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Head Features
Skull= bones of cranium (enclose cranial cavity) + bones of face (includes the mandiblNotes: calvaria = roof of cranial cavity (intramembranous bones, e.g., frontal, pa
middle ear & inner ear are situated within the temporal bone (petrous part
dorsal & ventral conchae subdivide nasal cavity, into dorsal, middle, ventral &
Joints: joints of the skull are fibrous for the most part; the calvaria has suture
mandibular symphysis = fibrocartilaginous joint uniting right & left m
temporomandibular joint= a synovial that contains a meniscus
also: atlanto-occipital synovial joint ("yes" motion)axio-atlantal synovial joint features dens ("no" motion)
Paranasal sinuses = diverticula of nasal cavity lined by nasal mucosa
(named for the bone that contains them; more prominent in herbivores)
frontal sinus (lateral, medical, & rostral compartments)
maxillary recess (sinus) contains lateral nasal gland
Hyoid apparatus = chain of bones attached to the skull
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Salivary Glands:
saliva moistens food to facilitate swallowing& contains amylase to disassembl
secretion is regulated by the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic & sym
glands :
1) parotid duct goes to upper buccal vestibule(beside upper 4th premolar)
2) zygomatic [carnivores] ducts go to upper buccal vestibule (beside last
Zygomatic
Salv.G.
ParotidLym.N.
Fourth
premolar
Sublingual
caruncle
polystomatic
monostomaticSublingual Salv.G.
Mand
Lym.N
Parotid Salv.G.
Mandibular Salv.G.
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Regurgitation (vomition) and eructation (belching):
- increased intra-abdominal pressure & stomach contraction;
- chest expansion with closed glottis;
- esophageal reverse peristalsis & reflex laryngeal closure (regurg
Esophagus:
extends from pharynx (pharyngoesophageal ridge) to stomach
entirely striated in dog; only cranial 2/3's striated in cat
Larynx:
composed of: paired mobile cartilages [right & left arytenoid] &
three wall cartilages [epiglottis, thyroid, & cricoid]intrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscles are innervated by vagus n. (vagus
glottis = vocal folds & the intervening cleft (closes to seal the opening into
Note: the dog has a true vocal fold (a laryngeal ventricle); the cat has only
Lymphatics:A) Lymph nodes mandibular (several); parotid; medial & lateral retropharyng
Nodes & tonsils drain into the medial retropharyngeal lymph node node wa tracheal (jugular) lymph duct (which terminates in the brachioce
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Regurgitation (vomition) and eructation (belching):
- increased intra-abdominal pressure & stomach contraction;
- chest expansion with closed glottis;
- esophageal reverse peristalsis & reflex laryngeal closure (regurg
Esophagus:
extends from pharynx (pharyngoesophageal ridge) to stomach
entirely striated in dog; only cranial 2/3's striated in cat
Larynx:
composed of: paired mobile cartilages [right & left arytenoid] &
three wall cartilages [epiglottis, thyroid, & cricoid]intrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscles are innervated by vagus n. (vagus
glottis = vocal folds & the intervening cleft (closes to seal the opening into
Note: the dog has a true vocal fold (a laryngeal ventricle); the cat has only
Lymphatics:A) Lymph nodes mandibular (several); parotid; medial & lateral retropharyng
Nodes & tonsils drain into the medial retropharyngeal lymph node node wa tracheal (jugular) lymph duct (which terminates in the brachioce
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medialretropharyngeal
parotid
lateral retropharyngeal
mandibular
axillary
superficial
cervical
axillary
superficialcervical
medialretropharyngeal
Carnivore Lymphatic System
thoracic
brachiocephalic v.
(Dorsal View)
deep
cervical
tracheal(jugular)
duct
trachealduct
right
duct
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Regurgitation (vomition) and eructation (belching):
- increased intra-abdominal pressure & stomach contraction;
- chest expansion with closed glottis;
- esophageal reverse peristalsis & reflex laryngeal closure (regurg
Esophagus:
extends from pharynx (pharyngoesophageal ridge) to stomach
entirely striated in dog; only cranial 2/3's striated in cat
Larynx:
composed of: paired mobile cartilages [right & left arytenoid] &
three wall cartilages [epiglottis, thyroid, & cricoid]intrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscles are innervated by vagus n. (vagus
glottis = vocal folds & the intervening cleft (closes to seal the opening into
Note: the dog has a true vocal fold (a laryngeal ventricle); the cat has only
Lymphatics:A) Lymph nodes mandibular (several); parotid; medial & lateral retropharyng
Nodes & tonsils drain into the medial retropharyngeal lymph node node wa tracheal (jugular) lymph duct (which terminates in the brachioce
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Regurgitation (vomition) and eructation (belching):
- increased intra-abdominal pressure & stomach contraction;
- chest expansion with closed glottis;
- esophageal reverse peristalsis & reflex laryngeal closure (regurg
Esophagus:
extends from pharynx (pharyngoesophageal ridge) to stomach
entirely striated in dog; only cranial 2/3's striated in cat
Larynx:
composed of: paired mobile cartilages [right & left arytenoid] &
three wall cartilages [epiglottis, thyroid, & cricoid]intrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscles are innervated by vagus n. (vagus
glottis = vocal folds & the intervening cleft (closes to seal the opening into
Note: the dog has a true vocal fold (a laryngeal ventricle); the cat has only
Lymphatics:A) Lymph nodes mandibular (several); parotid; medial & lateral retropharyng
Nodes & tonsils drain into the medial retropharyngeal lymph node node w
a tracheal (jugular) lymph duct (which terminates in the brachioce
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Regurgitation (vomition) and eructation (belching):
- increased intra-abdominal pressure & stomach contraction;
- chest expansion with closed glottis;
- esophageal reverse peristalsis & reflex laryngeal closure (regurg
Esophagus:
extends from pharynx (pharyngoesophageal ridge) to stomach
entirely striated in dog; only cranial 2/3's striated in cat
Larynx:
composed of: paired mobile cartilages [right & left arytenoid] &
three wall cartilages [epiglottis, thyroid, & cricoid]intrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscles are innervated by vagus n. (vagus
glottis = vocal folds & the intervening cleft (closes to seal the opening into
Note: the dog has a true vocal fold (a laryngeal ventricle); the cat has only
Lymphatics:A) Lymph nodes mandibular (several); parotid; medial & lateral retropharyng
Nodes & tonsils drain into the medial retropharyngeal lymph node node w
a tracheal (jugular) lymph duct (which terminates in the brachioce
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Conjunctival sac: lined by palpebral & bulbar conjunctiva (mucosa of eyelids & scle
Note: Officially the third eyelid is called the semilunar conjunctival fold; it is also called nictita
Conjunctiv
Palpebral
Bulbar c
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Conjunctival sac: lined by palpebral & bulbar conjunctiva (mucosa of eyelids & scl
Note: Officially the third eyelid is called the semilunar conjunctival fold ; it is also called nictita
Conjunctiv
Palpebral
Bulbar c
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Conjunctival sac: lined by palpebral & bulbar conjunctiva (mucosa of eyelids & scle
Note: Officially the third eyelid is called the semilunar conjunctival fold ; it is also called nictita
Conjunctiv
Palpebral
Bulbar c
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