*$.0 % +%)>6'>>% 5% 3'$O64 305*$)% W5% /6%4'$+*$*30 %) .*>6%(0X )0) '//*((')50 +9,QN * %+ 5*$%&')(* ,rHQN /;*1 ' .60 4'$*$*1.*3B$'&')0 B')'+%::'$* %+ /0)/*((0 59%4*$(*.(0 *.4$*..0 5' +6% .(*..0= -+ (*)('(%&0 5*++9,QN 21.*/0)50 `*+.0)1 5% ?.%36+'$*@ %) 86'+/;* 3050 +* /'$'((*$%.(%/;* 5*+ (*.(0 /'$('/*01 3*)($* %+.60 4$0>*((0 ,')'56 )* 4$*&*5*&' 6) '++0)(')'3*)(0 (0('+*Th=

#+($0 >$')5* 4$0>*)%(0$* 5*++9'$>03*)(01 5' /%('$* 50&*$0.'3*)(*1 2 \*0$>* N')50k1 /;*

'(($'&*$.0 % .60% .'>>% ;' >*(('(0 +* 6+(%3* F0)5'3*)(' )*/*..'$%* 4*$ /0+3'$* +* +'/6)*$%>6'$5')(% +* 5*F%)%:%0)% F0$3'+% 5% 86*.(% 0>>*((%= K5 2 4$04$%0 N')50k /;* /% F0$)%./*1

T]Licklider, J. C. (1965).Libraries of the Future.Cambridge: M.I.T. Press.Tc?U03* .6440$(0 4*$ +' &%.6'+%::':%0)* 5*++* %)F0$3':%0)%1 +' 4'>%)' .('34'(' 2 .64*$B'= [FF$* 6)' $%.0+6:%0)*'44*)' .6FF%/%*)(* ' .055%.F'$* +' 503')5' 5*++90//;%0= A$*.*)(' %)F0$3':%0)% .6FF%/%*)(% 4*$ 0//64'$* %+ +*((0$*4*$ 6) 86')(63 5% (*340 /0)&*)%*)(*= [FF$* 6)' >$')5* F+*..%B%+%(E 5% F0)( * 5% F0$3'(0= A*$3*((* '+ +*((0$* 5%/0)($0++'$* +' 305'+%(E * +' F$*86*):' 5*% /0)($0++%= s 4%//0+'1 +*>>*$'1 30B%+*1 ('>+%'B%+*1 /+%44'B%+*1 %)/0++'B%+*1564+%/'B%+*1 6.' * >*((' * %)*.4$*..%&'=@ WH$'((0 5'D Licklider, J. C. (1965).Libraries of the Future.Cambridge:M.I.T. Press.XTgNelson, T. (s.d.).Xanadu. Tratto da Project Xanadu: http://www.xanadu.com/ThNelson, T. (1999). Ted Nelson's Computer Paradigm, Expressed as One-Liners. Tratto da Xanadu Australia:http://xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/WRITINGS/TCOMPARADIGM/tedCompOneLiners.html

8/12/2019 La conservazione della conoscenza scritta: dalla carta al digitale

10/16

Ta

$%>0$0.'3*)(*1 +* 5%FF*$*):* 4$%)/%4'+% ($' 6) (*.(0 *+*(($0)%/0 W0 %4*$(*.(01 )*+ /'.0X * 6)(*.(0 ' .('34'1 /;* .0)0 *..*):%'+3*)(* ($*TiD

T= !"#$%%'()*%$+7 +9'++0)(')'3*)(0 5'++' +%)*'$%(E 5*+ (*.(0 /'$('/*0 2 6) 46)(0 F*$305% (6((' +' $%/*$/' ' $%>6'$501 % /0++*>'3*)(% ($' +' ?/0)0./*)'@ 5*&0)0 *..*$* 4'$'++*+% *

'BB')50)'$* % /0)/*((% >*$'$/;%/% 5*+ +%B$0 ' .('34'1 .F$6((')50 ' 4%*)0 %+ 5%&*$.0'44$0//%0 * +* 40(*):%'+%(E 5*+ /'+/0+'(0$*J"= ,)--.*$. )"$.*(($$.*(7 %+ (*.(0 5*&* )'(6$'+3*)(* *..*$* '//*..%B%+* '+ +*((0$*1 /;*

'+ (*340 .(*..0 5*&* *..*$* %) >$'50 5% '$$%//;%$+0 /0) )0(* 5% /0).6+(':%0)* /;*'%6(%)0 % +*((0$% .6//*..%&%= `0(* * /033*)(% .0)0 %340$(')(% 4*$ +' )'(6$' .(*..'5*++9%4*$(*.(01 /;* )0) 40..%*5* %)%:%0 0 F%)*D %+ /*)($0 (*340$'+* 5*+ 50/63*)(0 .%($0&' )*+ 4$*.*)(* *1 5% /0).*>6*):'1 0>)% %)F0$3':%0)* 40..%B%+* /0)($%B6%./*'++9%5*'+* /034+*(*::'J

S= 0(1$. )-(*$. 7 %+ (*.(0 ' .('34'1 6)' &0+(' /034+*('(0 * /0).*>)'(0 '++9*5%(0$*$'>>%6)>* %) 86'+/;* 3050 +' .6' &*$.%0)* 5*F%)%(%&'= N9%4*$(*.(01 %)&*/*1 46P *..*$* %).*>6%(0 '34+%'(0 0 $%50((0 .*/0)50 +* *.%>*):*= A0..0)0 *..*$&% 4%G '6(0$% /;*

/0)($%B6%./0)0 '++* &*$.%0)% /;* $*)50)0 +904*$' &*$.'(%+* * .*34$* '>>%0$)'('=

N9%4*$(*.(6'+%(E ?%5*'+*@1 .*/0)50 +* %5** 5% N')50k1 (0>+%*$*BB* %+ 40(*$* '..0+6(%.(%/05*++9'6(0$* ' F'&0$* 5% 6)' 3'>>%0$* /004*$':%0)* /0) % +*((0$%1 0FF$*)50 +0$0 +90//'.%0)* 5%/*$/'$* )*+ (*.(0 6) .%>)%F%/'(0 )0) 4%G )*/*..'$%'3*)(* %340.(0 5'++9'6(0$* 3' F$6((0 5%6)9')'+%.% /0++'B0$'(%&' * 5%&*$.% 46)(% 5% &%.('=

H6(('&%'1 ')/;* .* +* %)(*):%0)% 5*++' $%/*$/' '44*)' $%4*$/0$.' .0)0 5*++* 4%G )0B%+%1 )0).*34$* 2 .('(0 40..%B%+* $*'+%::'$* %) .0.('):' 86*.(* )60&* .0+6:%0)% ' 4$0B+*3% .0+(')(0(*0$%::'(%= C6*++0 /;* )'/86* /03* rHQN W')/;* 86*.(0 6) (*)('(%&0 5% '44$0//%0%4*$(*.(6'+*1 +' .%>+' .%>)%F%/'1 %)F'((%D b`?($Q(a% T#$2+? [#'*+#*(XTj )0) $%.4*//;%'

*.'(('3*)(* % 4$%)/%4% F0)5')(% 5*>+% %4*$(*.(% 5*F%)%(% 5'% ?4$0>*)%(0$%@1 3' .*3B$' *..*$* 6)>%6.(0 /034$03*..0 * 6) .0+%50 46)(0 5% 4'$(*):' 4*$ 6) .%.(*3' %) /0)(%)6' *&0+6:%0)*=

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k*B1 40..%'30 '$$%//;%$*86*.(0 (*.(0 59%)F0$3':%0)% /;* '%6(%)0 +' $%/*$/' %) '3B%(0 F%+0+0>%/01 +%)>6%.(%/0 *5*.4')5')0 86*++' /;* 2 +' .*34+%/* 4'$0+'=

8/12/2019 La conservazione della conoscenza scritta: dalla carta al digitale

11/16

8/12/2019 La conservazione della conoscenza scritta: dalla carta al digitale

12/16

T"

86*++904*$':%0)* /;* +' 3'//;%)' /034%* 4*$ $*)5*$* 0>)% *+*3*)(01 .%>)%F%/')(* 5*+ (*.(01 6)(0O*)= A0($*330 '5 *.*34%01 %)5%&%56'$* ('+% *)(%(E /0) .4':% 4$%3' * 5040 6)' /*$('.*86*):' 5% /'$'((*$%1 3' 86*.(0 /$**$*BB* /036)86* 5*% /'.% 5% '3B%>6%(E1 2 )*/*..'$%0 F'$*'((*):%0)*= H6(('&%'1 )0) .*34$* 2 %+ (0O*) +9*)(%(E 3%)%3' %) /6% &0>+%'30 .655%&%5*$* %+(*.(01 40($*330 '&*$ B%.0>)0 5% /'4%(0+%1 5% F$'.% 0 3'>'$% 5*++9%)(*$0 /0$40 5*+ (*.(01 /03*

*)(%(E= N' )*/*..%(E 2 86%)5% 5% 40..*5*$* .($63*)(% /;* /% 4*$3*((')0 5% %5*)(%F%/'$* (6((% >+%*+*3*)(% 5% /6% 'BB%'30 B%.0>)0 .*):' '3B%>6%(E * F'/*)50 %) 3050 /;* +' .(*..' 3'//;%)''BB%' +' 40..%B%+%(E 5% $%/0)0./*$+%= `'./0)0 '++0$' % +%)>6'>>% 5% /05%F%/'1 /;* %)5%&%56')01.*+*:%0)')0 * /+'..%F%/')0 >+% *+*3*)(% $%+*&')(% 5*+ (*.(0 .('B%+*)50 6)' $*+':%0)* ($' 5% *..%=N%)>6'>>% /;* /0).*)(0)0 86*.(0 (%40 5% 04*$':%0)* .0)0 ')/;* 5*((% 5% 3'$/'(6$' W0 3'$O641%) %)>+*.*X""=

-) B60)' .0.('):'1 %+ (*.(0 5%>%('+* 2 6) (*.(0 '$$%//;%(0 5'++' 3'$/'(6$' /;* ($'.3*((* 86*++*%)F0$3':%0)% '+($%3*)(% %340..%B%+% 5' $*)5*$* .6 /'$(' .* )0) '(($'&*$.0 6) /0)F6.%0)'$%0>%0/0 5% )0(* * $%3')5%= K..0 .*>)' '446)(0 86*+ /0)F%)* /;* 'BB%'30 ($' % ($'((% .*>3*)('+% W%(0O*)X * 86*++% .04$'.*>3*)('+% W%+ 3'$O641 '446)(0X1 3' *)($'3B% .0)0 %340$(')(% 4*$ +'

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o0$51 50&* %) 86*.(0 303*)(0 ./$%&0 86*.(0 *+'B0$'(01 .%36+')0 7 %)6(%+3*)(*1 4*$+0 .(*..0 /0346(*$ 7 5*% F0>+% 5% /'$(' #]1 86')50 +' 3%' 3'//;%)' )0) '&$*BB* '+/6)

4$0B+*3' ' .'+&'$* * >*.(%$* %+ (*.(0 ./$%((0 .6 5% 6)96)%/' $%>'=U05%F%/'$*1 /0).*)(* '++' 3'//;%)' 5% %)($'4$*)5*$* 86*+ 4$0/*..0 3*)('+* /;* '++9*..*$*63')0 $%*./* 5*+ (6((0 )'(6$'+* 5*++9'..0/%':%0)* 5% 4*).%*$% * 5% $%/0.($6:%0)* 5*++'/0)0./*):' '(($'&*$.0 4*$/0$.% 5%$*((% 0 3*)01 /;* 4'$(0)0 5' 6)' .*34+%/* 4'$0+' *$%.'+>0)0 ' (6((0 86*++0 /;* 2 %+ /0)(*)6(0 '..0/%'(0 ' *..'= `* 'BB%'30 6) .*34+%/*1$65%3*)('+*1 *.*34%0 .6% B+0> 7 86*++% >*.(%(% 5'+ UQY o0$54$*.. W(')(0 4*$ F'$* 6) *.*34%0F'3%+%'$*X1 ($' % &'$% o%5>*( 5*++' 4%'(('F0$3' 2 4$*.*)(* +' ?`6&0+' 5% H'>@1 .($63*)(0 /;*

""Sechi, L. (2010).Editoria digitale.Milano: Apogeo s.r.l."S?,QN 2 6) +%)>6'>>%0 ' 3'$/'(0$% /0) 6)' .($6((6$' >*$'/;%/'1 /0) +' /'$'((*$%.(%/' F0)5'3*)('+* 5% *..*$**.(*).%B%+*D )0) 5*F%)%./* 6)' 4$04$%' /0++*:%0)* 5% 3'$/'(0$% W0 ('>X1 3' 5*F%)%./* +* $*>0+* .%)('((%/;*'(($'&*$.0 +* 86'+% 2 40..%B%+* >*)*$'$)* 5% )60&%1 4*$.0)'+%::'(% * /0) % 4$04$% *&*)(6'+% '(($%B6(%=@ ($'((0 5'DCanducci, M. (2005).XML.Milano: Apogeo s.r.l.

8/12/2019 La conservazione della conoscenza scritta: dalla carta al digitale

13/16

TS

4*$3*((* 5% &%.6'+%::'$* 7 /0) >$')5*::* &'$%'B%+%1 .*/0)50 +96(%+%::0 7 +* 4'$0+* '..0/%'(* '0>)% '$(%/0+0 * 40(*$ $%.'+%$* '+ 4$04$%0 %)(*$*..* '(($'&*$.0 5*++* ?O*VLk0$5@= H6(('&%'1 .*446$+%)>6'>>%% /03* ,QN 4*$3*((')0 +9'BB')50)0 5% .($6((6$* .*86*):%'+%1 /0).*)(*)50 5% $%.'+%$*'++* %)F0$3':%0)% 5'+ /0)(*)6(0 *FF*((%&'3*)(* /*$/'(01 3')(%*)* ')/0$' 6)' F0$(%..%3'/0340)*)(* >*$'$/;%/' 50&6(' '++90$>')%::':%0)* .($6((6$'+* .(*..' 5*+ +%)>6'>>%0=

N' /0)0./*):' 5%&*)(' 86%)5% 5%>%('+*1 ')/;* 86*++' 0$%>%)'$%'3*)(* /'$('/*' * .% *&0+&* %).($6((6$* /;* 4*$3*((0)0 6) F'/%+* $*4*$%3*)(0 59%)F0$3':%0)* ' 4$*./%)5*$* 5'+ +60>01 5'+(*340 0 5'++* /0)5%:%0)% .0/%'+% *5 */0)03%/;*= Q0+(0 %340$(')(* ')/;* +' /0)5%&%.%0)* 5*++'/0)0./*):'D )0) /% $*)5%'30 /0)(01 4$0B'B%+3*)(*1 5% 86')(0 +' /05%F%/' .%' *FF*((%&'3*)(*4$*.*)(* )*++* )0.($* &%(*= N* 4'>%)* k*B .0)0 /05%F%/'(* %) ,rHQN1 /;* *.(*)5* '5 *..* +*4$04$%*(E 5*++9,QN * +* $*)5* 5*% &*$% * 4$04$% (*.(% /05%F%/'(%= N9%)F0$3':%0)* 7 $*+'(%&' '+(*.(0 ./$%((0 .6++' 4'>%)' k*B 7 2 /0.< '//*..%B%+* '(($'&*$.0 +' $*(* /0) 305'+%(E 30+(0 4%G&*+0/% * $'5%/'(* 5% 86')(0 )0) 40(*..* *FF*((%&'3*)(* F'$* 6) +%B$0= Y%'30 6(%+%::'(0$%%)/0).'4*&0+%1 /03* *.4$*..0 %) t"=T1 * .F$6((%'30 (*/)0+0>%* * $%/*$/;* 5%&*)('(* 0$3'% %+)0.($0 860(%5%')01 .*):' /0)0./*$* (6((0 86*++0 /;* $%3')* )'./0.(0 5*)($0 86*++' ?./'(0+'

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

8/12/2019 La conservazione della conoscenza scritta: dalla carta al digitale

14/16

T]

N' )6&0+' 21 %) .0.('):'1 (6((' +' $*(* '((0$)0 ' )0% /;* 4*$3*((* '++* %)F0$3':%0)% 5% >%6)>*$*W* 4'$(%$*1 .*/0)50 % /'.%X '% )0.($% 5%.40.%(%&% *+*(($0)%/%= s &%.(' /03* 6)9*)(%(E '.($'(('1 86'.%/03* .* %+ (6((0 F0..* $*'+3*)(* /0340.(0 5% 4'$(%/*++* /;* &0+')0 .6++* )0.($* (*.(*1 3*)($* +'$*'+(E 2 /;* % 5'(% .0)0 .'4%*)(*3*)(* /0).*$&'(% %) >$')5% 3'%)F$'3* .4'$.% %) 0>)% 4'$(* 5*+>+0B0 *1 '(($'&*$.0 6)9%)($%/'(' $*(*1 >%6)>0)0 .6% )0.($% ./;*$3% 4*$/0$$*)50 %)F%)%(% )05%

+6)>0 +' +0$0 .($'5'= -) *FF*((%1 .*):' *)($'$* ($0440 )*++0 .4*/%F%/01 +9'$/;%(*((6$' /+%*)(L.*$&*$;' 4$04$%0 86*.(0 F6):%0)'3*)(0D %+ /+%*)( 2 +96(*)(* /;* &60+* '//*5*$* ' 7 0 *+'B0$'$* 7 6)'/*$(' %)F0$3':%0)*1 3*)($* %+ .*$&*$ .% 0//64' 5% >*.(%$* +' $%/;%*.(' 5*+ /+%*)( )*++' 3')%*$'4%G *FF%/'/* 40..%B%+*= `0) /% '//0$>%'30 5% 86*.(0 &%'&'% 59%)F0$3':%0)%1 .*34+%/*3*)(*4*$/;e +' 3'//;%)' 2 &%.(' /03* 86*+ -)#/2-.a5% /6% .% 2 4'$+'(0 %) 4$*/*5*):' * % $%.6+('(%.0)0 86'.% 5*+ (6((0 %33*5%'(% .6+ )0.($0 ./;*$30=

-+ k*B 40)* +96030 %) 6) $'..%/6$')(* 6)%&*$.01 6) )60&0 3050 5% %)(*)5*$* +9'//*..0 '++*%)F0$3':%0)%D )0) 4%G %+ .*34+%/* '//*..0 '+ +%B$0 /;* /0)(%*)* +' /0)0./*):' 5% /6% 'BB%'30B%.0>)01 3' 6)' &*$' * 4$04$%' F%)*.($' '4*$(' .6++' F6/%)' /$*'(%&' /;* >*)*$' 86*+ (*.(0= K5 24$04$%0 5% (*.(0 /;* 50BB%'30 4'$+'$*1 .+*>'$* /034+*('3*)(* +9%5*' 5% (*.(' '++' &%.%0)*

.($6((6$'(' * '6.(*$' 5*+ +%B$0J *..*):%'+3*)(* %+ (*.(0 )0) ;' 6) %)%:%0 * )0) ;' F%)*1 2 6)'/0)(%)6' *&0+6:%0)* /;* 46P *..*$* $'FF%)'(' )*+ (*340 0 4*$5*$* /034+*('3*)(* 5% &'+0$*= -++%B$0 '44'$* /03* F%>6$' 0$5%)'('1 %) 6) /*$(0 .*).0 $'..%/6$')(* /;* .%36+' +' 3*('F0$' 5%6)' &%(' /0) 6) B*) 5*(*$3%)'(0 %)%:%0 * 6)9')/0$ 4%G 5*(*$3%)'(' F%)*1 %)&*/* %+ k*B 2 +9*.'((00440.(0D %+ k*B 2 /'0."c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

/;* .% ($'((' 5% $%F+*..%0)% $%.'+*)(% '>+% '))% 9Sa1 5% F'((0 _! f( T#` QI&'2 &*))* 46BB+%/'(0.0+(')(0 6) 5*/*))%0 5040D

?hI.))` '(f 5.$"! .5 ('/`/).?(7! f&)) #??(#$8 $(#7` "#7( f&%I # "(!I .5 #!!./%&C( %$#&)!$+''&'* %I$.+*I %I("8 $(#7` %. -( 7$.??($7 &'%. %I( "("(a #'7 %I($( #"?)&5&(74@"g

N' 4$%3' 0..*$&':%0)* /;* 40..%'30 F'$*1 ')'+%::')50 86*.(' /%(':%0)*1 2 /;* M6.; '&*&' >%E%) 3*)(* 6)9*)(%(E 5*+ (6((0 .%3%+* ' 86*++* /;* .0)0 +* 305*$)* 4%'(('F0$3* 5% /0)5%&%.%0)*5*++' /0)0./*):' %) 3')%*$' /0++'B0$'(%&'= - o%O%1 4*$ %)(*)5*$/%= N' 5%FF*$*):' .(' )*+/0)/*((0 /;* )0) &% 2 6)' ?!/$&C#' "(//#'&00#%#@ /03* 30($%/* 5*++904*$'1 3'.*34+%/*3*)(* 86*++0 /;* /0)/*((6'+3*)(* '..%3%+%'30 ' ?)6&0+'@1 %+ k*B= N* %)F0$3':%0)%40..0)0 *..*$* %).*$%(* )*++' $*(*u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

"cVaranini, F. (s.d.).Il libro come misero output vs. la conoscenza emergente. Tratto da Dieci chili di perle:http://diecichilidiperle.blogspot.it/2013/06/il-libro-come-misero-output-vs-la.html "g?].$"( ('/&/).?(7&/I( &'%($#"('%( '+.C( #??#$&$#''.8 ?$.'%( # /$(#$( +'# "#*) 7& ?($/.$!& #!!./%&C& /I( )(#%%$#C($!#'.8 ?$.'%( ?($ (!!($( )#!/%( '())( "#'& 7() T("(a ( 7# (!!. #"?)&5&/#%(@ ($'((0 5'D Bush, V. (1945, July).As we may Think. The Atlantic Monthly.

8/12/2019 La conservazione della conoscenza scritta: dalla carta al digitale

15/16

Tc

6)9'+(*$)'(%&' '+ .60 6(%+%::0 * 0//0$$* $%/*$/'$* *.*34% '+(*$)'(%&% %) /%&%+(E /;* )0) )* ;'))0.6B%(0 'FF'((0 +9%)F+6*):'1 '446)(0 %+ 4$*/*5*)(* 5%./0$.0 .6% D+&?.!=

[>)% +60>0 * .%(6':%0)* 5%&*)(')01 86%)5%1 40(*):%'+* F0)(* 5% '/86%.%:%0)* 5*++' /0)0./*):'= -+40(*$* /;* >*)(* /03* N%/O+%5*$ 0 M6.; %40(%::'&')01 2 $'//;%6.0 )*+ 4'+30 5*++' )0.($'

3')0D '(($'&*$.0 % )0.($% .3'$(4;0)* .%'30 %) >$'50 5% '//*5*$* ' 6)' $*(* 5% /0)0./*):'>+0B'+* * 5%&*)(%'30 )0% .(*..% % >'(*O**4*$"h1 >6'$5%')% 5*+ /')/*++0 /;* +%3%(' 0 )0 +*%)F0$3':%0)% '++* 86'+% 40..%'30 '//*5*$*J 6) F%+($0 $*+'(%&0 50&6(0 '++9*)0$3* 30+*59%)F0$3':%0)% 4$*.*)(%1 %)F0$3':%0)% ('+&0+(' F'+.* * 5*&%')(%= A$0B'B%+3*)(* 2 86*.(0 %+ $*'+*4$0B+*3' 5% 6) '//*..0 +%B*$0 '++* %)F0$3':%0)%D +' &*$%5%/%(E 5*++* F0)(%J 6)' &0/* 5%o%O%4*5%' 7 .*446$ % 305*$'(0$% .&0+>')0 6) +'&0$0 *FF%/*)(* 7 46P *..*$* .0((040.(' '&')5'+%.30 * &0/% )0) &*$%F%/'(*= - /$%(*$% 5% /*).6$' * 305*$':%0)* 5*++' /0)0./*):' 40..0)0*..*$* &'$%1 4'..')50 5'++* 86*.(%0)% 5% *(%/' * '$$%&')50 '+ B')'+* $%.4'$3%0)*++9%34'>%)':%0)* 5% 6) 50/63*)(0 7 ')/;* 4*$ 86')(0 $%>6'$5' %+ k*B1 % (*.(% 5*&0)0 *..*$*?.)*++%@ * 5% &*+0/* +*((6$' 7 /;* 46P *..*$* $%/;%*.(0 0 )0 5'++0 .(*..0 '6(0$*=

-) /0)/+6.%0)*1 %+ k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

"hb%>6$' %5*)(%F%/'(' 5' N%443') /;* .% 0//64' 5% (6((0 86*+ 4$0/*..0 5% F%+($'>>%0 /;* 6) '$(%/0+0 5% >%0$)'+*1 *4%G %) >*)*$'+* 6)9%)F0$3':%0)*1 '(($'&*$.' 4$%3' 5% 5%&*)%$* 5% '//*..0 46BB+%/0= H$'((0 5'D Lippman, W. (1922).

Public opinion.New York.

8/12/2019 La conservazione della conoscenza scritta: dalla carta al digitale

16/16

Tg

>? J$I2$51'-4$- & ($)51'-4$- M'$B*$'1 Q= [&'*+&!%&/# 7(& /.$?.$# ( )&'*+&!%&/# 7(& /.$?.$# &%#)'&4 Y'N&'%$.7+0&.'(4Q%+')0D C6=#=Y=#=q .=$=+= M*$)*$.LN**1 H= b`?($%(a% T#$2+? [#'*+#*( AbQT[B4-)(*$)*(LZ$'F(= M6.;1 I= WTj]c1 p6+VX= #. k* 3'V H;%)O= QI( _%)#'%&/ T.'%I)`= U')56//%1 Q= W"aacX=iT[4Q%+')0D #40>*0 .=$=+= U;$%.(04;*$ f**41 H= W.=5=X= T("(a= H$'((0 5' H;* *+*/($0)%/ N'BV$%)(;D

;((4Duukkk"=%'(;=&%$>%)%'=*56u*+'Bu;F+aacT=;(3+

c.'.!/('0# &' j./#-.)#$&.= W.=5=X= H$'((0 5' H$*//')%D ;((4Duukkk=($*//')%=%(u&0/'B0+'$%0u/0)0./*):'u -++%/;1 -= WTjj]X= d())# C&*'# 7() %(!%.4 O($ +'# (%.).* 7())# )(%%+$#4U0$(%)' q'FF'*++0= N')50k1 \= A= WTjj"X= b`?($%(a%E QI( c.'C($*('/( .5 c.'%("?.$#$` c$&%&/#) QI(.$` #'7 Q(/I'.).*`4 ^Y#D

^)%&*$.%(V A$*.. M'+(%30$*=

N%/O+%5*$1 p= U= WTjgcX= [&-$#$&(! .5 %I( ]+%+$(4U'3B$%5>*D Q=-=H= A$*..= N%443')1 o= WTj""X= O+-)&/ .?&'&.'4`*k v0$O= `*+.0)1 H= WTjjjX= Q(7 d()!.'3! c."?+%($ O#$#7&*"8 ka?$(!!(7 #! l'(*0 .=$=+= I'$')%)%1 b= W.=5=X=_'#).* %$# D+&?+! ( &'5.$"#%&/#= H$'((0 5' Z%*/% /;%+% 5% 4*$+*D

;((4Duu5%*/%/;%+%5%4*$+*=B+0>.40(=%(u"aT"uTTu')'+0>%'L($'L86%46.L*L%)F0$3'(%/'=;(3+

I'$')%)%1 b= W"aT"X= - 86%46 /03 /05%/* * /03* 3'//;%)'= P("&'#$&. 7& c+)%+$# 7&*&%#)(8 Y'&?&= I'$')%)%1 b= W.=5=X= R) )&-$. /."( "&!($. .+%?+% C!4 )# /.'.!/('0# ("($*('%(= H$'((0 5' Z%*/% /;%+% 5% 4*$+*D

;((4Duu5%*/%/;%+%5%4*$+*=B+0>.40(=%(u"aTSuagu%+L+%B$0L/03*L3%.*$0L06(46(L&.L+'=;(3+

I'$')%)%1 b= W"aT]1 #4$%+* "X= R'7&/&00#0&.'(= H$'((0 5' Z%*/% /;%+% 5% 4*$+*D;((4Duu5%*/%/;%+%5%4*$+*=B+0>.40(=%(u"aT]ua]u%)5%/%::':%0)*=;(3+

I*>'1 \= 5= WTgajX= [.! c."('%#$&.! g(#)(! D+( %$#%#' 7() .$&*(' 7( ).! &'/#! 4 o%O%4*5%'= W.=5=X= c).+7 /."?+%&'*= H$'((0 5' o%O%4*5%'D ;((4Duu%(=k%O%4*5%'=0$>uk%O%uU+065x/0346(%)> o%O%4*5%'= W.=5=X= c.7&5&/# 7(& %(!%&= H$'((0 5' o%O%4*5%'D ;((4Duu%(=k%O%4*5%'=0$>uk%O%uU05%F%/'x5*%x(*.(% o%O%4*5%'= W.=5=X= R?($%(!%.= H$'((0 5' o%O%4*5%'D ;((4Duu%(=k%O%4*5%'=0$>uk%O%u-4*$(*.(0 o%O%4*5%'= W.=5=X= [&'*+#**&. 7& ?$.*$#""#0&.'( # -#!!. )&C()).= H$'((0 5' o%O%4*5%'D

;((4Duu%(=k%O%4*5%'=0$>uk%O%uN%)>6'>>%0x5%x4$0>$'33':%0)*x'xB'..0x+%&*++0

o%O%4*5%'= W.=5=X= [&'*+#**&. 7& ?$.*$#""#0&.'( #7 #)%. )&C()).= H$'((0 5' o%O%4*5%'D;((4Duu%(=k%O%4*5%'=0$>uk%O%uN%)>6'>>%0x5%x4$0>$'33':%0)*x'5x'+(0x+%&*++0

o%O%4*5%'= W.=5=X= H+&?+= H$'((0 5' o%O%4*5%'D ;((4Duu%(=k%O%4*5%'=0$>uk%O%uC6%46