DOCTOR

HOW TO BECOME A DOCTOR IN ITALYIn our country, after High School, you have to attend the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery at the University for six years. When you finish these years you obtain a degree as a GP, General Prectitioner, so if you want to specialize in something, like neurosurgery, you have to study for other 5 years. After that, you can begin to work.

SCIENCE IN DOCTOR'S WORKScience is the basis of Medicine, which includes:

ChemistryBiologyAnatomy

CHEMISTRYNo chemistry no life, in fact every part of our body is made by molecules and atoms and it's not all :- The digestive processes are caused by chemical reaction, in fact without chemistry

we can't be fed;- Our brain works thanks to some cells called neurons and the the signal from brain

moves thanks to some neurotransmitter and are made of chemical elements;- Every object in our world is made of atoms and molecules, even if we don't realize

it.

BIOLOGYChemistry is the science of life because it studies living organisms' life processes.For example: there are 4 blood groups, A, B, AB, 0, so a doctor has to know his patient's blood type because if he doesn't and he does a wrong blood transfusion the patient could die because of blood clotting.

ANATOMY

In order to take care and operate, the doctors must know anatomy, that is to know where the organs are disposed. Knowing anatomy permits also to discover if there are some cancers, in fact during a visit the doctor can perceive some anomalies on the body.

Molecular Cook

Cocktail in ice spheres, Caviar made of olive oil, disappearing transparent raviolis….Sound cool?These are all examples of molecular gastronomy…

Molecular gastronomy

What is Molecular Gastronomy?The word “gastronomy” has described the art of selecting, preparing, serving and enjoying fine food.In 1989, Nicholas Kurti and Hervé decided to intentionally emphasize the scientific elements of cooking by coining the term “molecular and physical gastronomy”. Molecules obey processes that describe the behaviour of all solids, liquids and gases. Suddenly, the art of selecting, preparing, serving and enjoying fine food became the science of doing so.

When people hear the word “molecular gastronomy” they often mistekenly view it as unhealthy, synthetic and unnatural…The truth is that the “chemicals” used in molecular gastronomy are all of biological origins (marine, plant, animal…)The science lab equipment used just helps modern gastronomy cooks to do simple things like manteining the temperature constant, cooling food at low temperatures (liquid nitrogen) or extract flavor from food.

Is it safe?

Some examples…Have you ever looked at rock candy and wondered how it's made? Rock candy is actually a collection of large sugar crystals that are "grown" from a sugar-water solution.

So how do the molecules of a substance get together to form a crystal? This happens when a solution is saturated, when the liquid holds as much of the compound dissolved in it as possible.

Want to try some molecular gastronomy? Let’s cook a five minute amazing ice cream. All you need is a little liquid nitrogen (-196°C), some creamy ingredients, and an appetite for exploring the science of food. The secret to the creamy ice cream is all in the rapid freezing of the mixture. The liquid nitrogen gives the ice cream its creamy consistency. According to food science experts, rapid freezing preserves the nutrients in food .The faster you freeze, the less you destroy.

How do I get started?

COMPUTER SCIENTISTWhat is it ? What does he do ?

Computer Science First of all we need to understand what is this “Computer Science”.Computer science is the science that deals with the processing of

informations through automated procedures.As a discipline computer science spans a range of topic from theoretical

studies of algorithms to the more pratical problems infact it is divided in : Theoretical computer science

Which focuses on the more abstract, logical, and mathematical aspects of computing

Applied computer scienceWhich aims at directly solving real world problems

Computer scientist Who is a computer scientist ?

A computer scientist is a scientist who has acquired knowledge of computer science, the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their application.

A computer scientist can focus his work on specific areas like :

• Programming Theory • Computer Graphics and Vision• Videogame Design • Database Theory

As computer scientist you can work for government agencies and private software publishers, engineering firms or academic institutions.

Computer engineerAnother figure that you can find is the

Computer engineer but what are the differences between him and the computer scientist ?

A computer engineer is a person who can carry out activities in the planning , design, implementation , management and operation of systems, just like the computer scientist.

The main difference between the two is that the computer engineer studies a lot more mathematics, physics and elettronics and so he is able to combine his solid basic knowledge of science with specific professional skills.

Alan Turing Alan Turing was a pioneering English computer scientist, mathematician, logician and cryptanalyst. He was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalization of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which is used to test artificial intelligence. Turing is considered as father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.During the Second World War, Turing was a leading participant in the breaking of German codes, Turing had been working part-time with the GC&CS, the British code breaking organization and he concentrated on cryptanalysis of the Enigma.In 1936 he invented the Turing machine, that was able to decode Enigma coded messages.

Turing’s Machine in the film

Real Turing’s Machine

“Music has extremely precise rules: they have an evident principle that can be understood and explained through Math. My ideas about Music is now clear; Math is a light that dissipates darkness.”

(Jean-Philippe Rameau, (1722)) 

Musician

We may say that there are two main important things in the relationship between Music and Science.

The first one is the scientific aspect of music: it is studied from both Physic and Math points of view.

The other aspect uses Music for medical purposes; for example, music therapy is useful for psychic and behavioral rehabilitation

Interplay between Music and Math has been studied for centuries: the Pythagorean School for example, clearly states that there is a strict connection between the various scale tones and the integers report.

The Phenomenon of Beats happens when two musical notes, with similar (but not identical) frequencies, are played.

In this case, we can hear a particular sound that is quite similar to the previous two, but its intensity is lower as much as their frequencies are close. For this reason, Beats are used to check the sound of musical instruments.

There are also other physical formulas related to Music, one of these is Faraday’s physical law which is important for the sound produced by eletric guitars.

Infact it refers to magnetism and it is used in the pick-ups of guitars to produce a much deeper sound, full of different tunes.

Same song from 2 different singer

The idea of music therapy arrives in Europe years later. A preliminary theory (called the Universal Affinity) is then formulated.

Following this theory, vibrations would have a positive effect on humans.

The fist music theory was by Richard Brockiesby in the mid of 18th century, but only few years later Doctor’s attention focuses on the pshycological effects of music.

Today, studies about the relationship between Music and Science are extremely dynamic and are still evolving.

There is an increasing interest supported also by new discoveries that are revealing additional links among Natures, Arts and Science.

BIOTECHNOLOGIST

WHAT'S A BIOTECHNOLOGY?Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use"

(UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2)

Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas:- Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes

- Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes- White biotechnology is biotechnology applied to industrial processes

- Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which addresses biological problems using computational techniques-

GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGYGreen biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes.

- An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via micropropagation.- Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific

environments in the presence (or absence) of chemicals.

One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture.

AGRICOLTUREPlants are genetic modified food used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified with genetic engineering techniques.

In most cases the aim is : - to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species; - to create resistance to certain pests, diseases, stressful environmental conditions,

resistance to chemical treatments, reduction of spoilage, or improving the nutrient profile of the plant.

GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD OR GM FOODS

Genetically modified food are food produced from organisms that have had specific changes introduced into their DNA with the methods of genetic engineering.

Some history

Human genetic manipulation of food began with the domestication of plants and animals through artificial selection in the ancient times. The process of selective breeding, in which organisms with desired traits (and thus with the desired genes) are used to breed the next generation and organisms lacking the trait are not bred, is a precursor to the modern concept of genetic modification. With the discovery of DNA in the early 1900s and various advancements in genetic techniques through the 1970s, it became possible to directly alter the DNA and genes within food.

GENETICALLY MODIFIED MAIZE (CORN)

Corn used for food and ethanol has been genetically modified to tolerate various herbicides and to express a protein (from Bacillus thuringiensis) that kills certain insects.Corn can be processed

into grits, meal and flour as an ingredient in pancakes, muffins, doughnuts, breadings and batters, as well as baby foods, meat products, cereals and some fermented products

OTHER EXAMPLES:

Golden rice Canola

Cotton

Blue tomatoes