“La spettroscopia NIR: principi ed applicazioni in ambito ...iaa.entecra.it/WS2015/10...
Transcript of “La spettroscopia NIR: principi ed applicazioni in ambito ...iaa.entecra.it/WS2015/10...
“La spettroscopia NIR: principi ed applicazioni in ambito agro -alimentare”
Tiziana M.P. CATTANEO Research Unit for Food Processes
CRA-IAA, Milano - Italy
Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria
CRA – IAA Milano
Dipartimento di Trasformazione e Valorizzazione dei Prodotti Agro-Industriali
CRA-IAA, Milano - Italy
Winter School, 26-30 gennaio 2015Milano
A = log Po/P = - log10 T
P0 PLight source detector
o 10
Po= in power
P = out power
T = trasmittance: radiation trasmitted by sample
RADIATION
Log (1/R
)Log (1/R
)
1.81.8
1.01.0
Log (1/R
)Log (1/R
)
1.81.8
1.01.0
1200 1200 1600 1600 2000 2000 2400 2400 λλ (nm)(nm)
0.20.2
1200 1200 1600 1600 2000 2000 2400 2400 λλ (nm)(nm)
0.20.2
NIR spectrum
•• ““overtonesovertones””, , frequencies of multiples of the frequencies of multiples of the
frequencies of the fundamental vibrations of the frequencies of the fundamental vibrations of the
considered bondconsidered bond
•• combinationcombination bandsbands, , resulting from the resulting from the
NIRNIR
•• combinationcombination bandsbands, , resulting from the resulting from the
simultaneous transition of two or more different simultaneous transition of two or more different
vibrationalvibrational modes of a functional group having the modes of a functional group having the
same symmetrysame symmetry
•• harmonicharmonic bandsbands, , related to possible transitions related to possible transitions
between the between the vibrationalvibrational levelslevels
Most of the NIR absorption are due to
harmonic bands and the "overtones" of the
stretching and bending vibrations of the
fundamental generic XH bond.
NIR
The precise allocation of the absorption bands
is made difficult by the high number of
"overlap" of bands, as arises from NIR
spectrum. Consequently, we have a low power
of interpretation in the NIR area.
NIR information
• QUANTITATIVE
• QUALITATIVE
IDENTIFICATION PROCESS CONTROL
This region is adequate for quantitative
analysis with accuracy and precision more
comparable to UV-VIS spectroscopy than MIR
spectroscopy
NIR
UVUV--VIS > NIR > MIRVIS > NIR > MIR
FTFT--NIRNIR FTFT--IRIR
FT advantages
High ration signal/noise
accuracy and precision in identify absorption υ
high resolution > 0.1 cm-1
very fast scan (spectra collection)
no negative effect from dispersive radiation
High number of samples (NOT
replicates) > 50
CALIBRATION:
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
replicates) > 50
• Samples must be selected on the
basis of specific rules
SAMPLES SELECTION
�presence of all possible combinations
between the variables under calibration
� variability in all directions but limited
in the range of interest
� the samples chosen for the calibration
must be uniformly distributed
throughout the region defined by the
variables
�NIR spectra must be collected using the
optical geometry suitable as a function of
the "state" of sample presentation
�the values of the variables to be calibrated
must be obtained also with reference
methods
�the values of repeatability and
reproducibility of the analysis of reference
measurements affect NIR accuracy
�NIR optimization measures for the
acceptability of the data : SD NIR = SD ref
Calibration set and Prediction set
(two independent set of samples )
Precision:
�Determination coefficient of calibration
�(R2 cal)�(R2 cal)
�Standard error of estimation in prediction (SEP)
Repeatability:
�Number of replicates (+DS)
Validation set(third independent set)
Cross-validation
External validation
Reproducibility:
� calibration tranfer on different
instrumentations
� 9 labs
EXPLORATIVE TECHNIQUES
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
LOWER NUMBER OF LOWER NUMBER OF
SAMPLES,
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
SET (GROUP)
DISCRIMINANT TECHNIQUES
Reference methods
COMPOSITION:
Official Methods, if available
(FIL-IDF, ISO, AOAC)
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
Official Methods or KNOWN samples
• Few applications are now realized at the
laboratory
• Several applications are at-line, on-line,
on-line, in the field - through the use of
more robust and portable
instrumentationinstrumentation
• It is bringing the instrument to sample
more than the sample to the instrument
The spectroscopic methods can provide a
fingerprint of the product are already a valid
support as screening techniques
STANDARD METHODS
• The technology development, especiallyminiaturization, bring NIR technology closer to theoptimum point for measuring (sale, the consumer)
• Developments in chemometrics will provide usmodels more and more accurate, rapid and robustmodels more and more accurate, rapid and robust
• The instruments can improve …. But
• WE MUST CONTINUE TO THINK !!
The fundamental variables
- size and dimension
- Humidity
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- temperature
- homogeneity
The fundamental variables
- Humidity
2.500Milk
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0.000
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000
11001300150017001900210023002500 λ(nm)
Abs[log(1/R
)]
Milk
spectrum
The fundamental variables
- temperature
Iwamoto et al. (1987)
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The fundamental variables
- size and dimension
- Humidity
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- temperature
- homogeneity
FOOD MEASUREMENTS
Quality parameters are
food specific
Greater control required by
large food processors and
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large food processors and
retailers
Control measures required
to be fast and inexpensive
FOOD MEASUREMENTS
Over 50% of applications reported
involve measurements other than
chemical composition – including:
Physical and sensory properties
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Physical and sensory properties
Process modelling
Roasting/cooking quality
Classification and authentication
Temperature effects
Food regulation
Food authenticity is still a matter of
importance to regulators, consumers
and food processors
Essentially means conformance to
labelling claim e.g. Parma ham, extra
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Essentially means conformance to
labelling claim e.g. Parma ham, extra
virgin olive oil etc.
Spectroscopic fingerprint methods
have valuable role as screening
techniques
Explosion in NIR activity!
Availability of commercial instrumentation and software
Frenetic research effort into sampling, sample presentation, calibration
development & validation, calibration transfer etc. etc.
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transfer etc. etc.
“With the coming to analytical maturity, NIR technology may be regarded by many
researchers as a tool rather than as an end in itself”
(McClure, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc., 2003, 11, 487-518)
Less applications are now confined to
laboratories
More applications are at-line, in-line, on-line, in-
field – with more robust and portable
instruments
We are taking the instrument to the sample
�The new technology
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We are taking the instrument to the sample
more than the sample to the instrument
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Optics module enables a new breed of online process
control monitors
NIR integrated into sample probe
Process Sensor as easy to use a process pH probe but
with full spectral chemical analysis capabilities
On-line NIR Sensor for Liquids
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Optics module enables a new breed of online process
control monitors
NIR integrated into sample probe
Process Sensor as easy to use a process pH probe but
with full spectral chemical analysis capabilities
On-line NIR Sensor for Liquids
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The smallest one
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� Interesting application fields
• Models for process monitoring
• Identification of microcompounds
• Adulterations and contaminants
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• Biospectroscopy
• Classification and authenticity
Grated cheese
Qualitative analysis
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Qualitative analysis
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Qualitative analysis
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Composition studies
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0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
700
nm(U
V/V
IS)
10
15
20
25
FO
RM
AG
RA
PH
UV/VIS Modello UV/VIS – UV/VIS model
GT
CT
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
700
nm(U
V/V
IS)
10
15
20
25
FO
RM
AG
RA
PH
UV/VIS Modello UV/VIS – UV/VIS model
GT
CT
milk coagulation process
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-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Tempo (s)Time (s)
Abs
700
-5
0
5
FO
RM
AG
RA
PH
FormagraphModello FormagraphFormagraph model
CT
ICTt coagulazionecoagulation time
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Tempo (s)Time (s)
Abs
700
-5
0
5
FO
RM
AG
RA
PH
FormagraphModello FormagraphFormagraph model
CT
ICTt coagulazionecoagulation time
milk coagulation process
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On-line milk composition during milking
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On-line milk composition during milking
0.990.990.160.140.7 - 7.2Fat
R (V-Set)R (C-Set)V-Set
(SEP)
C-Set
(SEC)
Calibration
range
Property
0.870.950.140.122.7 - 5.0Protein
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0.820.910.170.163.4 - 5.5Lactose
0.970.980.340.318.4 - 16.2Dry matter
The same experiment has been repeated on 2010 by installing NIR
fiber in an automatic milking system with the same results
Hygienic parametersSOMATIC CELL COUNT (SCC)
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140 samples with different natural content of AFM1:SAMPLESSAMPLES
CAPRINO CRESCENZA
RICOTTAMOZZARELLA
GRANA (37)
MOZZARELLA
80
Cream and butter (23)
AFM1 AFM1 determinationdetermination
•• Immunochemical ELISAImmunochemical ELISA
Polyclonal antibodies
Std:: 00--55--1010--2525--5050--100100--250 250 pptpptDetection range: 55--22550 0 pptppt
Pre-treatment: pepsin extraction
FoodScan LAB (FOSS ITALIA)
Petri caps 90 x 15 mm
Transmittance
Range: 850 a 1050 nm (16 scan)
Data processing:
Cross validation
Calibration curves (Unscrambler 9.1):
Fresh cheese (80) – two subset
Hard cheese (37) Cream and butter (23): (Unscrambler 9.1)
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Cream and butter
100
150
200
250
R2 = 0.990NIR
-50
0
50
0 50 100 150 200
ELISA
Observation Prediction
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Hard cheese
100
150
200
250
R2 = 0.957NIR
-50
0
50
0 50 100 150 200
ELISA
Obs Pred
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Fresh cheese – low concentration
100
150
200
250
R2 = 0.872NIR
-50
0
50
0 50 100 150 200
ELISA
Obs Pred
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600
800
1000
1200
1400
R2 = 0.823
Fresh cheese – High concentration
NIR
0
200
400
600
200 400 600 800 1000 1200ELISA
Obs Pred
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• R>0.90
• 7% < RMSEC <11%
• - 12% < RMSECV <16% fresh cheese• - 12% < RMSECV <16% fresh cheese- RMSECV <20% hard cheese, cream andbutter
• Comparable to those obtained by ELISA (CV < 20%)
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Project RiProSel - CHEESE“Reproduction and selection”
Main objectives
STEP:� Cheese yield prediction
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� Cheese yield prediction� Estimation of cheese yield on individual
milk samples;� Hereditability.
SAMPLES
737 bulk milk and vat milk397 milk whey2257 individual milk
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� Fine protein composition (casein subfractions);
� Development of MonteCarlo model for fat globule size distribution;
� Cheese yield
Petri capsTransflectancePathlength: 0.3 mmRange: 4000 -10000 cm -1
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Range: 4000 -10000 cm -1
Resolution: 8 cm -1
32 scan4 replicates FT-NIR NIRFlex-500
INFORMATION
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CALIBRAZIONE αs1-cn
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CALIBRAZIONE β-cn
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The use of NIR Spectroscopy for monitoring milk-whey
biotransformation processes using Lactobacillus plantarum
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PhD degree in cooperation with Kobe University – Japan
Roumiana Tsenkova team
Whey disposal is one of the main problems for dairy industry due to itscontent of nutrients such as lactose, proteins, lipids and salts.
Elements Sweet whey (%) Acid whey (%)
Solids 6,4 6,2
Proteins 0,8 0,75
Lipids 0,5 0,04
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Lipids 0,5 0,04
Lactose 4,6 4,2
Ashes 0,5 0,8
Lactic acid 0,05 0,4
Availability of high amount of lactose and the presence of other essentialnutrients for LAB growth become whey a potent raw material for theproduction of different bio-products through biotechnological means, suchas fermentation processes.
Probiotic
Lactobacillus plantarum
� Involved in many vegetable fermentations � Frequent inhabitant of the human intestinal tract
“Active microorganisms that show health benefits for the
host when consumed in adequate amounts”
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adequate amounts”
Technological characteristics to allow their production on
large scale and their incorporation into food products without losing
viability and functionality
Interest in using L. plantarumfor many applications: its
biomass and its secondary metabolites, produced during fermentation processes, could be used as probiotic carriers
in many foodstuffs
1%Lactose
4,5%
t0, t6, t8, t11, t15, t18, t24, t28, t32, t48
FT-NIR NIRFlex N-500 (BUCHI,Assago, MI)a. Transmission mode with quqrtzcuvette (pathlenght 0.2 mm)b. Trasflectance mode with an opticprobe (pathlenght 0,08 mm)
Spectra FT-NIR collection at 30°C ±1°C with NIRWare 1.2 OperatorWhole NIR range from 4000 to 10000 cm-1
Data analysis using softwareUnscrambler v. 9.2 (Camo Inc, OSLO,Norvegia)
HPLC determination of lactose and lactic acid using an ion exchanger
column in isocratic condition and
refractometer as detector
Microbial count in MRS agar and
incubation for 48 hours at 30°C ±1 °C in anaerobic
conditions
t0 t6 t8 t11 t15 t18 t24 t28 t32 t48
1 7.68 8.97 9.42 9.45 9.58 9.61 9.78 9.72 9.69 9.65
2 7.21 7.92 7.95 8.13 8.27 8.34 8.53 8.51 8.54 8.73
3 7.44 8.34 8.72 8.73 8.94 8.66 8.57 8.55 8.76 8.65
4 7.44 8.42 8.67 8.80 8.80 8.95 8.76 8.80 8.74 8.85
log CFU/mLStrain
4
5
6
7
pH
Relationship between microbial growth and fermentation trend
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Adaptability of Lactobacillus plantarum on the substrate tested: within 48 hours strains reached growth values of order 9 log CFU/mL demostrating how this
species is able to multiply even in non-optimal growth conditions.
4 7.44 8.42 8.67 8.80 8.80 8.95 8.76 8.80 8.74 8.85
5 7.19 8.23 8.53 8.91 8.99 9.13 8.97 8.98 9.01 8.99
6 7.39 8.29 8.60 8.70 9.00 8.98 9.02 9.02 9.00 9.00
3
4
0 12 24 36 48
Time (hours)
Lactose: validation and calibration curves
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Measured Values
Pre
dict
ed V
alue
s
0,197SEC (g/100g)
0,985R cal
SNVPretreatment
Lactose
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3%CV% reference method
6,05RPD
24,4RER
0,97Slope
0,12Offset
0,18SEP (g/100g)
0,98R val
0,97Slope
0,1Offset
0,197SEC (g/100g)
Lactic Acid: calibration and validation curves
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Measured Values
Pre
dict
ed V
alue
s
0,980R cal
SNV, 2^ derivativePretreatment
Lactic acid
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Measured Values
3%CV% referemce
method
4,87RPD
23,15RER
0,91Slope
0,06Offset
0,154SEP (g/100g)
0,986R val
0,95Slope
0,04Offset
0,164SEC (g/100g)
0,980R cal
Good results for both parameters, after data pretreatment;
High values of R in indipendent validation using models with low number of PCs (7 for Lactose and 2 for Lactic Acid)
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Lactose Lactic Acid
RER (Ratio Error
Range)24.4 23.15 21-30
5-6,4
3,1-4,9Good for screening
tests
Reference Vaules
RPD (Ratio
Performance in
Deviation)
6.05 4.87
Good for quality
control
At line monitoring of fermentation processes
Parameters Range RRMSEC
(g/100g)
SEC
(g/100g)R
RMSEP
(g/100g)
SEP
(g/100g)
Lactose 0.24-3.56 (g/100g) 0.9885 0.0451 0.0459 0.9224 0.1802 0.1713
Lactic Acid 1.093-3.49 (g/100g) 0.9893 0.0579 0.059 0.9585 0.1245 0.127
Calibration Validation
Sample set
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Lactic Acid 1.093-3.49 (g/100g) 0.9893 0.0579 0.059 0.9585 0.1245 0.127
Biomass 7-9 (log CFU/mL) 0.8902 0.2531 0.2586 0.9222 0.207 0.213
•High correlation coefficients and good RMSEP values in validation;•In the case of biomass produced by L.plantarum SEP is lower thanSEC and this information demonstrated that the develop model wasan adequate representation of the fermentation process.
-2.00E-03
-1.50E-03
-1.00E-03
-5.00E-04
0.00E+00
5.00E-04
1.00E-03
5000 5020 5040 5060 5080 5100 5120 5140 5160 5180 5200
Abs
orba
nce
0h
15h
24h 32h
-1.00E-02
-8.00E-03
-6.00E-03
-4.00E-03
-2.00E-03
0.00E+00
2.00E-03
4.00E-03
6.00E-03
8.00E-03
4000 4800 5600 6400 7200 8000 8800 9600
Wavenumber (cm -1)
Abs
orba
nce
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Wavenumber (cm -1)
Region between 5000-5200 cm-1: relationship between bands intensity and analyte concentration
Increase of the NIR bands with the incubation time
Screening methods
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Standard methods
IDF-ISO GUIDELINES
Since 2006, the IDF/ISO has published the Internati onal Standard IDF201/ISO 21543 in order to supply QC labs with the “Guid elines for the application of near infrared spectrometry” in the r outine analysis of milk and milk products. This document is very important because it contains information for the standardization of operative conditions, sampling, calibration of instruments, selection of calibration samples, refe rence analysis, outliers,
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instruments, selection of calibration samples, refe rence analysis, outliers, statistics, and so on. The same document has been approved last year by th e Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (ET-ISO 21543/ 2012 ), in assuring a common International approach for the validation of the use of NIR spectrometry applied to dairy sector.Conversely, other food sectors, such as cereals, ha ve already accepted NIR technology in a more official way.
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Since several years, instruments based on Near-Infr ared Transmission (NIT) are available; these last have f ound large application, due to the extreme simplicity of use a nd the not negligible advantage to simultaneously furnish diff erent qualitative parameters, for analyzing the cereal whole grain i n the post-harvest phase, so that to segregate the higher-quality grai n and to produce uniform quality lots. The Italian Network has been organized in 1998 with the financial
Whole grain Italian Network
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The Italian Network has been organized in 1998 with the financial support of Central and Regional Agriculture Offices and some farmer organizations. In 2003, the durum wheat Ital ian Network consisted of 90 instruments (Infratec 1229 and 1241 mod.– FossItalia, Padova) located in different sites of Central, Nort hern, Southern Italy and of Major Isles, connected by modem to the Centr al Laboratory of the CRA-QCE research centre in Rome.
Whole grain Italian Network
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Connected with the European Network
And now for an imaginary
journey……..
Breakfast
• Processed cereal products – lipid classes
• Cereal foods - FT-NIR/Raman & NIR for
nutritional classification
• Honey adulteration
– Fructose and glucose mixtures
– High fructose corn syrup (HFCS)
Honey Composition
• ~80% sugars, 17% water
• Sugars:
– fructose + glucose account for 85-95% of
CHO
– fructose:glucose ratio ~ 1.2:1
– sucrose ~ 1.5%
– disaccharides ~ 6.6%
– oligosaccharides ~ 1.5%
Raw Spectra
1945 nm
2120 nm
2298 nm
1490 nm
2298 nm
Expanded 2nd Derivative Plot
2402
Fructose
2276, 2322, 2354, 2376, 2420, 2448, 2484 nm
Glucose
2276, 2324 and 2454 nm
2276
2322
2352
23742402
2482
2418
2454
PCA score plot - beet invert
adulterant
H = authentic
A = 7%, B = 10%, C = 44% ....G = 70% BIS
Honey Conclusions
• Application of SIMCA models has the
potential to discriminate between
authentic honey and honey adulterated
with either beet invert syrup or high
fructose corn syrup
• Quantification of adulterant is
possible with limited accuracy
• Arabica content in coffee blends
• Caffeine and theobromine in cocoa
• Sugarcane – sugar content, quality,
FT-NIR application
Time for
lunch
• Typifying pork sausages, ham
• Chemical and physical properties of fresh pasta
(colour, cooking quality)
• Quality control of green tea (aspalathin)• Quality control of green tea (aspalathin)
• Intact fruit – sugar, portable NIR for mangoes,
sensory properties of melons, dryness defect in
mandarins, seedless grapes, time-resolved
spectoscopy (apples)
Meat Science
Volume 71, Issue 3, November 2005, Pages 490-497
Meat mixture detection in Iberian pork
sausages sausages V. Ortiz-Somovillaa, , , F. España-Españaa, E.J. De Pedro-Sanzb
and A.J. Gaitán-Jurado
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular SpectroscopyVolume 72, Issue 4, May 2009, Pages 845-850
Study on discrimination of Roast green tea(Camellia sinensis L.) according togeographical origin by FT-NIRspectroscopy and supervised patternspectroscopy and supervised patternrecognition
Quansheng Chen, Jiewen Zhao and Hao Lina
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50 (20), pp 5520–5525DOI: 10.1021/jf0257188Publication Date (Web): August 28, 2002Copyright © 2002 American Chemical Society
Durum wheat adulteration detection by NIR spectroscopy multivariate calibration
Marina Cocchia, , , Caterina Durantea, Giorgia Focaa, Andrea Marchettia, Lorenzo Tassia and Alessandro Ulrici
Experiment Strategy
TARGET: Assess Quality of incoming Wheat Flour batches
• Identify Parameters to check• Identify an Analytical System able to perform quickly such checking• Define sampling methods• Collect samples and verify
5 different Wheat Flour Qualities considered (1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5)5 different Wheat Flour Qualities considered (1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5)
• Samples collected starting from January 2006
• Samples collected from different suppliers all over Italy
BÜCHI Italia Srl, Assago (MI)
BARILLA ALIMENTARE Spa, Cremona
Il controllo at -line nella produzione di omogeneizzati di carne tramite sistema FT-NIR
con sonda a fibre ottiche
PLA.D.A. Industriale S.r.l. – LatinaBÜCHI Italia S.r.l. – Assago (MI)
Presso lo stabilimento di Latina di PLA.D.A. S.r.l., produttore di babyfood, èstata valutata l’applicabilità della spettroscopia NIR per un controllo at-linedel contenuto di grassi e residuo secco in alternativa ai tradizionali metodidi controllo qualità di omogeneizzati per l’alimentazione della primainfanzia.
Riconoscimento di cultivar
1
1.2
1.4
cultivar
1
1.2
1.4
cultivar
Pink Lady
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
23
25 27
29 31 33 35 37 39 41
43
45 47
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
23
25 27
29 31 33 35 37 39 41
43
45 47
Golden Delicious
-0.0050
-0.0045
-0.0040
-0.0035
-0.0030
Ab
s/d
[v-1
]2
MILLED PARBOILED QUICK -
COOKING
-0.0065
-0.0060
-0.0055
-0.0050
0 400 800 1200 1600Time (s)
d2 A
bs/
d[v
M
P
QC638 940729
Ricerca rapida di melamina in
latte in polvere
Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Cow’s Milk and Milk-Based Infant Formula by Liquid Chromatography−Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Aurlien Desmarchelier, Miriam Guillamon Cuadra, Thierry Delatour and Pascal Mottier*Nestl Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne Nestl Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, SwitzerlandJ. Agric. Food Chem., 2009, 57 (16), pp 7186–7193DOI: 10.1021/jf901355vPublication Date (Web): July 24, 2009Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society
A detour to
a winery
• Wine and grapes – impact of near/mid IR, vis-NIR applications,
sensory analysis, colour, identification of wine yeast strains,
alcohol content, minerals, glycerol, wine composition in the bottle,
sugar and acids in grapes by SVM, effect of freezing
Feasibility Study on the Use of Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Together withChemometrics To Discriminate betweenCommercial White Wines of Different VarietalCommercial White Wines of Different VarietalOriginsDaniel Cozzolino,*† Heather Eunice Smyth,†§ and Mark GishenJ. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51 (26), pp 7703–7708DOI: 10.1021/jf034959sPublication Date (Web): November 12, 2003Copyright © 2003 American Chemical Society
A nice dinner to round off the day
For Madam, the
salmon
For Sir,
the chicken
But is it
safe to
eat?
That’ s better!
• Olive oil/olives – quality control, adulteration
• Pigmentation in live farmed salmon
• Poultry – hyperspectral imaging for contaminant detection
• Rice – single kernel analysis, • Rice – single kernel analysis, quantitative & qualitative, amylose, protein, gelatinisation temperature, discriminating aromatic and non-aromatic rices, cooking kinetics
Measurement of Adulteration of Olive Oils by Near-Infrared SpectroscopyI.J. Wesley *, R.J. Barnes and A.E.J. McGillJAOCS, Vol. 72, no. 3 (1995)F. Pacheco, JAOCS, Vol. 73, no. 4 (1996)
Geographic origins and compositions of virgin olive oils determinated by chemometric analysis of NIR spectra
O. Galtiera, , , N. Dupuya, Y. Le Dréaua, D. Ollivierb, C. Pinatelc, J. Kistera
and J. Artaudd
Analytica Chimica ActaVolume 595, Issues 1-2, 9 July 2007, Pages 136-144 Papers presented at the 10th International Conference on Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry - CAC 2006
Detecting and Quantifying Sunflower Oil Adulteration in Extra Virgin Olive Oils Detecting and Quantifying Sunflower Oil Adulteration in Extra Virgin Olive Oils from the Eastern Mediterranean by Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Gerard Downey,*† Peter McIntyre,‡ and Antony N. DaviesJ. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50 (20), pp 5520–5525DOI: 10.1021/jf0257188Publication Date (Web): August 28, 2002Copyright © 2002 American Chemical Society
SALMON
Usefulness of Near-Infrared Reflectance (NIR) Spectroscopy andChemometrics To Discriminate Fishmeal Batches Made withDifferent Fish Species
Daniel Cozzolino,*† A. Chree,‡ J. R. Scaife,§ and Ian Murray
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53 (11), pp 4459–4463DOI: 10.1021/jf050303iPublication Date (Web): April 26, 2005Publication Date (Web): April 26, 2005Copyright © 2005 American Chemical Society
CONCLUSIONS
NIR is now a technique of choice
rather than an end in itself.
Instrument miniaturisation will
increase and help movement of the
technique into the field.
CRA – IAA Milano
Dipartimento di Trasformazione e Valorizzazione dei Prodotti Agro-Industriali
technique into the field.
Chemometrics developments will
lead to global, robust calibrations
with little or no modification by
the operator.
CONSIGLIO PER LA RICERCA IN
AGRICOLTURA E L’ANALISI
DELL’ECONOMIA AGRARIA
Unità di ricerca per i processi
dell’Industria AgroAlimentareVia Venezian 26
20133 Milano
Tel. +39 02239557217Tel. +39 02239557217
Fax +39 022365377
W www.sisnir.org
CRA – IAA Milano
Dipartimento di Trasformazione e Valorizzazione dei Prodotti Agro-Industriali