Prof. Bruno PierriProf. Bruno Pierri Istituzioni politiche anglo- Istituzioni politiche anglo-

americane e analisi dei linguaggi americane e analisi dei linguaggi specificispecifici

British Intelligence MachineryBritish Intelligence MachineryAmerican Intelligence Machinery American Intelligence Machinery

April 30th, 2009April 30th, 2009

Foreign & Commonwealth Foreign & Commonwealth OfficeOffice

Commonly called Commonly called Foreign OfficeForeign Office, , responsible for promoting UK responsible for promoting UK interests overseasinterests overseas

Head of FCO is Secretary of State for Head of FCO is Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly called commonly called Foreign SecretaryForeign Secretary

Special RelationshipSpecial RelationshipUS-UK close relationship and US-UK close relationship and

cooperation in military matters, cooperation in military matters, technology and intelligence sharingtechnology and intelligence sharing

Intelligence sharing:Intelligence sharing: originated in originated in World War II. After WWII common goal World War II. After WWII common goal of monitoring and countering of monitoring and countering communismcommunism

1948 UK-US Security Agreement 1948 UK-US Security Agreement Head of CIA station in London attends Head of CIA station in London attends

meetings of British Joint Intelligence meetings of British Joint Intelligence CommitteeCommittee

UK IntelligenceUK Intelligence Community Community

Cabinet OfficeCabinet Office Dept of UK Govt supporting Prime Dept of UK Govt supporting Prime

Minister and Cabinet Minister and Cabinet Three functions: Three functions:

A)A) Supporting Prime MinisterSupporting Prime Minister – to – to define and deliver Govt objectivesdefine and deliver Govt objectives

B)B) Supporting CabinetSupporting Cabinet – to drive – to drive coherence, quality and delivery of coherence, quality and delivery of policy and operations across Deptspolicy and operations across Depts

C)C) Strengthening Civil ServiceStrengthening Civil Service – to – to ensure civil service is organised and ensure civil service is organised and delivers Govt objectives delivers Govt objectives

Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) Part of Cabinet Office: Main instrument to

advise priorities for intelligence gathering and results assessing

Functions:A) To provide regular intelligence assessments

on issues of immediate and long-term importance to national interests in the fields of security, defence and foreign affairs

B) To oversee priorities for MI6, MI5, GCHQ, and DIS

C) To establish professional standards for intelligence analysis

Permanent Secretary, Intelligence, Security and Resilience chairs JIC

Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS)Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS) Created in 1964 by amalgamation

of all three Armed Services’ intelligence staffs and civilian Joint Intelligence Bureau

Part of Ministry of Defence (MOD) 1. It provides intelligence

assessments in support of policy-making and crisis management

2. Support of military operations, as well as operations of other Agencies

Security Service – MI5Security Service – MI5 Established in 1909 as domestic arm of Secret

Service Bureau, tasked with countering German espionage. Commonly known as MI5 ommonly known as MI5 (Military Intelligence, Section 5)(Military Intelligence, Section 5)

Responsible for protecting UK against threats to national security: terrorism, espionage and weapons of mass destruction

Functions:A) to protect national security against espionage,

terrorism and sabotage, and from actions intended to overthrow or undermine parliamentary democracy

B) to safeguard UK economic well-being against threats from abroad

C) to act in support of police and other law enforcement agencies in prevention and detection of serious crime

Home Secretary responsible for Security Service

Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) – Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) – MI6MI6

Often known as MI6 (Military (Military Intelligence, Section 6),Intelligence, Section 6), established in 1909 as Foreign Section of Secret Service Bureau, concentrating on concentrating on activities of Germanyactivities of Germany

Main function is collection of secret foreign intelligence on issues concerning Britain’s vital interests in the fields of security, defence, serious crime

Liaison with foreign intelligence services

Foreign Secretary responsible for SIS

Government Communications Headquarters Government Communications Headquarters

(GCHQ)(GCHQ) Established in 1919 as Established in 1919 as Government Code and Government Code and

Cypher SchoolCypher School and adopted its present name in and adopted its present name in 19461946

Two main missions: A) gathering intelligence through interception of

communications in support of Govt decision-making in the fields of national security, military operations and law enforcement (“Signals Intelligence”, or Sigint)

B) providing help to keep Govt communication and information system safe (Information Assurance)

It helps to protect UK critical national infrastructure (power, water, communications etc.)

Foreign Secretary responsible for GCHQ

Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre (JTAC)Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre (JTAC) Established in 2003 in response to international

terrorist threat Multi-agency unit, staffed by members of the

three Agencies, the DIS and representatives from other relevant depts and the police

It analyses all-source intelligence on activities, intentions and capabilities of international terrorists who may threaten UK and allied interests worldwide

It sets threat levels as well as providing more in-depth reports on trends, terrorist networks and capabilities

Home Secretary responsible Five threat levels:Five threat levels:1)1) Low - attack unlikely Low - attack unlikely 2)2) Moderate - attack possible, but not likely Moderate - attack possible, but not likely 3)3) Substantial - attack strong possibility Substantial - attack strong possibility 4)4) Severe - attack highly likely Severe - attack highly likely 5)5) Critical - attack expected imminently Critical - attack expected imminently

Lines of Ministerial ResponsibilitiesLines of Ministerial Responsibilities

Prime Minister

FCO Secretary Home Secretary Defence Secretary

MI6/GCHQMI5/JTAC DIS

Permament Secretary Intelligence, Security and Resilience

US Intelligence: State US Intelligence: State DepartmentDepartment

Secretary of StateSecretary of State member of: member of: NSCNSC CabinetCabinet Oval Office (Official Office of President)Oval Office (Official Office of President)

Relevance of Secretary of State depends on:Relevance of Secretary of State depends on: How much President is interested in FPHow much President is interested in FP Personality of Secretary Personality of Secretary Under-Secretaries of State:Under-Secretaries of State:

Jurisdiction according to different Jurisdiction according to different geographical areas (U-S to African geographical areas (U-S to African Affairs; Middle East; Western Europe; Affairs; Middle East; Western Europe; Far East…)Far East…)

Back-channelBack-channel Back channel diplomacy: Back channel diplomacy:

negotiations conducted in secret, negotiations conducted in secret, bypassing front channelsbypassing front channels

BCD associated with achievement of BCD associated with achievement of breakthrough agreements where breakthrough agreements where front channels fail front channels fail

National Security CouncilNational Security CouncilEstablished in 1947 by President Established in 1947 by President

TrumanTrumanMain body advising President on Main body advising President on

national security and foreign policy national security and foreign policy mattersmatters

President's main arm for coordinating President's main arm for coordinating policies among govt agenciespolicies among govt agencies

It defines long-term strategic lineIt defines long-term strategic line

Assistant to President for National Assistant to President for National Security AffairsSecurity Affairs

Chief advisor to President on national Chief advisor to President on national security security

Appointed by President without Appointed by President without Senate Senate

confirmation confirmation Not connected to Dept of State and Not connected to Dept of State and

Defence bureaucracy Defence bureaucracy

Intelligence CommunityIntelligence Community

National Security AgencyNational Security Agency Cryptologic Intelligence agency - DOD Cryptologic Intelligence agency - DOD Created in 1952 by President TrumanCreated in 1952 by President Truman

A)A) Responsible for collection and Responsible for collection and analysis of foreign communications analysis of foreign communications and signals intelligence (espionage)and signals intelligence (espionage)

B)B) Responsible for protecting U.S. Govt Responsible for protecting U.S. Govt communications, information, and communications, information, and computer system (protection from computer system (protection from espionage)espionage)

NSA limited to foreign NSA limited to foreign communications, but with some communications, but with some domestic surveillancedomestic surveillance

Federal Bureau of Investigation Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)(FBI)

Established in 1908 as Bureau of Investigation Established in 1908 as Bureau of Investigation (BOI). Name changed in 1935 (BOI). Name changed in 1935

Primary unit in Primary unit in Dept of JusticeDept of Justice, serving as , serving as federal criminal investigative body and federal criminal investigative body and domestic intelligence agency domestic intelligence agency

FBI's top investigative priorities are:FBI's top investigative priorities are:A)A) Protect US from terrorist attack (counter-Protect US from terrorist attack (counter-

terrorism)terrorism)B)B) Protect US against foreign intelligence Protect US against foreign intelligence

operations and espionage (counter-operations and espionage (counter-intelligence)intelligence)

C)C) Protect US against cyber-based attacks and Protect US against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes high-technology crimes

D)D) Combat public corruptionCombat public corruptionE)E) Combat transnational/national criminal Combat transnational/national criminal

organizations and enterprises …. organizations and enterprises ….

Cental Intelligence Agency (CIA)Cental Intelligence Agency (CIA) Civilian intelligence agency eCivilian intelligence agency established in stablished in

1947 by President Truman1947 by President Truman Primary functions:Primary functions:A)A) Collecting and analizying information about Collecting and analizying information about

foreign govts, corporations, and personsforeign govts, corporations, and personsB)B) Conducting covert actions, paramilitary and Conducting covert actions, paramilitary and

political operationspolitical operationsC)C) Advicing NSC in “matters concerning Advicing NSC in “matters concerning

intelligence activities” of Depts (I.E. covert intelligence activities” of Depts (I.E. covert actions)actions)

D)D) Evaluating intelligence “relating to National Evaluating intelligence “relating to National Security” (I.E. Estimate on a particular Security” (I.E. Estimate on a particular world area)world area)

Overall speaking, CIA gathers intelligence Overall speaking, CIA gathers intelligence abroad, FBI and NSA in the US abroad, FBI and NSA in the US

CIA web site (www.cia.gov)/FOIACIA web site (www.cia.gov)/FOIA

Intelligence CycleIntelligence Cycle

Intelligence CycleIntelligence Cycle

1. Planning and Direction: drawing up specific collection requirements by policymakers

2. Collection: gathering raw information. Many sources of information including:

A) open sources (broadcasts, newspapers, books…)B) secret sources (CIA agents abroad and defectors)C) technical sources (electronics and satellite

photography) 3. Processing: converting information to a form

usable by analysts through decryption, language translations, and data reduction

4. All Source Analysis and Production: conversion of basic information into finished intelligence products by analysts, who are subject-matter specialists - written reports and oral briefings

5. Dissemination: distribution of finished intelligence to the same policymakers who initiated intelligence requirements. Policymakers then make decisions based on that information