STORIA DELLO SPIONAGGIO

7/23/2019 STORIA DELLO SPIONAGGIO

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Ceidkak Xk~|faf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

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YEOAJ\EFYEOAJ\EF:< :9

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YEOAJ\EF:>

@ka :58 k ne ^fak`~e`f $:4:;% kif` aj y~f|ej yko|k~j nkaak yk~~k k nkaaj xfaerej xfae~eij : Y{aaj ifxej xfyykn{~j njaajLelaef~kij Ik`~|jak Ceae~j|k! ye akook aj yko{k`~k j``f~jref`k j cj~e~j2 Cj{|eref _keaa$yei*% Aj{~f|k! oe ifcj`nj`~k ne ijwjaak|ej g|jìkyk! nf~~f! |eiif! xfaeoaf~~j! ifa x|k#~ky~f ne ifcxeaj|k fxk|k ifck z{ky~j! g|kz{k`~jwj ea cf`nf ceae~j|k k ieweak kn kyk|ie#~jwj aja~f yxef`jooef xk| ea y{f xjkyk! {èijck`~k xk| neak~~f! yk`rj ifcxk`yf jai{`fG{ ecceyidej~f jaaf jggj|k N|kug{y Jwkwj {` geoaef! {ggeiejak nj|~eoaek|ej! cf|~f n{|j`~kaj o|j` o{k||j! kn {`j cj`~k`{~j idk af ifjne{wjwj `kaaf yxef`jooef I|knf yej cf|~f`ka O ! ifclj~~k`~k xa{|enkif|j~f e` K|e~|kj k Aelej! nfik`~k ne y~f#

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E@^\FN[REF@K :?

nkieyef`k y~|j~koeij! dj ney~|{~~f o|jn{jack`~k! `kaaj|if ne {` ykifaf! xk|ge`f ajckcf|ej nkaaf|eoe`k ifc{`k! fa~|k! fwwejck`~k! aj xk|ikref`k nka ifc{`k nkgeie~ nex|fgf`ne~ k a{òece|j`rj! nj i{e nexk`nk e` nkgeè~ewj aj i|kyik`~k e||eakwj`rj yfy~j`#rejak nkaae`~kaaeokìk `ka x|fikyyf ne nkieyef`k xfae~eij

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|jxxf|~e if`~|jy~j`~e y{aaj if`yey~k`rj nkaak gf|rk j{y~|f#{òj|eidk k y{e af|f xejè nejwj`rj~j Jagf`yf Aj Cj|cf|j :: `f` ye x|kfii{x ne {~eaerrj|k ak `f~erek y{a `kceifidk y~jwj xk| jgg|f`~j|k k af Y~j~f Cjooef|k ne We~~f|ef Kcj`{kak EE `f` ye x|kfii{xne iff|ne`j|ak Kxx{|k ea ZO jwkwj yko`jaj~f ea xjyyjooef nkaaJneok ne < if|xe nj|#cj~j j{y~|ejie! ;8888 {fceè idk y~jwj`f cj|iej`nf `kaaj xej`{|j ~|j Weaajg|jìj k akgf|~krrk Eèrej~k ak fy~eae~! ak l|eoj~k _kimlkimk|! Lim! Yif|nek|! ^fxau k _kayk|#dke`l `f` ik|j`f! `f` ye wknkwj`f k ykif`nf Aj Cj|cf|j k|j`f jìf|j y{aaja~|jyxf`nj nkaaJneok Aj neweyef`k ne ijwjaak|ej ne ae`kj eìj|eij~j nkaae`gf|cjref`k y{a~k||k`f e`~f|`f ja Z{jn|eaj~k|f `f` k|j j`nj~j fa~|k Weaajg|jìj xk|id ea y{f ifcj`#nj`~k :< jwkwj nkieyf idk e ijwjaae k|j`f y~jìde Aj yif`ge~~j ne I{y~frj `f` g{ ea |ey{a#~j~f ne {`j ij~~ewj |jiifa~j kn j`jaeye nkaak e`gf|cjrefè! cj nkaaj af|f eìfk|k`rjoky~ef`jak :9 Y{a yey~kcj e`gf|cj~ewf nka \koef Kyk|ie~f `f` ik|j y~j~f nelj~~e~f ne

^ F C JYF WE JA J\ NE N E Y J@N E O A E J@F K WE \ O E AE F E A J\ E:7

gf|cj~f ife x|eoefèk|e k neyk|~f|e j{y~|f#{òj|eie;! Weokwj`f nknei wj|ek fxk|k! f`ck`f gf`njck`~jae ne z{kaak ne _kea! jaaj ge`k ne {` ja~|f y~j~f e~jaej`f! z{kaaf xf`~ege#ief7

Jack`f e` K{|fxj ae`~kaaeokìk dj x|kif|yf ne jai{è nkik`è aenkj nkaaj ge`knkaaj y~f|ej! y{ook|e~j njaaj yif`ge~~j nka ~k|rf k {a~ecf j`~jofèy~j if`~e`k`~jak nkaaj~jajyyfi|jrej X{ n{`z{k jxxj|e|k fooe {`j lerrj||ej idk a e`~kaaeokìk ifcc{ e~unkaajLkaak Kxfz{k k nkaaj O|j`nk O{k||j! yko`j~j nj weik`nk kclakcj~eidk ifck ajg#

gj|k N|kug{y k ea y{eienef nka ifaf``kaaf \kna?

! gfyyk e` o|jnf ne ifa~ewj|k {`j y~f|ef#o|jgej ne z{jae~ Kxx{|k aj y~f|efo|jgej ceae~j|k `f` `jiz{k njaaj y~f|ej xfae~eij! iefnj z{kaaj |k~f|eij nkaak enk`~e~ `jref`jae idk `koae J`è ^|k`~j nka @fwkik`~f g{ lfa#aj~j njaaj yi{faj nkaak J``jaky ifaakxe~k~f neyx|koej~ewf ndey~fe|k#lj~jeaak! lk y x|f#x|ef njaaj e`~kaaeok`rj xk|yfègeij~j nkaaf y~j~f cfnk|`f @jiz{k e`gj~~e njaaj ij|~f#o|jgej k njaaj y~j~ey~eij! `ke nxf~y nk aj o{k||k k nk aj cj|e`k i|kj~e nja \k Yfak k `koaej`jafode ik`~|e ne nfi{ck`~jref`k k |eik|ij nkoae ja~|e y~j~e k{|fxke! eìa{ye oae e~jaejè!e` i{e ye |jiifoaekwj`f k ye y~{nejwj`f! yko|k~jck`~k! ceoaejej ne ael|e! ckcf|ek! ij|~k!xejè k cfnkaae xk| aj xejègeijref`k nkaak ijcxjo`k ceae~j|e k `jwjae 4 X|eoefèk|f `kaGf|~ Ij|| ne J`~elky! e` j~~kyj ne geè|k y{aaj odeoaef~~e`j! @jxfakf`k y~{ne y{ nfi{#ck`~e ne z{ka ~exf aj ijcxjo`j g|jìf#eyxj`j nka :?>> idk eyxe| ckrrf ykifaf nfxfaj y{j x|ecj ijcxjo`j nE~jaej [` ok`k|jak ywknkyk! O{y~jg Weadkac jg êlkaa! newk#`{~f xfe ceèy~|f nkaaj o{k||j nka y{f xjkyk! eòk`{f ifck ~{~~k ak xk|yf`k yk|ek!yeaa{yk `ka :48977 E` xj|~eifaj|k J WEOKWJ@F!Aj ijcxjo`j nkaak Cj|idk k nkaa[cl|ej! \fcj :5

:8 Ig| J XFAAEF! I{y~frj! ^f|e`f :589! e` xj|~eifaj|k xx >9:::

Xfaaef y{ Aj Cj|cf|j yi|ewk2 j negk~~f ne e`yxe|jref`k k ne okèjae~! ye x{ fyyk|wj|k idk ak neyxfye#refè nj~k ea


10/85

^ F C JYF WE JA J\ NE N E Y J@N E O A E J@F K WE \ O E AE F E A J\ E:4

ecxekof! kxx{|k ea cj|kyiejaaf ne G|jìej Cj{|eik nk Yjtk! idk jwkwj yk|we~f yf~~f eaN{ij ne Cj|alf|f{od k yf~~f ea X|eìexk ne Yjwfej#Yfeyyf`y! jwkwj oe e`neij~f xfifxe ne ik`~f j`è x|ecj:> ifck ijxe|k kn e`~k|x|k~j|k `kaak gjye ne ifclj~~eck`~f oaekakck`~e ney~e`~ewe! jìdk ce`f|e! idk xf~kwj`f nj|k e`neij~f|e kn jaaj|ce y{aaflek~~e#wf nkaakyk|ie~f j`~jofèy~j X|fljleack`~k yk Aj Cj|cf|j! Iejaneè kn ea `kf \knE~jaej jwkyyk|f ak~~f nk Yjtk f Y{` ^r{ :; ea neyjy~|f xf~kwj kyyk|k kwe~j~f f xk| afck`f |eneck`yef`j~f Ae`~kaaeokìk `f` weìk ak o{k||k! ykif`nj|ej ja if|jooef nkoae

{fceè! jaaj af|f wfaf`~ ne we~~f|ej kn jaaj ijxjie~ ne ide ae ifcj`nj! cj x{ je{~j|ke ifcj`nj`~e j weìk|ak F~~ecjaerrj`nf ak |eyf|yk! x{ |k`nk|k ak o{k||k xe if|~k kyjawj|k nkaak we~k

Ae`~kaaeokìk ifìk|`k! ne gj~~f! xe aj negkyj idk afggkyj k aj |joef`k `kaaj newk|#ye~ nkaak n{k gf|ck ne y~|j~koej Aj ij|j~~k|ey~eij nkaaj negkyj aj~~kyj ne {`j l|kiiej!ea i{e ecxj~~f x{ kyyk|k ~|jygf|cj~f e` we~~f|ej j if`neref`k ne if`fyik|aj A e`~ka#aeokìk! gf|`k`nf ae`gf|cjref`k! newk`~j xj|~k e`~ko|jak nkaaj negkyj Afggkyj e`wkik!xk| ne|aj if` wf` Iaj{yke~r! j{~fy{ggeiek`~k k `f` dj leyfo`f nkaae`gf|cjref`k xk||kjaerrj|ye Z{ky~j neggk|k`rj yxekoj xk|id af yxef`jooef! `kaaj y{j a{òj y~f|ej! dj|kyf xfyyeleae xe negkyk idk j~~jiide Jy~|j~~jck`~k! ae`~kaaeokìk {è`gf|cjref`kx|kxj|j~j xk| e xfae~eie kn e ceae~j|e idk yij~{|eyik nj {`j wj|ek~ xe f ck`f jcxej negf`~e $D[CE@ ! ECE@^! YEOE@^%! jxx|fgf`ne~k k |kyk g|{eleae nj j`jaey~e ieweae f ceae#~j|e ea g|{~~f z{e`ne ne y{ook|eck`~e ky~k|è f~~k`{~e `ke cfne xe neyxj|j~e! kajlf|j#~e xk| xk|ck~~k|k nkieyefè xe kggeiek`~e Yifxf nkaae`gf|cjref`k z{kaaf ne ck~~k|ke` if`neref`k ide oky~eyik aj xfae~eij f aj o{k||j ne f~~ecjaerrj|k ak x|fx|ek |eyf|yk Ideoky~eyik aj nkieyef`k! xfae~eij f ceae~j|k! x{ ~k`k|`k f `f` ~k`k|`k if`~f @f` ykc#

x|k gf|~{`j~j aj yika~j ljyj~j y{aae`~kaaeokìk! `f` ykcx|k l{f`j z{kaaj idk `f` `k~ek`k if`~f

E` {` cf`nf c{a~exfaj|k ykcx|k xe jiikak|j~f nje ckrre ne ifc{èijref`k `f`x{ xe kyey~k|k aj i{a~{|j nkaaj `f` ~|jyxj|k`rj y{aaj |kja~ nkaak y~|{~~{|k f|ojèrrj#~ewk k nkaak g{`refè nke yey~kce ne yei{|krrj! nfwk ykcx|k xe kwenk`~k aj `kikyye~ neye`k|oek ky~k|`k nk|ewj~k njaaj yfiek~ ieweak! e`~kyj ifck ykcxaeie iewky f jiijnkceieAkyxk|ek`rj y~j~{è~k`yk nka GFEJ dj xk|ckyyf jaajE`~kaaeokìk Ifcc{è~u ne cj~{#|j|k {` nejafof if` ajcle~f yfiejak nj i{e {yie~j {`j wja{~jref`k xe xfye~ewj nkayey~kcj e`gf|cjref`k! if`yk`~k`nf ne ijxe|k j~~|jwk|yf ea nelj~~e~f y~f|eif idk! jnkykcxef! jai{`k nkaak enkk y{aak |egf|ck nkaae`~kaaeokìk k|j`f x|kifìk~~k! xj|~e~k njagjayf x|eìexef idk e yfae j nfwk|ye |e``fwj|k k|j`f e Yk|were ne E`gf|cjref`k [`j nkaakif`yko{k`rk xe e`~k|kyyj`~e nka nelj~~e~f y~j~f ea ajwf|f nkaaJyxe`#L|f` Ifccey#yef`! ^dk \faky j`n Ijxjleae~eky fg [Y E`~kaaeokìk Ifcc{è~u:7! j ~{~~f fooe ajceoaef|k k xe jxx|fgf`ne~j |egakyyef`k y{a |{faf x|kyk`~k k g{~{|f nkoae f|ojèycee`gf|cj~ewe @kaaKtki{~ewk Y{ccj|u! {`j nkaak x|eck e`neijrefè nkaaj Ifcceyyef`k

xk| f~~ecerrj|k e |ey{a~j~e nkaae`~kaaeokìk ne|k~~j jexfaeiu cjmk|y k `f` jaak Jok`rek2

E@^\FN[REF@K :5

ae`~kaaeokìk dj leyfo`f ne ne|k~~ewk ceoaef|e nj xj|~k nka aewkaaf xfae~eif! yej y{a |{fafidk nkwk ywfaok|k yej y{ ifyj nkwk |jiifoaek|k kn j`jaerrj|k :? Ak ifìa{yefè ne AkyJyxe` k Dj|fan L|f`! jìdk yk kajlf|j~k e` {` jcle~f i{a~{|jak yxkiegeif! yf`fcfn{ajleae y{ z{jayejye y~|{~~{|j ne e`gf|cjref`k! z{jayejye yej ea Xjkyk! e` xj|~eifaj|k ea`fy~|f nfwk ea ifìk~~f ne e`~kaaeokìk jìf|j geoaef ne if`we`refè ne x|koe{neref

Ak e`gf|cjrefè dj``f {~eae~! e`nexk`nk`~kck`~k njaak cfnjae~ ne |jiifa~j! yke`yk|e~k e` {` if`~ky~f ne cknef#a{òf ~k|ce`k idk nkwk kyyk|k x|fxfy~f jìdk nj kak#

ck`~e ja ne g{f|e nkaaj e`~kaaeokìk ifcc{è~u xk|id! yk yg{ook ea if`~ky~f! aj af|f {~e#aerrjref`k aece~j~j yk `f` xk|eifafyj Ea y{iikyyf nkaaj`jaeye nexk`nk njaaj ijxjie~ neif`~ky~{jaerrj|k ae`gf|cjref`k [` kykcxef wek`k njaaj`~e`fcej nkaae`~kaaeokìkyfwek~eij! kiikaak`~k `kaaj |jiifa~j e`gf|cj~ewj `ke Xjkye fiienk`~jae! E~jaej k O|j`L|k~jo`j e` ~ky~j! xk| aj|if idk j`nj~f nj xfif x|ecj nkaaj Ykif`nj O{k||jCf`nejak :4 ge`f j ~{~~j aj O{k||j G|knnj :5 Z{ky~j cjyyj k`f|ck ne nj~e if`ga{e~je` j`jaeye xfif g|{eleae xk| aeìjxjie~ nkaaj akjnk|ydex yfwek~eij ne ijxe|k ea yey~kcjxfae~eif fiienk`~jak Ea x|fnf~~f e`gf|cj~ewf |jiifa~f k|j ~jack`~k if`~|j|ef jaaenkjidk Y~jae` kn ea y{f k`~f{|jok! `f` {a~ecj aj y~kyyj akjnk|ydex nka MOL! jwkwj`f nkaz{jn|f xfae~eif ky~k|`f jaaj If|~e`j ne Gk||f! idk `f` if`yenk|j|f`f ykcx|k j{~k`~e#if z{j`~f |eikwkwj`f njaak af|f y~jrefè ky~k|k Z{ky~j wk|e~ y~f|eij aelk|j ea ijcxf nj{` ja~|f wkiidef jyyefcj! idk ief oae e`y{iikyye nkaae`~kaaeokìk! gjaaeck`~f ka |jiif#oaek|k f `kaaj`jaerrj|k if||k~~jck`~k ak e`gf|cjrefè! yf`f z{jye ykcx|k |kyxf`yjle#ae~ nke Yk|were Yk wk|f idk e` cfa~k ye~{jrefè ie yf`f y~j~e k||f|e jìdk o|jwe! aj y~f#|ej nka ykifaf jxxk`j xjyyj~f kwenk`rej idk cfa~e gjaaeck`~e yf`f ecx{~jleae jaaj iajyykxfae~eij idk dj yljoaej~f flek~~ewe kn {~eaerrj~f cjak a e`~kaaeokìk

Aj if`yjxkwfakrrj idk aj c{a~exfaj|e~ cf`nejak dj ijclej~f |jneijack`~k aenk`#~e~ nka xk|eifaf nkwk ifcxf|~j|k {` |exk`yjck`~f `kaaj i{a~{|j k `kaaj ck`~jae~ nkayey~kcj e`gf|cjref`k! nfwk e x|flakce `f` yf`f xe {èijck`~k aj |jiifa~j e`gf|#cj~ewj! aj`jaeye kn e |jxxf|~e if` ak e`~kaaeokìk ifcc{è~ky jaakj~k! cj ea if`g|f`~fif` ajcle~f xfae~eif k aj ifaak~~ewe~ E` {`j xj|faj! wj |ekajlf|j~f aj~~kooejck`~f nke

xfaeiu cjmk|y wk|yf ea x|fnf~~f e`~kaaeokìk k aj y{j ifcx|k`yef`k j aewkaaf yfiejakAk xk|xakyye~ idk yfaakwj z{ky~f |exk`yjck`~f yf`f jaaf|eoe`k nkaaeìk|~krrj nkanelj~~e~f y{aak x|ef|e~ nkaae`~kaaeokìk cfnk|`j $yei{|krrj `jref`jak! i|ece`k e`~k|`j#ref`jak! x|f~kref`k nkaakif`fcej%! nfwk {` |{faf `f` ce`f|k oefij~f njaaj yij|ye~ne e`gf|cjref`k y{a xj~|ecfèf y ~f|eif nke |ey{a~j~e f~~k`{~e e` xjyyj~f Aeìfcxak~krrjne z{ky~j ckcf|ej aece~j aj ijxjie~ wja{~j~ewj nka |{faf g{~{|f nkaae`gf|cjref`k k akakrefè nk|ewj~k njaakyxk|ek`rj! idk nfw|kllk|f neyko`j|k oae flek~~ewe xk| e x|fyyecej`è! yf`f y~j~k ge`f jn f|j yf~~fwja{~j~k! gj~~f idk yxekoj ifck aj y~f|ej nkaa e`~kaae#

okìk yej xk|ckj~j ne k||f|e |exk~{~e

:> C NK YJTK!Cky |wk|eky! Jcy~k|njc ' Akexreo k~ Xj|ey :?;?= ig| e` xj|~eifaj|k ael|f EE!Nky Xj|~ekyY{laecky

:; Y[@ ^R[ $XYK[NF%! Xeò#gj $AJ|~k nkaaj o{k||j%! ie|ij WE ykifaf j I! cj x|fljleack`~k EW#EEE ykif#af j I Aj x|ecj aji{`fyj ~|jn{ref`k!J|~ ceae~je|knky Ide`fey! fxk|j nka oky{e~j B#B#C JCEF^! g{ kne~j jXj|eoe `ka :??< k ie|ifa eccknej~jck`~k ~|j oae Y~j~e Cjooef|e

:7 A JYXE@! D L\F_@! ^dk \faky j`n Ijxjleae~eky fg [Y E`~kaaeokìk Ifcc{è~u! Df{yk fg \kx|kyk`#~j~ewky! _jydeò~f` :557

:? E`~kaaeokìk c{y~ lk iafyk| ~f ~dfyk e~ yk|wky E`~kaaeokìk jokìeky `kkn lk~~k| ne|ki~ef` g|fc ~dkxfaeiu akwka! |koj|neò lf~d ~dk |faky ~dku xk|gf|c j`n dj~ ~dku ifaaki~ j`n j`jaurk Xfaeiucjmk|y `kkn ~fjxx|kiej~k ~f j o|kj~k| kt~k`~ dj~ e`~kaaeokìk ij` fggk| ~dkc j`n lk cf|k e`wfawkn e` df e`~kaaeokìkijxjleae~eky j|k {ykn E`~kaaeokìk c{y~ jayf lk e`~ko|j~kn cf|k iafykau e~d f~dk| g{ì~ef`y fg ofwk|`ck`~!y{id jy aj k`gf|ikck`~! ~f jidekwk ydj|kn flbki~ewky $elenkc! Ktki{~ewk Y{ccj|u #Fwk|jaa Ge`neòy j`nIfìa{yef`y%

:4 Ig| L \ Y[AAEWJ@!Yfwek~ xk`k~|j~ef` fg ~dk E~jaej` e`~kaaeokìk yk|weiky e` ~dk :598y! e` z{ky~f wf#a{ck

:5 Ig| WEJAJ\NENE YJ@NEOAEJ@F ! J WEWEJ@E!Eanfyyek|Ce~|fmde ! e` z{ky~f wfa{ck


11/85

Ge`f j ~{~~j aj x|ecj ck~ nkaaF~~fik`~f! `koae kyk|ie~e nfce`j jìf|j aj ifìk#ref`k! jggk|cj~jye x|kwjak`~kck`~k `kaaf|ojèrrjref`k ceae~j|k `jxfakfèij! ykif`nfaj z{jak ~{~~k ak j~~ewe~ ne ifcj`nf wkòf`f ok`k|jack`~k jiik`~|j~k kaaj xk|yf`j nkaIfcj`nj`~k Z{ky~e xfe! j y{j wfa~j! ye jwwjak ne je{~j`~e k ifaajlf|j~f|e

@kaak wj|ek ijcxjo`k ne z{ka ~kcxf! k xj|~eifaj|ck`~k `kaaj ijcxjo`j ne I|eckj!xk|cj`k ~jak ifìkref`k Xk|ja~|f2 `kaaKyk|ie~f g|jìkyk jìf|j e`ga{k`~k aj ~|jneref#`k `jxfakfèij k `kaaKyk|ie~f eòakyk nfce`j jìf|j {`j ok|f`~fi|jrej akoj~j jaaj ~|j#neref`k kn joae e`yko`jck`~e nka N{ij ne _kaaeò~f` K`~|jclk z{ky~k ij|j~~k|ey~eidkyf`f jaaj ljyk ne {`j ck`~jae~ ky~|kcjck`~k jiik`~|j~|eik k if`~|j|ej j x|fgf`nk e`#`fwjrefè

Nja~|j xj|~k! ifck `f~f! e` z{ka xk|efnf idk aj nf~~|e`j ceae~j|k xe jwj`rj~j

ywea{xxj `{fwe i|e~k|e f|ojèrrj~ewe kn fxk|j~ewe! idk xfòf`f! z{jak kakck`~f gf`nj#ck`~jak! aj gf|cjref`k ne Y~j~e Cjooef|e ifcxakyye kn j|~eifaj~e! yej x|kyyf e ifcj`nee` ijxf idk x|kyyf e ifcj`ne ne o|j`ne {è~ Kyye dj``f aj g{`ref`k ne ywfaok|k {`jif`~e`{j j~~ewe~ ne2 gf|c{ajref`k ne ne|k~~ewk! if`~|faaf nkaak ye~{jrefè! kajlf|jref`kne xejè! |jiifa~j ne nj~e! ifc{èijref`k ne f|neè k ~{~~f ie idk j~~ek`k jaaj~~ewe~ neifcj`nf êxeif kykcxef ne z{ky~j `{fwj ~k`nk`rj af|ojèrrjref`k ceae~j|k j~~{j#~j e` X|{yyej! nfxf aj i|eye ceae~j|k ne eèref 488 E` z{ka xk|efnf! `kaaj gf|c{ajref`knke xejè! `kaaj if`nf~~j nkaak fxk|jrefè! `kaak nkieyefè y~|j~koeidk e`ga{eyif`f! e`cey{|j ykcx|k cjooef|k! jìdk gj~~f|e idk yf`f ja ne g{f|e nka ijcxf ne lj~~joaej Akfxk|jrefè ceae~j|e dj``f ykcx|k xe |kajrefè! xe f ck`f ne|k~~k! if` gk`fckè kye~{jrefè! yej ~kcxf|jae yej yxjrejae! ky~k|`k Ye xk`ye! ifck kykcxef! jaaj`jaeye ne kyxk#|ek`rk ne ja~|e if`gae~~e! jaak xfyyeleae ecxaeijrefè ne ja~|k xf~k`rk! jaaj wja{~jref`k nexf~k`rejae~ ceae~j|e! yfiejae k xfae~eidk ne ja~|e xjkye kn jaak x|kweyefè ne xfyyeleae `{fwekwk`~e eìenk`~e f nk~k|ce`j`~e

Jn e`ga{e|k `kaaj x|fgf`nj kwfa{ref`k nf~~|e`jak we xfe af ywea{xxf ne `{fwe ckrre

ne ifc{èijref`k k negg{yef`k J ~e~faf kykcxaegeij~ewf ye xk`ye2 jaaj y~jcxj! idk xk|#ck~~k aj`jaeye ne kakck`~e ne wj|ef ~exf! x|fwkèk`~e nj a{fode k gf`~e newk|yk! e z{jae!ifcle`j~e fxxf|~{`jck`~k ~|j ne af|f k&f if` ja~|e kakck`~e! xfyyf`f ify~e~{e|k ec#xf|~j`~e `f~erek= jaak gk||fwek! idk xk|ck~~f`f |jxene yxfy~jck`~e ne o|fyye if`~eòk`#~e ne ~|{xxk! |egf|èck`~e! kceyyj|e! xfy~j kn ja~|f= ja ~kako|jgf! if` ea z{jak newek`k xfy#yeleak aj ~|jyceyyef`k ne nj~e k `f~erek e` ~kcxf |kjak

E` z{ky~f x|fikyyf kwfa{~ewf aj~~ewe~ e`gf|cj~ewj jyy{ck ecxf|~j`rj gf`nj#ck`~jak Kyyj! xk|ja~|f! ye x|kyk`~j ky~|kcjck`~k ifcxakyyj k nkaeij~j Yi|ewk e` x|f#xfye~f Mj|a wf` Iaj{yke~r `kaaj y{j fxk|j Wfc M|ekok2 If` aj xj|faj e`gf|cjrefè

Ea ok`k|jak Oe{ykxxk Ofwf`k k af|ojèrrjref`k nkayk|weref e`gf|cjrefè nka \ko`f ne Yj|nko`jCEIDKAK XK^\FAF

^ F C JYF WE JA J\ NE N E Y J@N E O A E J@F K WE \ O E AE F E A J\ E


12/85

CEIDKAK XK^\FAF

If` \ N :7 cj|rf :4;;! Oe{ykxxk Ofwf`k! nj xfif x|fcfyyf cjooef|k! jyyk#

o`j~f ja If|xf \kjak nkaaf Y~j~f Cjooef|k Ofwf`k {` oefwj`k {ggeiejak ne y~|jf|ne#`j|ej e`~kaaeok`rj! if` {`j xk|yf`jae~ wk|yj~eak! jcxej x|kxj|jref`k x|fgkyyef`jak knkakwj~f yk`yf nka nfwk|k Koae! ~|j aja~|f! f|ojèrrj {` kggeiek`~k jxxj|j~f e`gf|cj~ewfXj|~eifaj|ck`~k e` z{ky~j j~~ewe~ n x|fwj ne y~|jf|ne`j|ej ijxjie~ Xk|ja~|f! oe x|k#iknk`~kck`~k! koae dj ywfa~f newk|yk ceyyefè ne e`~kaaeokìk2

E` fyij`j! xk| e |jxxf|~e if` ea O|j`n{ij~f! e` |kajref`k ja if`gae~~f nka >4#>5 @kaak |k~|fwek j{y~|ejidk! nfxf aj yif`ge~~j nka :4>5 Ja ijcxf g|jìkyk `ke x|kyye ne \fcj! n{|j`~k aj \kx{llaeij |fcj j! ja ge`k ne

jiz{eye|k `f~erek y{aak fxk|jrefè ceae~j|e e` if|yf k y{aaj afijak ye~{jref`k xfae~eij @kaak |jxx|kyk`~j`rk nexafcj~eidk ne Wek` j k Lk|ae`f! ja ge`k ne jiz{eye|k if#

`fyik`rk y{ ja~|e kyk|ie~e k y{ ja~|e if`~ky~e xfae~eie k yfiejae E` F|ek ~k! x|kyyf aKyk|ie~f f~~fcj`f Z{e! z{j nf jìf|j ea \ko`f ne Yj|nk#

o`j f` k`~|j~f kaaj O{k||j ne I|eckj! Ofwf`k ye ~|fwj e` ceyyef`k x|kyyf eaY{a~j`f! e` z{jae~ ne if`yeoaek|k ceae~j|k E` x|fxfye~f nfwk|fyf |eif|nj|k idk!

e` z{ka xk|efnf! ea ! j Ljajmajwj! ~|fwj`nfye x|kyyf aj L|eoj~j neijwjaak|ej akook|j eòakyk! xj|~kiexj wfaf`~j|ejck`~k jaaj gjcfyj ij|eij nke Yke#ik`~f! |ecj`k`nfwe gk|e~f Y{iikyyewjck`~k! if` ea If|xf ne yxkneref`k yj|nf!xj|~kiexj jaak fxk|jrefè ifck {ggeiejak jnnk~~f jaaf Y~j~f Cjooef|k ;

: M WF@ IAJ[YK_E^R!Nkaaj o{k||j! Ceaj`f :5?4! wfa E! ael|f :! x 4>< XC J\JWEO@J!Y~f|ej nkaaj|~k ceae~j|k cfnk|`j! ^f|e`f :5:5; [ OFWF@K!Ea Ok`k|jak Oe{ykxxk Ofwf`k. G|jcck`~e ne ckcf|ek! ^f|e`f :5


13/85


14/85

EA OK@K\JAK OE[YKXXK OFWF@K K A F\OJ@ERRJREF@K NKA YK\WEREF E@GF\CJREF@E NKA \KO@F NE YJ\NKO@J


15/85

Ea cf~ewf xk| i{e {` x|eìexk eaa{ce`j~f k {` ifcj`nj`~k wjaf|fyfyf`f e` o|jnf ne x|k`nk|k eèrej~ewk k ~|ef`gj|k y{oae jwwk|yj|e! |kj#aerrj`nf l{fè |ey{a~j~e o|jrek jaafxk|j nkaak cfa~e~{neè ]{`fyfafS2 aj x|kifo eref`k kyey~f`f jok`~e yko|k~e ne ie`z{k ~exe2jok`~e afijae! jok`~e e`~k|è! jok`~e nka if`~|fyxef`jooef! jok`~eak~jae k jok`~e ne yei{|krrj E` cjèk|j yf~~eak* E` cjèk|j yf~~eak*

Yg|{~~j~k fw{`z{k ]e yk|wereS nkoae jok`~e yko|k~eY{` ^y{

Aj|~k nkaaj o{k||j! j i{|j ne Akf`j|nf We~~f|ef J|k`j

Yf|x|k`nk|k! `f` gj|ye yf|x|k`nk|kJ`~fèf Oj`neÌfaf``kaaf Ifcj`nj`~k ea >5 gj`~k|ej Lfafo`j

@jxfae! :4 ok``jef :59?

Ea f~~fl|k :5??! if` Akook ` 48: jìf|j weok`~k! wkèwj |kofajck`~j~j aey~e~{#ref`k k af|ne`jck`~f nke yk|were xk| ak e`gf|cjrefè k neyiexae`j nka Yko|k~f ne Y~j~fJa X|kyenk`~k nka If`yeoaef nke Ceèy~|e wkòf`f! nj z{ky~j Akook! j~~|el{e~k aj ne|k#ref`k! aj |kyxf`yjleae~ xfae~eij ok`k|jak k ea iff|ne`jck`~f nkaak xfae~eidk gf|cj~ewkne yei{|krrj! `kaae`~k|kyyk k xk| aj negkyj nkaaf Y~j~f nkcfi|j~eif k nkaak ey~e~{refèxfy~k njaaj ify~e~{ref`k j y{f gf`njck`~f Jaaj|~ > wek`k ey~e~{e~f ea YEYCe! if` eaifcxe~f ne jyyfawk|k j ~{~~e ifcxe~e e`gf|cj~ewe k ne yei{|krrj xk| aj negkyj y{a xej`fceae~j|k nkaae`nexk`nk`rj k nkaae`~ko|e~ nkaaf Y~j~f nj foè xk|eifaf! ce`jiiej fjoo|kyyef`k J z{ky~f Yk|weref wkòf`f e`fa~|k jggenj~e ifcxe~e ne if`~|fyxef`jooef!

ykcx|k xk| oae yifxe yfx|j e`neij~e If`~ky~{jack`~k wkòf`f jìdk ey~e~{e~e ea IKYEYk ea YEYNk Z{ky~j `{fwj akook x|fwwknk n{`z{k! ge`f j {` `{fwf f|ne`jck`~f! jn{`j |ef|ojèrrjref`k ok`k|jak nke yk|were ne e`gf|cjref`k! eìa{yf z{kaaf ceae~j|k

" Ea x|kyk`~k yjooef {`j jyyje ye`~k~eij j`~eiexjref`k nka wfa{ck nkaaf y~kyyf j{~f|k y{ {`j y~f|ej nkaYk|weref ne E`gf|cjrefè Ceae~j|e :47:#:5>5! wfaa E k EE! aj x{llaeijref`k nke z{jae x|kwey~j xk| oae j`è5"CJ\E J OJL\ EKA AJ XJYZ [JA E@E

CEIDKAK XK^\FAF


16/85

X\FLAKCJ EIDK IFY^J@Ê @KA YK\WEREF NE E@GF\CJREF@K CEAE^J\K E^JAEJ@F NJA :47: JA :5>5 9:

Aj yfy~j`rj {`j k jìf|j ykcxaeik2 yjxk|k xk| xf~k| joe|k x|ecj nka xfyyeleak`kceif Ae`gf|cjref`k e`n{llejck`~k `kikyyj|ej! cj ja~|ky `kikyyj|ef idk z{k#y~j e`gf|cjref`k yej fxxf|~{`jck`~k ifaafij~j `ka z{jn|f jnj~~f k idk ne z{ky~j e`gf|#cjref`k yk `k jllej! ifck yfx|j |eif|nj~f! aj e`~kaaeok`rj! ief aj ifcx|k`yef`kf|ojèij |kaj~ewjck`~k ja ifjik|wf ne `frefè x|kyk`~e Ief yk `k gjiiej aj`jaeye xk|ifcx|k`nk|aj! if`~ky~{jaerrj|aj k |eijwj|`k ie idk nfw|kllk yk|we|k nj o{enj! xk|j~~{j|k oae yifxe x|kiex{e xk| e z{jae ae`gf|cjref`k y~j~j |eik|ij~j k xfy~j jaaj~~k`#ref`k

Yi|ewk Ifyyeoj2 xk| e`~kaaeokìk e` yk`yf x|fx|ef idk ye x{ ~|jn{||k if`wk`ref#`jack`~k j~~ewe~ e`gf|cj~ewj! ye e`~k`nk ajiz{eyeref`k ne if`fyik`rk |kaj~ewk j ye~{j#refè ky~k|k k aj x|fn{ref`k ne yeòfak e`gf|cjrefè z{ky~f x|fikyyf dj wj|ek gjyey{aaj |jiifa~j ne `f~erek ea iff|ne`jck`~f aj e`~k|x|k~jref`k aj wja{~jref`k akwk`~{jak ifcxaeijref`k nkaak if`yko{k`~e ye~{jrefè negg{yef`k f ne|jcjref`knkaaj `f~erej ify kajlf|j~j Ak {a~k|ef|e gjye ne z{ky~f x|fikyyf |eo{j|nj`f {`j j`jaeyek {`j wja{~jref`k ifcxj|j~j idk wek`k gj~~j nj {ggeie jxxfye~e! jn kyyj x|kxfy~e k x|k#xj|j~e>

@ka wfa{ck ne \flk|~ Njwen Y~kkak!E`~kaaeokìk! |ey{a~j`f lk` idej|k ak ecxf|~j`#~e neggk|k`rk ~|j nj~f! e`gf|cjref`k k e`~kaaeokìk! fwk ea nj~f {èccjoe`k! {`yko`jak f ~ky~f yi|e~~f o|krrf |kaj~ewf jn {` kwk`~f x|ecj|ef= xk| e`gf|cjref`k ye e`~k`#nk aj ifcle`jref`k ne nj~e e` {`j gf|cj ok`k|eij idk yej ne e`~k|kyyk xk| xe ne {`jxk|yf`j! k xk|~j`~f y{yik~~eleak ne negg{yef`k k xk| e`~kaaeokìk ak e`gf|cjrefè jn {fxfyifxk|~k! ykakref`j~k! ney~eaaj~k k e`fa~|j~k jaaj yeòfaj j{~f|e~ f o|{xxf nkieyef`jakge`jaerrj~k jn jokwfaj|k {`j ecxf|~j`~k nkieyef`k! y{yik~~eleak ne nk~k|ce`j|k if`yk#

o{k`rk xfae~eidk kif`fceidk k yfiejae;E`~k|kyyj`~k jìdk z{j`~f ye akook e` {` ye~f {ggeiejak jck|eij`f7 ykif`nf ea z{jaka e`~kaaeokìk ify~e~{e~j njaae`yekck nkaak e`gf|cjrefè |jiifa~k k njaak |kaj~ewk if`#ia{yefè e yk|were ne e`gf|cjref`k ye`~k|kyyj`f yej jaak gf`~e jxk|~k yej jaak e`gf|cj#refè |eyk|wj~k2 oae j`jaey~e x|fn{if`f e` yko{e~f ae`gf|cjref`k kajlf|j~j idk |ey{a~jx|fx|ef njaaj`jaeye! njaae`~k|x|k~jref`k k njaae`~ko|jref`k nkaak e`gf|cjrefè f|eoe`j#ae idk x|fwkòf`f nj gf`~e newk|yk

Aj y~f|ej nkaaf yxef`jooef ceae~j|k! ifck ye jcj nkgeè|k z{ky~j `kikyyj|ej j~~e#we~ nkaak gf|rk j|cj~k ne ~{~~f ea cf`nf! xj|faj jyyfa{~jck`~k |en{~~ewj k g{f|wej`#~k ! `f` gj~~j yfaf ne fxk|jrefè xj|~eifaj|ck`~k l|eaaj`~e! j~~{j~k yf~~f ifxk|~{|j!idk yfaak~eij`f ae`~k|kyyk k aj gj`~jyej nka x{llaeif= jìdk z{ky~f! cj yfx|j~~{~~f{` ajwf|f oef|`jaek|f! ne|ke z{jye jn df|jy! ne |jiifa~j! iff|ne`jck`~f k j`jaeye= {` ec#xko`f if`~e`{f! ify~j`~k! idk `f` x{ jwk|k e`~k||{refè nfckèijae f gky~ewk! idknkwk kyyk|k ykcx|k ~kcxky~ewf k jooef|`j~f k idk {yj z{jayejye gf`~k xfyyeleak! xjakykf |eyk|wj~j2 jìdk {`j ykcxaeik `f~erej nj~j e` {` z{f~enej`f f nj ja~|e ckrre ne ifc{#

èijref`k x{ kyyk|k {` ~jyykaaf! f jìdk ea ~jyykaaf cjìj`~k! |ewkaj~f|k e` {` z{jn|flk` if`fyie{~f@ka z{jn|f nkaak j~~ewe~ ne yxef`jooef! we yf`f xfe ak ifyennk~~k j~~ewe~ negk`ye#

wk f! nk~~k jìdk! ne if`~|f#e`gf|cjref`k! idk |eo{j|nj`f kyyk`rejack`~k ea if`~|f#yxef`jooef! j y{j wfa~j j~~ewf f fggk`yewf! e` if`~|jxxfy~f jaak j~~ewe~ fggk`yewk!

CJ\EJ OJL\EKAAJ XJYZ[JAE@E98

@f` z{ky~j aj yknk fwwejck`~k xk| ~|j~~j|k nkaaj neyiexae`j nka Yko|k~f ne Y~j~fz{jak nkgeè~j if` aj `{fwj akook k nkaaf|ojèrrjref`k ok`k|jak idk ifcxf|~ {`j|ey~|{~~{|jref`k nka x|kiknk`~k YEN k|knk j y{j wfa~j nka YEGJ\ ey~e~{e~f `ka :5>5!nfxf akyxk|ek`rj nka YEC! idk ye k|j fii{xj~f ne z{ky~f yk~~f|k nja :55! k|kaj~ewe jccjky~|jck`~e ~|j~~e njaaj Ykif`nj O{k||j Cf`nejak2 y~{ne k neyi{yyefè|eo{j|nf jaaj ify~e~{ref`k ne {` Yk|weref ne E`gf|cjrefè Ceae~j|e e`~k|gf|rk! idk |jiif#oaekyyk! iff|ne`jyyk k j`jaerrjyyk ak e`gf|cjrefè |eikw{~k yf`f y~j~e cfa~e k ea x{`~f nej||ewf `f` gjieack`~k |jooe{`~f

Ea nelj~~e~f xk| j||ewj|k j z{ky~j Akook nkaaj \kx{llaeij g{ jcxef k jxx|fgf`ne~f y~j~f z{ky~f! jack`f ge`f je oef|è `fy~|e! ajxx|fnf ge`jak ne {`j a{òj k e`~k|kyyj`~ky~f|ej idk |eo{j|nj ea Yk|weref ne E`gf|cjrefè Ceae~j|e! x|k`nk`nf! ifck x{`~f ne eè#ref! xfide j`è j`~kiknk`~e jaaj gf|cjref`k nka \ko`f nE~jaej k idk! jack`f ge`f ja:5>5! dj nfw{~f yiefoaek|k jai{è `fne ecxf|~j`~e! g|j e z{jae {`f e` xj|~eifaj|k2 ea iff|#ne`jck`~f nkaak e`gf|cjrefè |eikw{~k! jiik`~|j`nf e` {` {èif f|oj`f e`~k|gf|rk z{k#y~f xj|~eifaj|k ~exf ne yk|weref fxk|j~ewf! if` aj xfyyeleae~ z{e`ne ne j`jaerrj|k ak e`gf|#cjrefè xk|wk`{~k e` {` z{jn|f ifcxak~f k oafljak

Yj| x|fx|ef akyxk|ek`rj gj~~j n{|j`~k aj Ykif`nj O{k||j Cf`nejak! ea if`~j~~ffxk|j~ewf e` gjyk lkaaeij if` ja~|e yk|were ne e`gf|cjrefè ceae~j|e k ea `{fwf |{fafnkaaE~jaej |kx{llaeij`j jn j||ewj|k `ka :5>5 jn {` Yk|weref e`~k|gf|rk! ea YEGJ\

E` z{ky~f a{òf xk|if|yf y~f|eif ye kwenk`rej`f! jn {`j j`jaeye x{`~{jak! jai{èx|flakce gf`njck`~jae idk |eo{j|nj`f! e``j`re ~{~~f! z{kaaj idk eaa{y~|e y~{nefye nka#aj|ofck`~f:! e`neij`f if` aj xj|faj {yj~j e` aeò{j eòakyk! e`~kaaeokìk! k! e` ae o{jyxjo`faj! e`~kaeokìej< xk| e`neij|k {` x{`~f ne o|j`nk ecxf|~j`rj! xk|id ea `fi#

iefaf nka x|flakcj2 e`{~eak jwk|k e`gf|cjref`k yk `f` yk `k dj ae`~kaaeok`rj @f` gjieak nkgeè|k e` z{ky~f z{jn|f ifyj ye e`~k`nj xk| e`~kaaeok`rjJìdk e` aeò{j g|jìkyk we {`j neggk|k`rj ifìk~~{jak ecxf|~j`~k! {`j ney~e`#

ref`k g|j ak xj|fak |k`ykeo`kck`~ k e`gf|cj~ef`92 yk `ka :47> ea O|j`n Nei~ef``je|k[èwk|yka ne TET yeiak ne Xek||k Aj|f{yyk! if`yenk|jwj e n{k ~k|ceè ye`fèce! {` ykif#af xe ~j|ne! e`wkik!Ak O|j`n Aj|f{yyk Kìuiafxnez{k kAk Xk~e~ Aj|f{yyk eaa{y~|xk||k`ykeo`kck`~ e`neij`f ak if`fyik`rk ne z{jayejye ~exf y{ {` jwwk|yj|ef xf~k`rejak!{~eae je xf~k|e x{llaeie k je ifcj`ne ceae~j|e! ck`~|k xk| e`gf|cj~ef` gj``f |egk|e#ck`~f ykcxaeikck`~k jaajref`k ne e`gf|cj|k f ne e`gf|cj|ye Ykif`nf aj nkgeèref#`k nj~j njaajcce|joaef g|jìkyk Xek||k Ajify~k! j ijxf nkaaj g|jìkyk NOYK nja :545 99

Aj Ie|ifaj|k newenkwj ea Yk|weref e` o{k||j e` ie`z{k xj|~e2 ja Ijxf X|ecf! newe#yef`k nka yk|weref Ijxf Ykif`nf2 yk|weref nka z{j|~ek|k ok`k|jak Ijxf ^k|rf2yk|weref ne ijìkaak|ej Ijxf Z{j|~f2 yk|weref jxxf ak ~|{xxk Ijxf Z{e`~f2 yk|#weref ne ceyyefè yxkiejae Ijxf Yky~f2 yk|weref yko|k~f X|fljleack`~k nj z{e wk`{~f a{yf ne idejcj|k ak e`gf|cjrefè ceae~j|e yk|weref yko|k~f

Ea yk|weref ne ceyyefè yxkiejae k ea yk|weref yko|k~f! je yk`ye nkaaj Ie|ifaj|kyfx|j ie~j~j! k|j`f z{ke yk|were idk neknk|f eèref e` cfnf xe f|ojèrrj~f j z{ka yk|#

weref ne |jiifa~j nkaak e`gf|cjrefè ceae~j|e `kaaJ|cj~j Yj|nj! xk|ja~|f x|fx|ef `kaif|yf nkaaj x|kxj|jref`k ne z{kaaj idk wkèwj idejcj~j aj Yxkneref`k jn F|ek`~k! iefaj Yxkneref`k ne I|eckj! x|ecj {yie~j {ggeiejak nkaakyk|ie~f xekcf`~kyk e` ijcxf e`~k|#`jref`jak

Nj z{ky~f kwk`~f lkaaeif! yj| ykcx|k x|kyk`~k `ka If|xf ne Y~j~f Cjooef|k {`[ggeief idk ye fii{xk| nkaak e`gf|cjrefè ceae~j|e! jìdk yk `f` ifcxj|e| {ggeieja#ck`~k `koae f|ojèo|jcce f `koae f|neè ne yk|weref idk ie yf`f oe{`~e e` gf|cj nfi{#ck`~jak

Ykcx|k `kaaj y~kyyj Ie|ifaj|k we jìdk aj nkgeèref`k k af|ojèrrjref`k nka Yk|#weref Ceyyefè Yxkiejae Ify |kie~j ja x|fxfye~f aEy~|{ref`k2

Ea yk|weref nkaak ceyyefè yxkiejae ifcx|k`nk ~{~~e z{koae eìj|eide xj|~eifaj|e idk xfyyf`fkyyk|k jggenj~e nja Ok`k|jak f nja Ijxf ne Y~j~f Cjooef|k jn {ggeiejae nka If|xf \kjak neY~j~f Cjooef|k! e`g{f|e nkoae ja~|e yk|were jiik``j~e k yxkiejack`~k2yko`j|k a{òf ak ae`kk y~|j~koeidk e x{`~e nj i{y~fne|k k nj gf|~egeij|k\eif`fyik|k k y~jleae|k ak xfyerefè ecxf|~j`~eKyxaf|j|k e` |ewj je ge{ce! ~f||k`~e k yeceae e o{jne k e ye~e jiifìe xk| af y~jleaeck`~f nkxf`~e! ne ifìk|~f if` ea If|xf nke xf`~ek|e@f~j|k e a{fode e` i{e yej`f nj gf|cj|k y~|jnk `{fwk k nj |ej~~j|k ak j`~eidk! nj ify~|{e|kxf`~e! j|oeè! kii Kyko{e|k |eifoèrefè ~fxfo|jgeif#ceae~j|eWeye~j|k oae yxknjae! ak jcl{aj`rk! e cjojrreè! k yeceae! fwk fiif||jWeye~j|k e ijcxe! oae jaafooejck`~e! ak xejrrk nj o{k||j! kiiAkwj|k e xejè ~fxfo|jgeieGj|k! yk fiif||k! ea yk|weref ne xj|ajck`~j|e ja kceifNe|eok|k ak fxk|jrefè ceae~j|e xk| ak ~fa~k ne foè ok`k|k\kij|k f|neè ecxf|~j`~e

Wkèwj jìdk idej|jck`~k e`neij~f ifck z{ky~f ecxf|~j`~k yk|weref nkaak ceyyef#è nfwkwj kyyk|k |kofaj~f2 ykif`nf e ijye nje x|kik~~e nkaaj|~k ceae~j|k! nj z{kaae ne~fxfo|jgej! nja |kofajck`~f ne yk|weref xk| ak ~|{xxk e` ijcxjo`j! kn e`ge`k nj yxkiejaeey~|{refè yi|e~~k f nje wk|ljae nka Ijxf ne Y~j~f Cjooef|k Oae {ggeiejae k|j`f nkyeo`j#~e nj z{ky~j y~kyyj J{~f|e~! z{j`nf `f` |e~k`kwj fxxf|~{`f gj|k ea yk|weref ne xk|yf#`j Ea Ijxf Yky~f y{a Yk|weref Yko|k~f nkaaj Ie|ifaj|k Aj Cj|cf|j x|kwknkwj ja ?:2

j Ak ceyyef e yko|k~k=l Ak oe|j~k ]ief ak eyxkrefèS=i Ea yk|weref nkaak yxek xk| kyxaf|j|k e ckrre k aj gf|rj nka `kceif k aj if`neref`k xfae~e#

ij ne x|fweìek ky~k|k=n Ak `f|ck xk| ~|j~~j~ewk x|kaece`j|e! j|cey~ere! if`wk`refè nj ~k`k|ye ifa kceif=k Akyjck nke x|eoefèk|e k neyk|~f|e kceie k ea ijclef nke x|eoef ek|e=g Ea ij|~kooef if`genk`rejak nka ok`k|jak

CJ\EJ OJL\EKAAJ XJYZ[JAE@E95CJ\EJ OJL\EKAAJ XJYZ[JAE@E9> 9;

g Ak `f~erek idk ie|ifaj`f ka ijcxf nkaajwwk|yj|efo E ye~e nj i{e koae ye x|fijiiej e wewk|e k yk yf`f jllf`nj ~ed Ak cjaj~~ek idk |ko`j f kaaj|cj~j kceij k ak af|f ij{yke Yk aj xfyeref`k idk fii{xj ~|eìk|j~j f `f

b Yk j~~k`nk j |ey~j{|j| y~|jnk! xf`~e! ij`jae! kiim Ak xk|ne~k yfggk|~k nja kceif ` ifclj~~eck`~e! f xk| ja~|k ij{yka Z{jae yf`f ak ~k`nk rk nkoae jaakj~e! k z{jae ak |eyf|yk kif fceidk nka xjkyk fii{xj~f

nja `kceif

Ye |e~k`{~f fxxf|~{`f |exf|~j|k ~ky~{jack`~k z{j`~f k|j y~j~f x|kwey~f e` z{ky~fyk~~f|k njaaj Ie|ifaj|k! y~f|eijck`~k jyyje e`~k|kyyj`~k! xk|id nj z{ky~k xj|fak neyik`#nk aj x|ecj |eik|ij ne jok`~e yko|k~e k gen{iej|e! idk ij|j~~k|errk|j``f aj~~ewe~ e`gf|#cj~ewj! yfx|j~~{~~f njaaj ge`k nka ykifaf TET! k ak x|eck e`neijrefè y{ z{j`~f wkèwj|eideky~f j z{koae {ggeiejae idk gfyyk|f eìj|eij~e ne ~jak yk|weref! k ief ne nkae`kj|k ifì{|j aj if`neref`k xfae~eij kn kif`fceij nka xjkyk yf~~f fyyk|wjref`k2 e` ye`~kye! if`xj|faj j~~{jak! ne gj|k {`j j`jaeye nka z{jn|f ifcxakyyewf nka ~k||e~f|ef ne e`~k|kyykif` foè e`gf|cjref`k nj kyye xfyykn{~j

x|fx|ef e` z{ky~k ecxf|~j`~e ey~|{refè ne Aj Cj|cf|j idk ye y`fnj ea geaf nkaajy~f|ej ne ifck {` ifìk~~f f|ojèif |kaj~ewf jaaj |jiifa~j k j`jaeye nkaak e`gf|cjrefèceae~j|e ye yej x|fo|kyyewjck`~k ywea{xxj~f2 k ify xfyyejcf `f~j|k idk aj Ie|ifaj|kkllk {` y{f wjaf|k x|jocj~eif jack`f ge`f jaaj X|ecj O{k||j Cf`nejak

X|fx|ef `kaaj ijcxjo`j ne I|eckj $:4;;#:4;7% akyk|ie~f xekcf`~kyk jwkwj f|oj#èrrj~f! y{aaj ljyk nkaaj ie|ifaj|k Aj Cj|cf|j! {` y{f yk|weref xk| ak e`gf|cjrefè idkgjikwj ijxf jaa[ggeiejak Jnnk~~f ja Z{j|~ek| Ok`k|jak Xekcf`~kyk! ea cjooef|k Ofwf#

`k : cjooef :47:! Cj`g|knf Gj`~e! Ceèy~|f nkaaj O{k||j! jwkwj

{ggeiejaerrj~f ea `{fwf `fck nkaaJ|cj~j Yj|nj e` Kyk|ie~f E~jaej`f2

@f~j ` ?7 > cjooef :47:Wey~j aj Akook e` nj~j :? cj|rf :47 :! ifaaj z{jak Y C dj jyy{`~f ea ~e~faf ne |k nE~jaej! eayf~~fyi|e~~f |k`nk f~f j ~{~~k ak J{~f|e~! If|xe k [ggeiejae ceae~j|e! idk nf|j e` xfe ea \koefKyk|ie~f nfw| x|k`nk|k ea fck ne Kyk|ie~f E~jaej`f! |ecj`k`nf jlfae~j aj`~eij nk`fce`j#ref`k ne J|cj~j yj|nj^{~~k ak |kaj~ewk eyi|erefè k e`~ky~jrefè! idk nf|j e` jwj`~e fiif||j ne gj|k f ne |e``fwj|k!yj|j``f cfnegeij~k e` z{ky~f yk`yfEa Ceèy~|f nkaaj O{k||j Cj`g|knf Gj`~eAj x|kyk`~k e`yk|ref`k yk|wk ne xj|~kiexjref`k {ggeiejak

Yk `ka `{fwf f|ne`jck`~f nkaaKyk|ie~f E~jaej`f $jìf|j `f` nk`fce`j~f \koefKyk|ie~f% `kyy{` [ggeief ykcl|jwj kyyk|k y~j~f {ggeiejack`~k f|ojèrrj~f xk| ak e`gf|#

cjrefè! kxx{|k kyyf kyey~kwj2 x|fljleack`~k ye |egjikwj jìf|j jaaj Ie|ifaj|k Aj Cj|#cf|j! jìdk xk|id ea ok`k|jak e` z{ka cfck`~f k|j ~|j aja~|f jaaj o{enj nka Ofwk|`fk Ceèy~|f nkoae Ky~k|e

Yko{ewj ea ?


19/85

X\FLAKCJ EIDK IFY^J@Ê @KA YK\WEREF NE E@GF\CJREF@K CEAE^J\K E^JAEJ@F NJA :47: JA :5>5 9?

X|fljleack`~k `f` ye k|j jìf|j j||ewj~e jaaj ify~e~{ref`k ne {` f|oj`f ne ne|k#ref`k nkaak e`gf|cjrefè ceae~j|e:4! e` z{j`~f ea yk|weref nkaak e`gf|cjrefè wkèwjykcx|k if`yenk|j~f f {`j ykref`k f {` {ggeief! xj|~k ne {`j y~|{~~{|j y{xk|ef|k

[a~k|ef|k ~ky~ecfèj`rj nkaaj x|kyk`rj ne {` yk|weref e`gf|cj~ewf f|ojèrrj~f idkye j`njwj ckoaef y~|{~~{|j`nf2 ykcx|k `kax|fckcf|ej yfx|j ie~j~f! jaaj ge`k nkaaj xj|~k|kaj~ewj joae jnnk~~e ceae~j|e we yf`f jai{`k |eodk idk ~|j~~j`f nka Gf`nf E`gf|cjrefè2if` neyxjiief ` 9? g{ y~jleae~f e` ae|k 7:888 xk| foè kyk|ierefge`j`rej|ef If` nk~~f gf`nf! fa~|kid ja yk|weref e`gf|cjrefè k |eifoèrefè! nkwkye

x{|k gj| g|f`~k jaak yxkyk nke wejooe ne Y~j~f Cjooef|k k cj`fw|k ife z{jn|e= j z{kaake` z{jayejye cfnf e`k|k`~e jaakyxk|eck`~f nkoae {ggeiejae nj jcck~~k|ye `ka If|xf! knjaak |ec{`k|jrefè ne z{jaidk neyko`j~f|k genj~f! idk ~|fwj ecxekof `koae {ggeie

Ea gf`nf e`gf|cjrefè wek`k jcceèy~|j~f njaaj yko|k~k|ej nka |exj|~f Fxk|jrefè!yf~~f aj ne|kref`k nka Ijxf nka |exj|~f

N{`z{k k|j x|kwey~f {` kylf|yf xk| z{ky~f ~exf ne yk|weref k aj if`~jleae~ wkèwj~k`{~j njaa{ggeief idk g{òkwj nj ifaak~~f|k ne `f~erek k e`gf|cjrefè k idk x|kyk`~jwjja wk|~eik ak x|fxfy~k xk| ak ceyyefè yxkiejae! ak i{e yxkyk |ek`~|jwj`f jìdk `kaakyxkyk nke wejooe ne Y~j~f Cjooef|k \kjack`~k aj yfccj jìdk xk| z{ke ~kcxe `f`k|j jyyje ifyxei{j! if`yenk|j`nf idk if` z{ky~f nk`j|f ye nfwkwj gj| g|f`~k jìdk jnja~|k kyeok`rk

@ka :45? e` kggk~~e! ifck |exf|~j~f e` {` x|fckcf|ej ja Ijxf ne Y~j~f Cjooef|k!yk`rj nj~j! cj x|fljleack`~k |knj~~f e` nj~j y{iikyyewj ja :587! g|j ea :45? ea :454|ey{a~j idk k|j y~j~f nj~f eìj|eif ja ifaf``kaaf Gkaeik K{yklef Nk Idj{|j`n nk Yje`~K{y~jidk ne f|ojèrrj|k k ne|eok|k {` [ggeief E`gf|cjrefè! x|kyyf ea \kxj|~f Fxk#

|jrefè nka Ifcj`nf nka If|xf ne Y~j~f Cjooef|k:5

[`j {a~k|ef|k x|fwj nj~j nj {` |eyk|wj~eyyecf nkaa4 cjooef :58<

Nja :44< ja :45? ye kllk {`j newk|yj y~|{~~{|jref`k nka yk|weref nkaak e`gf|cjref#è ceae~j|e! k {`j newk|yj f|ojèrrjref`k k geafyfgej ne |jiifa~j! ykcx|k akoj~j je wj|ef|ne`jck`~e nkaaKyk|ie~f

@kaaf|ne`jck`~f jxx|fwj~f `ka :44< :; k|j yi|e~~f idk A[ggeief nka Ijxf neY~j~f Cjooef|k nkaaKyk|ie~f |ejyy{ck k iff|ne`j e ajwf|e nke n{k |kxj|~e nka Ifcj`nfnka If|xf k ~|j~~j ak x|j~eidk |eyk|wj~eyyeck:7! `fìd z{kaak ne e`~k|kyyk f e`ne|errfok`k|jak nka If|xf f nka Ifcj`nf We k|j xfe {` :; |eyk|wj~f nkaak @f|ck ne yk|#weref! `kaaj xj|~k idk `f` ifcxj|ewj `ke ~ky~e j y~jcxj! cj idk wkèwj ie|ifaj~j yfaf g|joae jnnk~~e je ajwf|e2 kyyf x|kwknkwj idk ea Ifcj`nf nka If|xf ne Y~j~f Cjooef|k if|#|eyxf`nkyyk ne|k~~jck`~k if` e Ifcj`ne nJ|cj~j xk| z{j`~f |eo{j|njwj ak e`gf|cj#refè y{oae Y~j~e aece~|fge k x|kwknkwj ja~|ky idk z{ky~e Ifcj`ne ~|jyck~~kyyk|f xk|ef#neijck`~k foè ~|ecky~|k {` y{`~f nkaak e`gf|cjrefè |jiifa~k |kaj~ewk jaaf Y~j~f ky~k|fif` i{e if`ge`jwj`f! ify ifck af Y~j~f Cjooef|k! j y{j wfa~j! jw|kllk ~|jyckyyf af|f~{~~k ak e`gf|cjrefè |eikw{~k nj ja~|k gf`~e! e` z{kaaj idk ykcl|j n{`z{k kyyk|k {`jye`k|oej lk` f|ojèrrj~j ne |jiifa~j nkaak e`gf|cjrefè ceae~j|e! jìdk yk g{ `kikyyj|ef

ifc{`z{k x|fwwknk|k! ifck ye wkn|! jaaj gf|cjref`k ne {`j |k~k ne jok`~e e`gf|cj~f#|e! {` xe kajlf|j~f k f|ojèif yey~kcj ne |jiifa~jEa\kofajck ~f y{a yk|weref ne o{k||j e` weof|k e` z{ka xk|efnf! :44< :?! idk ~|j~~jwj

jaAel|f WYk|weref ne jwj`yifxk|~j! |eifo erefè k e`gf|cjrefè yf~~fae`kjwj if` gf|rjaecxf|~j`rj ne z{ky~f ~exf ne e`gf|cjrefè

:4 Ig| F CJ\IDK^Ê!Ea Yk|weref E`gf|cjrefè nkaaKyk|ie~f E~jaej`f `kaaj O|j`nk O{k||j! \fcj :59?!xx :< yoo

:5 Z{jye ~{~~e oae j{~f|e idk dj``f yi|e~~f y{aaj y~f|ej ne z{ky~f xk|efnf! ewe ifcx|kyf ea x{| j~~k`~fFnfj|nf Cj|idk~~e! `ka y{f ~ky~f yfx|j ie~j~f! k Ikyj|k Jc! ie~! e`neij`f ea :588 aj``f e` i{e ea Yk|werefE`gf|cjrefè ceae~j|e k|j y~j~f ify~e~{e~f k j ijxf nka z{jak k|j y~j~f ckyyf ea ifaf``kaaf Nk Idj{|j`n Wj|enfi{ck`~e e`neij`f e`wkik! ifck yfx|j oe nk~~f! idk ea Yk|weref ykcx|k kyey~e~f k idk ea Nk Idj{|j`n g{ckyyf j ijxf nkaaf y~kyyf ka :45?! z{j`nf g{ ~|jygk|e~f ja Ifcj`nf nka If|xf ne Y~j~f Cjooef|k Yfajck`~k`ka wfa{ck ne G IJXXKAAJ@F!AEcxk|eja |koef Kyk|ie~f j{y~|f#{òj|eif y{a g|f`~k e~jaej`f :5:;#:5:4. Nje nfi{#ck`~e nka yk|weref e`gf|cjrefè nkaaKyk|ie~f E~jaej`f! \fwk|k~f

:9 E nfi{ck`~e if`y{a~j~e y{aaj ijcxjo`j nka :477 if`gk|cj`f idk kggk~~ewjck`~k ak f~erek k|j`f cfa~kk nk~~joaej~k! |jiifa~k ik|~jck`~k if` e ckrre ne jaaf|j! gf|yk eòk`{e! cj wjaenk `kaaj z{jye ~f~jae~ nke ijye

:> Ig| J XFAAEF! I{y~frj $:477%! \fcj :59;! EW kn= aj x|ecj kneref`k nka wfa{ck k|j ifcxj|yj `ka:589 Ig| e` xj|~eifaj|k ak @f~k y{aaf|ojèrrjref`k k g{`ref`jck`~f nka Yk|weref ne`gf|cjrefè xk| aj ijcxj#

o`j nka :477! e` ijaik ja wfa{ck Yf~~f z{ky~f ~e~faf! koae yi|eyyk2 ` l Z{ky~k f~erek yf`f j~~e ~k j gf`~k j{~f#|kwfaeyyecj jack`f xk| f|j a{èij f~erej yei{|j y{ {` [ggeief E`gf|cjrefè f Ykref`k E`gf|cjrefè k y{aajy{j ify~e~{ref`k! nfxf ea :47:! jcxejck`~k if`gk|cj~j nje nfi{ck`~e |kxk|e~e y{aaj ijcxjo`j nka :477!`kaaJ|idewef nkaa[ggeief Y~f|eif YCK ]w O4 # Ijcxjo`j :477S @kaaj if||k~~j fxeèf`k nka ok`k|jak Xfaaef!ea Yk|weref ne E`gf|cjrefè ceae~j|e! `ka xk|efnf y{iikyyewf jaaj neidej|jref`k nkaa[è~ nE~jaej k|j lkèyyecff|ojèrrj~f k ea \ko`f k`~| e` o{k||j `ka :477 if` {`j if`fyik`rj cfa~f kyj~~j nkaak gf|rk k nke ckrre nka`kceif! jìdk yk z{kaaj ijcxjo`j g{ jyyje ygjwf|kwfak jaak ~|{xxk e~jaej`k! idk g{|f`f yif`ge~~k j I{y~frj Xk|jxx|fgf`neck`~f! ig| C OEFJ@@E@E!O CJYYFL\EF! I{y~frj :477. Aj wej e~jaej`j jaaj yif`ge~~j ! Ceaj`f

:7 Kwenk`rej~f e` if|yewf `ka ~ky~f j y~jcxj y{a Oef|`jak Ceae~j|k:? O. C. :44#?8;2 {` \koef Nki|k~f nka


20/85

X\FLAKCJ EIDK IFY^J@Ê @KA YK\WEREF NE E@GF\CJREF@K CEAE^J\K E^JAEJ@F NJA :47: JA :5>5 95

If`~kcxf|j`kjck`~k `ka xk|efnf :588#:587 jìdk aj Cj|e`j eère j nj|k cjo#oef|k |eaekwf ja yk|weref e`gf|cjrefè ! ify~e~{k`nf {` x|fx|ef [ggeief E`gf|cjrefèidk `ka :587


21/85

X\FLAKCJ EIDK IFY^J@Ê @KA YK\WEREF NE E@GF\CJREF@K CEAE^J\K E^JAEJ@F NJA :47: JA :5>5 >:

|jxenjck`~k e` x|j~eij gfyyk z{kaaf ne e`wej|k nj xj|~k nka Ifcj`nf Y{x|kcf {` ja~f{ggeiejak x|kyyf ea Ceèy~k|f nkoae Ky~k|e idk xf~kyyk neyi{~k|k aj x|flakcj~eij k x|k`#nk|k oae jiif|ne ne ljyk `kikyyj|e

@f` cfa~e nfi{ck`~e yf`f |ecjy~e ne z{ky~k neyi{yyefè! idk x{|k ie g{|f`f2 ea 7jofy~f nka :5:5! j Xj|eoe! `ka z{jn|f nke ifaafz{e idk wkèwj`f kggk~~{j~e e` z{kaaj ijxe#~jak xk| nkgeè|k aj xjik! {`j Ifcceyyef`k jn dfie`gf|cjack`~k ify~e~{e~j nja Ceè#y~|f nkoae Ky~k|e! nkaaj z{jak gjikwj`f xj|~k ea ifaf``kaaf Fnfj|nf Cj|idk~~e! f|cjex|fyyecf j newkè|k ok`k|jak! ea if`~|jcce|joaef O|jyye k ea If`yeoaek|k ne Akojref`k

lj|f`k Xfcxkf Jafeye! j ijxf nkaa[ggeief Y~jcxj ne Xj|eoe! yf~~f ea Xj~|f`j~f nkaCeèy~k|f nkoae Ky~k|e! ye k|j |e{è~j xk| x|fiknk|k jaaj |knjref`k ne {` x|fok~~f y{aaj|ef|ojèrrjref`k nke yk|were ne e`gf|cjref`k! x|fxjoj`nj k y~jcxj jaaky~k|f k jwkwjx|fnf~~f {` nfi{ck`~f idk g{ yf~~fxfy~f jaakyjck nke wk|~eie ceae~j|e

N{`z{k ye wja{~jwj`f ak xfyyeleae~ jaaky~k|f k e`kwe~jleack`~k wkèwj jìdk wja{#~j~j aj ye~{jref`k jaae`~k|`f! xk| z{j`~f ye |egk|ewj yfx|j~~{~~f ja if`~|fyxef`jooef

K|j ifc{`z{k e`n{llef idk n{|j`~k aj o{k||j! ea Yk|weref E`gf|cjrefè! gf|yk ij#|k`~k e` jai{è jyxk~~e! jwkwj yfx|j~~{~~f yfggk|~f nkaaj cjìj`rj ne gen{iej nke wk|~eie!`f` `ke |eo{j|ne nke yeòfae! z{j`~f nkaak wj|ek gf`~e jaak z{jae j~~eòkwj`f! fa~|k jn {`jik|~j yfw|jxxfyeref`k ne ye~{jrefè e`gf|cj~ewk

Kxx{|k ea Yk|weref jwkwj gj~~f wk|jck`~k {` o|j`nk yja~f ne z{jae~! |eyxk~~f jaxk|efnf j`~kiknk`~k jaaf yifxxef nka if`gae~~f! `f` yfaf `kaaj |jiifa~j nkaak e`gf|cj#refè e` wj|e cfne k e` wj|e ik`~|e! cj jìdk `kaaj ifc{èijref`k nkaak y~kyyk! x{`~{j#ak k yfaakie~j! `f`fy~j`~k idk e` xj|jof`k gfyyk|f xfide oae {ggeiejae jnnk~~e j z{ka ~exfne ajwf|f! jack`f `kaaj xj|~k ne|k~~ewj nkaak Ykrefè e` i{e ye k|j y{nneweyf eaYk|weref

@kaaj |kajref`k x|fnf~~j! aj Ifcceyyef`k ne e`njoe`k y{ aaj neygj~~j ne Ijxf|k~~f9>

!z{j`nf ~|j~~ nkaaj if`nf~~j nkaaj o{k||j! j``f~ e` xfidk |eodk |kaj~ewjck`~k jag{`ref`jck`~f nka yk|weref e`gf|cjrefè 9; `f` ykcl|j jaaj Ifcceyyef`k idk xjakyenkgeiek`rk nko`k ne |eaekwf! ifck x{|k `f` ykcl|j xfyyj c{fwk|ye o|jwk jxx{`~f ~k`k`nf if`~f nkaajleae~ necfy~|j~j nja `kceif xk| ak eìk|~krrk idk ye cjègky~j#|f`f y{aaj wja{~jref`k nkaak e`gf|cjrefè Cfa~k eìk|~krrk e`wkik ye yj|kllk|f kaece#`j~k `kaaja~j wja{~jref`k nke |kgk|~e |jiifa~e nja ok`k|jak Xf||f idk e` x|fxfye~fnfwkwj |joo{joaej|k ea Ijxf ne Y~j~f Cjooef|k fwk ckoaef gfyyk y~j~f i{|j~f akyjcknkaaj ye~{jref`k xfae~eif#ceae~j|k! aj z{jak `kaaj{~{``f :5:? k|j ~jak idk akwk`~{jae~ne {`fggk`yewj `kceij e` gf|rk jw|kllk nfw{~f kyyk|k if`yenk|j~j cfa~f x|fljleakXj|fak cfa~f j~~k`~k! gf|yk ~|fxxf! cj idk yfy~j`rejack`~k |eif`fyikwj`f idk ea Yk|we#ref k|j y~j~f kggeiek`~k! xk| z{j`~f xf~kwj! `kaaj ye~{jref`k if`~eòk`~k

N{`z{k `f`fy~j`~k ea |eif`fyieck`~f nkaaj~~ewe~ nka Yk|weref k aj if`~e`{j ifaaj#lf|jref`k |kjaerrj~j x|ecj! n{|j`~k k nfxf ea if`gae~~f! if` ea EW |kxj|~f nkaaj Cj|e`j!ief if` z{ka Yk|weref e`gf|cj~ewf! eèrejwj `ka :5:5 j x|kwjak|k `koae f|ojè ifcxk#~k`~e! yfx|j~~{~~f xfae~eie! aenkj idk gfyyk `kikyyj|ef {ègeij|k ea ajwf|f e`gf|cj~ewf!jack`f z{kaaf jaaky~k|f! jìdk e` `fck ne z{kaaj idk wkèwj idejcj~j {`j jyyfa{~j`kikyye~ ne kif`fcej! idk x|kckwj

Ea x|fok~~f ne |ef|ojèrrjref`k nkaaj |jiifa~j nkaak e`gf|cjrefè jaaky~k|f! yej xfae~e#idk yej ceae~j|e! idk k|j y~j~f |knj~~f j Xj|eoe! ye xf~kwj |ejyy{ck|k e` nkgeè~ewj if` aj

CJ\EJ OJL\EKAAJ XJYZ[JAE@E>8

n|jy~eie ~joae \ecjyk|f e`wkik xek`jck`~k g{`ref`j`~e e wj|e Ik`~|e e`gf|cj~ewe jaak#y~k|f idk k|j`f y~j~e ey~e~{e~e! y{ ljyk |kofaj|k! nja :587#:5:8 e` xfe k idk jwkwj`f ify~e#~{e~f xk| aj x|ecj wfa~j {`j |k~k e`gf|cj~ewj g{f|e nja ~k||e~f|ef ck~|fxfae~j`f2 {`j|k~k kggeiek`~k! xk| e xj|jck~|e nkaakxfij

G{ e` z{ka xk|efnf idk eèrej|f`f xk| ak neyi{yyefè y{aaj |jiifa~j nkaak e`gf|cj#refè jaaky~k|f k e x|fok~~e ne |ef|ojèrrjref`k! idk xf|~j|f`f e`kwe~jleack`~k jìdkjaaj |eweye~jref`k nka Yk|weref e` xj~|ej k idk jw|j``f ifck j~~f ge`jak aj i|kjref`k nkax|ecf Yk|weref E`gf|cjrefè Ceae~j|e `ka :5


22/85

X\FLAKCJ EIDK IFY^J@Ê @KA YK\WEREF NE E@GF\CJREF@K CEAE^J\K E^JAEJ@F NJA :47: JA :5>5 >9

cjooef|k nkaaj Cj|e`j! if` e ik`~|e idk `k nexk`nf`f! wkòj yfxx|kyyf yfaakie~jck`~k!ljy~j`nf jaak j~~{jae if`nerefè ea yk|weref e`gf|cjrefè nka z{jak neyxf`k aj ne|kref`k ok`k#|jak ne x{llaeij yei{|krrj

K|j ea x|ecf xjyyf xk| ~k`~j|k gf|yk ne yiefoaek|k jìdk oae [ggeie nkaaKyk|ie~f idkye fii{xjwj`f nka yk~~f|k! |e~k`k`nf idk ak e`gf|cjrefè ceae~j|e k|j`f `kikyyj|ek yfaj#ck`~k e` ~kcxf ne o{k||j! ck`~|k e` ~kcxf ne xjik e yk|were xf~kwj`f kyyk|k `f~kwfa#ck`~k |enf~~e Cj `f` k|j ik|~f xfyyeleak

E`gj~~e ea Ceèy~|f nkaaj Cj|e`j |eyxfyk ea : yk~~kcl|k :5:5 ja X|kyenk`~k nkaIf`yeoaef! nj`nf ak jyyei{|jrefè |eideky~k |kaj~ewjck`~k jaajyxk~~f kif`fceif! cj|eakwj`nf jìdk idk yj| xk| `kikyyj|ef idk a[ggeief E`gf|cjrefè if`~e`{e `kaak y{kf|ne`j|ek cj`yefè ne ~kcxf ne xjik! ak z{jae if`yey~f`f `ka |jiifoaek|k k `kaaf|ne`j#|k nj~e kn kakck`~e y{aak cj|e`k ky~k|k! yej j ckrrf nkoae jnnk~~e `jwjae idk cknej`~k{`jii{|j~j |kweyef`k nkaaj y~jcxj ~kièij

Ify! `f`fy~j`~k ak nfwk|fyk k nfw{~k jyyei{|jrefè |ecjy~k y{aaj ij|~j ne |en{#ref`k ne {ggeie k f|ojèie! ea EW \kxj|~f nkaaf Y~j~f Cjooef|k nkaaj Cj|e`j `f` g{ yiefa#~f k yfx|j~~{~~f ak y{k g{`refè `f` wk``k|f ywfa~k e` wej yfy~e~{~ewj nja x{| kggeiek`#~k Yk|weref E`gf|cjrefè nkaaj ne|kref`k nkaaj X{llaeij Yei{|krrj ifck j{yxeij~f njjai{`k J{~f|e~ y~j~jae6! idk nfwkwj jwk|k! ifcx|k`yeleack`~k! ja~|e ifcxe~e ey~e~{ref#`jae

Yi|ewkwj ea ifcj`nj`~k Lkaajwe~j `ka :5


23/85


24/85

X\FLAKCJ EIDK IFY^J@Ê @KA YK\WEREF NE E@GF\CJREF@K CEAE^J\K E^JAEJ@F NJA :47: JA :5>5 >?

If`~ky~{jack`~k jaaj i|kjref`k nkaaFW\J k ja xf~k`rejck`~f ne y~|{~~{|k ne yei{#|krrj! ykcx|k e` z{ky~f xk|efnf wkèwj`f gj~~e y~{ne! ge` nja :59>! y{aaj xfyyeleae~ ne{ègeijref`k nke yk|were e`gf|cj~ewe ceae~j|e! yej fggk`yewe yej negk`yewe! yko`f kwenk`~k idkea x|flakcj k|j jaaj~~k`ref`k nkaak j{~f|e~ nka Ceèy~k|f nkaaj O{k||j2 ea YEC! `j~fxk| kyyk|k e`~k|gf|rk! k|j |ecjy~f e` |kja~! ifck ye wey~f! {` yk|weref e`gf|cj~ewf yfafnkaaKyk|ie~f K|j yk`~e~j akyeok`rj! aj `kikyye~ ne {` f|oj`f ne iff|ne`jck`~f! ne {`yey~kcj ne iff|ne`jck`~f2 idk gfyyk y~|k~~f f ck`f y~|k~~f! cj idk kyey~kyyk

^j`~e k|j`f e x|fok~~e idk wkèwj`f x|kyk`~j~e k j`jaerrj~e! cj e` |kja~ z{jye `{aaj

g{ nkieyf ge`f jaaeèref nkaaj o{k||j ^j`~f k|j yk`~e~j akyeok`rj idk e` {`x|fckcf|ejnka ?! we k|j aj yko{k`~k jggk|cjref`k! |egk|e~j jaaj`jaeyene {`f y~{nef ne {ègeijref`k nka Yk|weref E`gf|cjref`k! yf`f g{f|e neyi{yyef`k eyko{k`~e x{`~e nka `f~f x|fok~~f2 j% `kikyye~ ne iff|ne`jck`~f g|j ~{~~e e Yk|were e`gf|#cj~ewe= l% `kikyye~ idk {` f|oj`f iff|ne`j~f|k yej x|kyyf ea IJXF NKA OFWK\#@F>4= i% `kikyye~ idk yej x|kyyf ea IJXF NKA OFWK\@F f|oj`f x|fxfy~f>5 jnj~~k`~j~e! yjlf~jooe! x|fxjoj`nj neygj~~ey~j Ea x|fok~~f kajlf|j~f x|kwknkwj! xk|z{j`~f |eo{j|njwj e yk|were e`gf|cj~ewe fggk`yewe! {` f|oj`f x|kyyf ea Ijxf nka Of#wk|`f! ief {`j Ne|kref`k Ik`~|jak nke Yk|were Yko|k~e;8 idk xf~kyyk iff|ne`j|k ajref#`k ne ~{~~e e yk|were e`gf|cj~ewe! cj idk jyy{ckyyk jìdk z{kaak `kikyye~ {` xf xj|~e#ifaj|e idk k|j`f y~j~k kwenk`rej~k ja x{`~f i%

Ie ye |k`nkwj lk` if`~f idk `f` k|j xfyyeleak {`j {ègeijref`k ifcxak~j nke yk|#were ne e`gf|cjref`k! cj k|j xfyyeleak |jooe{òk|k {` iff|ne`jck`~f xe y~|k~~f jyyk#o`j`nf jn f|ojè newk|ye z{kaak idk wkèwj`f |e~k`{~k ak n{k x|eìexjae g{`refè e`gf|#

cj~ewk k ief2 j% aj |eik|ij k aj |jiifa~j ne `f~erek= l% akajlf|jref`k nkaak `f~erek Xk| ajx|ecj ye xf~kwj xk`yj|k jn {` f|oj`f {èif ik`~|jak! ck`~|k aj ykif`nj xf~kwj kyyk|kj~~|el{e~j jn f|ojè ney~e`~e x|kyyf e yeòfae ceèy~k|e Ck`~|k `f` ye xk`yjwj idk gfyykxfyyeleak jyyko`j|k aj |eik|ij k aj |jiifa~j nkaak `f~erek jaaj x|kwey~j Ne|kref`k Ik`~|jakxk| z{jayejye ok`k|k ne e`gf|cjrefè! ykcl|jwj e`wkik j~~{jleak k yfx|j~~{~~f if`wk#èk`~k jyyko`j|k jn {` {èif f|oj`f ceae~j|k $idk jw|kllk x|kyf ea `fck ne Neweyef`kE`gf|cjrefè Ceae~j|e% e`yk|e~f `kaaj Ne|kref`k Ik`~|jak! aj |eik|ij k aj |jiifa~j nkaak`f~erek ceae~j|e! jack`f xk| z{kaak x|fwkèk`~e nj gf`~e k wek `f` xjakye! |eyk|wj`nf ak#ajlf|jref`k nkaak `f~erek jn [ggeie Ye~{jref`k jxxj|~k`k`~e je yeòfae Ceèy~k|e nkaakGf|rk J|cj~k

Fo`{`j ne z{ky~k Neweyefè z{e`ne jw|kllk jw{~f {` x|fx|ef z{jn|f nkaaj ye~{j#ref`k! e` |kajref`k je yk~~f|e y~|j~koeie ne xj|~eifaj|k e`~k|kyyk! ck`~|k aj Ne|kref`kIk`~|jak jw|kllk jw{~f {` flek~~ewf $ifck wkèwj idejcj~j aj |jiifa~j ne `f~erek% j~{~~f ijcxf k jw|kllk j`jaerrj~f yfajck`~k z{kaak `f~erek cfa~f ecxf|~j`~e f cfa~f{|ok`~e

Ea x|fok~~f y~{nej~f `kax|fckcf|ej yko`jaj~f! xk|ja~|f jyyje j|~eifaj~f! j`jaerrjwj

if` i{|j ak wj|ek xfyyeleae~! cj e` ifìa{yef`k x|fxf`kwj jxx{`~f aey~e~{ref`k x|kyyf


Ajwwkèck`~f ecxf|~j`~k idk g{ |eif`fyie{~j aj `kikyye~! jìdk yk |ecjyk y{aajij|~j e` xj|~k! ne jwk|k {` f|oj`f e`~k|gf|rk idk x|fiknkyyk ja iff|ne`jck`~f nkaake`gf|cjrefè |eikw{~k k z{e`ne jaaj af|f wja{~jref`k! e` {` z{jn|f ifcxakyyewf idk|eo{j|njyyk ~k||j! cj|k k j|ej

^|j aj X|ecj k aj Ykif`nj O{k||j Cf`nejak! ea YEC n{`z{k ye ~|fw jn fxk|j|k e`cfnf e`~k`yf! j~~eweyyecf y{ ~{~~e e g|f`~e! ewe ifcx|kye e ~k||e~f|e nfa~|kcj|k $Yfcjaejkn K~efxej% k n{|j`~k aj O{k||j ne Yxjo`j! nja :597 ja :595 @j~{|jack`~k j wfa~k ye~|fw e` ifìf||k`rj if` oae ja~|e n{k yk|were ne e`gf|cjref`k ceae~j|k ne Gf|rj J|cj~j!

nkaaj Cj|e`j k nkaaJk|f`j{~eij! j wfa~k yfw|jxxf`k`nfye! xk| `f` ifcxak~j ifc{è#ijref`k g|j e yey~kceXk| ckoaef xk| ifcx|k`nk|k ajref`k nka YEC e` z{ka xk|efnf! `f` leyfo`j

neck`~eij|k ea xj|~eifaj|k cfck`~f y~f|eif e` i{e z{ky~f x{| j~~eweyyecf Yk|weref joewj!ck`~|k we k|j jìdk aj i|kjref`k f ea xf~k`rejck`~f nj xj|~k nka Gjyieycf ne ify ennk~~eyk|were yko|k~e! idk |eyxf`nkwj`f jaak ykcx|k xe i|kyik`~e kyeok`rk ne if`~|faafxfae~e#if nka \ko`f k nkaaj y{j ok`~k! e`~|fnf~~k if` akooe yxkiejae>9 K|j kwenk`~k idk e n{k yk|were! ceae#~j|k k xfae~eif! jwkyyk|f nke if`~j~~e! ~j`~f idk ea YEC jwkwj {` {ggeiejak ne if aakojck`~fif` z{kaaf|ojèycf! {` cjooef|k nke Ij|jleèk|e \kjae >>2 nka |ky~f ea Yk|weref ceae~j|kifc{èijwj z{kaak e`gf|cjrefè xfae~eidk nkaak z{jae wkèwj e` xfyykyyf jaaFW\J! idkj y{j wfa~j xjyyjwj e`wkik z{kaak kyia{yewjck`~k ceae~j|e ja YEC K|j {` `f|cjak yijc#lef ne `f~erek! ifck neidej| x|fx|ef ja x|fikyyf \fj~~j {`f nke ~ky~ecfè! idk k|jy~j~f Ifcceyyj|ef Ijxf `ka Ifcceyyj|ej~f ne X Y nka z{j|~ek|k X|j~e! e` \fcj

ecxfyyeleak i|knk|k idk `f` we gfyyk|f ifaakojck`~e ne yf|~j! ifck e`wkik jwkwj jyyk#|e~f Ikyj|k Jc! Ijxf nka YEC n{|j`~k aj Ykif`nj O{k||j Cf`nejak! n{|j`~k {`j~ky~ecfèj`rj `kaaf y~kyyf x|fikyyf

Nka |ky~f af y~kyyf Jc! yi|eyyk z{jaidk j``f nfxf idk ~|j ak n{k o{k||k eaYk|weref jwkwj weyy{~f {`j we~j fxk|fyj! cj xek`j ne weieyye~{neè >; Aj we~j nkaYk|weref g{ wk|jck`~k xek`j ne o|jwe x|flakce! e` z{j`~f `f` yj|kllk y~j~f xfyyele#ak xk| e |kyxf`yjleae ceae~j|e `f` jwk|k |jxxf|~e if` ak wj|ek |kja~ nkaaj xfaerej xfae~eijk ifc{`z{k `f` kyko{e|k ey~|{refè yxkiejae jìdk nj j{~f|e~ xfae~eidk if` eìj|eideceae~j|e2 `f` wj neck`~eij~f idk! yjawf xk| {` l|kwk xk|efnf idk wj nja :5 ja yk~~kcl|k :597!ea z{jak e` |kja~ if`~e`{ jn jwk|k {`j afòj cj`{y y{a Yk|weref! jìdk z{j`nf afajyie xk| j`nj|k j ifcj`nj|k ak ~|{xxk wfaf`~j|ek e` Yxjo`j >7

>< Ig| C IJ@JAE!Ak yxek nka |koeck! Lfafo`j ! xx 99 Xk| jcxek `f~erek y{e yk|were yko|k~enka xk|efnf gjyiey~j! ig| \ IJ@FYJ!E yk|were yko|k~e nka N{ik!

Ceaj`f ? yoo= C IJ@JAE!Ak yxek nka |koeck ie~! xx 55 yoo>> Ig|Ak Ij|~k nka X|fikyyf \fj~~j $J[YYCK% k ea wfa{ck! ifkwf ja x|fikyyf! ne I IF@Ê $j i{|j ne%!

Ea x|fikyyf \fj~~j! \fcj :5>;>; Ne `f~kwfak e`~k|kyyk ea wfa{ck ne I JC! j ijxf nka Yk|weref xk| z{jye ~{~~f ea xk|efnf nka ykif`#

nf if`gae~~f! nja yk~~kcl|k nka :5>8 jaajofy~f nka :5>9! O{k||j yko|k~j e` E~jaej :5>8#:5>9! \fcj :5;>>7 Y{ z{ky~f x{`~f ifìf|nf e` xek`f if` z{j`~f yi|e~~f nj \ IJ@FYJ!E yk|were yko|k~e nka N{ik ie~!

x 9 !Ceaj`f ! xx 74 yoo

>? J[YYCK! Gf`nf YEC! k @J \O!


25/85

X\FLAKCJ EIDK IFY^J@Ê @KA YK\WEREF NE E@GF\CJREF@K CEAE^J\K E^JAEJ@F NJA :47: JA :5>5 >5

i ajyiej|k x|kyyf e Yk|were E`gf|cjref e nkaaj Cj|e`j k nkaaJk|f`j{~eij! ak ykrefèif`~|fyxef`jooef ne ifaakojck`~f if` ea Yk|weref E`gf|cjrefè nkaaKyk|ie~f! xk| akz{ky~efè ne if`~|fyxef`jooef e`~k|kyyj`~e! yeòfaj|ck`~k f e`yekck! z{kaak Gf|rkJ|cj~k

@ka :59?! ck`~|k ye neyi{~kwj ea x|fok~~f! af|ojèrrjref`k nka YEC! k|j j o|j`ne~|j~~e! aj yko{k`~k2 {`j yknk ik`~|jak j \fcj= 9 ykrefè ne Y~j~ey~eij if` yknk j Ceaj`f!Wk|f`j k ^|eky~k= :: IY j Ceaj`f! Wk|f`j! ^|eky~k! ^f|e`f! Rj|j! Ge|k`rk! \fcj! @j#

xfae! Lj|e! Xjak|cf! Ijoaej|e! ify~e~{e~e e`~ko|jack`~k nj kakck`~e nkaaJ|cj nke Ij|j#leèk|e= {` `{ck|f ne ik`~|e ne |jiifa~j `f~erek! if` {ggeiejae k yf~~{ggeiejae nkaak wj|ekj|ce! idk k|j`f neyafij~e eyfaj~jck`~k! wky~ewj`f jle~e ieweae k yf~~f ifxk|~{|j! joewj`fa{òf ak g|f`~ek|k ck~|fxfae~j`k Aj ik`~|jak k|j y{nneweyj e` ~|k o|j`ne |jce2 {` yk|#weref E`gf|cjrefè! ne|k~~f nja Weik Ijxf Yk|weref= {` yk|weref if`~|fyxef`jooef! idkk|j jggenj~f jaaj 9 Ykref`k e`~k|`j! |k~~j nj {` ifaf``kaaf nke Ij|jleèk|e;: k {` yk|we#ref jcceèy~|j~ewf Ne e`~k|kyyk xj|~eifaj|k k|j jxx{`~f z{kaaj Ykref`k idk x|kyeknkwjja if`~|fyxef`jooef2 oe e` z{kaaj``f k|j z{jye {` k`~k j y! jwkwj yknk j \fcj! e` wejI|eyxe :8! e` {`f y~jleak x|ewj~f k yfx|j~~{~~f nj `f~j|k idk ea ifaf``kaaf ifcj`nj`#~k aj Ykref`k ge|cjwj xk|yf`jack`~k ~{~~j aj xfy~j! nf|ne`k nka Ijxf Yk|weref2 {`jj{~f`fcej fxk|j~ewj k jcceèy~|j~ewj cfa~f `f~kwfak Nj z{ky~j Ykref`k nexk`nkwj#`f ~{~~e e ik`~|e ne if`~|fyxef`jooef! ifcx|kye Ceaj`f! Wk|f`j k ^|eky~k! ykne nkaakykrefè ne Y~j~ey~eij2 {`j Ykref`k n{`z{k jyyje nkaeij~j

Jìdk n{|j`~k af ywfaoeck`~f nkaaj Ykif`nj O{k||j Cf`nejak ea YEC kllk jai{èijclejck`~e ne y~|{~~{|j xk| jnko{j|af! yk`rj |e{yie|we! ykcx|k jaak `{fwk `kikyye~ ne{` if`gae~~f jyyje newk|yf nja x|kiknk`~k;8! g{ y~jiij~jnewk`k`nf {` Yk|weref j{~f`fcf! ea IYCYY! if` j ijxf af y~kyyf ifaf``kaaf nkaaJ|cjnke Ij|jleèk|e idk jwkwj |k~~f aj Ykref`k x|kiknk`~kck`~k! Yj`~f Kcj`{kak

Ea IYCYY nexk`nkwj njaaf Y~j~f Cjooef|k nkaaKyk|ie~f k xk| z{kaaf idk |eo{j|nj#wj aj negkyj njaaf yxef`jooef `kceif! e` |jxxf|~f ja if`gae~~f oe neidej|j~f= nexk`nkwjnja Ceèy~k|f nkaaj O{k||j xk| ea |ky~f k xk| e yk|were yxkiejae;> N{| xfif xk| aj we~jj{~f`fcj ne z{ky~f Yk|weref xk|id `ka ok``jef :5>:! ea if`~|fyxef`jooef g{ |exf|~j#~f `kaajawkf nka Yk|weref E`gf|cj~ewf Ceae~j|k! if` o|j`nk yfnneygjref`k nka Ijxf nkaYk|weref! ajaaf|j ifaf``kaaf Jc

Ea :8 oe{o`f :5>: ea YEC xjyyjwj jaak nexk`nk`rk nka Ifcj`nf Y{x|kcf Ea :`fwkcl|k :5>: wkèwj ify~e~{e~f ea YEK! jaak ne|k~~k nexk`nk`rk nka Ijxf ne Y~j~fCjooef|k nkaaKyk|ie~f;;! ify idk ea YEC jyy{ckwj ajg{`ref`k ne f|oj`f y{xk|ef|k jaak


ea Ijxf nka Ofwk|`f ne {` f|oj`f iff|ne`j~f|k! aj Ne|kref`k Ik`~|jak! idk ifc#x|k`nkyyk g|j oae ja~|e {`j Neweyef`k E`gf|cjrefè Ceae~j|e k {`j Neweyef`k E`gf|cjref#è Xfae~eif#Ifcck|iejae Jaaj x|ecj Neweyef`k yj|kllk y~j~f nj~f aeìj|eif nkaaj |e#ik|ij k nkaaj |jiifa~j nkaak `f~erek ceae~j|e! ifcxf|~j`nf ify {` iff|ne`jck`~f j{~f#cj~eif nkaajref`k fggk`yewj nke Yk|were ne E`gf|cjref`k Ceae~j|k Joae [ggeie Ye~{j#ref`k nke yeòfae ceèy~k|e ceae~j|e yj|kllk y~j~f nj~f aeìj|eif nkaakajlf|jref`k nkaak`f~erek ceae~j|e

Aj ykif`nj xfyyeleae~ x|kwey~j k|j z{kaaj ne jyyko`j|k jaak Neweyefè ne E`gf|#

cjref`k Ceae~j|k yfaf g{`refè ne iff|ne`jck`~f k ne ajyiej|k je Yk|were E`gf|cjrefènkaak yeòfak Gf|rk J|cj~k z{kaaj idk k|j aj n{xaeik g{`ref`k nka cfck`~f $|eik|ij k|jiifa~j nkaak e`gf|cjrefè k |kaj~ewj j`jaeye% if` e`~k|j j{~f`fcej nke af|f ckrre k nkeaf|f kakck`~e! cj if` afllaeof ne ~k`k|k jai{è af|f fxk|j~ewe j neyxfyeref`k nkaajNe|kref`k Ik`~|jak

E` jclf e ijye! xk|! ye x|kwknkwj ne nfwk| ajyiej|k joae [ggeie E`gf|cjrefè! idk yeyj|kllk|f ify~e~{e~e e` ijyf ne o{k||j x|kyyf e wj|e Ifcj`ne! aj n{xaeik g{`ref`k ne|eik|ij k |jiifa~j k kajlf|jref`k nkaak `f~erek! ne ifcxk~k`rj ne fo`{`f nke yeòfaeIfcj`ne

Xk| z{j`~f |eo{j|njwj e yk|were e`gf|cj~ewe negk`yewe! y~jleae~f idk ea yk|weref ne xfae#rej ceae~j|k $xjyyewf% `f` |eideknkwj f|ojè yxkiejaerrj~e! ye njwj cjooef|k j~~k`ref`kja yk|weref ne if`~|fyxef`jooef $fwwk|f yk|weref j~~ewf% idk `f` xf~kwj ifcxf|~j|k|exj|~eref`k ~k||e~f|ejak! ` xf~kwj kyyk|k |exj|~e~f g|j ak newk|yk Gf|rk J|cj~k2 e` |kja~ea Yk|weref ne E`gf|cjrefè Ceae~j|e e` z{ka cfck`~f fxk|j`~k jnk|ewj j z{ky~f x|eìe#xef2 k e`gj~~e ea if`~|fyxef`jooef wkèwj ywfa~f nja YEC y{ ~{~~f ea ~k||e~f|ef ck~|fxfae#

~j`f xk| if`~f nkaak ~|k Gf|rk J|cj~k $jn kiikref`k ne z{kaaf e`~k|`f nkaak Xejrrkcj|e~~eck xk| ea z{jak k|j x|kyk`~k {` Yk|weref ne if`~|fyxef`jooef Cj|e`j%E` ye`~kye |eo{j|nf jaak wj|ek x|fxfy~k nka x|fok~~f eax|fckcf|ej x|fxf`kwj2

J% `ka ijyf ne |eik|ij k |jiifa~j ne `f~erek ceae~j|e jiik`~|j~k x|kyyf aj Ne|kref`kIk`~|jak2

j ne e`yk|e|k e` z{ky~j Ne|kref`k {`j Neweyef`k ne If`~|fyxef`jooef! idk iff|ne jy#yk k x|kyeknkyyk ae`~k|f Yk|weref= idk cj`~k`kyyk xk| kyyf ea ifaakojck`~f if` eceèy~k|e k oae k`~e ieweae e`~k|kyyj~e=

l ne ajyiej|k x|kyyf e yeòfae [ggeie Ye~{jref`k nke ceèy~k|e nkaak Gf|rk J|cj~k {`jYkref`k ne if`~|fyxef`jooef ne ifaakojck`~f if` aj Neweyef`k Ik`~|jak ne If`~|f#yxef`jooef xk| ak z{ky~efè |eo{j|nj`~e ak yeòfak Gf|rk J|cj~k=

i ajyiej|k akyk|ieref nka Yk|weref ne If`~|fyxef`jooef jn f|ojè yxkiejaerrj~e oe kye#y~k`~e z{jae jxx{`~f aJ|cj nke Ij|jleèk|e \kjae! nexk`nk`~e ne|k~~jck`~k njaajNeweyef`k ne if`~|fyxef`jooef yfx|j e`neij~j

L% `ka ijyf idk aj Ne|kref k Ik`~|jak jwkyyk |eikw{~f yf`f g{`refè ne iff|ne j#ck`~f xk| z{j`~f |eo{j|njwj e yk|were e`gf|cjrefè ceae~j|e! ea x|fok~~f x|f#xf`kwj2

j ne e`yk|e|k kaaj Neweyef`k E`gf|cjrefè Ceae~j|e nkaaj Ne|kref`k Ik`~|jak {`j Yk#ref`k ne If`~|fyxef`jooef! if` ea ifcxe~f ne cj`~k`k|k ea ifaakojck`~f g|j ea Yk|#weref ne If`~|fyxef`jooef if` ceèy~k|e kn k`~e ieweae e`~k|kyyj~e=

l j~~|el{e|k j {` Yk|weref E`gf|cjrefè nkaaKyk|ie~f ae`~k|f yk|weref ne if`~|fyxef#`jooef kyk|ie~j~f! yf~~f aj y{j ne|k~~j nexk`nk`rj! nj f|ojè yxkiejaerrj~e oe kye#y~k`~e! ief njaaJ|cj nke Ij|jleèk|e \kjae=

;: Aj ne|kref`k g{ jggenj~j ja ifaf``kaaf nke Ij|jleèk|e Yj`~f Kcj`{kak! idk g{ x|fikyyj~f e`yekck j

\fj~~j `ka :5>;! if` ajii{yj ne y{f ife`wfaoeck`~f `kaajyyjyyeèf e` G|jìej nke g|j~kaae \fyykaae;< Nja :5 Ig| Ifcj`nf Y{x|kcf! YEC! Ie|ifaj|k ` >98 ne x|f~ IY nka


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X\FLAKCJ EIDK IFY^J@Ê @KA YK\WEREF NE E@GF\CJREF@K CEAE^J\K E^JAEJ@F NJA :47: JA :5>5 ;:

Ea xk|efnf idk wj nja :5>9 ja :5>;! jaaj ge`k nka if`gae~~f! y~j~f! ifck ~{~~e yj``f!{` cfck`~f cfa~f xj|~eifaj|k xk| ea Yk|weref ne E`gf|cjrefè Ceae~j|e e~jaej`f! z{jakidk gfyyk aj y{j nk`fce`jref`k {ggeiejak= {` a{òf cfck`~f ne ifaajlf|jref`k if` eyk|were xj|jaakae eòakyk! g|jìkyk k jck|eij`f= {` xk|efnf ne o|j`ne ygf|re k ne ceyyef#è! idk ea Yk|weref |e{yi j iff|ne`j|k `f`fy~j`~k ak k`f|ce neggeifa~ nj y{xk|j|k k ea`{ck|f ne jok`~e ijn{~e ja~|ky if`fyie{~f ea |{faf idk ea Yk|weref kllk `kaaj a{òj|kyey~k`rj idk oae e~jaejè jgg|f`~j|f`f xk| oe{òk|k jaaj ifcxak~j aelk|jref`k nka af|f~k||e~f|ef

Aeccknej~f nfxfo{k||j `f` y~j~f gjieak xk| aE~jaej k e` xj|~eifaj|k xk| ak Gf|rkJ|cj~k2 e ~|k j`è idk dj``f xf|~j~f ja :5>4! z{j`nf nfxf kakrefè xfxfaj|e! g{ kak~#~f {` ofwk|`f nkcfi|ey~ej`f! yf`f y~j~e yko`j~e cfa~k wfa~k jìdk njaaj neggenk`rj knjaaj x|{nk`rj xfae~eij ne ifaf|f idk jwkwj`f je{~j~f oae e~jaejè j f~~k`k|k aj aelk|~ Ea~|j~~j~f ne xjik nka :5>? `f` g{ xj|~eifaj|ck`~k ok`k|fyf `ke if`g|f`~e nkaaE~jaej2Gf|rk J|cj~k n|jy~eijck`~k |enf~~k k z{e`ne jìdk {` Yk|weref cfa~f yidkak~|eif

Aj akref`k nkaaj X|ecj k nkaaj Ykif`nj O{k||j Cf`nejak k|j y~j~j lk` jyyf|le~j E~kcxe k|j`f cj~{|e Af|ek`~jck`~f nkaak @jrefè [è~k `ke if`g|f`~e nkaaE~jaej k|j`f~kwfack`~k ijclej~f! jìdk xk|id k|j x|fgf`njck`~k c{~j~f af yik`j|ef e`~k|`j#ref`jak k aj o{k||j g|knnj eèrejwj jn jwk|k ea y{f if|yf! ecxf`k`nf {` yey~kcj nejaakj`rj j~aj`~eij! nkaaj z{jak nfwkwj gj| xj|~k jìdk aE~jaej |kx{llaeij`j! if`yenk|j#~f idk x|fx|ef jn {`j nkaak y{k g|f`~ek|k k|j ijaj~j aj if|~e`j ne gk||f Ea : yk~~kc#l|k nka :5>5 x|kyyf af Y~j~f Cjooef|k nkaaj Negkyj wkèwj ey~e~{e~f ea YEGJ\ k x|kyyf oaeY~j~e Cjooef|e nkaak ~|k Gf|rk J|cj~k wkèwj`f ify~e~{e~e nke Yk|were ne E`gf|cjref`kFxk|j~ewk k Ye~{jrefè

E` z{kaaj``f! nfxf ie|ij {` ykifaf ne ~k`~j~ewe wj|e! ye k|j |kjaerrj~f ea x|fok~~f ne{` yk|weref ne e`gf|cjrefè ceae~j|e e`~k|gf|rk! |eyfawk`nf ify jack`f {`f nke x|flak#ce f|ojèrrj~ewe k fxk|j~ewe idk ye k|j`f x|kyk`~j~e `koae j`è x|kiknk`~e [` yk|werefne e`gf|cjrefè ceae~j|e e`~k|#gf|rk k|j newk`{~f {`j |kja~ fxk|j~ewj

CJ\EJ OJL\EKAAJ XJYZ[JAE@E;8

ne|k~~k nexk`nk`rk nka Ifcj`nf Y{x|kcf! xk| ea iff|ne`jck`~f nke Yk|were ne E`gf|#cjref`k nkaak wj|ek Gf|rk J|cj~k2 j z{ky~f Yk|weref |ecj`kwj ne ne|eok|k k fxk|j|k e`x|fx|ef aj~~ewe~ negk`yewj k z{kaaj ne ik`y{|j! ck`~|k ja YEK xjyyjwj aj~~ewe~ fggk`ye#wj2 z{ky~f z{j`~f |ejyy{ck ea oe ie~j~f Jc e` {` jxx{`~f ja ifaf``kaaf XfcxkfJo|egfoaef! idk jw|kllk ne|k~~f ea Yk|weref e` {` cfck`~f jyyje xj|~eifaj|k! njaaf~~f#l|k ja neikcl|k :5>9;7

Z{e`ne oe `ka :5>: `f` yfaf k|j y~j~j yk`~e~j aj `kikyye~ ne {` iff|ne`jck`~f! cjye k|j fxk|j~f e` cfnf idk af|oj`f nexk`nk`~k nja Ifcj`nf Y{x|kcf xf~kyyk jwk|k

z{kaaj xj|~eifaj|k g{`ref`k! fa~|k j xfyyeleae~ fxk|j~ewk K ifck ifcck`~j jxx{`~fJc ea x|fwwkneck`~f nfwkwj kyyk|k {`j gjyk nkaaj |ef|ojèrrjref`k nka Yk|weref e`yk`yf {è~j|ef Kyyf jw|kllk nfw{~f xf|~j|k y{iikyyewjck`~k jn ja~|f xe j|cfèiff|ne`jck`~f

Akook`nf oef|`f xk| oef|`f e Nej|e Y~f|eieYEC nja :5>8 jaa4 yk~~kcl|k :5>9!z{j`nf ea Yk|weref ~k|ce` yfaf {ggeiejack`~k ne fxk|j|k $ye |eify~e~{ y{le~f nfxf k g{{` wjaeneyyecf y~|{ck`~f ne af~~j if`~|f ea `kceif `jrey~j! yej nj yfaf yej ifaajlf|j`nfj~~ewjck`~k if` e Yk|were eòakye k if` aFYY jck|eij`f%! ye wknk ifck aj ifcxakyye~nka if`gae~~f ecxf`kwj if`~e`{e jnko{jck`~e k |ef|ojèrrjrefè! jìdk xk| {` gf|~ky~j~f ne neyjoef `kaakyxak~jck`~f nke x|fx|e ifcxe~e! yfw|jy~j~f njaak ykcx|k cjooef#|e neggeifa~ e~jaej`k

Ea : oe{o`f nka :5>9! ifck |kie~j eaNej|ef Y~f|eif ne z{ka oef|`f! ea YEC |ex|k`#nkwj a{è~ nkaaj y{j jref`k! |eifòe{òk`nf ief aj~~ewe~ fggk`yewj j ~{~~k ak j~~ewe~ne ij|j~~k|k e`gf|cj~ewf ok`k|jak N{|j`~k aj o{k||j ea Yk|weref jwkwj |eikw{~f lk` >f|ne`jck`~e newk|ye k z{kaaf nka oe{o`f k|j ea z{e`~f;? Ak xjoe`k idk af nkyi|ewf`f

yf`f xj|~eifaj|ck`~k e`~k|kyyj`~e xk|id nj kyyk lk` ye ifcx|k`nf`f oae e`~k`neck`#~e ne Ikyj|k Jc! idk ak ge|cjwj e` z{jae~ ne Ijxf nka Yk|weref2 aj wfaf`~ ify~j`~k kxe wfa~k kyxfy~j n{|j`~k ~{~~f ea if`gae~~f! ne j||ewj|k jn {` k`~k idk xf~kyyk jwk|k eaz{jn|f ok`k|jak nkaaj ye~{jref`k! if` {` iff|ne`jck`~f kggeijik nke Yk|were nkaak ~|kGf|rk J|cj~k k idk xf~kyyk z{e`ne j||ewj|k jn {`j kajlf|jref`k nkaak `f~erek j 978!{`k`nf ak j~~ewe~ fggk`yewk k negk`yewk! x|fx|ek nkaaecxko`f ey~e~{ref`jak

Aj ye~{jref`k xk| aE~jaej y~jwj xk| ijclej|k |jneijack`~k2 njaaj ge`k ne {` yey~kcjne ofwk|`f! nki|k~j~j `f` nj {`j |ewfa{ref`k xfxfaj|k! cj njaaf y~kyyf O|j` If`yeoaefnka Gjyieycf! idk jwkwj jw{~f ifck if`yko{k`rj aj ge`k nka |koeck! if` aj||ky~f neC{yyfaeè! jaaj|cey~eref k jaaj iflkaaeok|j`rj! ea z{jn|f ne |egk|eck`~f jyy{ckwj if`#~f|è jyyje newk|ye y{ {` ~k||e~f|ef idk {yiewj nj ~|k j`è ne o{k||j idk jwkwj`f ckyyfe` oe`fiidef y~|{~~{|k ieweae k ceae~j|e k xkyj`~kck`~k e`ga{e~f y{aaj if`neref`k nkaajxfxfajref`k

Ea YEC ikyyj ea y{f Nej|ef Y~f|eif if` ea gfoaef nkaa4 yk~~kcl|k :5>92 cj e` |kja~ye |ef|ojèrr `ke x|eceyyece oef|è nfxf aj|cey~eref! z{j`nf xfide {ggeiejae ify~e~{e#|f`f {` x|ecf `{iakf ne {` yk|weref idk g{ idejcj~f [ggeief E`gf|cjrefè! x|kyyf ea

Ifcj`nf Y{x|kcf Yfajck`~k `kaajofy~f :5>> jw|kllk |ejyy{`~f ea `fck ne Yk|werefE`gf|cjrefè Ceae~j|e! jìdk yk ea : ok``jef :5>; |ex|k`nkwj aj nk`fce`jref`k ne[ggeief E`gf|cjrefè nkaaf Y~j~f Cjooef|k Ok`k|jak

;7 Xk| z{ky~f xk|efnf ig| jìdk Y~j~f Cjooef|k Negkyj $YEGJ\%! Ea Yk|weref E`gf|cjrefè ceae~j|k e~j#aej`f njaaj y{j ify~e~{ref`k jaaj ge`k nkaaj ykif`nj o{k||j cf`nejak! \fcj :5;?! xx 7:#::5

;? Xk| aj ye`~kye nke wj|e f|ne`jck`~e nka YEC! ye wknj J OEF@G\ENJ!E Yk|were ne E`gf|cjref`k ceae~j|ke~jaejè njaaj x|ecj o{k||j cf`nejak jaaj o{k||j g|knnj2 ak gf`~e j|idewey~eidk nkaa[ggeief Y~f|eif! e` Lfaak~~e`fnkaaJ|idewef nkaa[ggeief Y~f|eif! a{oaef#neikcl|k


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E`~|fn{ref`k

Ajnkyef`k nkaaE~jaej jaaj ^|exaeik jaakj`rj nka :44< `f` ney~fayk aj~~k`ref`k nkaIfcj`nf nka If|xf ne Y~j~f Cjooef|k njaaj negkyj nke if`geè f|ek`~jae @f`fy~j`~kajaakj`rj ceae~j|k if` oae Ecxk|e nka ik`~|f K{|fxj e` g{`ref`k j`~eg|jìkyk! aJ{y~|ej#[òdk|ej! `kceij y~f|eif nkaa{è~ `jref`jak e~jaej`j! if`~e`{jwj j |jxx|kyk`~j|k {`jce`jiiej joae fiide nke wk|~eie ceae~j|e nka \koef Kyk|ie~f Ae`yfa{~f x|flakcj nkaak~k||k e||knk`~k! aj z{ky~ef`k jn|ej~eij k aj ifìf||k`rj `kaakyxj`yef`k e` Jaljèj! idk|eif||k`~kck`~k jwwkak`jwj`f e |jxxf|~e if` aJ{y~|ej#[òdk|ej k oae f`nkooejck`~enkaaj xfae~eij ky~k|j e~jaej`j! idk necfy~|jwj ne `f` jnk|e|k xek`jck`~k k if` if`we`#ref`k jaajaakj`rj! e`n{ikwj`f af Y~j~f Cjooef|k e~jaej`f j x|k`nk|k yk|ejck`~k e` if`#yenk|jref`k jìdk aexf~kye ne {` if`gae~~f if` aKyk|ie~f ecxk|eja#|koef Ea ij|j~~k|k `f`

xk|cj`k`~k nka ~|j~~j~f nkaaj ^|exaeik jaakj`rj! if` {`j n{|j~j geyyj ne ie`z{k j`è!ecxf`kwj idk! jaaj~~f nkaaj y{j yijnk`rj! aKyk|ie~f e~jaej`f gfyyk x|f`~f jn jgg|f`~j#|k z{jayejye kwk`~{jae~! ifcx|kyj z{kaaj ne {` if`gae~~f if` akt jaakj~f Nka |ky~f! ge`nje x|ece ~kcxe nkaajiif|nf ~|j e ofwk|è ne \fcj! Wek``j k Lk|ae`f! aj~e~ z{jye foègf|cj ne ifaajlf|jref`k e` ijcxf ceae~j|k ~|j E~jaej k J{y~|ej#[òdk|ej! e i{e y~j~e cjo#oef|e jxxj|ewj`f okafye nkaak x|fx|ek x|k|foj~ewk k yij|yjck`~k x|fxk`ye j genj|ye nkaajif`~|fxj|~k A{èij if`wk`ref`k ceae~j|k idk ecxko`jwj aKyk|ie~f e~jaej`f g{ z{kaajyf~~fyi|e~~j `ka :444 if` aj Ok|cjèj! |ecjy~j e` weof|k ge`f ja :5:< k |e``fwj~j `ka:5:>! idk x|kwknkwj ae`wef ne ~|{xxk y{a g|f`~k nka \k`f xk| yfy~k`k|k aKyk|ie~f ~knk#yif `kaak fxk|jrefè ceae~j|e if`~|f aj G|jìej If` ea |ejwweie`jck`~f jaaj G|jìej eè#rej~f `ka :58< k x|fyko{e~f nja Ofwk|`f Oefae~~e k ajwwk`~f ne If`|jn ja ifcj`nfnkaaKyk|ie~f j{y~|f#{òj|eif! ak |kajrefè xfae~eif#nexafcj~eidk e~jaf#j{y~|ejidk k|j`fj`nj~k x|fo|kyyewjck`~k nk~k|ef|j`nfye! nky~j`nf wewj x|kfii{xjref`k `ke wk|~eie ce#ae~j|e e~jaejè! lk` ifyiek`~e nkaaf y~j~f ne e`gk|ef|e~ nka \koef Kyk|ie~f `ke if`g|f`~enkaaj xf~k`rj ceae~j|k nj`{lej`j @ka if|yf nkoae J`è :8! ea ik`~|f ne o|jwe~ nkaajx#xj|j~f ceae~j|k e~jaej`f ye yxfy~ x|fo|kyyewjck`~k nj fwky~ wk|yf ky~! ify ifck af y~{#

nef nkaaf|ojèrrjref`k k nkaak ijxjie~ fxk|j~ewk nkaaKyk|ie~f j{y~|f#{òj|eif jwkwjyfxxej`~j~f z{jye ifcxak~jck`~k aj~~k`ref`k e`gf|cj~ewj |ewfa~j e` x|kiknk`rj jaajcjiide`j lkaaeij g|jìkyk J xj|~e|k njaaj{~{``f :5:>! aKyk|ie~f e~jaej`f jwkwj ifc#xak~jck`~k jllj`nf`j~f foè wkaake~ wk|yf aj G|jìej xk| nkneij|ye jaaj x|kxj|jref`knkaaj o{k||j if`~|f aj `jref`k kt jaakj~j

" Aj |kajref`k ~|j~~j nja wfa{ckAEcxk|eja |koef Kyk|ie~f j{y~|f#{òj|eif y{a g|f`~k e~jaej f :5:;#:5:4.Nje nfi{ck`~e nka yk|weref e`gf|cjrefè nkaaKyk|ie~f e~jaej`f! C{ykf Y~f|eif E~jaej`f nkaaj O{k||j! [YYCK!\fwk|k~f


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AJREF@K NKA YK\WEREF E@GF\CJREF@E NKAAKYK\IE^F E^JAEJ@F WK\YF AJ[Y^\JAEJ#[@ODK\EJ GE@F JA :5:;

Oae k`~e x|kxfy~e jaaj~~ewe~ e`gf|cj~ewj

@koae J`è :8! aj |jiifa~j k aj`jaeye nkaak e`gf|cjrefè y{a ~k||e~f|ef k y{aak gf|rkceae~j|e j{y~|f#{òj|eidk yxk~~jwj`f ja Ifcj`nf nka If|xf ne Y~j~f Cjooef|k! ~|jce#~k aj Yko|k~k|ej! xfe [ggeief E k aj Ykref`k J{y~|ej#[òdk|ej nkaa[ggeief Yijiidek|kF|ek`~jak K`~|jcle oae {ggeie gjikwj`f ijxf ja \kxj|~f Fxk|jrefè E` yfy~j`rj! jaa[g#geief E ifcxk~kwj af|ojèrrjref`k nkaaj |k~k ne yxef`jooef jaaky~k|f kn ea yk|weref neif`~|fyxef`jooef e` E~jaej! ck`~|k jaa[ggeief Yijiidek|k F|ek`~jak k|j nkx{~j~j aj`j#

aeye k akajlf|jref`k nke nj~e e`gf|cj~ewe jiz{eye~e njaa[ggeief E je geè nkaaj xejègeijref#`k fxk|j~ewj: E` yk`f ja \kxj|~f Fxk|jrefè! fa~|k jaa[ggeief Yijiidek|k F|ek`~jak!nky~e`j~f jaaf y~{nef nkoae kyk|ie~e j{y~|f#{òj|eif! ~knkyif k |{yyf! fxk|jwj`f jìdka[ggeief Yijiidek|k Fiienk`~jak! idk ce|jwj joae kyk|ie~e g|jìkyk k eòakyk! k a[ggeiefIfafèjak! idk jwkwj aj g{`ref`k x|eìexjak ne y~{nej|k aKyk|ie~f f~~fcj`f E ifcxe~ejyyko`j~e jaaj Ykref`k J{y~|ej#[òdk|ej nkaa[ggeief Yijiidek|k F|ek`~jak k|j`f z{kaaene ~k`k|k j oef|`f af|ne`k ne lj~~joaej k aj ye~{jref`k nkaaj yey~kcjref`k negk`yewj! e`xj|~eifaj|k jaaj g|f`~ek|j if` aE~jaej! nkaaKyk|ie~f jyl{|oeif k ne y~{nej|`k af y~j~f nex|kxj|jref`k `ka ijcxf nkaaj nf~~|e`j ~j~~eij! nkaak gf|ck ne |kia{~jck`~f! cfleae~j#ref`k! ifxk|~{|j k |jn{`j~j! nkaak y~|{~~{|k f|ojèidk k nkaak ~exfafoek ne j|cjck`~e knkz{exjooejck`~e e` nf~jref`k E` xj|~eifaj|k! aj Ykref`k J{y~|ej#[òdk|ej k|j ifcxk#~k`~k e` cj~k|ej ne2 cf`fo|jgek nka ~k||e~f|ef `jref`jak k rf`k ne ~k||e~f|ef ky~k|f x|fy#yeck ja if`ge`k f|ek`~jak! ckcf|ek y{aak gf|~egeijrefè `kceidk k y{e af|f xejè ne j~~ji#if! xj`f|jce gf~fo|jgeie nkaak rf`k ne g|f`~ek|j k wkn{~k ~kakgf~fo|jgeidk nkaak fxk|k negf|~egeijref`k! ij|~fo|jgej! z{jn|f ne wejleae~ if` xf|~j~j afoey~eij ne foè e~e`k|j|ef

Ak gf`~e e`gf|cj~ewk e` ~kcxf ne xjik

Ak xe negg{yk gf`~e ne e`gf|cjref`k y{aaKyk|ie~f j{y~|f#{òj|eif e` ~kcxf ne xjikk|j`f ify~e~{e~k njaak ~|jn{refè ne j|~eifae ne y~jcxj ieweae f ceae~j|e! f~~k`{~e ok`k|ja#ck`~k ~|jce~k oae jnnk~~e ceae~j|e f e`gf|cj~f|e Y~|jaie f y{`~e nke xjyye xe ecxf|~j`#~e wkèwj`f ne|jcj~e jaae`~k|`f nka Ifcj`nf nka If|xf ne Y~j~f Cjooef|k cknej`~klfaak~~eè f x|fckcf|ej nkaa[ggeief E`gf|cjrefè f nkaa[ggeief Yijiidek|k F|ek`~jakXe yeoègeij~ewk k|j`f! `j~{|jack`~k! ak ~|jn{refè ne x{llaeijrefè {ggeiejae ne|jcj~knj f|ojè ofwk|`j~ewe f ifcj`ne ceae~j|e! yej j ij|j~~k|k |eyk|wj~f yej ne aelk|j new{aoj#ref`k! ifck aEy~|{ref`k y{a ~e|f xk| aj gj`~k|ej kn e ijiiej~f|e nkaakyk|ie~f j{y~|f#{òj|e#if nj~j~j ;;

: E |jxxf|~e ~|j e n{k [ggeie `f` g{|f`f ykcx|k ecx|f`~j~e jaaj gj~~ewj k xj|~kiexk ifaajlf|jref`k xk| aj~k`nk`rj nkaa[ggeief E j ywfaok|k jìdk aj`jaeye nke nj~e e`gf|cj~ewe Ijnf|`j `ka gkll|jef nka :5:7 k Nejr`ka neikcl|k :5:? e`~k|wk``k|f ne|k~~jck`~k y{aaj z{ky~ef`k nkaak ifcxk~k`rk nkoae [ggeie E k Ye~{jref`k!yxkiegeij`nf idk oae {èie nfi{ck`~e {ggeiejae idk |eyxkiidejyyk|f ajxx|krrjck`~f nka Ifcj`nf Y{x|kcfy{aaj ye~{jref`k nkaak gf|rk kceidk k|j`f e lfaak~~eè kcj`j~e njaa[ggeief Ye~{jref`k nka \kxj|~f Fxk|jrefèk `f` z{kaae nkaa[ggeief E

{lk| okok`y~j`nk nky j|~eaak|ek {`n okèk kyk`y! ^kièyidk| {`~k||eid~ g{| nek m.{.m.mjwjaak|ek! E`~k|`j~ef`jak |kw{k {lk| j|ckk` {`n gaf~~k`! Nk{~yidk dkk|ky#rke~{ò!

Jnb{y~ek|{òywf|yid|eg~ g{| njy m.{.m. dkk| K|j`f yko{e~k jìdk ak jok`rek ne y~jcxjifck aj Y~kgjè kn e ael|e ykce{ggeiejae! z{jae! ~|j e xe `f~e! _jggkàkd|k nka :587! e`xe wfa{ce! y{aaj|cjck`~f nkaaj gj`~k|ej k nkaaj|~eoaek|ej e` nf~jref`k jaaKyk|ie~fecxk|eja#|koef kNjy dkk|kyk` nk| fy~k||keideyid#{òj|eyidk` cf`j|idek nka :458! `kaz{jak ye ~|fwjwj ce`{~jck`~k kyxfy~j af|ojèrrjref`k ceae~j|k j{y~|f#{òj|eij^jawfa~j ea Ifcj`nf nka If|xf ne Y~j~f Cjooef|k x|fwwknkwj jìdk jaaj af|f ~|jn{#

ref`k! ifck `ka ijyf nkaafxk|jNegkyj nkaaj g|f`~ek|j! cj|iej k ifclj~~eck`~f e` cf`#~jo`j! yi|e~~j nja ijxe~j`f nkaaKyk|ie~f j{y~|f#{ oj|eif wf` A{~ok`nf|g e`~f|`f ja:587

Ak `f~erek `f` iajyyegeij~k! yfx|j~~{~~f y{aaf|ne`jck`~f! y{aaj ~j~~eij k y{oae j|cj#ck`~e e` nf~jref`k f e` yxk|eck`~jref`k e` J{y~|ej#[òdk|ej! wkèwj`f ne `f|cj |e~|j#yckyyk y{aak x{llaeijrefè xk|efneidk! ifck aj\ewey~j ne j|~eoaek|ej k okèf k aj\ewey~jceae~j|k e~jaej`j @f~e yf`f oae j|~eifae nka ijxe~j`f Oe{ykxxk Wjiij|e! Ik`è k if`g|f`~ey{aak gf|rk ceae~j|e ~k||ky~|e nkaaE~jaej k nkaaJ{y~|ej#[òdk|ej! ne Gkaeik Yj`~jòkaf!

Y~{nef ifcxj|j~ewf g|j ea `{fwf kn ea wkiidef |kofajck`~f nkyk|iere xk| ak ~|{xxk j xeknenkaakyk|ie~f j{y~|f#{òj|eif! nka ijxe~j`f Oe{ykxxk Yeawj!Ea x|fok~~f ne {` `{fwf |kof#ajck`~f nkyk|iere xk| ak |kjae kn ecxk|ejae ~|{xxk j xekne nkaakyk|ie~f j{y~|f#{òj|eif!Aj

Aj`nkd| ieyake~j`j `ka :5:8!Aj Aj`nkd| j{y~|ejij `ka :5:9! jxxj|ye e` xe |ex|kyky{aaj\ewey~j ceae~j|k e~jaej`j ~|j ea :58< k ea :5:9! k aj yk|ek ne j|~eifae nka ~k`k`~k ifaf`#`kaaf Ojk~j`f Gf|è y{ aaj|cjck`~f xf|~j~eak! j|~eoaek|ek! lfclj|nk k c{èref`jck`#~f j{y~|f#{òj|eif! jxxj|ye y{aaj \ewey~j ne j|~eoaek|ej k okèf `ka if|yf nkaaj o{k||j!~|j~~e njaaj ~|jn{ref`k nke cj`{jae f|eoe`jae n{yf k cj`{~k`ref`k! kn e` xj|~k ney~|e#l{e~e je |kxj|~e ja g|f`~k nkaaKyk|ie~f e~jaej`f yf~~f gf|cj nkaaj x{llaeijref`k @f~ereky{e cj~k|ejae nj|~eoaek|ej ij~~{|j~e joae j{y~|f#{òj|eienka ok``jef :5:?

E ifyennk~~e gen{iej|e! ie~~jneè nkaaj Cf`j|idej jyl{|oeij idk fxk|jwj`f ifcke`gf|cj~f|e j gjwf|k nkaaE~jaej! ify~e~{ewj`f {`ja~|j ecxf|~j`~k gf`~k xk| aj |jiifa~j ne`f~erek e` ~kcxf ne xjik y{aaf y~|{ck`~f lkaaeif j{y~|f#{òj|eif j neyxfyeref`k nka If#cj`nf nka If|xf ne Y~j~f Cjooef|k Z{ky~j j~~ewe~! gjwf|e~j njaae||knk`~eycf ne cfa~kxfxfajrefè nfa~|k if`ge`k! k|j oky~e~j nj {ggeiejae ja yk|weref nkaa[ggeief E`gf|cjrefè!e`z{jn|j~e e` {è~ ne y~j`rj jaaj g|f`~ek|j! e` cjooef|j`rj nka if|xf nkoae jaxeè J z{k#y~e {ggeiejae gjikwj ijxf {`j |k~k ne e`gf|cj~f|e `f|cjack`~k |kyenk`~e e` J{y~|ej#[`#odk|ej f xk|yf`jak e~jaej`f idk jwkwj cfnf ne wejooej|k yfwk`~k j~~|jwk|yf ak afijae~ neif`ge`k E` z{ky~j j~~ewe~ e`gf|cj~ewj k|j`f ecxko`j~e jìdk {ggeiejae nke Ij|jleèk|e!nkaaj O{j|nej ne Ge`j`rj k nkaaj Xfaerej! idk k|j`f e` if`~j~~f ne|k~~f ifa Ifcj`nf nkaIf|xf ne Y~j~f Cjooef|k Oae y~kyye {ggeiejae jwkwj`f jìdk ea ifcxe~f ne ywfaok|k xk|#yf`jack`~k! e` eìfoè~f! nkaak |eifoèrefè fa~|k ea if`ge`k ifa ifcxe~f ne kyjce`j|k ea~k||k`f! e`newen{j|k k |eif`fyik|k y{aaj ij|~j ak wek ne ifc{èijref`k kn e cj`{gj~~e ceae#

~j|e! |eakwj`nf`k aj if`yey~k`rj! ea xk|yf`jak fyxe~j~f! aj|cjck`~f! aj xej`~j kn foèja~|j `f~erej idk xf~kyyk |ey{a~j|k {~eak je geè nkaaj if`nf~~j ne fxk|jrefè lkaaeidkXk| eaa{y~|j|k weyewjck`~k aj if`geo{|jref`k nke a{fode k ajyxk~~f nkaak wj|ek e`g|j#

y~|{~~{|k ye |eif||kwj jaajiz{ey~f ne ij|~fae`k xfy~jae! j yiderre kn j |eaekwe gf~fo|jgeie


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AJREF@K NKA YK\WEREF E@GF\CJREF@E NKAAKYK\IE^F E^JAEJ@F WK\YF AJ[Y^\JAEJ#[@ODK\EJ GE@F JA :5:;GEAEXXF IJXXKAAJ@F;7 ;?

Z{ky~k |eifoèrefè! ywfa~k ge` nj x|ecj aeèref nka wk`~kyecf ykifaf! ifcxf|~jwj`f`f~kwfae |eyide xk| ea xk|yf`jak ecxko`j~f! yfwk`~k {ggeiejae ne Y~j~f Cjooef|k Kyyk!xk|! k|j`f e`neyxk`yjleae xk| jwk|k j neyxfyeref`k {` z{jn|f ykcx|k jooef|`j~f nkaajwejleae~ k nkaak negkyk xk|cj`k`~e x|fyxeiek`~e aj ae`kj ne if`ge`k Ak |kajrefè nkaak|eifoèrefè k|j`f j ljyk jìdk nkaaj y~ky{|j ne xejè ne yjlf~jooef k ne ifaxe ne cj`fx|fok~~j~e if`~|f flek~~ewe yk`yeleae! ifck ojaak|ek k xf`~e gk||fwej|e f xk| afii{xjref#`k ne yf|x|kyj ne ecxf|~j`~e xfyerefè! ifck xjyye k `fne y~|jnjae ne cf`~jo`j Z{ky~kfxk|jrefè! nj ywfaok|ye jaaeèref nkaak fy~eae~ if` aJ{y~|ej#[òdk|ej! yj|kllk|f y~j~k

jggenj~k j ~|{xxk yika~k nkaak gf|rk ne ifxk|~{|j $nk`fce`j~k e` yko{e~f Gf|rk neFii{xjref`k Jwj`rj~j%! jaaf yifxf ne ney~{|lj|k ak fxk|jrefè ne |jn{`j~j jwwk|yj|ek!x|f~kook|k ak x|fx|ek k if`yko{e|k! if` xfidk xk|ne~k! ecxf|~j`~e y{iikyye ~k||e~f|ejaeAk |eifoèrefè nfa~|k if`ge`k! f|ne`j~k nja \kxj|~f Fxk|jrefè jaa[ggeief E`gf|cj#refè! yk|wewj`f j |eyxf`nk|k jn jxxfye~e z{ky~ef`j|e! ifcxeaj~e njaa[ggeief Yijiidek|kF|ek`~jak! idk `f` ye aece~jwj`f! yxkyyf! jaaj if`fyik`rj ne xj|~eifaj|e nkaaj yey~kcj#ref`k negk`yewj k nkaaj wejleae~ e` ~k||e~f|ef j{y~|f#{òj|eif! cj j||ewjwj`f jn e`~k|ky#yj|ye nkaaf|ojèrrjref`k ceae~j|k nkaaf y~j~f if`ge`j`~k `ka y{f ifcxakyyf

Aj~~ewe~ ne yxef`jooef wk|j k x|fx|ej! f~~k`{~j j~~|jwk|yf jok`~e e`gea~|j~e f aj if|#|kyxf`yef`k ne nk`j|f j ie~~jneè y~|jèk|e ifck ifcxk`yf xk| ak `f~erek ~|jg{oj~k! k|joky~e~j ne|k~~jck`~k njaa[ggeief E`gf|cjrefè Ae`~k|wk`~f e` o{k||j nkaaJ{y~|ej `ka#aky~j~k :5:> x|fn{yyk ajgga{yyf e` E~jaej ne `{ck|fye x|fg{ode k neyk|~f|e! njaae`~k||f#oj~f|ef nke z{jae a[ggeief E`gf|cjrefè ~|jyyk {`j ckyyk ne nj~e @ka if|yf nka if`gae~#~f ae`~k||foj~f|ef ne neyk|~f|e k nke x|eoefèk|e j{y~|f#{òj|eie |jxx|kyk`~k| aj gf`~kx|ecj|ej ne if`fyik`rj nkaaf|ojèrrjref`k nkaak gf|rk `kceidk! ifck y~|{~~{|j f|oj#èij! neyafijref`k nkaak {è~! j|cjck`~e e` ney~|el{ref`k! yey~kcjref`k negk`yewj! jref#è e` x|fok~~f! if`nerefè cf|jae nkaak ~|{xxk! ye~{jref`k yjè~j|ej! nka we~~f k nke |egf|#èck`~e ne c{èrefè k ne cj~k|ejae ne ifcceyyj|ej~f @ka :5:> wk``k ne|jcj~f nja#a[ggeief E`gf|cjrefè ea |kofajck`~fEy~|{ref`k xk| oae e`~k||foj~f|e nj gj|ye e` ~kcxf ne

o{k||j jn e`gf|cj~f|e! x|eoefèk|e k neyk|~f|e! `fìd joae jle~j`~e k wej`nj`~e nka ~k||e~f#|ef fii{xj~f njaak ~|{xxk

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