Le acque emunte da un sito di bonifica non sono “scarichi ...© Copyright riservato - Consentita...

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Le acque emunte da un sito di bonifica non sono uno “scarico” ma un “rifiuto liquido” e – di conseguenza – sono disciplinate non dalla parte terza del T.U. ambientale, bensì dalla parte quarta del medesimo decreto. Questo concetto è da noi sostenuto da tempo in ogni sede seminariale e convegnistica, tra molte contestazioni e critiche. Oggi registriamo – a sostegno di un principio nel quale abbiamo sempre creduto con convinzione – una significativa sentenza del TAR Toscana che – in modo chiaro e lineare – stabilisce proprio questo principio con una motivazione lunga ed articolata che noi – naturalmente – non possiamo che condividere e ritenere assolutamente aderente alla realtà delle cose concrete. La pronuncia esamina il caso di una società proprietaria di un’area ubicata all’interno del perimetro di un sito di bonifica di interesse nazionale. Dopo la dismissione dell’attività industriale, l’area veniva fatta oggetto di interventi di smantellamento degli impianti, nonché di messa in sicurezza dei terreni e della falda (con la realizzazione di una barriera idrodinamica). La società veniva altresì autorizzata dalla Provincia a realizzare e gestire l’impianto di trattamento delle acque di falda emunte. Per la bonifica della falda, quindi, la società svolgeva operazioni consistenti nell’emungimento delle acque e nel trattamento di queste. Tale società riteneva che, dopo l’entrata in vigore del d.lgs. n. 152/2006, le acque emunte nell’ambito degli interventi di bonifica potevano essere scaricate nel rispetto dei limiti di emissione delle acque reflue industriali in acque superficiali di cui al medesimo decreto. Pertanto, la società esprimeva la volontà di proseguire nell’attività di emungimento, ma di procedere al trattamento delle acque conferite all’impianto come scarico ed – appunto - nel rispetto dei limiti allo scarico connessi. Con nota successiva di risposta il Ministero dell’Ambiente comunicava – invece - che la normativa vigente in materia di bonifiche, rifiuti ed acque non ha in alcun modo modificato la natura di rifiuto delle acque di falda contaminate, emunte a seguito di attività di messa in sicurezza di emergenza e/o bonifica e – dunque - dette acque sono tuttora da ritenere rifiuto liquido e restano tali sia ove vengano convogliate verso un corpo recettore con interruzione di continuità, sia che vi siano convogliate senza soluzione di continuità, dovendo

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Le acque emunte da un sito di bonifica non sono “scarichi” ma “rifiuti liquidi”

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essere in entrambe le ipotesi trattate in impianti autorizzati ai sensi della normativa in tema di rifiuti. Da qui si originava – sostanzialmente - il contenzioso amministrativo che ha poi portato alla sentenza del TAR in commento. In definitiva, la società in questione seguiva l’interpretazione – comune e molto diffusa come abbiamo già sopra accennato – in base alla quale tali acque sono uno “scarico”, mentre poi il TAR ha stabilito principio del tutto opposto qualificandole “rifiuto liquido”. Come è noto, la differenza tra i due concetti non è meramente formale e teorica, ma riguarda profonde e radicali differenze di regole, disciplina, gestione, e sanzioni nel difficile e da sempre dibattuto confine tra “scarico” e “rifiuto liquido” (tema sul quale noi da sempre – su queste pagine ed in ogni nostro intervento seminariale ed editoriale1, abbiamo avuto sempre una posizione chiara e netta).

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Il TAR va infatti a decidere sull’asserita illegittimità della prescrizione con cui la P.A.

ha inteso equiparare le acque emunte dalla falda ad opera della ricorrente ai rifiuti liquidi e, per conseguenza, continuare a ritenerle assoggettate alla normativa in tema di rifiuti, anziché alla disciplina prevista per gli scarichi idrici. Secondo la società ricorrente, l’assimilazione tra acque emunte e rifiuti liquidi non terrebbe conto della disciplina introdotta sul punto dall’art. 243 del d.lgs. n. 152/2006, che sottoporrebbe le acque di falda emunte ai limiti della normativa sugli scarichi idrici. Di qui l’inapplicabilità alle acque in parola della disciplina sui rifiuti, considerata l’incompatibilità tra la disciplina sui rifiuti (liquidi) e quella sugli scarichi idrici sancita dall’art. 185, comma 1, lett. b) del d.lgs. n. 152 cit.; nel medesimo senso deporrebbe pure l’art. 242, comma 7, del del d.lgs. n. 152, indicando, tra gli effetti sostitutivi propri dell’approvazione del progetto operativo di bonifica, l’autorizzazione allo scarico delle acque emunte dalla falda, anziché l’autorizzazione al trattamento/smaltimento di queste. Anche la nozione di scarico di cui all’art. 74 del d.lgs. n. 152/2006 recherebbe tutti gli estremi per includervi le acque emunte dalla società. L’imposizione della P.A. di trattare, invece, le acque derivanti dall’emungimento secondo la disciplina prevista per i rifiuti sarebbe, pertanto, illegittima, in quanto contrastante d.lgs. n. 152/2006.

In verità, questa tesi è molto diffusa e corrisponde alle critiche a noi indirizzate in molti sedi seminariali laddove abbiamo sempre espresso opinione giuridica opposta sostenendo il principio della qualifica di rifiuti liquidi di tali acque.

Il TAR Toscana non condivide la costruzione giuridica in questione: “Ad avviso del Collegio, la suesposta elencazione normativa non consente di accedere alla soluzione interpretativa prospettata dalla ricorrente, confortando, invece, le tesi del Ministero.”.

E nella motivazione va sottolineato un punto a nostro avviso fondamentale: “ (…) Tutte le acque derivanti da dette operazioni, che siano destinate o meno ad essere reimmesse nella falda, secondo la disciplina comunitaria restano rifiuti liquidi: esse, perciò, vanno assoggettate al trattamento dettato per questi ultimi, senza alcuna distinzione e, soprattutto, senza che ci si possa rimettere in proposito alla scelta discrezionale ed arbitraria del responsabile, come discenderebbe in ultima analisi, ad avviso del Collegio, dall’orientamento qui criticato. (…)”: Siamo ben consapevoli che esistono tesi dottrinarie ed anche precedenti giurisprudenziali di segno opposto (come del resto lo stesso TAR Toscana precisa), ma riteniamo che questa sentenza meriti segnalazione e condivisione in quanto sotto il profilo giuridico rappresenta un forte contributo per ricollegare il senso della realtà delle cose concrete agli aspetti di diritto in un settore troppo spesso elevato a pure astrazioni giuridiche teoriche senza radici nella vita quotidiana e nella oggettiva e reale situazione ambientale e di stato delle cose sul nostro territorio.

Maurizio Santoloci! !!"##$%&'()*%$*+**$",$%)*-./.***

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