SPERIMENTAZIONE IN GALLERIA DEL VENTO DI … · - wind + rain; wind+ snow - wind + sun; wind+ sand...

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Centro di Ricerca Interuniversitario di Aerodinamica delle Costruzioni ed Ingegneria del Ventohttp://windlab.ing.unifi.it tel. +39 0574 27254

SPERIMENTAZIONE IN GALLERIA DEL VENTO SPERIMENTAZIONE IN GALLERIA DEL VENTO DI COSTRUZIONI CIVILI ED INDUSTRIALIDI COSTRUZIONI CIVILI ED INDUSTRIALI

(BUILDING AERODYNAMICS)(BUILDING AERODYNAMICS)

LE AZIONI DEL VENTO SULLE COSTRUZIONI E LA LE AZIONI DEL VENTO SULLE COSTRUZIONI E LA SPERIMENTAZIONE IN GALLERIA DEL VENTOSPERIMENTAZIONE IN GALLERIA DEL VENTO

Reggio Calabria, 26.11.2010Reggio Calabria, 26.11.2010

Prof. Ing. Claudio BorriProf. Ing. Claudio Borri

Direttore, CRIACIV (Centro di Ricerca Interuniversitario di Direttore, CRIACIV (Centro di Ricerca Interuniversitario di Aerodinamica delle Costruzioni ed Ingegneria del Vento) Aerodinamica delle Costruzioni ed Ingegneria del Vento)

c/o Universitc/o Universitàà di Firenze, Italydi Firenze, Italy

+39 055 4796596

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…3 main sectors of today wind engineering …

Aerodynamics ofCivil Engineering

Structures & Industrial Building

Environmental and climatic

wind engineering

Wind Energy

- flow visualisations- pollutant dispersion- combined climatic effects :- wind + rain; wind+ snow- wind + sun; wind+ sand

- rigid structures- Aeroelastic structures

- generatori eolici

- mappatura velocitàdel vento

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OUTLINEOUTLINE

+39 055 4796596

1) CRIACIV main activity lines

2) Some recent activities of CRIACIV within following topics:

- Tall buildings

- Historical buildings and structures

- Large roofs / industrial buildings and structures

- Large glass structures / facades

- Large bridges / footbridges

- Wind energy structures & Solar Updraft Power Plant Technology

- Environmental wind engineering

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Centro di Ricerca Interuniversitario di Aerodinamica delle Costruzioni ed

Ingegneria del Vento

istituito nel 1991

UniversitUniversitàà di di PerugiaPerugia

UniversitUniversitàà IUAV IUAV di Veneziadi Venezia

UniversitUniversitàà di di ChietiChieti--PescaraPescara

““G. DG. D’’AnnunzioAnnunzio””

UniversitUniversitàà di di TriesteTrieste

UniversitUniversitàà di di FirenzeFirenze

UniversitUniversitàà di di Roma Roma ““La La SapienzaSapienza””

CRIACIV RESEARCH CENTRE IN ITALYCRIACIV RESEARCH CENTRE IN ITALY

+39 055 4796596

…… To join soon: UniversitTo join soon: UniversitààMediterranea (Reggio Calabria)Mediterranea (Reggio Calabria)

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Centro di Ricerca Interuniversitario di Aerodinamica delle Costruzioni ed Ingegneria del Ventohttp://windlab.ing.unifi.it tel. +39 0574 27254 +39 055 4796596


CRIACIV has developed since 1991 the Italian first and largest Wind Engineering lab., which is equipped with a 27m long

Boundary-Layer Wind-Tunnel (BLWT), 1.7 x 2.4 sqm cross section, 160 kW powering

system (max speed: 32 m/sec).

2.40 x 1.60

11.00

22.09

Ø1.88

A B C ED

F

F

6.88

direzione del flusso

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THE MAIN LINES

• NATIONAL, EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH (BASIC AS WELL AS APPLIED ONE)

• R & D, CONSULTING (CONTRACTS AND ADVISORIES) FOR THIRD AUTHORITIES

• POST GRADUATE AND CONTINUING EDUCATION

• PRE-NORMATIVE RESEARCH

+39 055 4796596


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Some examples:NATIONAL, EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH (EITHER BASIC OR APPLIED ONE):

Research Projects of National Interest (PRIN), co-financed by MIUR on competitive basis (national coordination since the early 90s)

European financed research projects (within the FP programmes of the EU, like …

i) the BEATRICE network in ‘93-’96, the BEATRICE Euroconferences (’94 – ’97), in FP4

ii) the Technology Platform Wind Energy at EWEA (since 2008 (in FP6)

iii) the MARINET project (2010 - 2012): 26 labs, 9 MEuro budget (in FP7)

Research projects for independent, not-for-profit organisations (Bank Foundations, Ministries, NGOs, etc.)

+39 055 4796596


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Some examples:R & D, CONSULTING (CONTRACTS AND ADVISORIES) FOR

THIRD AUTHORITIES:

industries, construction companies, power supply agencies,

transportation authorties

city and regional authorities

jurisdictional bodies (Tribunals, Higher Courts and other

legal authorities)

engineering Consulting soc.s, design and planning offices

primary soccer teams (i.e. JUVENTUS AC, Turin)

+39 055 4796596


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Some examples:POST-GRADUATE AND CONTINUING EDUCATION:

Ph. D. programme in Civil and Environmental engineering

International (joined) Ph. D. programme in “Mitigation of risk by Natural Hazards on Structures and Infrastructures” (run with TU-Braunschweig, Prof. U. Peil)

post-graduate training and specialisation courses (in coop. with engineers/architects professional Chambers)

international advanced professional courses (e.g. CISM APT courses; s. Baniotopoulos, Borri & Stathopoulos, 2009; Borri & Gusella 2011)

+39 055 4796596


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Some examples:

PRE-NORMATIVE RESEARCH (only most recent tasks):

Istruzioni CNR (Consiglio Naz. delle Ricerche, CT 207/2008)

NTC 2008: Norme tecniche sulle Costruzioni (italian General Norms on Building and Structures)

EC1: Actions on structures, Part 1.4 Wind actions; Italian National Application Document (2004)

(all these activities are normally dealt with by an “ad-hoc” task force set-up)

+39 055 4796596


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… some facts about CRIACIV (est. in 1991)• not-for-profit interuniversity research organisation (public)

• no direct funding by the Universities’ main administration (salaries are excluded)

• self-sustaining through research projects, programmes, consulting, continuing education and LLL courses

• about 60 staff members involved within the 6 teams (at each University in the Consortium; 25 Profs/Assoc. Profs/assist. Profs; 15 post-docs and Ph. D. students; 10 technicians)

• Governance by 3 major governing bodies: the (Plenary) Scientific Council, the Managing Board and the Director)

• Yearly external turn-over (consolidated 2009) : 3,9 MEuro

+39 055 4796596


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4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower

MODEL 1 MODEL 1 (scale 1:350): measurements of pressures and forces(scale 1:350): measurements of pressures and forcesMODEL 2 MODEL 2 (scale 1:75): measurement of pressures and evaluation of ventila(scale 1:75): measurement of pressures and evaluation of ventilationtion

128 pressures taps128 pressures taps16 wind directions spaced by 22.5 16 wind directions spaced by 22.5 °° plus the four directions perpendicular to the facadesplus the four directions perpendicular to the facades

ANALYSES:Pressures:

1. Analysis of pressures in terms of Cp2. Analysis of extreme values of Cp to detect local

actions3. Evaluation of global results by integration of Cp4. Statistical analysis of global resultants to detect

the angle and the instant of the maximum action5. Estrapolation of the Cp configuration which

generates the maximum forceForces:

1. Statistical analysis of global resultant forces (maximum and minimum)

Comparison of results

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4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower 4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower –– Results: global forcesResults: global forces

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000Andamento drag minimo e massimo

Angolazioni della tavola rotante

Dra

g m

inim

o e

mas

sim

o

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350-5000

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000Andamento lift orizzontale minimo e massimo


Lift

oriz

zont

ale

min

imo

e m

assi

mo

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4x 105 Andamento Mx minimo e massimo


Mx

min

imo

e m

assi

mo

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3x 105 Andamento My minimo e massimo


My

min

imo

e m

assi

mo

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6x 104 Andamento Mz minimo e massimo


Mz

min

imo

e m

assi

mo

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4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower 4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower –– Global forces resulting from CpGlobal forces resulting from Cp

Lv max Lv min D max D min Lo max Lo min

valore 30.4 -415.6 5819.4 313.7 3841.2 -4193.6

angolo tavola 292.5 337.5 11.0 90.0 337.5 67.5

istante time history 444.0 3540.0 5112.0 5940.0 1774.0 6218.0

Mx max Mx min My max My min Mz max Mz min

valore 352660.0 18681.0 233880.0 -268980.0 57825.0 -61888.0

angolo tavola 11.0 90.0 337.5 67.5 112.5 67.5

istante time history 5112.0 4008.0 6847.0 6221.0 4924.0 6218.0

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4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower 4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower –– Global forcesGlobal forces

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Cp di progetto x il massimo DR angolo:11

-1.20 -1.05

-0.90 -0.75

-0.60 -0.45

-0.30

-0.15 0.00

0.15 0.30

0.45

0.60 0.75

0.90 1.05

1.20

1

-0.44

2

-0.52

3

-0.59

4

-0.62

5

-0.48

6

-0.47

7

-0.50

8

-0.53

9

-0.65

10

-0.47

11

-0.50

12

-0.49

13

-0.53

14

-0.53

15

-0.55

16

-0.53

17

-0.51

18

-0.50

19

-0.48

20

-0.50

21

-0.50

22

-0.50

23

-0.49

24

-0.60

25

-0.56

26

-0.57

27

-0.52

28

-0.52

29

-0.58

30

-0.63

31

-0.61

32

-0.60

33

-0.62

34

-0.71

35

-0.71

36

-0.69

37

-0.66

38

-0.66

39

-0.69

40

-0.67

41

-0.65 42

-0.64

43

-0.63

44

0.48

45

0.54

46

0.59

47

0.51

48

0.3749

0.65

50

0.74

51

0.76

52

0.46

53

0.39

54

0.71

55

0.76

56

0.72

57

0.35

58

0.32

59

0.57

60

0.69

61

0.66

62

0.29

63

0.25

64

0.58

65

0.65

66

0.59

67

0.22

68

0.18

69

0.51

70

0.54

71

0.49

72

0.16

73

0.11

74

0.51

75

0.57 76

0.51

77

0.25

78

-0.45

79

-0.45

80

-0.48

81

-0.50

82

-0.54

83

-0.54

84

-0.52

85

-0.51

86

-0.53

87

-0.52

88

-0.62

89

-0.61

90

-0.56

91

-0.56

92

-0.4393

-0.4894

-0.5395

-0.5796

-0.4997

-0.5298

-0.5899

-0.59

100

-0.61

101

-0.54

102

-0.58

103

-0.57

104

-0.50

105

-0.38

106

-0.51

107

-0.53

108

-0.55

109

-0.58

110

-0.57

111

-0.54

112

-0.57

113

-0.54

114

-0.56

115

-0.63

116

-0.62

117

-0.59

118

-0.65

119

-0.67

120

-0.68

121

-0.62

122

-0.60

123

-0.64

124

-0.67

125

-0.70

N

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Cp di progetto x il massimo LO angolo:3375

-1.80 -1.58

-1.35 -1.13

-0.90 -0.68

-0.45

-0.23 0.00

0.22 0.45

0.68

0.90 1.13

1.35 1.58

1.80

1

-0.47

2

-0.53

3

-0.59

4

-0.55

5

-0.43

6

-0.48

7

-0.59

8

-0.81

9

-1.00

10

-0.48

11

-0.61

12

-0.82

13

-0.95

14

-0.37

15

-0.36

16

-1.16

17

-1.34

18

-1.32

19

-0.54

20

-1.10

21

-1.29

22

-1.31

23

-1.29

24

-0.90

25

-1.06

26

-1.14

27

-1.02

28

-0.96

29

-0.81

30

-0.92

31

-0.97

32

-1.00

33

-0.97

34

-0.54

35

-0.68

36

-0.91

37

-1.06

38

-1.03

39

-0.34

40

-0.01

41

-0.52 42

-1.01

43

-0.71

44

0.50

45

0.47

46

0.39

47

0.13

48

0.5549

0.66

50

0.62

51

0.46

52

0.10

53

0.65

54

0.75

55

0.63

56

0.46

57

0.08

58

0.70

59

0.65

60

0.61

61

0.43

62

-0.02

63

0.62

64

0.54

65

0.47

66

0.34

67

0.02

68

0.18

69

0.34

70

0.34

71

0.27

72

0.02

73

0.09

74

0.32

75

0.37 76

0.30

77

0.09

78

-0.28

79

-0.31

80

-0.29

81

-0.30

82

-0.34

83

-0.35

84

-0.36

85

-0.38

86

-0.35

87

-0.35

88

-0.33

89

-0.34

90

-0.32

91

-0.32

92

-0.3393

-0.3594

-0.3795

-0.4396

-0.3197

-0.31

98

-0.3499

-0.43

100

-0.46

101

-0.35

102

-0.37

103

-0.37

104

-0.45

105

-0.52

106

-0.44

107

-0.47

108

-0.56

109

-0.58

110

-0.79

111

-0.36

112

-0.47

113

-0.53

114

-0.55

115

-0.63

116

-0.30

117

-0.30

118

-0.42

119

-0.54

120

-0.57

121

-0.29

122

-0.30

123

-0.31

124

-0.50

125

-0.60

N

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Cp di progetto x il massimo Mx angolo:11

-1.20 -1.05

-0.90 -0.75

-0.60 -0.45

-0.30

-0.15 0.00

0.15 0.30

0.45

0.60 0.75

0.90 1.05

1.20

1

-0.44

2

-0.52

3

-0.59

4

-0.62

5

-0.48

6

-0.47

7

-0.50

8

-0.53

9

-0.65

10

-0.47

11

-0.50

12

-0.49

13

-0.53

14

-0.53

15

-0.55

16

-0.53

17

-0.51

18

-0.50

19

-0.48

20

-0.50

21

-0.50

22

-0.50

23

-0.49

24

-0.60

25

-0.56

26

-0.57

27

-0.52

28

-0.52

29

-0.58

30

-0.63

31

-0.61

32

-0.60

33

-0.62

34

-0.71

35

-0.71

36

-0.69

37

-0.66

38

-0.66

39

-0.69

40

-0.67

41

-0.65 42

-0.64

43

-0.63

44

0.48

45

0.54

46

0.59

47

0.51

48

0.3749

0.65

50

0.74

51

0.76

52

0.46

53

0.39

54

0.71

55

0.76

56

0.72

57

0.35

58

0.32

59

0.57

60

0.69

61

0.66

62

0.29

63

0.25

64

0.58

65

0.65

66

0.59

67

0.22

68

0.18

69

0.51

70

0.54

71

0.49

72

0.16

73

0.11

74

0.51

75

0.57 76

0.51

77

0.25

78

-0.4579

-0.45

80

-0.48

81

-0.50

82

-0.54

83

-0.54

84

-0.52

85

-0.51

86

-0.53

87

-0.52

88

-0.62

89

-0.61

90

-0.56

91

-0.56

92

-0.4393

-0.4894

-0.5395

-0.5796

-0.4997

-0.5298

-0.5899

-0.59

100

-0.61

101

-0.54

102

-0.58

103

-0.57

104

-0.50

105

-0.38

106

-0.51

107

-0.53

108

-0.55

109

-0.58

110

-0.57

111

-0.54

112

-0.57

113

-0.54

114

-0.56

115

-0.63

116

-0.62

117

-0.59

118

-0.65

119

-0.67

120

-0.68

121

-0.62

122

-0.60

123

-0.64

124

-0.67

125

-0.70

N

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Cp di progetto x il massimo My angolo:3375

-1.80 -1.58

-1.35 -1.13

-0.90 -0.68

-0.45

-0.23 0.00

0.22 0.45

0.68

0.90 1.13

1.35 1.58

1.80

1

-0.65

2

-0.71

3

-0.70

4

-0.50

5

-0.59

6

-0.65

7

-0.80

8

-0.88

9

-0.97

10

-0.63

11

-0.72

12

-0.81

13

-0.86

14

-0.39

15

-0.68

16

-1.05

17

-1.12

18

-1.07

19

-0.66

20

-0.95

21

-1.15

22

-1.06

23

-1.03

24

-0.83

25

-1.01

26

-1.05

27

-1.01

28

-0.95

29

-0.54

30

-0.66

31

-1.00

32

-1.51

33

-1.20

34

-0.50

35

-0.32

36

-0.47

37

-1.54

38

-1.45

39

-0.34

40

-0.31

41

-0.53 42

-0.78

43

-0.76

44

0.53

45

0.49

46

0.41

47

0.11

48

0.6849

0.67

50

0.63

51

0.49

52

0.07

53

0.66

54

0.71

55

0.62

56

0.45

57

0.04

58

0.57

59

0.61

60

0.56

61

0.40

62

-0.05

63

0.60

64

0.62

65

0.49

66

0.32

67

-0.07

68

0.65

69

0.58

70

0.43

71

0.26

72

-0.05

73

0.36

74

0.42

75

0.37 76

0.25

77

0.01

78

-0.37

79

-0.39

80

-0.38

81

-0.39

82

-0.40

83

-0.40

84

-0.38

85

-0.39

86

-0.36

87

-0.38

88

-0.33

89

-0.34

90

-0.41

91

-0.44

92

-0.4193

-0.4294

-0.4195

-0.4196

-0.4097

-0.38

98

-0.3899

-0.42

100

-0.41

101

-0.41

102

-0.44

103

-0.46

104

-0.48

105

-0.54

106

-0.42

107

-0.43

108

-0.48

109

-0.50

110

-0.59

111

-0.40

112

-0.43

113

-0.47

114

-0.50

115

-0.54

116

-0.33

117

-0.40

118

-0.51

119

-0.56

120

-0.63

121

-0.43

122

-0.45

123

-0.40

124

-0.43

125

-0.39

N

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Cp di progetto x il massimo Mz angolo:1125

-1.80 -1.58

-1.35 -1.13

-0.90 -0.68

-0.45

-0.23 0.00

0.22 0.45

0.68

0.90 1.13

1.35 1.58

1.80

1

-0.55

2

-0.55

3

-0.47

4

-0.44

5

-0.57

6

-0.59

7

-0.62

8

-0.52

9

-0.36

10

-0.62

11

-0.60

12

-0.49

13

-0.39

14

-0.27

15

-0.27

16

-0.28

17

-0.29

18

-0.23

19

-0.19

20

-0.19

21

-0.20

22

-0.20

23

-0.21

24

-0.14

25

-0.17

26

-0.16

27

-0.19

28

-0.22

29

-0.17

30

-0.19

31

-0.16

32

-0.17

33

-0.19

34

-0.15

35

-0.14

36

-0.14

37

-0.13

38

-0.12

39

-0.12

40

-0.13

41

-0.11 42

-0.10

43

-0.10

44

-0.53

45

-0.63

46

-0.61

47

-0.58

48

-0.3249

-0.61

50

-0.66

51

-0.57

52

-0.51

53

-0.16

54

-0.30

55

-0.68

56

-0.83

57

-0.64

58

-0.22

59

-0.33

60

-0.60

61

-1.14

62

-0.79

63

-0.14

64

-0.18

65

-0.31

66

-1.00

67

-1.21

68

-0.11

69

-0.18

70

-0.23

71

-0.53

72

-0.87

73

-0.12

74

-0.18

75

-0.25 76

-0.39

77

-0.38

78

0.74

79

0.66

80

0.75

81

0.80

82

0.64

83

0.71

84

0.59

85

0.69

86

0.39

87

0.50

88

0.30

89

0.39

90

-0.00

91

0.09

92

0.2693

0.1994

0.1495

0.0896

0.5397

0.41

98

0.2999

0.16

100

-0.08

101

0.53

102

0.41

103

0.30

104

0.17

105

-0.05

106

0.50

107

0.40

108

0.27

109

0.17

110

-0.01

111

0.39

112

0.31

113

0.23

114

0.15

115

-0.02

116

0.28

117

0.22

118

0.18

119

0.12

120

-0.07

121

0.22

122

0.30

123

0.19

124

0.09

125

-0.06

N

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4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower 4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower –– Comparison of resultsComparison of results

Results are similar. Results are similar.

It is due to the regular shape of the building.It is due to the regular shape of the building.

INTEGRAZIONE DEI CPtime history time history valori estremi valori medi

DRAG 5819 5284 5170 4006LIFT 11 -73 -814 -144Mx 352660 350010 368880 259600My 4236 -16065 -72018 -3904Mz -32440 -23663 -70427 -15267

11 GRADI

STIMA CON BILANCIA

INTEGRAZIONE DEI CPtime history time history valori estremi valori medi

DRAG 1424 1285 1681 1200LIFT -4193.6 -3886 -3884 -2842Mx 91557 63285 144560 25072My -265320 -250890 -288340 -198780Mz -61888 -50106 -76723 -30375

67.5 GRADI

STIMA CON BILANCIA

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4. TALL BUILDINGS: Garibaldi Tower (Arch.: A. Isozaki)4. TALL BUILDINGS: Garibaldi Tower (Arch.: A. Isozaki)

11

44

00

PPRREESSSSUURRE E

TTAAPPSS

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4. TALL BUILDINGS: Garibaldi Tower 4. TALL BUILDINGS: Garibaldi Tower –– Results: global forcesResults: global forces

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4. TALL BUILDINGS: Garibaldi Tower 4. TALL BUILDINGS: Garibaldi Tower –– Comparison of resultsComparison of results

Prese di Pressione Bilancia (senza antenna) Bilancia (con antenna)FX_media (m^2) 6.64E+03 5.12E+03 5.32E+03FX_std (m^2) 8.62E+02 4.09E+02 4.16E+02FX_max (m^2) 9.86E+03 6.38E+03 6.46E+03FX_min (m^2) 3.73E+03 3.89E+03 4.03E+03FX_max_50 (m^2) 9.03E+03 6.10E+03 6.30E+03FX_min_50 (m^2) 4.17E+03 4.12E+03 4.27E+03

0 (°)

MY_media (m^3) 5.28E+05 4.95E+05 5.41E+05MY_std (m^3) 7.05E+04 4.13E+04 4.32E+04MY_max (m^3) 7.51E+05 6.15E+05 6.61E+05MY_min (m^3) 2.79E+05 3.54E+05 3.94E+05MY_max_50 (m^3) 7.09E+05 5.94E+05 6.42E+05MY_min_50 (m^3) 3.22E+05 3.87E+05 4.23E+05

Results are similar. Differences are caused by the uncomplete maResults are similar. Differences are caused by the uncomplete mapping pping of the model with pressure taps.of the model with pressure taps.

Conclusions: In the Unipol and Garibaldi Towers results are obtaConclusions: In the Unipol and Garibaldi Towers results are obtained both by ined both by measurements of pressures and forces at the tower foot. They aremeasurements of pressures and forces at the tower foot. They are complementary. It is complementary. It is important to collect both kind of data when the shape of the towimportant to collect both kind of data when the shape of the tower is complex (tests on er is complex (tests on the Unipol tower showed similar results because of the regular sthe Unipol tower showed similar results because of the regular shape of the building)hape of the building)

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4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower 4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower –– Aeolic generatorAeolic generator

Evaluation of the possibility to insert aeolic generators:

- Analysis of the windiness of the site

- Qualitative approach by scale model

- PIV analysis to detect the wind field

Aeolian Aeolian generatorsgenerators

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4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower 4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower –– Aeolic generator: model set up Aeolic generator: model set up

Scale 1:75Scale 1:75

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4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower 4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower –– Aeolic generator: resultsAeolic generator: results

00°°

270270°°

180180°°

9090°°

Generatore fermoGeneratore fermo

Generatore in movimentoGeneratore in movimento

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4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower 4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower –– Evaluation of internal ventilationEvaluation of internal ventilation

REINGESTIONEREINGESTIONE

VentilazioneVentilazione

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4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower 4. TALL BUILDINGS: Unipol Tower –– Ventilation: resultsVentilation: results

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00°°

180180°°

9090°°

270270°°

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con griglia senza griglia

angolo lato lungo lato corto angolo lato lungo lato corto

0° 0°

20° Statico 20° Quasi statico ()

40° (Reing.) 40° Quasi statico ()

60° (Reing.) 60° Piano ()

80° (Reing.) 80°

100° Quasi statico () 100°

120° (Reing.) 120° (Reing.)

140° (Reing.) 140° (Reing.) Piano ()


180° Statico Statico 180° Statico Statico

200° (Reing.) 200° Piano () (Reing.)

220° (Reing.) 220° (Reing.)

240° (Reing.) 240° Statico



300° (Reing.) 300°

320° 320° (Reing.)

340° 340°

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5. HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES: 5. HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES: ““San LorenzoSan Lorenzo”” (Florence) (Florence)

Scale of the model 1:300

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Values of Cp measured in the wind tunnel

Values of Cp according to the Eurocode

5 . HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES: 5 . HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES: ““San LorenzoSan Lorenzo”” (Florence)(Florence)

+39 055 4796596

Period: 1994Client = Comune di Firenze

Objective of research: evaluation of the dynamic wind actions on the roofTests: 8 directions of the wind, 64 pressure taps

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5. HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES: 5. HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES: ““Palazzo della RagionePalazzo della Ragione””

+39 055 4796596

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0 5 1 0 1 5 2 00

2

4

6

8

1 0

- 1 . 2

- 1

- 0 . 8

- 0 . 6

- 0 . 4

- 0 . 2

0

0 . 2

0 . 4

0 . 6

PAVILION

CYLINDRICAL

Eurocode

5. HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES: 5. HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES: ““Palazzo della RagionePalazzo della Ragione””

+39 055 4796596

Values of Cp measured in the wind tunnel

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5. HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES: Leonardo5. HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES: Leonardo’’s flying spheres flying sphere

+39 055 4796596

The sketch of this flying machine remained quite The sketch of this flying machine remained quite unknown since it has been discovered only in 1966, as a unknown since it has been discovered only in 1966, as a part of a Code found in Madridpart of a Code found in Madrid’’s Library. s Library.

Its symbolic content is very impressive: the human being Its symbolic content is very impressive: the human being is therefore assigned to the center of the giant flying is therefore assigned to the center of the giant flying object and is always dominating the machine and its object and is always dominating the machine and its elements.elements.

The The ““Museo Ideale Leonardo Da VinciMuseo Ideale Leonardo Da Vinci”” in collaboration in collaboration with with ““Studio MStudio M”” in Florence in Florence has identified in the idea of has identified in the idea of Leonardo's Flying Sphere one of the most ambitious Leonardo's Flying Sphere one of the most ambitious projects with reference to the dream of human flight.projects with reference to the dream of human flight.

Under this, recently, they Under this, recently, they developed the idea of developed the idea of reproducing, at full scale, Leonardoreproducing, at full scale, Leonardo’’s dream of the s dream of the ““flying sphereflying sphere””, built for the first time in compliance with , built for the first time in compliance with the insights and methods of Leonardo.the insights and methods of Leonardo.

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+39 055 4796596

Two models were manufactured, in scale of 1:25. Two models were manufactured, in scale of 1:25.

One is very rigid, suited for the measurement of the global forcOne is very rigid, suited for the measurement of the global forces, rigidly mounted on es, rigidly mounted on six load cells.six load cells.

One more light, appropriate for the analyses of stability; mountOne more light, appropriate for the analyses of stability; mounted on a cardanic ed on a cardanic system allowing the three rotations but not the displacement (idsystem allowing the three rotations but not the displacement (identical to the system entical to the system sustaining the man in the centre of the machine). sustaining the man in the centre of the machine).

Equilibrium conditions: an unstable condition happens when one of the three rings is placed perpendicular with respect to the incoming wind direction. In this situation resulting torque moment would result as null; any small perturbation would induce the sphere to move. This initial perturbation could both start a continuous rotation of the sphere or could make the sphere move toward a stable condition.

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+39 055 4796596

Force and Moment coefficients

- 1. 0 0

- 0 . 7 5

- 0 . 5 0

- 0 . 2 5

0 . 0 0

0 . 2 5

0 . 5 0

0 . 7 5

1. 0 0

0 5 10 15 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0

angle [°]

C/m

ax|C

|CL

CD

CM

Force and Moment coefficients

- 1. 0 0

- 0 . 7 5

- 0 . 5 0

- 0 . 2 5

0 . 0 0

0 . 2 5

0 . 5 0

0 . 7 5

1. 0 0

0 5 10 15 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 9 0

a ngl e [ ° ]

CL

CD

CM

Force and moment coefficients are reported in a comparative formForce and moment coefficients are reported in a comparative form, i.e. the real , i.e. the real values have been normalized with respect to the maximum absolutevalues have been normalized with respect to the maximum absolute values.values.

Horizontal Horizontal angle angle 00°°

Horizontal Horizontal angle 45angle 45°°

Vertical angle [Vertical angle [°°]]

Vertical angle [Vertical angle [°°]]

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6. LARGE ROOFS: 6. LARGE ROOFS: ““Delle AlpiDelle Alpi”” Stadium in Torino (Juventus F.C.)Stadium in Torino (Juventus F.C.)

+39 055 4796596

Time Period: Fall 2004Client = F.C. Juventus

Objective of research: evaluation of the dynamic wind actions on the roof

Tests: 16 directions of the wind, 256 pressure tapsAnalysis of 2 configurations: with and without the old roof

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6. LARGE ROOFS: 6. LARGE ROOFS: ““Delle AlpiDelle Alpi”” Stadium in Torino (Juventus F.C.)Stadium in Torino (Juventus F.C.)

+39 055 4796596

Shielding effect due to the old roof: positive values.

Funnel effect caused by the old roof at the angles 0° and 180°: light channelling between the two roofs.

Maxima absolute values are higher withot the old roof.

without with

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6. LARGE ROOFS: 6. LARGE ROOFS: ““PiraeusPiraeus”” Stadium in GreeceStadium in Greece

+39 055 4796596

Period: 2003Client = Studio Tecnico MAJOWIECKI

Objective of research: evaluation of the dynamic wind actions on the roof

Tests: 16 directions of the wind, 256 pressure tapsWind profile on the sea

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6. LARGE ROOFS: 6. LARGE ROOFS: ““PiraeusPiraeus”” Stadium in GreeceStadium in Greece

+39 055 4796596

14 16 18 20 22 24 260

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90Approssimazione profilo medio anem. monofilo alfa: 0.170 - alt. rugosità:0.055 -elab. su 14 punti

quot

e [c

m]

[m/sec]

approx esponenzialeapprox logaritmica

Mean wind profile

Cp for different direction of the wind

Turbulence intensity

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6. LARGE ROOFS: 6. LARGE ROOFS: ““Olimpic StadiumOlimpic Stadium”” (Rome)(Rome)

+39 055 4796596

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6. LARGE ROOFS: 6. LARGE ROOFS: ““Olimpic StadiumOlimpic Stadium”” (Rome)(Rome)

+39 055 4796596

1st eigenmode 2nd eigenmode

3rd eigenmode Dynamic response

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7. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES: Cooling Towers 7. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES: Cooling Towers ““Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara””

+39 055 4796596

Period: 1996Client = ENEL - CRIS

Objective of research: evaluation of the dynamic wind actions on two cooling towers: analysis of interference

effectsTests: 8 directions of the wind, 64 pressure taps

Scale of the model: 1:300

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Values of Cp at different

levels

livello C

1.00

0.50

0.00

-0.50

-1.00

-1.50

-2.000 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

livello Dlivello E

angle °]

Cp,mean

Da Niemann (1980) - K=1.3

Da Niemann (1980) - K=1.2

z/H=0.95

z/H=0.85

z/H=0.75

z/H=0.50

z/H=0.25A

B

CCDD

EE

+1.5

+1.0

+0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

330°

150°

120°

270°

90°

240°

60°

210°

30°

180° 0°

300°

EE

+1.5

+1.0

+0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

330°

150°

120°

270°

90°

240°

60°

210°

30°

180° 0°

300°

CC

+1.5

+1.0

+0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

330°

150°

120°

270°

90°

240°

60°

210°

30°

180° 0°

300°

AA

7. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES: Cooling Towers 7. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES: Cooling Towers ““Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara””

+39 055 4796596

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7. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES: 7. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES: ““Reggio Emilia AV stationReggio Emilia AV station””(Arch. S. Calatrava)(Arch. S. Calatrava)

+39 055 4796596

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7. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES: 7. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES: ““Reggio Emilia AV StationReggio Emilia AV Station””

+39 055 4796596

Position 1 on the steel structurePosition 1 on the steel structure

Position 2 and 3 on the Position 2 and 3 on the glassesglasses

Position 4 on the noise barrierPosition 4 on the noise barrier

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Experimental campaign

Real case analyzed of witchmeasurements ‘in situ’ were published: pressure measurements on barriers adjacent to the platforms adimensionalized with the train speed.

Model in staircase 1:50:The pressure taps collocated in the same position of the ones in the real case are connected to a Setra System 239 transducer (±6 mm H2O).

22 trainair

airbarrierp v

ppc

Comparison between real case and scaled model: set-up

45/18

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Experimental campaign

a truk and an elastic propulsion system have been built able to launch the model of a train up to around 95 km/h.

The velocity of the train has been measured positioning two lasers to the mutual distance of around 2 mt and sincroneusly recording their signals.

46/18

Laser 2

Train velocity ≈ 35 m/s

Unlock system

V = D / t

elastic

D = Know distance

t = impulse laser 2 – impulse laser 2

Laser 1Train model

Train station

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Experimental campaign: results

The obtained results show as the passage of the train produces an overpressure, followed by a depression, this is the typical course of the phenomenon.

The image shows the time history of a pressure tap record.

Cp max

00.020.04

0.060.08

0.1

0.120.140.16

0.18

40 60 80 100 120v [km/h]

cp [-

]

real casemodel n.1model n. 2model n.3model n.4

The results in terms of cp don't seem to depend on the train speed.

The values vary instead with the different shapes of train adopted. The one that better reproduces the reference measure is the n.4

Comparison between real case and scaled model: results

47/18

35 cm

6 cm

4.8 cm

n.4

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Case of interest: Reggio Emilia station

The structure of the station is made of 13 steel portal that repeat for a total lenght of 400 mt.The steel portals have a mutual distance of 100 cm and between them there are glass walls.

glass

Noise barrier

Steel structure

12

3

4

The main interest was that to evaluate the pressures produced by the running of a train on the noise barriers and on the coverage realized in steel and glass.

48/18

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Case of interest: Reggio Emilia station

Position 1 on the steel structure

Position 2 and 3 on the glasses

Position 4 on the noise barrier

49/18

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Industrial structures: Reggio Emilia AV station 50/18

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test cp_max1 cp_min1 v [m/s] v [km/h]

a2 0.058 -0.071 11.308 40.708

a3 0.044 -0.038 18.208 65.549

a4 0.054 -0.022 20.082 72.295

a5 0.045 -0.029 17.133 61.678

g2 0.039 -0.036 18.000 64.800

1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1

-0.015

-0.01

-0.005

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

Case 1a Case 1a –– under the steel structureunder the steel structure

Position n.1 refers to a Position n.1 refers to a pressure tap positioned pressure tap positioned under (case 1a) and on under (case 1a) and on

the side (case 1b) of the side (case 1b) of the portal.the portal.

It is possible to see as the passage of the train It is possible to see as the passage of the train generates a small overpressure followed by a generates a small overpressure followed by a depression. However the entity of the variation depression. However the entity of the variation is comparable to the sensibility of the pressure is comparable to the sensibility of the pressure

transducer.transducer.

7. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES: 7. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES: ““Reggio Emilia StationReggio Emilia Station””

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d2 0.036 -0.034 19.955 71.837

e2 0.047 -0.030 18.329 65.985

1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1

-0.03

-0.02

-0.01

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

Case 1b Case 1b –– on the side of the steel structureon the side of the steel structure

The overpressure caused by the train is hardly The overpressure caused by the train is hardly visible.visible.

Anyway it is so little that its value is not certain.Anyway it is so little that its value is not certain.


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h2 0.034 -0.038 19.865 71.514

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

-0.03

-0.02

-0.01

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

Case 2 and 3 Case 2 and 3 –– on the glasseson the glasses

The overpressure generated by the train The overpressure generated by the train on the glasses is not visibleon the glasses is not visible


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f2 0.293 -0.153 18.798 67.673

f3 0.315 -0.239 22.205 79.940

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5-0.2

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

Case 4 Case 4 –– on the noise barrieron the noise barrier

The passage of the train is good The passage of the train is good appreciable.appreciable.

It has the typical course of an It has the typical course of an overpressure followed by overpressure followed by

underpression. underpression.


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8. LARGE GLASS STRUCTURES / FACADES: EUR Centre in Rome8. LARGE GLASS STRUCTURES / FACADES: EUR Centre in Rome(Arch. M. Fuksas)(Arch. M. Fuksas)

+39 055 4796596

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8. LARGE GLASS STRUCTURES / FACADES: EUR Centre in Rome8. LARGE GLASS STRUCTURES / FACADES: EUR Centre in Rome

+39 055 4796596

Many configurations have been analyzed in order to evaluate the Many configurations have been analyzed in order to evaluate the effect of the internal effect of the internal pressures in relation to the location of the windows and entrancpressures in relation to the location of the windows and entrance doors.e doors.

800 pressure taps were set.800 pressure taps were set.

16 directions of the wind were investigated.16 directions of the wind were investigated.

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

Cp medi di progetto [angolo: 0000] - copertura - fin. ap. - front. ch

-0.10

valore massimo: 0.34 poligono: 59valore minimo: -0.43 poligono: 43

-0.09


-0.01


0.01


0.04


0.03


0.02


-0.33


-0.36


0.09


0.09


-0.30


-0.31


-0.26


-0.05


0.04


0.09


-0.28


-0.16


0.11


-0.07


-0.05


-0.21


-0.03


0.15


-0.27


-0.29


-0.30


-0.22


-0.07


0.11


0.15


-0.25


-0.30


-0.22


-0.08


0.14


-0.24


-0.21


0.13


-0.38


-0.41


-0.43


-0.26


0.03


0.00


-0.17


-0.42


-0.02


0.03


-0.03


-0.04


-0.04


0.04


0.07


0.06


0.06


0.27


0.34


-0.12


-0.07


0.02


0.11


0.25


-3.0 -2.6 -2.3 -1.9 -1.5 -1.1 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.6 3.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40


-0.70


-0.70


-0.41


-0.42


-0.30


-0.22


-0.18


-0.25


-0.27


-0.15


-0.23


-0.14


-0.16


-0.08


-0.10


-0.12


-0.17


-0.03


-0.07


-0.10


-0.02


-0.06


-0.04


0.00


-0.08


-0.03


-0.02


0.02


-0.05


-0.07


-0.02


-0.02


-0.01


0.00


-0.01


-0.01


-0.02


-0.00


0.00


-0.01


0.03


0.03


-0.01


0.01


0.04


0.05


0.03


-0.02


0.00


0.03


0.00


0.02


0.03


0.05


0.04


0.02


0.05


0.08


0.09


-0.00


0.02


0.04


-0.00


0.01


-3.0 -2.6 -2.3 -1.9 -1.5 -1.1 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.6 3.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40


-0.02


-0.03


0.09


-0.00


0.06


-0.01


-0.06


0.02


-0.02


-0.28


-0.42


-0.00


-0.03


-0.00


-0.08


-0.13


-0.34


0.04


-0.08


-0.24


-0.01


-0.07


-0.13


-0.13


-0.20


0.01


-0.02


-0.05


-0.19


-0.23


-0.18


-0.26


0.04


-0.05


-0.13


-0.21


-0.26


0.12


0.01


-0.38


0.41


0.35


0.28


0.07


0.06


-0.12


0.27


0.35


-0.14


-0.10


0.03


0.05


0.06


0.06


-0.04


-0.18


-0.10


-0.08


-0.01


0.04


0.13


0.07


-0.08


-0.19


-3.0 -2.6 -2.3 -1.9 -1.5 -1.1 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.6 3.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40


-0.01


0.00


0.11


0.00


0.03


0.01


-0.02


-0.23


-0.26


-0.17


-0.27


-0.22


-0.25


-0.16


-0.16


-0.19


-0.23


-0.15


-0.17


-0.17


-0.04


-0.07


-0.13


-0.09


-0.18


-0.12


-0.12


-0.09


-0.19


-0.17


-0.13


-0.17


-0.14


-0.16


-0.24


-0.24


-0.24


-0.18


-0.09


-0.11


0.06


0.04


0.01


0.02


0.17


0.13


-0.46


-0.21


-0.08


0.00


-1.01


-1.29


-1.19


-1.06


-1.08


-1.14


-1.02


-0.32


-0.28


0.17


0.51


0.41


0.20


0.16


-3.0 -2.6 -2.3 -1.9 -1.5 -1.1 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.6 3.0

Results on Results on the roofthe roof


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+39 055 4796596

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

relativ mean pressure coefficient [angle: 1800] closed windows

0.53

0.51

0.37

0.85

0.24

0.37

0.15

0.19

0.24

0.36

0.06

0.12

0.04

-0.10

0.02

-0.09

-0.39

-0.27

-0.59

-0.71

-0.51

-0.27

-0.96

-0.94

-0.76

-0.87

-1.00

-0.03

-1.5 -1.3 -1.1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

relativ mean pressure coefficient [angle: 1800] open windows

1.01

0.95

0.75

1.52

0.64

0.83

0.54

0.62

0.71

0.93

0.52

0.59

0.41

0.39

0.48

0.29

0.17

0.23

-0.17

-0.23

-0.09

0.13

-0.51

-0.53

-0.38

-0.46

-0.48

0.14

-1.5 -1.3 -1.1 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

relativ mean pressure coefficient [angle: 0900] closed windows

0.69

0.63

0.39

0.08

1.00

0.59

0.54

0.55

0.55

0.06

0.52

0.39

0.27

0.26

0.21

0.14

0.21

0.14

0.02

0.08

0.07

0.20

0.26

0.26

0.55

0.67

0.73

0.75

-1.5 -1.3 -1.1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

relativ mean pressure coefficient [angle: 0900] open windows

1.11

1.04

0.78

0.47

1.35

1.02

0.87

0.94

1.00

0.11

0.93

0.83

0.60

0.73

0.65

0.24

0.73

0.62

0.40

0.51

0.51

0.38

0.64

0.61

0.87

1.03

1.17

1.16

-1.5 -1.3 -1.1 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5

Mean cp – closed windows – 180°

Mean cp – opened windows – 180°

Mean cp – closed windows – 90°

Mean cp – opened windows – 90°

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Local aerodynamic coefficients

Location of the wall with

respect to the wind direction

Wall 1 (North side, external) Wall 2 (South side, external)

Coefficienti di pressione Pressure coefficient

CNR-DT 207/2008 Wind Tunnel CNR-DT

207/2008 Wind Tunnel

Windward + 1.30 + 1.10 (337°) + 1.30 + 1.17 (202°)

Leeward – 0.70 – 1.38 (135°) – 0.70 – 1.24 (45°)

Lateral – 1.60 – 1.82 (90°) – 1.60 – 1.29 (112°)

Location of the wall with

respect to the wind direction

West side East side

Pressure coefficient Pressure coefficient

CNR-DT 207/2008 Galleria CNR-DT

207/2008 Galleria

Windward + 1.30 + 0.95 (67°) + 1.30 + 0.75 (247°)

Leeward – 0.70 – 0.34 (315°) – 0.70 – 0.54 (135°)

Lateral – 1.60 – 0.69 (180°) – 1.60 – 0.63 (0°)

Pressure coefficientsRoof

CNR-DT 207/2008 Wind Tunnel

Maximum + 0.50 + 0.55 (0°)

Minimum – 2.70 – 2.85 (67°)

Location of the wall with respect to the wind direction

Pressure coefficient in wind tunnel

Wall 3(North side, internal)

Wall 4(South side, internal)

Windward + 0.80 (45°) + 0.90 (135°)

Leeward – 1.61 (135°) – 1.48 (45°)

Lateral – 1.96 (112°) – 1.48 (67°)

00°°

180180°°

9090°° 270270°°

Wall 1Wall 1

Wall 2Wall 2

Wall 3Wall 3

Wall 4Wall 4

West West sideside

East East sideside

RoofRoof


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ev

Dd zI71

Gc

Frames on the edge Frames on the edge →→ 0.81 0.81 ≤≤ ccdd ≤≤ 1.161.16

Central frames Central frames →→ 0.81 0.81 ≤≤ ccdd ≤≤ 1.041.04

EXPERIMENTAL TESTSEXPERIMENTAL TESTSCODE (CNR 207/2008)CODE (CNR 207/2008)

b = 174.9 mb = 174.9 m

Frames on the edge Frames on the edge →→ ccd,maxd,max = 0.98= 0.98

Central frames Central frames →→ ccd,maxd,max = 0.84= 0.84

sta max,

dyn max,dc

ii,prifpi AczqF

ξξ = 1.0 %= 1.0 %


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9. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: 9. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: ““Rio HiguamoRio Higuamo””

Period: 2000Client = Fortunato Federici S.p.a

Objective of research: evaluation of the aerodynamic coefficients

Tests: static and aeroelastic tests

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CM

-0,15

-0,1

-0,05

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

Angle [°]

CM

CD

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

Angle [°]

CD

CL

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

Angle (°)

CL

Drag, lift and torque coefficients measured on the bridge deck

+39 055 4796596

9. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: 9. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: ““Rio HiguamoRio Higuamo””

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9. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: 9. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: ““Ponte della MusicaPonte della Musica””, Rome, Rome

The bridge will connect the Flaminio district, with its important sport facilities and art settlements, and the Victoria district. The structure consists of a scaffold supported by two arches of steel - 190 meters long and 18 meters in maximum width at the center - resting on a platform of reinforced concrete, which will open a kind of square on the River.

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Two sectional models were made, in scale 1:75 and 1:60; the special anchor systems allows measurements of force or displacement, depending on the type of test.Different type of test were performed:1- to assess the static polars and the aeroelastic response of the deck;2- to verify the deck’s response to vortex shedding.

All the test were conducted in laminar flow condition (turbulence intensity < 1%).

Model’s details during the test for the assessment of the static polars.

0°

-10°

+10°

Wind

Asse trasversale della

coperturaConventions adopted for the forces and load cells’ position.

Static polar and aeroelastic response

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-0.40

-0.30

-0.20

-0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

CL

CD

CM

-0.40

-0.30

-0.20

-0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

CL

CDCM

Static polar around 0°: configuration with open grid under the deck

Static polar around 0°: configuration with closed grid under the deck


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Model’s details: set-up for aeroelastic tests.

In the set-up for aeroelastic tests, the section model is suspended elastically. The system allows two degrees of freedom: vertical translation and rotation around the longitudinal axis.



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0 5 10 15 20 25 30-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

UR

= 0° - LIFT

H1*

H2*

H3*

H4*

0 5 10 15 20 25 30-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

UR

= 0° - MOMENTO

A1*

A2*

A3*

A4*

Aeroelastic response around 0°: estimation of the aerodynamics coefficients H and A


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The model used to analyze the forcing caused by vortex shedding (ie the detachment of vortices) is also a section model, assembled in a similar manner to that used for testing static polar but different in material and scale, in order to try to maintain, wherever possible, the similarity of the Scruton number with the real case.

A sensitivity analysis of the results to the variation of the porosity of the side parts was made; a configuration where a grid was positioned at the bottom of the deck was also tested.

Vortex shedding

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Example of spectral density of the signal of one

of the pressure taps.

In order to further investigate the phenomenon of detachment of vortices, we proceeded to measure the Strouhal number of the deck in the configurations of interest. This measure was carried out with a rake of 13 pressure taps positioned in the wake of the deck itself.

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.40

5

10

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.40

10

Sketch and photograph of the

pressure rake positioned in the

wake of the section model.

Vortex shedding

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9. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: 9. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: ““Messina BridgeMessina Bridge””

+39 055 4796596

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9. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: Wind barriers9. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: Wind barriers

+39 055 4796596

The aim of this study is to investigate the possibilities of protecting the vehicles on viaducts in parts of the newly reconstructed Rijeka-Zagreb highway. The effects of

wind barrier porosity on a flow field at the viaduct Bukovo and at the viaduct Hreljin are presented.

LaserOttica

Laser sheet

Camera

Seeding

Flow

The flux in the area behind the barrier was The flux in the area behind the barrier was tested trough the nontested trough the non--intrusive PIV technique. intrusive PIV technique. The free stream velocity during the tests was of The free stream velocity during the tests was of about from 10 to 19 m/sabout from 10 to 19 m/s

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99. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: Wind barriers. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: Wind barriersIsovelocity field - Free velocity wind [m/s]: 11.657

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Isovelocity field - Free velocity wind [m/s]: 11.657

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H barrier = 4 mH barrier = 4 m

Porosity: 30 %Porosity: 30 %


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No barrierNo barrier





Results: Isovelocity

maps Hreljin

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99. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: Wind barriers. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: Wind barriers


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Wind Wind >>



Wind Wind <<



Wind Wind >>



Wind Wind <<



Wind Wind >>



Wind Wind <<

Results: Isovelocity maps Bukovo

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99. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: Wind fences on footbridge. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: Wind fences on footbridge

This work aims to estimate the global performance of a footbridgThis work aims to estimate the global performance of a footbridge designed in North e designed in North Italy, both in terms of structural response to wind loads and inItaly, both in terms of structural response to wind loads and in terms of pedestrian terms of pedestrian comfort in the walking area.comfort in the walking area.

Section model in scale 1:20 Aeroelastic tests

4 typologies of wind shields:4 typologies of wind shields:Barrier # 1: (porosity ~ 40%, f holes = 8mm) Barrier # 2: (porosity ~ 23%, f holes = 5mm)Barrier # 3: (porosity ~ 23%, f holes = 1mm)

Barrier # 4: (plain)

All the test have been madeAll the test have been made for two configuration for two configuration of the barrier: concave and convex. of the barrier: concave and convex.

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99. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: Wind fences on footbridge. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: Wind fences on footbridge

HA = 0° IT = 17% Conc2

Mappa di Isovelocità - Velocità di riferimento [m/s]: 8.5

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HA = 0° IT = 17% Vuoto


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No barrierNo barrier Configuration 1Configuration 1 Configuration 2Configuration 2

Configuration 3Configuration 3 Configuration 4Configuration 4

Shelter effect

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9. 9. LARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: Wind fences on footbridgeLARGE BRIDGES / FOOTBRIDGES: Wind fences on footbridge

No barrierNo barrier Configuration 1Configuration 1 Configuration 2Configuration 2

Configuration 3Configuration 3 Configuration 4Configuration 4

Shelter effect

HA = 0° IT = 17% Vuoto

Mappa di Vorticità - Velocità di riferimento [m/s]: 8.5

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10. WIND ENERGY STRUCTURES10. WIND ENERGY STRUCTURES

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11. SOLAR UPDRAFT POWER PLANT TECHNOLOGY11. SOLAR UPDRAFT POWER PLANT TECHNOLOGY

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Distribution of yearly solar radiation

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(courtesy of Krätzig

& Partners, Bochum)

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Centro di Ricerca Interuniversitario di Aerodinamica delle Costruzioni ed Ingegneria del Ventohttp://windlab.ing.unifi.it tel. +39 0574 27254 8282

•• SELF WEIGHT

• WIND LOAD

• TEMPERATURE EFFECTS

• SHRINKAGE EFFECTS

• DIFFERENTIAL SOIL SETTLEMENTS

• SEISMIC ACTION

• CONSTRUCTION LOADS

1.1. Mean wind loadMean wind load

2.2. Fluctuating wind load due to Fluctuating wind load due to

turbulenceturbulence

3.3. Load induced crossLoad induced cross--wind by wind by

regular vortex sheddingregular vortex shedding

Actions on Solar Towers

Solar towers reach far beyond the Prandtl layer into the Ekman layer

How to model the wind action at large height?How to model the wind action at large height?


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Vibration modes: the role of the stiffening rings

f 1= 0.172 Hz f 1= 0.172 Hz f 3= 0.311 Hz f 3= 0.311 Hz f5= 0.395 Hzf5= 0.395 Hz

TENTENSTIFFENINGSTIFFENING

RINGSRINGS

WITHOUT WITHOUT STIFFENING STIFFENING

RINGSRINGS

f1 = 0.073 Hz f1 = 0.073 Hz f 3= 0.086 Hz f 3= 0.086 Hz f5 = 0.118 Hzf5 = 0.118 Hz


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…3 main “pillars” of today wind engineering …

Civil-Structural Engineering

Environmental and climatic

wind engineering

Wind Energy

- flow visualisations- pollutant dispersion- combined climatic effects :- wind + rain; wind+ snow- wind + sun; wind+ sand

- rigid structures- Aeroelastic structures

- generatori eolici

- mappatura velocitàdel vento

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12. ENVIRONMENTAL WIND ENGINEERING: 12. ENVIRONMENTAL WIND ENGINEERING: ““Pitti PalacePitti Palace”” in Florencein Florence

Wind tunnel tests inside a scaled model of the hystorical building of “Pitti Palace” in Florence, were performed to investigate the internal air flow induced by the present natural ventilation system.

During a survey inside the Pitti Palace some ducts covered by grids in the floor between the ground level and the basement were noticed; these ducts let air free to circulate between the two floors.

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Centro di Ricerca Interuniversitario di Aerodinamica delle Costruzioni ed Ingegneria del Ventohttp://windlab.ing.unifi.it tel. +39 0574 27254 +39 055 4796596+39 055 4796596

Boboli GardenBoboli Garden

inletinlet

outletoutlet

The physical model, at a scale of 1:200, resulted in 1.5 x 2.0 m.

The single part of the palace that concerns the left summer apartments were made of transparent material so that flow visualization and PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) measurements can be done using smoke tracer.

All the doors and windows were constructed to be opened or closed.

Evaluation of the micro-climate

12. ENVIRONMENTAL WIND ENGINEERING: 12. ENVIRONMENTAL WIND ENGINEERING: ““Pitti PalacePitti Palace””

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Measuring set-up:

the camera was positioned in front of the investigated rooms, while a laser sheet was highlighting a vertical plane inside the rooms

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Camera

Wind


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An interesting consideration is that in the configuration with forced wind the flow in the zone of the back yard completely differs from the configuration with the flow generated by the evaporation of dry ice (the vorticity changes

its direction).

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Campo vettoriale

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The important air flux is the one coming from the basement and reaching the ground level through the air duct positioned in the floor of the rooms.


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Obtained results confirm that a flux of air is generated coming from the Boboli Garden, entering in the basement rooms and then streaming towards the ground level rooms through the ducts in the floor.

The analysis inside the wind tunnel, using tracers, will allow the simulation of air flows dynamic effects through the rooms of building, taking into account shape and roughness of different surfaces and the urban morphology around the palace.

12. 12. ENVIRONMENTAL WIND ENGINEERING: ENVIRONMENTAL WIND ENGINEERING: ““Pitti PalacePitti Palace””

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12. 12. ENVIRONMENTAL WIND ENGINEERINGENVIRONMENTAL WIND ENGINEERING

Period: 1998 - 2001Objective of research: Waste disposal aand

branding plant at Ca’ del Bue (Verona): evaluation of the gas emissions from two chimneys

Tests: 8 directions of the wind, use of probes for the analysis of concentration (FID)

Scale of the model 1:400

chimneys

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Simulations with ADMS2

Experimental results

X=640m

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Time Period: 2003Client: ESSCO – New York

Objective of research: Wind tunnel tests on cooling towers. Optimization of a barrier to reduce

the release of steam on the highwayTests: 3 main directions of the wind, use of

probes for the analysis of concentration

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12. 12. ENVIRONMENTAL WIND ENGINEERING: Cooling TowersENVIRONMENTAL WIND ENGINEERING: Cooling Towers

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12. ENVIRONMENTAL WIND ENGINEERING12. ENVIRONMENTAL WIND ENGINEERING

Objective of research: evaluation of the diffusion of pollutants issued by a model of a landfill in complex

orographyTests: analysis of concentration of pollutants through FID:

use of PIV in complex orography

Horizontal and vertical maps of concentration

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12. ENVIRONMENTAL WIND ENGINEERING: Comfort12. ENVIRONMENTAL WIND ENGINEERING: Comfort

“Delle Alpi” Stadium in Torino: analysis of comfortThe model represents the cross-sections passing through the principal axes of the structure.Distance between tribunes can be changed.Both configurations – with and without the old roof – can be studied

Wind

Laser source532 nm –

220mJ

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Maps of the mean velocity


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Streamlines

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+39 055 4796596

0 8 142 4 6 10 12

valori percentuali riferiti a Vref = 3.64 m/s

Maps of isovelocity

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GRAZIE PER LA CORTESEGRAZIE PER LA CORTESEATTENTIONE !ATTENTIONE !

CRIACIV Secretariat:CRIACIV Secretariat:http://criaciv.unifi.ithttp://criaciv.unifi.ittel. +39 055 4796 217/tel. +39 055 4796 217/--596596fax +39 055 4796 230fax +39 055 4796 230E_mail: E_mail: [email protected]@dicea.unifi.it

+39 055 4796596

Credits: Credits: Ingg. F. Lupi e L. ProcinoIngg. F. Lupi e L. Procino

SPERIMENTAZIONE IN GALLERIA DEL VENTO DI … · - wind + rain; wind+ snow - wind + sun; wind+ sand...

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Transcript of SPERIMENTAZIONE IN GALLERIA DEL VENTO DI … · - wind + rain; wind+ snow - wind + sun; wind+ sand...