Le Contraddizioni Del Capotalismo e Il Loro Possibile Superamento

7/23/2019 Le Contraddizioni Del Capotalismo e Il Loro Possibile Superamento

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G>>=Mon"epa!chi

Le con"addi%ioni del capi"ali!moe il loo po!!ibile !#peamen"o*

B+$ A**

A9>9 9 9=9> > 9> = =9

=>, @= > >@>>> @> @/9 @,

/@=, 9/=, @/=, =9/= 9 >=

=/= = >9>, 9 >9 9 > >9-9 >@ = 9> > >, > > 9=> 9

9 @>-9 9 9>-@ = 9, =9, 9 =

9 9>>.

' <@=> => 9 >@>@ 9 9 = 9>:

) =>> @9 > 9=9> > = = 9=-

=?

) @ 9 -9 = >> 9 = 9

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) 9 @ > >> @9 =?

' @=> 9@>9 > = = 99 @ = -9 = >99 9@ >@ 9=9> 9 9 9 =

> > 9 =9 == =.

(J.E.L.: B25, B40, #13, #50)

" =< > <> =< K < . I ><= =<= K < =<= =<= =<; K , L, =>= >< =, ><= < < K > =<-= < = ... =< == < ,< == = <= <=< < == =<, <S<<=<

= , <S = < == == < , <L< < < K == =<. (H)

1. In"od#%ione

C # > < ><= = K =<= !< 6 = 1868, = P H K = =<< =< , =<= =>= S<=<

* A== >>== < == 2009.

** D><= E=<=, +< F= II $>=. E-: =@<<..

@ ! E9, A99 +I, 9. 1-2011, . 35-60

= , K >><= = < = ==Q (#1868: 95). #, , = = >

= <, < < = < S<=S== =< < >= ><, <= K =< < == H =>= <= = >= =Q (# 1858: 155), =<< <=< = = = =; > =, =<=< K > >N <>=< (.B 1991).

> = , < S= # P> = Q, K < = = P = Q, >JPK == > < #Q. A = =, <, #P M <= = =<<= H =Q, P

= < Q (. > 1954: 9). E = =<<= # L > <= = <=< < <-< == > # =<= <, ., =< 1988 B 1998:225; = <= =, >=, > =<<=< ,> = < = =, <=< = < == =< >=< = =, < K <<= (. #1994: 1). D=>= >=< G=@9=>>, , >> =<<<- S=><=< == > <=< K P>N = S=> =<= # < <= = ><= === >>== = = == <=Q; M >J P, <

C, S<< < > >=<= =<= < <= >K ><, %9@= <= < =< <= H < >= "=Q (== 1955: 8)1. $=< K -=, >=, # <=< K H (. C=1899: 4-9, H>>= 1969: 300-303 G 1969: 312-14)2.

I< , =<, > =<= = =<-=< >= # M < =>, = == =-=< = , ><= =< =<=< R=>>==< S, = C=, <=< =<=-< = <= < =<=< =L < <-

< < >= E< (1890:1249):

P' < <= K . E =<= > =< , S=. $=< <= K <= =<, < =<= =<>>==< >= =<= =<= < =< , S<= < ==

@ ! E9, A99 +I, 9. 1-201136

1 +< = , <, ==<= =< =>< S<= # =< H K== (2005).

2 < # . < & 1972, B 2001, !< 2001, F< 2001 B 1993.

= = < = S=< =< >=Q3.

" =>>==< >= =<= = S= = =, > ==, S== = == =< =, = ==, == = == =<=, >>< , = ==<, ><= =, >= >=, =<= < N =<= < , =>=, <. E >= >=<= >==<= < < < : ) >= =<= =<=< ==, < <=< , =>> == < = =<= >>= =<= ? ) < = = == > <- =>> <= < =<=< K =? , =>=, )

= = < == < S< >N ?C<, <, < <= = =<= , =K: ) < - > = = = =<=< >= ) ==< = > =/= < =<- =.

2. La con"addi%ione "a capi"ale e la$oo

" > < =<=< # < < >= K > == =<=< =< =< < =

, = >, <<= < =<<. ' K < =<-=< =>>= = >J <= = < <=< , < = === <, > = >N, < >=.

I ><= <= < = K <. =<- < > ==> >= "#F, =L = < < (1971 1971), , = K <==, =<= > == = = > < >= < >=. C < = - =<=< > ==? "S> > >M< = S> = > == ><<,

S> < = <, > == < = = ( -=) >>=> =>>N. " "#F <, <, K <S> = == ><=<= >= >, ><= = < = =(S<), =<= S> < == < >>=><= =>>N. $ >= >= < S> < K, <, < >==<= >>== >-==, <=< S-<=< =<=< > ==, < S

B. = - L 9=9 > = >> >@=9 37

3 =<= <=< C=< (1978 2000: ); <, <= >M < < <-

=< R= <=S.

< <4.I >==<= >>== >-==, = >N = K =

== = = = # =, =>= >= >= < ==> "#F <S< ==<,<=< < = S<<= >=. " ==<, <, K < -<= == >==< >M < > = = <== =<=, < == = S< =5.

< <= =<= < # =<= >= > ==, < , = A<, 1968, >N >== < ,K < == >=, == ==. & =< ==, = =, # E< <= ><<- ><= < =<. G < =< O

(1973: ) O <=< =<= =<, P=< K < < -Q, >J = =<<= <=<= => < =< == < =< =< >= K => =< B, < = ==<=.

"S>=< >= >= < ==> >==< = < ==< < = ,<= P > S= S<Q, <=< <<= < = = = = >=, ><= ==, <-<, > = >N, ><=< <. !, >=, = =>= , <<= = ==<

<, >M, > =<>= < =< = =-= > < <=< ><=< < >= =-= ( <= !, > =, = < == . G 1974: 93-94).

' >= <=< K, , <S=><=< << -

@ ! E9, A99 +I, 9. 1-201138

4 +< =<= <= = = >M < = < >= =< == >=<=< ><=<= >, <, = < < < > <, = < ><=<= >= > (, <, <=< >), = < > = >N < ==. CM >M < =< =<= =< (=>= > <=< = =-==). I< , . S<< = = < (1983)

"< (1983) H==< (1983) , =>=, &=< (1974), = = ==< .5 PI =<= = ==< O ! (1902: 168) O <=< =< <S= =< < = <=< <S=Q, < = S=>>== (. ! 1892: 65-70)."S< ==<, > !, P < =< >= >== > < <=Q (! 1902: 169). <, <, <<= <=< =< =< > <=<= >= =< < ==< (., ., < 1973: G 1974: 92-93). A = =< = > # E< >=> > = > >== >==. I< <= = 1847 E< ==: P ==< >=, =<=< >= > , >= = = >== >==, >= = >=-> > == <= >==< M <Q (E< 1847:370; . < E< 1847: 101). E < < >= 9>, <=<, <=< == < = < >== <=, = >=< (. #

E< 1848: 312-13).

B. = - L 9=9 > = >> >@=9 39

. = "<, >=, K < < < ==>- >==< <=< < ==< , = < > =<-

<=<, <=< < =>>=<= = >=>= =< > = (. = "< 2006). # # =<>L <-< < ==> >==< = < >= <==== >==<. I< <= = 1864, >=, <<=M:

P# S=<= >= => > >= < =<= >N < S=<= >= >=>. &= =-<= ==>=, >< ==> = >= == <> <=< <<=. I = < >< = <=< >M >>= <. C=

, < =< =<, ==> <<= == >==< < < == =< < < =-< K >= < S< < >=< > < - ==; == <=< <<= =<=, > == -, =<=>= = <= <= <= -<= ==; == =, = == = =,= == = , K == < = <= <=,< > << == ==, >< = <=< <= =<=< = =Q (# 1864: 759-760).

+< =<< >==<= >>== > ==, =<, < = == < < S> =- < = <. '<=, <, =< > = >==, S>, =, >= <=, , <<- <=<= < =< (=<= < ==, .), <<== =<<< = = << K=< =< > > = < = < =, < < <<= (. = 2001 2004).

3. Engel! e la con"addi%ione fondamen"ale del capi"ali!mo

C=<< <= = =, =<= S=><=< ===, =<=< =<< >= <=< K > ==, =< < = , < >==<, K - < < > == < =< << = ==, K =, S>>=>=<, K >=> > >==<, K > (. # 1894: 318, 320 518 .); M O O =>= =<=< =<< < <<S: P =<=< >==< = >>=>=< >-

O < < >= S A9-D=9 O >= = <=<-

= S=<=< >==< < <= S< >==< < =>= =Q (E< 1878: 291), =

>><= =< =<=< K < < =<= =<= = >==< < <= >= >==< < =>= =6. CM >= ==< <> =< <S<=<= S< = < >= ><=< <.

I =<=< < S=<=< =< >==< < <= =<=S > K = >>=, = K <==, ", =-= =<=< =>> =<-=< (." 1922: 132). A<=<, > # < >=

=<=< =<=< =< =<= K <<< =<=< >, < <= K > =< <-== == =<==, < S=<<= =< = =>= <=<= <=< < < = =<(. # 1965: 14-19).

E< < >= = =<=< K= =<=, < =<, = =. E =, <= (1878: 303-04):

P==< >=. ==< =<=<: >==

>=-< >= >= < N = >= = >==< =, =<= < =, < >=-> >. C=< S= >== >==< > <= <= == = >< >Q.

A< >< > (>. 289), < =>, =:P" =<=< >==< = >>=>=< >

><M = <=<= >== =Q.$ =< = >= K (1967: 145) <= =< = =<=< <=< <, <<=, == > > < ; =<< = >-

@ ! E9, A99 +I, 9. 1-201140

6 $ >= B<<: P >==< =<= >=> >9 > ==-

9 = =@9, < >==< K < < >== >, = < >=-=< < =<= < =< =<=< >< ==. E S< < >, = = =><=, < =< =< =<-=< >< == <S= < >==< =<>>=< S<=< <=<>< >== =Q (1899: 42-3). =<= &<, <, S=>>====(><=) < -< = < = I C P = < < > =Q (. &< 1964: 346); P S<<= ><= <= K >=-

= < >==<Q (.: 346 . 362).

Q. # < >== =>= (>. 146) =<= P=< =<=< = >= >>= >==< S

= =<=< << >>= >==<Q ( =<=-< > ==)."S=><=< E< K, , >J, < >>== >-

-== >== < < > =, =<-= S< == > < <, =<-=< = S >= >= =< < = =, >M , < =, >J >==< =< <= < , <= ><-, = <= =<= == =< . " =<=<, == <, ==, =,

=, == =K , = => S<, =- = => < S.'<= = =>=, <, < < =< =<-

=< > == ><= = <= < ==<.

=<, =, <S < =<=< # << >=, S =<= R < NS, K < =<-=< =<= S=< R<S =, = =<= = R < S. ' K <S = < #= = >9 =. I9=@9, = :

(...) P= =, =, >==<= =<, < =< >=-= =<=, >=>= >J =<= < =<= >===. " =<K = < = =<=... K = S=>>=, <<-= < =<= < =, < = >= < =<=< > >Q (# 1843: 57-58).

" =<=< # K, <, :

(...) P =< >= =< =<= S== K,

> S==, S >=; < >< S>= == = >>= < S== K < =, =,<=<= >=Q (# 1843: 65).

F< (2005: 111) = S<=< >>== >-=-= < >= < # K = S<=<; < C= = S # =<= < N = S<=< =. ' O (1979: 70) O =<= >= P < = = == S<=< =-= >=Q, <=-

=Q, K < N (. < . .: 82-92).

B. = - L 9=9 > = >> >@=9 41

" >=< > # < => >N =<= < >= K R < NS < = < = =

<=< K S== =<= =, <=< K == < >==<, =<= = =<=<= S==, K > ==. $ III = C (>. 255): P$ =<=-< = M <=. " = < >>= =<=, < >, < < , < S < > >>= <= < > =-><, =<= <==< S<, <, <= =<< >>= =<= =->=<, < < >>< =<=, S<Q.

, <, >= < >==<=

>>== >-== =< =< > > == =<= R < S7. CM >= -< < < =< =<=< > =-= =<= < N =<= < =<= -< =; <= = >= < =<=< > == K < =<=< >>< < = = =, < , = =, >==<= >>== >-== <=< < =< =<=<.

4. La con"addi%ione "a $aloe d&#!o e $aloe di !cambio

C=<= = =<=< = S= = = . ', <, K < =<=< < =< =-<= =, = >==<= <= . # > # K < =<=< < >= < == =<<, >J <> = = == = < = >,<<<=, = = > =, >=, =<= == > >8.

I == O >< # O K =< =< , == K == == < < > == = =-

, == =, = < >== >==<; =-=< # = =-== K < <=. E (1857-58: 256): P$= = > == >= = K <= = < << <S= ==< =<; =<= K <>== < < = =, == >=><= >= = < < = < >. E= =<>>=< < = =; K < = << -

@ ! E9, A99 +I, 9. 1-201142

7 # C= >< < (. C= 1970: 311-14).

8 & <= < = >= < = . = 2008.

Q. # > < <= = > == =-< < == =-==, < <=< > # K

= ><> =<= < = <>=< >=, = = = S= =-==. # =:

(...) P =<= < =< K = > ,<= < >, = S= = =,< == >><= >, <- < == >9> =>, = . < =,., >>= < = <>. T = < = = =<=< Q (. #-E<, 1972, =. : 132);

A<= >N < # K >= < E< 24== 1867 (. =>. .: 52)9.& #, <, <=< = = = S=

=-== = < = == <S=<= >= -. E > < =<=<.

P = = < >=== K >= == < ==<<=, = = < =< = >=-== . >>, = == = >=== ==. # S=>>==. E=. 'S==< >=:

= >==< =< = = <= ==>= == >= = = = == K <=- = = >=== ==?Q (# 1859: 43-44).

" >= = K >><= <=< = S= = = =-==. I = = =-== < = < == < > >= -< ==. # == < > =< = >>= < ==. D< = =< =-= => > = = == >= = #

>=, <= > = ==." < = < >=, ><=, = <= ==, = == > < = >= =<= > . $ = >-> = <= <;< >= = K = =<= ==. ' < < ==< =<=< >>< .

#, <= = K =, = >==<= >>== >-

B. = - L 9=9 > = >> >@=9 43

9 "S=><=< # K < = = <> (. > #< 1967: 91-92

A 1969 1995: 37 . < H==< 1982: 235-36).

@ ! E9, A99 +I, 9. 1-201144

== < < S> = == ==> =>, =<<, <=< == =-=-

= < < <=< = S= = = =-==; J = =-== = = > >< = = =<<= (. = 2008). C= =<= H= !<(1975: 167), <=< >= < == =-==, == P<< <=< << < = =-==Q, = = >, <= <=.

C= < < S> = <=< = S= = = , < > < >=< <=<,><. # # = < , K = = =S= P<=<= S< S =< == > -

, < <= = >=, , < N == >=<= >= =<Q (# 1859: 25); , K = = = = =<= P< << , <== <<Q (. .: 26), K = < , =S= =<-, PK = =<=< = Q (. . .:30). '<= = = <=< = S= = = =-== = > > = =-=-= K < < =<=< < , <=< ><>= <=<-=<=<. D S>=< < ><S<>=< <=< < (, <, )

= =-== = S>=.

5. La con"addi%ione "a la$oo a!"a""o e la$oo conce"o

C= =, = =-== = = #= < = =, = < < <S=<= -= = > =<= ==; =L <=< K. +<S =-=< = K <,

#= =<= S == = S< =< ==

>< == = == =. $ =<= ><= = B===, ., PS=< < == = <=>== K <S=< =, < >== = = >= >=Q (#=< 1991:2); = -< P# < G=@9=>> == = <=< =<= == < >==<: == = == = K== = R< <SQ, J > # P =<<= S=< == = <=< == >Q P=< <= == =<= = =<Q (F<2005: 245 147). CM >= <== < < S>

==, = <=< K == =, = =-=-

=, >>>=< == = (= = P , ,=<<=<= == =, = =<= =Q; #=< 1981: 163), <=<

10

.I =<= == = K <= >N =<= < = #(P<=< K < =<= =><Q, , 1942: 35). O K <== O < S>=< R== =S = -< R== < <S, == K =< =< >=- < (.); M < == = K < -> <=< <. G<, >M, C= = > # == = K P<S=< => =<=<= < = =Q (C= 1968: "II). & =, <, < >== == =<= -

== <= = = S= <; , < ==, < >= == >= <.# < S<>=< C= >M ==<, >J,

< = == = = =, = =< ><==< =< = <, =, >=, P= =-= =<= == ==, = = <><< S==,< < == = =<=Q (C= 1968: "I,<=), <<= =L > == K = == = =>= < >-=. C=, <=, = == = S<=< S>=->=< = < (. . .: "III-"III) , J S-

<=< < == = < > =, = = <=, < M >= == K = == = =>= <>= <=< =, ><=, == = =11.

= M >= < =< =<=< = = = S= >M < > <=< = =<= < =< =.

6. La concoen%a nel capi"ali!mo e nell&a#"oge!"ione

'<= = =<< <S < =>>==<

== =>, S=>>==< ==<, K =<= > == =<=< <>=.

B. = - L 9=9 > = >> >@=9 45

10 C= = >N = = = # >>>=< == = , = < == = = = (., ., C= 1979: 69-76).11 C=< >==<= >>== >-== < < ==> < <=P <= =<= S= < =<= < >=, K < <= > >==< < = < >>== <<= < = == =<=<= = = < <Q(F< 1997: I). I< < > ==> >==< <=< >N

P = < >>== Q >==< >== >=.

@ ! E9, A99 +I, 9. 1-201146

I =<= > == < >= => ><=< < < S> ==. " = <-

S> <, =<, < S=< <=<=< == =< < ==< <S >>-=< S=>>=<, < < < >< . E <=S== < = >= = K < <==.#, >=, = (1964: 44) <= > P=== >>< S<<= = >< =<= < =< < > < = < == S<= S=<Q. = K, <, = =<= >N =<< =<= =< = S>, PK == = =< >->= = (<-=) < >==< >==<= < >-

>= <== < = , =< = <Q(B<=< 1970: 36).#0 <=< K A== 0 84@B 0 =;8<8= 8 0B@8 74 0 4;=@0H80 4=<=;80

>=@B0 =< AJ. EAA0 50=@8A4 0<74 8 80=6= B@0 8 A=8 40 ==>4@0B80, =;40<4 (1992) 70 ;=B= A=BB=8<40B=. I 80=6= >M 64<4@0@4 @40H8=<8 ;868=-@8 B@0 8 A=8 4 <0 >8N 80 >0@B48>0H8=<4 00 8B0 4S8;>@4A0. D80=6= 44;=@0H80 A=<= B4@;8<8 AB@4BB0;4<B4 =460B8. I 80=6= >M 4B4@;8<0@4=<A4<A=. EAA= B0=@0 >M @4<4@4 @0>84 48A8=<8 74 0B@8;4<B8 >=B@44@=@87844@4 ;4A8 4 48;8<0 = @84 68 8<60<<8. PI 80=6= @40 4;>0B80 4 A8;->0B80Q 70 A@8BB= 0<4 (1992: 322). PEAA= 8 =<A4<B4 8 ;4BB4@8 <44 A0@-

>4 468 0B@8 4 8 84<B8580@8 =< 68 0B@8. D8 6@0<4 8;>=@B0<H0, >=8, K 8 50BB=74 8 80=6= A44H8=<0 0B=;0B80;4<B4 68 0@6=;4<B8 0 8AB4@4 74 A=<=8 ;0668=@ 8<B4@4AA4 >4@ 8 6@>>= 4 K =AL 0B==@@4BB8=Q.

# <= >= =<=< =<=< .

C= == D=, < S=<= >= K == =<=< M, = >, K == = =<-=< = >== > <,=<= = >= <, >< <=. "S== M < >=< , <, < =<=

< < < S=<= >= , =< >= < = <, <=<=< S== >=<.

=<= S=<= =<, <, = = =<= <==, > =L , <; ><=, S=<= = > <, >=, < = >== =<= <<= < == < = =<-<< <. # PQ <= =<= >- =<<= = < =<== < = < . H = # (1857-58: 333) =<=<

B. = - L 9=9 > = >> >@=9 47

(...) PK = >>= == >==< = >; =>>= =<=< = < <= >== >==<

><< =<=<. $=< <, > K >== < =<-=< < =<=<. F< <= >==< >=- > K = < >M >N > = >>= >= =, =<= < <S= >=<=< > >< = == Q.

D <=< # < =<=< (1857-58:335):

PD , S >, S<< =< =<=<

= >>= <; <=< =<=-< <=< < >==<= <. >><= =< = ->>= = < , =<= >. '=< < K >M >= = >N => =>->=< =< < >N =>= ==<= S<- =<=< =, =<= = >= =-, < = >>=<, = = <><< < == =<Q.

' > # =<<=<= >= <=< K <= =<=< >M , =<=< = PK =>>= == >==< = >Q , ><=, <= K =<=< <= > < = - K =<=< <= =<= ==.'S K < <= >==, >>= =, <=<=L >M > =<=< >12.

C =<=< => < == == = < >= < < S> = == >M =<= < ==<. " = =<= ==> K = < ><-

>= = = =- =, =, = < = <S>, <=< < ><>= = >==; M <- =9 > >= < S> ==-> >M >< <= >><= , < < >= =<> < < >, < < S-

12 H = " (1922: 389) P PQ S== = K S<= =-= >== = <: < => < ( =<= <-= =). +< =< <S==, < < =; < > =-

=< =< <<=<= = = < R=SQ.

@ ! E9, A99 +I, 9. 1-201148

> ==> =< > < < =-==. E < = >=< > <=

== =<=<.=<= = =<= ==> >==<, -=< = =- = == =>= =<> < >= < < = == -= =, =K =< > < = < -= = ==; = = , <, < >= -< == <<= < = > >, < <= < >=. C=L, < < ==< -< >= < S> ==> K , < >= == >

>, < > = <=< (. #=< 1976: 255-56). # M, K < = > <= =<< S-< , K < <=<= == < < = =<-=<< =<=<; >J < < S> = = == < <=< <<= =< = == L == <<= <= <=< <<= <> = <<= >N, < == <= > <= <.

C=;4 A8 44, <?4, 0 =<=@@4<H0 ;=AB@0 74 SK < 460;4 B@0 0 =<-B@08H8=<4 B@0 84@B 4 =>>@4AA8=<4 4 0 =<B@08H8=<4 B@0 S=;= 4 4 =A4.

7. I fallimen"i e i igoi della concoen%a nelle impe!e democa"iche

# S = <= < < S> =- <=< = M =<=< >=< - =L =< = == < >=< <= >N=. I <=, , == <= = ><= < <> ==< =, ><=, K => = ==, =<= =>=<< >N >=< = >==<, <- >N < < ==>. I< , >>=,

== <=< =<= < =, >=<= = <=. = = < ==> < == = = ==>, =, = < =<<= <<<= ==-> = =<=. #0 8M A0@ >=AA884 A== A4 8 K 0=@= 0B@=4 0 =<-8H8=<8 >8N =<4<84<B8, 0=4 4 ==>4@0B84 8 8 >0@80;= A=<= AB@BB@4<=B4=;4<B4 78A4 0S8<6@4AA= 8 <=8 A=8. "0 @46=0 8 < A8AB4;0 8 A=48;>@4A4 4;=@0B874 A0@, >4@B0<B=, 74 ?0<= 8 @48B= ;48= 8 <0 ==->4@0B80 A4<4@ A=BB= 8 84= ;48= 48 @48B8 74 A8 >=AA=<= 6006<0@40B@=4, 8 A=8 = =@0<<= =<B4<B0@A8, 68== 5=@H0, 48 =@= ;06@8 6006<8 ==@0<<= 5=<0@4 <=4 8;>@4A4. #0 8M >@==74@ A== 8 @0= 508;4<B8.

+< = == =< = K = , < <

B. = - L 9=9 > = >> >@=9 49

>=, == =<= > > >, >J >>=-<= >=< < =, < < S> ==> = -

S>, < >>=<= == = > , =<= - = P=Q, =K =< M =>= =<= > =, =<= >. CM < >N > S>= <<-< >N <13.

C= < < < == >==<= < == < < =< >= ==. # -= K < >= < S<<= = = <-S=<=, >== =>= < = =14.

' == =< = > K = < >, = < > = > >==

== = <. E <=<= L =-= <= == < ==>. # < = >= >=K = <= < >N > > <=< < == < =>>N. K = , <= =< , >==>, < S=>=<, <<<= = =- <=; = >== < <S =< > ==> >==<= = == =L <- == < =>>N < = ==>, < -<<= < = = >N = <= =<= == < =,<=< > = <=<= . A< = <= ==-

> <, <, < >N < >= ==." =< = <= K < >=< < = =<=<. +<S> <=< -< >M >< <= < = =>, >M, > >=, - = =< < = > < <= <= = =-<= >N >= = = =, =<= =L > < <=<= < = .

+<S < = =<=< K =< < S> ==. $ >= >= < S >= <=<= < < = >=<. $=<

K =L < ==>, =, > <=<, < > <=-<= > =. E < M < = =<=<.$ =< , ><=, =<=<, < >N

<<, <=< > <, >J =<<= >M < =<

13 G =< = < =<= > == == ==> >-=, = == <<= . $ = ==> >>=<=, =,< =; M < <>> =< K = > == ==> =<.14 I = > ==> =<= >N < > > (< >=< K =) K =<= << > (. B<-$ 1988,

1989 D= 2003: 226-28).

@ ! E9, A99 +I, 9. 1-201150

=< , =< > < =>> <=, <= < <=, > < .

" = =<=, , <=< >M =>= = < =< ==, <J < <=< => == =<==<= >= S=>>=< ==< -< < > S=>=. 'S=>>=<, , < = >- = <=< < > = >== <=== =<< = ==< >= >=, >J, <, >M = =<=. H = # (1964: 45):

P$ =<= <===, == <= < =< = = >=<= = > ( <=< =) >=

==, > >, = =>=< < , < -N << > O <= >N < ==, =<== < (>== >==-=) S=<= == < Q.

# =< = <S>, < = =<<<<= =<==< =>><, =< == ==< -S== < = =<. "S==< >N = = K < ==< == == <=< ==, = =<<< =-

= <=< >N =<<< >=<. &N < <, >= =< == <=< >=, = <, >J = < < == -= <<. C=< <= >=- >== == >M = < >= < <=<<=<= >< ==, >J =<<= >== =< > < >= ==, = = == == =<=.$ ==>, <, <=< =<= == == <<=< == ><, =< = ==< , >-

<, =< = >= (. B< $ 1988: 293-94)15

." =<=< K > <= =< = <-S> < S< == >N , ><=, S=>>==-< > == K == =<=< <-, < , =<, =<=< .

15 & B== R >=> S, =<= = K > S= >J<= K = >=>= < K =>< >= <= =-

< (. B== 1977: 26).

8. Democa%ia economica e democa%ia poli"ica

C=<= = S=>>==< < >= < >-

=.+<= > ><> =< > > =-= < < = =<= =>=. I >== ==, >>=, K >= = =<= > =<, <<<=, >J = < - >== < > =, >= < >J >== == >== = >>= <= S= > <. " =, <=, >>>=< S< === > >== == K = <=< == > = <J =, < >J K < = <=

: < = = >=< =>>= =<==.C=< <= >=, >=, = =<=, D =-

= < = < <= K K < == > =>= (. D 1985: 94-98 , > < <= D ,B=< 1995: 95-99); K = >= = =<= <= <<= =< S<=<. I = >->< =<= <=. B==, >=, >= P >-Q =, >= <=< <<, =< > P= <, , = > >N = =<=<<=

= ==< = > =<=< ,<=< =< = =>= > K = =< <===, =<== <-= >=Q (. B== 1989 , > <S> == <=< <<Q, B== 1991). E # ==<=, ==, P = =<= <, >= -< >= <, < =Q (. # 1959: 194).

" =< > <= = <= > ><> = =<= K = < =>=<< < = >= K = =< >= >. CM >> =,< >=, =< <= S> = =< <

= < "#F, = > ==< < =<= <= > >=. " = =<=, =<= =< >= >, < < =>=<< < = >= >J< < = > > K >=< =<= =<=. =<= ><= , = = K = =< <=< <=< =< => = =. "= = =<=>== = K S< = >= = >. "= =, =>=, S= =>= , =<= =. # =< = ( <=<== ) =. E >>>=< = <=<

< <=< <= =< S< . $

B. = - L 9=9 > = >> >@=9 51

@ ! E9, A99 +I, 9. 1-201152

= K > < >= <=< K = = = K< < =< =><= => =. "S=<

< >= = < < >= = >= K =. I> =<=<= = <=< K = = K <- < < < . I <== <= .D=< = (2006: 132):

PI < <<= >< = =><= = << = RS= ><S, >= >M <=< == =, = >=>= =<==. I < > -< >= < < < = ==, <= <S==. #<= >==< >= == =<< <= = <=<= >=-

== >< ==< ==<=<, << >=< S<<= Q.

E , 2005, =:

P' <= =<= < <, < <= =<=< +<, <=< =<= < R=S. I =<= = > >== >== <=< K => =< <== < =. " > O S< > <= >N = >=>==< +< >= 40%

> O K =< ><> <<<= <>=Q.

J >M = >= K =>= < S=<=Q (C 1997: 222)16.

P&J = <=< < < ? O =< ==F= (1962: 10) O &= >= =< => >. <<= =< <= =< < =, =K =- K >=< < >=Q. D =<<, P = >-><, = <= >= >=, < ==

<= >= ><= < == >-<, = =< > <<, < <=<<, < , < = ==, = =< =<<

16 C =<=, <, = =< > >= K = = <= ; <=< >M=<, ><=, S=><=< P<=< <S=>>==< === = >=Q, >J #Q( G=<< 1990: 64). === <=< <<= >= =< > > ==- = = K, <, #, > P= >>= <J == >= =-< <J O M K = O == =<== == > >== ( =>) -

= = < =<= = <=Q (. # 1969: 16).

>= =>=Q17., <, == =< = ><= , <

>=, < > = K P< >== = >Q, == = >M, ><=, < < >N - =<, = ==< >=>= = = >=; < = K >= PS=< == = =<=Q K == , =<== > == =<=<< =<=<,

<= == S<=< =, =< < #, >=<=<= < > =< >M < <S=<= =.

& # S<=< > < = ==. E=<=, <, < # =< <=<, < =< = =<-=< =, >=> >=. I< < <= == <, -< K =< >= <=< < , < K >=-=< < >= <= > =, >N < <, =<=< =< <, = >= = = <. $ = K <= >< O # O P =-

=, S , >= >>=<= S== < >= ===<= = < = > ==< < =<=, =<= =< S< Q (. # 1844: 77). I == S=>=P<=< K < =<= < =<=, =<= < = >= =< <Q (. # 1844: 75).

+< =<= <= >= <=< K = <=< = =. I = < <=< >J = < =<= >-=< =< <=< =<= > =, =<. ' < <=< < = >=, <=, K =<=<, >< , = K =, <=< <=< =

= < < =< .$=< K =, , # < < =<= >N =, >N =, == <=, = == == =<= >-

B. = - L 9=9 > = >> >@=9 53

17 C= # A (1933: 274): P = < <= >=>=, =K <=< =<==, < O < =< <S < O K >= =<= <= = <=< >M = < << = , << N >Q =-=< =. " = = = <, >=, K < =< O < <

= >N => O < <=<= Q.

18. $ 9>= 1844 : P<= >N S=>= =< <==, <= >N >=< < =<= <=, ==,

<<, <= >N >== < =, <= <= = =<= <-<= >><Q (. # 1844: 72).D =<<, S==<, < == = <

=<= == == == =, < S<=< < =<= > ==19.

# < S> = <=< < = S<=-<20.

10. Concl#!ione

" =< = > O >M < =<=< O -< = < = =<=< =<= < >= <=>> < < >== S< = < > =- . " >==< >N < =<= = = >=-= = =<=, =SK <==, A=< C= (. A=< 1906:51 C= 1932, >. I). +<S=><=< , < ==, K - C (1961, >. ). # < < < >N (=<#) K S = < =< < > = , > > < ==.

S < < > =><=< K

< # H=, >== ><= = F<==, =: P# >< = >= = <= . E<, == > =. I< >= == ... >J = >= = S==< <=< = ; < =<===, >J >>== = =-><. '<= >N , , <= >N SK >== < < =>><= . E <= >N -, <= <= >= SK > , >J <= >N = S-< >= , , = = <=, K =< S<==< S=Q (. H= 1970: 46; . < H= 1976: 135

H= A=<= 1947: 90 .). E K , > S=, =< # = H= =.

@ ! E9, A99 +I, 9. 1-201154

18 $ >>== >-== O , >=, < G=@9=>> O P = -<-=<Q (. # 1857-58, =. II: 149).19 $ <= =<= = S<=< #J= <, = < = =<->=, =<= <= == <= = =<= == = (. #J= 1970,>. I).20 "S == <= <= >= < <S=<= = <= K , <-, B== >J P = S S<=< < < == =>>= <-

< <=Q (2007: 207), K S <=< = < 9>= 1844.

&==, <, =< <= =< < ><, =>><= =<<= <=. H (1980: 129); PI=, <, -

<= ==< = = < =<=< <<=< >= =< < < =< <=< >=-<, = <= R>=>S (< <= >==<= <>=>), S<= S=<=< S==<=Q.

B. = - L 9=9 > = >> >@=9 55

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@ ! E9, A99 +I, 9. 1-201156

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#.F<, . (2005), '= >= 99 9 =, < F< 2005.F=, . (1962), "= => <= >>= >=, < $@=9 =>>, <. 1,

>, #<=-=, >, 1974.F<, A. G. C (1996), , = 9 !9-E<@=@ E9>,

E: C<.G, . (1969), I 9 >=@@= 9 = 99 9

>=@@=, < AA...G, .. (1974), D ==< = < !, @

G9 F=9.G=, #. ". K (1970), => >=@@=>, =<=: E<.H, A. (1980), #= = ; 9=> F=99 A=9, =:

E= <.H==<, G. (1982), = @ L= '= @, >= < ==

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=, B. (2001), "S> == =>=< -

<<, < %> 9 9>, . I, <. 1, >: 121-35.

B. = - L 9=9 > = >> >@=9 57

=, B. (2004), L=> > == >@9, < >< =.

=, B. (2008), I == = =< = S =, < %>

9 9>, <<= III, <. 1: 137-64.=, B. "<< G., (2006), => , F<: I &=< E=.!, !., 1892, I9=@9 9>= 9 =, . ., B:

", 1972.!, !. (1902), C > @9 =@9 >, < # 1962.!<, . (2001), $ D, >> 9 => '=, 9 % % #

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E=<.#<, E., (1967), L =9 9>= 9 K. =, . .

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#<=: " &.#, !. (1843), #= = > 9 =. I<==<, <

# E<, 1966.#, !. (1844), 9>= 9-> 1844, =<=: E<, 1968.#, !. (1857-58), L99 99 = 9 ,

=. II, . . (1970), F<: " $= I.#, !. (1858), " E< 14 <<=, < =-E9> 1972.#, !. (1859), & S=<= >=, =: E= <, 1969.#, !. (1863-66), I C: = I, I 9, F<: " $= I,

1969.#, !. (1864), I9= 9@@= >@ =>= A>>9 9=9-

9 =, < # E< 1966.#, !. (1868), " !<<, 6 =, < = E9> 1971.#, !. (1894), I C, =. III, =: E= <, 1965.#, !. F. E<, (1848), #<= >= =<, < = E9>,

1966.

#, !. F. E< (1971), L= >@ C, B: ".#, !. F. E< (1972), C= =-E9>, =. I-I, =: E=<.

#, !. F. E<, <<, "= , =: E= <.#, !. F. E< (1966), "= >, ". G>>, =: E= <.#J=, . (1970), L = 99 9 =, . . (1976), =:

E= <.#, . (1994), A9 =>, "=<: &=<.#=<, B. (1981), = = 99> =9 9 =@= 9-

, < &< .#, C.. (1959), ' I99, $ =: = +<

&.

@ ! E9, A99 +I, 9. 1-201158

#, C.. (1962), I =>, . . 1969, #<=: F<.#=<, . (1991), = A>= @=, < B===.#=<, .#., 1976, = E=<= , +< &,

$ H<.&<, . . (1981), , = = 9 = =,

=<=: E<.&<, . (1964), #@>= 99, < &< 1975.&<, . (1975), L ==> => 99> 9 I, #<=: > -

=<.&=<, $. (1974), C>> > > , . . (1975), #<=: E

".&=, D.". . < (1996), , #=@= C=> 9 L=-

9 >>>, C<: E. E.==, . (2005), L@> = = =>, < F<, 2005.==, . (1955), G9> >=@@= C =, . . (1971), B:

".=<, . (1988), ' D>: %9==9 =-H

%9, "=<: #<.=<, G. (1997), , L = =, B: D=.>, .A. (1954), C>, >> =, . . (1964),

#<=: E=< C=<., D. (2005), #S D= C = C>, =< = C<S D=>< , '9 9 %>=, <. 10.><, E. E. = (2004), , D= 9; = =-

, $>=: &==.<, D. (1973), D@ > = >> 9 = E9>, B:

".K, ". (1967), >=@@= , < G= K 1970., ".G. (1989), A-><< < H= E =< F =

= C==>; < E<-= A<, E9 9 I9@>= D=, =. 10, <. 1.

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<, . (1971), ' B> '= F999 #== F=>, < . <1977.

<, . (1977), ' L= 9 E9: E>>> J. 9 , I: C=<+< &.

<, . (1992), A G9= '= E9 #== , >= <&=, <, 1996.

=, . . < (1983), > = H==< < "<, % %

B. = - L 9=9 > = >> >@=9 59

# E9, =. 15, <. 1, >: 156-59.==, .C. (1988), , K= => E9>: C= A>>>>9>, $

= : C== H.

@ ! E9, A99 +I, 9. 1-201160

Le Contraddizioni Del Capotalismo e Il Loro Possibile Superamento

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