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kote Todua

giorgi wereTeli da realizmis problemebi

qarTul literaturaSi

warmodgenilia doqtoris (PH.D) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

ivnisi, 2009 weli

saavtoro ufleba 2009, `kote Todua, 2009~

sarCevi

reziume

Sesavali _ 10-13

sakvlevi problemis Seswavlis done _ 14-24

Tavi I.

realizmis warmoSobis zogadi mimoxilva evropul literaturaSi _

25-39

Tavi II.

Zveli qarTuli mwerloba (V-XVIII ss) realizmis TvalTaxedviT _

40-50

Tavi III.

XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTuli literatura realizmis

TvalsazrisiT _ 51-70

Tavi IV.

kritikuli realizmi i. WavWavaZisa da ak. wereTlis esTetikaSi _ 71-

90

Tavi V.

giorgi wereTeli qalrTul saliteraturo kritikaSi – 91-97

Tavi VI.

`Seuferavi realizmis” warmoSoba da misi arsi _ 98-118

Tavi VII.

giorgi wereTeli _ qarTuli kritikuli realzmis erT-erTi

fuZemdebeli da ganmaviTarebeli _ 119-175

daskvna – 176-191

gamoyenebuli literatura _ 192-196

reziume

literatura mxatvruli sityvis saSualebiT Seimecnebs gare

samyaros da, erTi mxriv, sinamdvilis realur suraTebs asaxavs

WeSmariti Tu istoriuli faqtebis aRweriT, an mxatvruli gamonagonis

saSualebiT, romelic realuri yofis ganzogadebis Sedegia; meore mxriv

ki warmoadgens am realobisadmi avtoris damokidebulebis gadmocemas, an

gviCvenebs im grZnoba-ganwyobilebas, romelsac esa Tu is movlena iwvevs

mwerlis Sinagan bunebaSi. es ukanaskneli rogorc realuri adamianis

realuri warmosaxva Tavis mxriv realuri sinamdviliTaa gamowveuli.

literatura, rogorc memkvidreobiTobisa da novatorobis

urTierTqmedebis procesi, istoriulad cvalebadia da ganuxrelad

viTardeba. sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebTan erTad icvleboda

SemoqmedebiTi meTodebi. Yyvela xalxis mwerlobaSi, maT Soris

qarTulSic, wina drois literatura yovelTvis axdenda gavlenas

momdevno xanis mweralTa Semoqmedebaze. Ees ki iwvevda sxvadasxva

mimarTulebaTa urTierTzegavlenas. nebismieri mimdinareobis

literatura sinamdviliTaa nasazrdoebi da aqedan gamomdinare yoveli

maTganisTvis met-naklebad damaxasiaTebelia realizmi Tu misi

elementebi.

qarTuli mwerloba, rogorc cnobilia, tipologiurad yovelTvis

dasavluri iyo. amitom saWirod miviCnieT jer evropuli, xolo Semdeg

qarTuli literaturis ganxilva realizmis TvalTaxedviT misi

warmoSobidan XIX saukunis CaTvliT. raki yoveli SemoqmedebiTi meTodis

umTavresi principi gansxvavebul niSnebTan erTad realuri sinamdvilis

mxatvruli asaxvaa, amitom evropul literaturaSi gamoiyofa Semdegi

ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi: 1. winaistoriuli xanis ,,primitiuli realizmi”;

2. antikuri xanis (Zv. w. aR-iT VIII s-dan ax. w. aR-iT IV s-mde) miTosuri

realizmi; 3. Sua saukuneebis qristianizirebuli alegoriul-simboluri

realizmi; 4. renesansis (XIV-XVIIss.) realizmi; 5. ganmanaTlebluri

(XVIIs.) da 6. kritikuli realizmi (XIX s-dan dRemde).

marTalia, evropul mwerlobaSi XIX-XX saukuneebSi kritikul

realizmTan erTad arsebobda da dResac arsebobs mravali

literaturuli mimdinareoba naturalizmis, simbolizmis, futurizmis Tu

sxvaTa saxiT, romelTac sakuTari gansxvavebuli niSnebi axasiaTebT,

magram saerToa is ZiriTadi principi, rasac realuri sinamdvilis

mxatvruli asaxva hqvia.

qarTul literaturas, rogorc dasavlurs tipologiurad,

warmoSobidanve axasiaTebs ,,WeSmaritad aRwerisa” Tu ,,marTlis Tqmis”

principi. Cveni mwerlobis pirveli periodis (V-XVIIIss.) sasuliero Tu

saero literaturisaTvis realizmis kuTxiT damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi

niSnebi: 1. konkretul-istoriuli sinamdvilis aRwera TviTmxilvelTa

mier (hagiografia) da erovnuli Tematikis win wamoweva (aRorZinebis

epoqa); 2. mxatvruli gamonagonis (hagiografiaSi fantastikuri

elementebis saxiT) farTod gamoyeneba; 3. yofiTi elementebis CarTva

(hagiografia) da aRwera; 4. sxvadasxva socialuri fenis warmomadgenelTa

individualizirebuli mxatvruli saxeebis Seqmna, romlebSic zogjer

(,,vefxistyaosani”) tipurobis niSnebsac atareben; 5. saliteraturo enis

daxvewa da xalxur-sasaubrosTan daaxloeba; 6. sazogadoebis mankier

mxareTa mxileba maTi gamosworebis mizniT da a.S.

arc XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi damkvidrebuli qarTuli

romantizmisTvisaa ucxo realisturi xedva Tu realizmis iseTi

elementebi, rogoricaa: imdroindel qarTul sinamdvileSi wamoWrili

mTavari sakiTxebis asaxva (saqarTvelos ruseTTan ZaldatanebiT

SeerTebis avkargianoba – gr. orbelianis ,,mgzavrobasa” da

n.baraTaSvilis ,,bedi qarTlisaSi’’) arsebuli socialur-politikuri

viTarebis kritika (al. WavWavaZis ,,visac gsurT’’ da ,,vah, sofelsa amas’’,

gr. orbelianis ,,muSa boqulaZe’’). zogadsakacobrio Temebis ara mistikur,

aramed realistur planSi warmodgena; anton I-is skolis e.w. ,,sami

stilis’’ Teoriis gavlenis daZleva da a.S.

XIX saukunis 40-50-iani wlebis qarTuli literatura ukve aSkarad

realisturia. axali Tematika, axali Janrebi, axali mxatvruli

saSualebebi da sasaubrosTan daaxloebuli samwerlobo ena, tipuri

xasiaTebis Cveneba, arsebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis mZafri

krititika, literaturaSi xalxis Semoyvana – mokle, ai, yvelaferi is,

rac SesZina g. erisTavis, l. ardazianis, d. WonqaZis, r. erisTavis mier

damkvidrebulma kritikulma realizmma Cvens mwerlobas axal ideur

azrTan erTad.

XIX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi kritikuli realizmi qarTul

mwerlobaSi ara mxolod gabatonebul adgils ikavebs, aramed xdeba misi

Teoriuli sakiTxebis SemuSaveba-gaanalizeba. es ki uwinaresad

TergdaleulTa damsaxurebaa. qarTveli samocianelebi Tavdapirvelad

erTian jgufad gamovidnen samoRvaweo asparezze, magram 70-ian wlebSi or

nawilad – pirvel da meore dasebad iSlebian. Ppirveli dasis

warmomadgenelTa SemoqmedebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi ZiriTadi

niSnebi: erovnuli da socialuri Tematikis win wamoweva da damuSaveba

Sesabamisi mxatvruli formiT; sinamdvilis realisturi gadmocema

mxatvruli ganzogadebis, tipizaciis gziT; mxatvruli nawarmoebis

formisa da SinaarsisaTvis Tanabari mniSvnelobis miniWeba; mwerlis eris

winamZRolad miCneva da axali saerTo-saxalxo saliteraturo enis

saboloo Camoyalibeba-damkvidreba da sxva. yovelive es naSromSi

naCvenebia i. WavWavaZis da a. wereTlis esTetikuri naazrevis ganxilviT,

vinaidan migvaCnia, rom sxva pirveldaselTa amgvari Sexedulebebi

TiTqmis identuria maTi poziciisa da srulad warmogvidgens qarTuli

kritikuli realizmis arss.

meore daselebis, kerZod g. wereTlis ,,Seuferavi realizmis’’

srulyofili analizisaTvis aucilebelia n. CerniSevskisa da n.nikolaZis

esTetikuri naazrevis ganxilva, vinaidan swored isini arian am

,,mimarTulebis’’ pirvelwamomyeneblebi; aseve e. zolas, naturalizmis

udidesi Teoritikosis, literaturuli Sexedulebebi, vinaidan qarTvel

mkvlevarTa nawili (k. abaSiZe, v.vaxania) ,,Seuferav realizms’’

naturalizmTan aigivebs, nawili (g. jiblaZe, m. gafrindaSvili) ar

aigivebs naturalizmTan, magram ganasxvavebs kritikuli realizmisagan da

raRac litmcodneobisaTvis sruliad ucnob Sualedur rgols

miakuTvnebs; xolo udidesi nawili (d. gamezardaSvili, o. WurRulia, m.

zandukeli, a. Wilaia da sxva) Cveni azriT, sruliad samarTlianad

miiCnevs, rom g. wereTlis ,,Seuferavi realizmi’’ igive kritikuli

realizmia mwerlis Tanadroul sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebebTan

misadagebuli.

g. wereTlis ,,Seuferav realizms’’ da naturalizms Soris arsebobs

Semdegi saxis principuli sxvaoba: e. zolas SexedulebiT

naturalisturi romani warmoadgens cxovrebis zust oqmisebur aRweras,

romlis drosac mwerali ,,aucileblad unda darCes sadagi

yoveldRiurobis farglebSi’’, vinaidan igi mxolod statistia, romelic

keTilsindisierad aRwers realobas, magram TviTon wminda mxatvruli

mosazrebiT ganze rCeba. ,,Seuferavi realizmis’’ mixedviT ki mwerali

sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevria, romelic Tavisi SemoqmedebiT xels uwyobs

sazogadoebis progress; igi ,,zedmiwevnili’’ simarTliT asaxavs

cxovrebas tipizaciis gziT maSin, roca naturalizmi tipurobas saerTod

gamoricxavs; amave dros naturalizmisaTvis mTavari biologiuri

sawyisia, xolo ,,Seuferavi realizmisTvis’’ _ socialuri.

i. WavWavaZis ,,Seferil realizmsa’’ da g. wereTlis ,,Seuferav

realizms’’ Sorisac arsebobs garkveuli gansxvaveba, magram ara

principuli. Ees sxvaoba ZiriTadad Tavs iCens tipisa da tipurobis

sakiTxSi. Gg. wereTeli fiqrobs, rom i. WavWavaZe da saerTod

pirveldaselebi sinamdviles asaxaven winaswar SemuSavebuli ideiTa da

ara namdvil sinamdviles. am ukanasknelis misaRwevad ki aucilebelia

sinamdvilis Rrma da safuZvliani Seswavlis gziT iqidan zogadi azris,

ideis gamotana.

amrigad, ideidan sinamdvilisaken (pirveldaselebi) da

sinamdvilidan ideisken (meoredaselebi) _ pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs

,,Seferil ’’, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ,,Seuferav” realizmTan, rac

principSi medlis ori mxarea. e.i. tipisa da tipurobis sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT i. WavWavaZisa da g. wereTlis Sexedulebebs Soris saqme

gvaqvs ara principul sxvaobasTan, aramed sakiTxisadmi sxvadasxva

kuTxiT midgomasTan, rac, Cveni azriT, ar cvlis sakiTxis ZiriTad arss,

rom tipi da tipuri warmoadgens saerTo-sayovelTaosa da zogadis

konkretulSi moqcevas.

g. wereTlis ,,Seuferavi realizmi” rom igive kritikuli realizmia,

amaSi ufro metad gvarwmunebs misi mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, romelic,

zogierTi naklovanebis miuxedavad, TiTqmis srulad asaxavs XIX saukunis

meore naxevris qarTul sinamdviles. amis gamo g. wereTeli Tavisuflad

SegviZlia miviCnioT qarTuli dokumenturi prozis fuZemdeblad Tu

WeSmarit ostatad, Tavisi moRvaweobiT ki TergdaleulTa Taobis ara

mxolod TvalsaCino warmomadgenlad, aramed erT-erT winamZRoladac.

The Summary (Resume)

Literature perceises the surrounding world by means of artistic fiction and on the

one hand depicts the real pictures of actuality by dercribing true or historic facts, or by

means of artistic invention, uhich is the revult of the generalisation of real life; on the other

hand it represents the delivery of the author’s attitude to this reality, or it shows those

beelings or states of mood uhich are eroked in the author’s inner nature by any event. This

last, as a real imagination of a real man, is caused by real actuality.

Literature, as a process of the interaction of hereditarianism and innoration, is

historically changing in society, creative methods changed too. In literature of every nation,

including Georgian, the previous time literature always influenced the following one, this in

itself caused the mutual influenc of dibberent trends. Literature of any direction is

nourished by actuality and hereby, each of them is characterized by realism or its

elements.

Georgian literature, as is known, was always occidental typologically. Therefore

we thought it proper to review birst the European and then the Georgian literature from

the vienpoint of realism from its origin to the XIX c. inclusively. Lince the main principle

of every creative method is the artistic depiction of real actuality, therefore in European

literature the following main directions are marked out: 1. “The primitive Realism” of the

pre-historic age; 2. The Mythological realism of the antic age; 3. The Cristianized allegoric-

symbolic realism of the Medieral age; 4. The Renaissance Realism; 5. The Enlightenment

and 6. Critical Realism.

Along with the critical realism in European literature of XIX, existed and also now

exists various literary trends like: Naturalism, Symbolism, Futurism and etc; They have

their own particular traits, but the basic principle, which is common for all them is the

artistic depiction of real actuality.

For Georgian literature (as it has occidental typology), characteristic feature is

,,veracious description’’ or ,,saying the truth’’. There are several characteristic features for

the religious and secular literature of the first period (V-XII centuries) . These are: 1. The

depiction of the concrete and historic actuality (reality) by eyewitnesses (Hagiography)

and the promotion of Nationalistic topics (The age of Renaissance); 2. The wide usage of

artistic invention (as elements of fantasy in Hagiography); 3. The description of everyday-

life details (Hagiography). 4. The creation of individual artistic images, who are the

representatives of different social layers, and sometimes possesses typical traits (“The

Knight in the Tiger skin”); 5. The perfection of the literary language and its adaptation to

the popular-colloquial one; 6. The exposure of the vices of sociality for the purpose of

redressing them; etc.

For Georgian Romanticism (established in the first half of the XIX century)

characteristic features are: realistic vision and components of realism, like: depiction of

actual issues of that time emerging from the Georgian reality. (The assessment of the

forced annexation of Georgia to Russia (G. Orbeliani’s “Travels” and N. Baratashvili’s

“The Fate of Kartli”); The criticism of the existing socio-political situation (Poems by A.

Chavchavadze and G. orbeliani); Presentation of the world-wide topics not in mystic, but

in the realistic aspect; Overcoming of the theory of “the three styles” of Anton the I; etc.

The Georgian Literature of the 40-50-ies of the XIX c. is already clearly realistic.

New topics, new genres, new artistic devices and the literary language, leveled to the

colloquial one; Started showing typical characters; The sharp criticism of the existing

public relationship; Introduction of the common people; In short all this, is what the

critical realism (established by G. eristavi, L. Ardaziani, D. Chonkadze, R. eristavi) has

contributed to our literature.

In the 60-70-ies XIX century, the critical realism not only takes the dominant

position, but also its theoretical issues are analyzed. This mostly, is due to the affords of

,,Tergdaleuli’’ (name of the group of writers). The Georgian writers first came together on

the field of activities in the 60-ies, but then in the 70-ies they split up into 2 party: The first

group and the second one. For the members of the first group basic characteristic

principles are: taking forward national and social issues and their improvement in the

proper artistic way; endowing equal significance to the form and contents of a work of

fiction; Regarding the author as the national leader and the final mould and establishment

of a new, commonly popular literary language, etc. All these are shown in the essay

reviewing the aesthetic thoughts of I. Chavchavadze and A. Tsereteli, as we think they are

identical with their fellow-thinkers outlooks and it shows the essence of the Georgian

critical realism.

For the full analysis of the ,,Unembellished realism of G Tsereteli (The second

group), it is necessary to review the aesthetic legacies of N. Chernishevski and N.nikoladze,

as they are the initial authors of this direction; Also the literary views of of E. Zolla, The

greatest theoretician of Naturalism, are relevant, because some Georgian researchers (K.

Abashidze, V. Vakhania) identify “the Unembellished Realism” with Naturalism; others

(G. Jibladze, M Gafrindashvili) don’t identify them but convict that “the Unembellished

realism” is some obscure, intermediate phenomena; And the most part think (we think

quite fairly), that the “Unembellished Realism f G. Tsereteli is the same as the critical

realism, adapted to the public demands contemporary to the author.

There is a radical difference between the “Unembellished realism” of G.Tsereteli

and Naturalism in following issue: According to E.Zola a naturalistic novel is an accurate,

matter-of-fact description of life, in which the author must stay within the frame of reality,

because he is just an artist, who depicts the reality consciously, but he himself stays aside

from pure artistic consideration; whereas according to the “Unembellished Realism “ the

author is an active member of society, who contributes to “the public progress with his

activities; he depicts life with” scrupulous truthfulness.

There is a certain difference between the “embellished realism” of I.

Chavchavadze and the “Unembellished one’ of G. Tsereteli too, but not an essential one.

This difference shows mainly an the issue of the Type and Typicality. G.Tsereteli thinks

that I. Chavchavadze and his fellow-writers depict the reality with the pre-elaborated idea

and with certain determination, which they adjust to the whole contents of the story. This,

from its part, produces the embellished reality, but not a real one. To attain this last, it is

due to study the reality profoundly and substantially and in this way extract the general

concept, idea from it.

Thus, from Idea to reality (The first group) and from reality to Idea (The second

group) – in the first case we have to deal with the “Embellished Realism” and in the

second-with the “Unembellished” one, which, in assent, are the two sides of the same coin;

i.e. relating to the issue of the Type and Typicality, between the views of I. Chavchavadze

and G. Tsereteli there isn’t a radical difference, but an approach to the issue from different

angles, which, in our opinion, does not affect the assent of the issue, that the Type and

Typicality represents the conversion of the universally general and abstract into the

concrete.

That the “Unembellished realism of G.Tsereteli is the same as the critical realism,

is proved by his literary legacy which, in spite of some shortcomings, almost fully presents

the Georgian actuality of the second half of the XIX c. For that G.Tsereteli can

undoubtedly be considered as the founder of the Georgian documentary fiction and a true

master, while his activities make him not only a prominent representative of the

“Tergldaleulis”, but one of the leaders too.

10

Sesavali

literatura xelovnebis sxva saxeobebis msgavsad istoriulad

cvalebadia. icvlebian masSi asaxuli cxovrebiseuli movlenebi,

SemoqmedTa msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciebi da idealebi, Cndebian axali

mxatvruli saSualebebi, xerxebi da meTodebi. zogadad sityvakazmuli

mwerlobis ganviTareba _ esaa memkvidreobiTobisa da novatorobis

urTierTzemoqmedebis procesi, rodesac cvalebadoba arasodes iwvevs

misi arsis rRvevas an filosofiis Secvlas. individis cxovreba xalxis

wiaRSi da xalxisa _ kacobriobisaSi; adamiani, sazogadoeba da

garemomcveli buneba TavianTi urTierTqmedebiT warmoadgenen

literaturis asaxvis mudmiv sagans. amave dros literaturuli saxis

ucvleli samSeneblo masalaa sityva, zogadad ena, rogorc azrovnebis

forma.

cnobilia, rom sxvdasxva epoqaSi ama Tu im xalxSi arsebuli

socialur-politikuri da kulturuli viTarebidan gamomdinare icvleba

literaturuli mimdinareoba Tu mxatvruli meTodi. TiToeul maTgans

gaaCnia sakuTari msoflmxedveloba, rogorc safuZveli, da ideali,

rogorc mizani. am ukanasknelis miRwevis gareSe namdvili literatura

arc arsebobs. magram winaaRmdegoba imaSia, rom calkeuli

literaturuli mimdinareobis meTodologias axasiaTebs erTgvarovani

principebis absolutizacia maSin, roca nebismieri mwerali, miT umetes

didi Semoqmedi arasdros eteva erTi mimdinareobis farglebSi da,

eyrdnoba ra warsulisa Tu Tanamedroveobis gamocdilebas, Tavisi

mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT aerTianebs ramdenime maTgans. amave dros

sakuTari individualuri Tvisebebidan, mwerluri talantidan Tu

msoflmxedvelobidan gamomdinare TviTon qmnis axal realobas.

aqedan gamomdinare naTelia, rom literaturuli mimdinareobis Tu

zogadad mwerlobis kriteriumebis Sesafaseblad unda Camoyalibdes

ufro universaluri sistema, romelic gacilebiT naTlad warmoaCens am

fenomenis sirTulesa da mravalferovnebas. amitom arasworad migvaCnia

romelime mwerlis xelaRebiT mikuTvneba erTi romelime literaturuli

mimdinareobisaTvis mxolod misi esTetikur-literaturuli naazrevis, an

msoflmxedvelobis, an Tundac mxatvruli Txzulebebis analiziT. Cveni

11

azriT, amisTvis saWiroa ara romelime maTganis cal-calke ganxilva,

aramed mTlianobaSi Seswavla-gaazreba mwerlis Tanadroul epoqaSi

arsebuli sazogadoebrivi viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT. amave dros arc

erTi Semoqmedi ar unda Sefasdes imis mixedviT, Tu ra unda moeca mas

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, aramed imis mixedviT, Tu ra mogvca man Tavisi

Tanadrouli viTarebidan gamomdinare garkveul tradiciebze

dayrdnobiT. amitom, roca mkvlevari mwerlis Semoqmedebasa Tu

esTetikur naazrevs ganixilavs ama Tu im mimdinareobasTan mimarTebaSi,

aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli zemoT naxsnebi garemoeba, rac,

samwuxarod, iSviaTad xdeba.

sadisertacio naSromi mokrZalebuli mcdelobaa swored amgvari

midgomiT iqnas Sefasebuli erT-erTi udidesi samocianelis giorgi

wereTlis Semoqmedeba, vinaidan migvaCnia, rom misi naRvawi jer kidev

araa srulyofilad Seswavlil-dafasebuli. miT umetes, rom dRemde

arsebobs azrTa sxvdasxvaoba im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris mis

mier sakuTar SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRiarebuli `Seuferavi realizmi,~

romelsac xan naturalizmTan aigiveben (k. abaSiZe, v. vaxania), xan raRac

Sualedur rgolad miiCneven naturalizmsa da kritikul realizms Soris

(g. jiblaZe, m. gafrindaSvili), xan kidev kritikuli realizmis

ganviTarebis erT-erT safexurad moiazreben (d. gamezardaSvili, a.

Wilaia, m. zandukeli, o. WurRulia da sxv.).

zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare migvaCnia, rom `Seuferavi realizmis~

sakiTxi jer kidev sakmaod problematuria. miT umetes, rom qarTvel

mkiTxvels dRemde ar uxilavs giorgi wereTlis Txzulebebis sruli

krebuli, romelSic Tavmoyrili iqneboda yvelaferi, rac ki mwerals

Seuqmnia _ publicisturi werilebi, romanebi da moTxrobebi, piesebi,

poemebi, leqsebi, zRaprebi, kerZo werilebi da sxva. marTalia, misi

Txzulebebis sruli krebulis 15 tomad gamocemas Tavis droze Seudga

literaturis cnobili mkvlevari s. xundZe, mgram, samwuxarod, ar

dascalda. SemdgomSi amgvari mcdeloba arc yofila. XIX saukunis me-2

naxevris qarTuli mwerlobis srulyofili Seswavla-gaazreba ki

SeuZlebelia giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.

Cveni azriT, sadisertacio naSromi Tu srulad ara garkveulwilad

mainc naTels xdis Cveni samocianelis¬`Seuferavi realizmis~

12

naturalizmTan gaigivebis, an mis naturalizmsa da kritikul realizms

Soris Sualedur rgolad miCnevis aramarTebulobasa da kidev ufro

TvalsaCinos am meTodis kritikuli realizmis ganviTarebis erT-erT

safexurad warmoCenis samarTlianobas. amave dros SevecadeT naSromSi,

realizmis TvalTaxedviT mTlianobaSi gangvexila evropuli da qarTuli

mwerloba dasabamidan XIX saukunis CaTvliT. am kuTxiT analizma

migviyvana sruliad logikur daskvnamde, rom realizmi Tu misi

elementebi met-naklebi doziT gvxvdeba yvela droisa da xalxis

literaturaSi, miuxedavad sxvdasxva mimarTulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobisa Tu mxatvruli meTodisa.

realizmis kuTxiT Cveni literaturis garkveuli periodebi Tu

calkeul mweralTa Semoqmedeba sxvdasxva dros ara erTi mkvlevaris

Seswavla-dafasebis sagani yofila da TiToeul maTgans met-naklebi

warmatebiTac gaurTmevia Tavi am problemisaTvis. magram aqamde

realizmis TvalsazrisiT qarTuli mwerloba evropulTan

erTierTkavSirSi dasabamidan XIX saukunis CaTvliT aravis ganuxilavs.

Cven SevecadeT am xarvezis garkveulwilad gamosworebas, da swored es

SeiZleba miviCnioT kvlevis miznad da mokrZalebul mecnierul

siaxledac erTdroulad.

sadisertacio naSromi Sesrulebulia qarTul enaze da Seicavs

satitulo, xelmowerebisa da saavtoro gverdebs; reziumes qarTul da

inglisur enaze, sarCevsa da ZiriTad teqsts. es ukanaskneli Tavis mxriv

Sedgeba Sesavlisagan (gverdi 1_4), ZiriTadi nawilisagan (gverdi 5_166),

daskvnisa (gverdi 167_182) da bibliografiisagan. disertaciis ZiriTadi

nawili (samecniero problemis kvleva da kvlevis Sedegebis Sejereba)

Sedgeba 7 Tavisagan, saxeldobr: 1. realizmis warmoSobis zogadi

daxasiaTeba evropul literaturaSi; 2. Zveli qarTuli literatura (V-

XVIII ss.) realizmis TvalTaxedviT; 3. XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris

qarTuli mwerloba realizmis TvlsazrisiT; 4. kritikuli realizmis

sakiTxebi ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis esTetikaSi; 5. giorgi

wereTeli qarTul saliteraturo kritikaSi; 6. `Seuferavi realizmis~

warmoSoba da misi arsi; 7. giorgi wereTeli _ qarTuli kritikuli

realizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli da ganmaviTarebeli.

13

imisaTvis, rom realizmis TvalsazrisiT SeZlebisdagvarad

srulyofilad warmogveCina evropuli da ZiriTadad qarTuli mwerloba

dasabamidan XIX saukunis CaTvliT; amave dros gangvesazRvra, Tu ras

warmoadgens sinamdvileSi giorgi wereTlis `Seuferavi realizmi,~

sxvadasxva drois qarTveli Tu ucxoeli literaturis TeoretikosTa,

zogadad moazrovneTa, Tavad mweralTa esTetikur-filosofiuri

naazrevisa Tu mxatvruli nawarmoebebis urTierTSedarebisa da analizis

gziT SevecadeT migveRwia garkveuli logikuri daskvnisaTvis, rac,

vfiqrobT, SevZeliT kidec.

14

sakvlevi problemis Seswavlis done

literatura, rogorc xelovnebis erT-erTi umTavresi da uZvelesi

dargi, mxatvruli sityvis meSveobiT Seimecnebs gare samyaros da

sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad ganuxrelad viTardeba. misi asaxvis

sagans yovelTvis warmoadgenda da warmoadgens individis cxovrebis

asaxva sazogadoebisa Tu xalxis wiaRSi da xalxisa kacobriobisaSi.

amave dros mwerloba erTi mxriv realobas asaxavs WeSmaritad momxdari

faqtebis aRweriT an mxatvruli gamonagonis saSualebiT; meore mxriv ki

warmoadgens am realobisadmi mwerlis damokidebulebis gadmocemasa da

ama Tu im movlenis mier gamowveuli grZnoba-ganwyobilebis Cvenebas. es

ukanaskneli Tavis mxriv realuri adamianis realuri warmosaxvis Sedegia

da sinamdviliT nasazrdoebi.

literaturis arsis kvleva jer kidev antikur epoqaSi daiwyo. amis

naTeli dasturia Tundac aristoteles naSromi `poetika~ (IV saukune

qr.S-mde), romelSic man Camoayaliba `mizezisis~ (mibaZvis) Teoria. es

Teoria xelovnebis funqcias ukavSirebda realuri cxovrebis asaxvas ise

rogorc aris. amave dros aristotelesTvis literaturas,

gansakuTrebiT tragedias, aqvs udidesi SemecnebiT-aRmzrdelobiTi

funqcia. mxatvruli nawarmoebis aRqmis kulminacias warmoadgens

kaTarzisis SegrZneba ara rogorc saboloo Sedegi, aramed

TanagrZnobisa da SiSis gziT zneobrivi ganwmendis procesi, romelic

iwyeba sulieri gasxivosnebidan.

antikuri mwerloba Seicavda ra stiqiur dialeqtikas, amkvidrebda

pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis, individis Sinagani samyaros erTianobis

koncefcias. literatura miCneuli iyo sinamdvilis mibaZvad, rogorc

meqanikuri (platoni) da SemoqmdebiTi (aristotele) procesi, romelic

warmoudgenelia kacobriobis mTeli istoriuli ganviTarebis gareSe

(lukreciusi). amis naTeli dasturia homerosis, sofokles, virgiliusis

da sxvaTa mxatvruli Semoqmedeba.

antikurobis tradiciebze aRmocenebul Sua saukuneebis mwelobaze

udides gavlenas axdenda qristianuli religia, romlisTvisac

umTavresia zeSTagonebiT miRebuli rwmena, rogorc absoluturi

WeSmariteba. amave dros antikuri filosofiis zegavleniT Cndeba idea,

15

rom gza RmerTisaken rwmenasTan erTad gadis adamianisa da bunebis

Secnobaze (averiusi, moSe maimonidi, Toma aqvineli). es ki xels uwyobda

sasuliero mwerlobasTan erTad saero literaturis ganviTarebasac. amis

naTeli dasturia franguli eposi `simRera rolandze,~ espanuri `simRera

Cems sidze,~ anglo-saqsuri `beovulfi~ da sxva.

Sua saukuneebSive Caeyara safuZveli axal filosifiur-esTetikur

Sexedulebebs, romelsac safuZvlad daedo fsevdo-dionises

areopagitikuli nawerebi da plotinis neoplatonizmi, romelTac

mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonies qarTul azrovnebaze, maT Soris

literaturazec. albaT amitomacaa, rom qarTuli hagiografia naklebad

mistikuria da SedarebiT ufro miwieri, vidre bizantiuri sasuliero

mwerloba. amave dros Cveni literaturis uZveles ZeglebSive

gamoTqmulia garkveuli Sexedulebebi literaturis arssa Tu mwerlis

movaleoba-daniSnulebaze, romelTac, marTalia, ar gaaCniaT mwyobri

xasiaTi, magram mainc garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnian imdroindel

esTetikur azrovnebaze.

garkveuli esTetikuri Tvalsazrisi TavianT TxzulebebSi

gamoxates ioane sabanisZem (àbo Tbilelis wameba~), giogri merCulem

(`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~), giorgi aTonelma (ìoane da eqvTime

aTonelis cxovreba~) da sxva, razec sakmaod srulyofiladaa saubari

naSromis ZiriTad nawilSi. albaT garkveulwilad am Sexedulebebis

Sedegia isic, rom qarTul hagiografiaSi X saukunidan gadalaxulia am

JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli CarCoebi da zogierTi Txzuleba (grigol

xanZTelisa da serapion zarzmelis `crovreba~) Seicavs Cveulebriv

yofiT elementebs da mxatvrul gamonagonsac. am ukanasknelma ki xeli

Seuwyo klasikuri xanis (XII-XIII) qarTuli saero mwerlobis ganviTarebas,

romelic Tavis mxriv mravlad Seicavs realizmis elementebs, xolo

`vefxistyaosnis~ personaJebi aSkarad atareben zogadobisa da tipurobis

niSnebsac.

aRorZinebis xanis evropulma esTetikurma azrovnebam xelovnebis,

maT Soris literaturis mTavar Temad aqcia titanuri bunebis mqone

monoliTuri pirovneba, romelic Sinaganad Tavisufalia da miCneulia

yoveli movlenis, sagnis sazom-kriteriumad. es adamiani Tavisufalia

asketizmisagan da moqmedebs pricipiT àkeTe, rac ginda.~ swored am

16

principiT moqmedeben rables, bokaCos, Seqspiris, servantesisa da sxvaTa

gmirebi. Cveni azriT, esaa renesansis realizmi, romelic axal niSan-

TvisebebTan erTad uciloblad atarebs Sua saukuneebisa da

gansakuTrebiT antkurobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebsac.

XVII saukuneSi inglisSi Casaxulma ganmanaTleblobam, romelmac

ganviTarebis umaRles mwvervals safrangeTSi (XVIII) miaRwia, emanuel

kantis azriT xelovnebaSi daamkvidra principi _ `Seecade, rom gaigo.~ es

ki Tavis mxriv safuZvlad daedo ganmanaTleblur realizms, romlis

Teoriis avtorad samarTlianad miiCneva deni didro. misi naSromi

`filosofiuri gamokvleva mSvenierebis bunebaze~ (1751 w.) exeba

xelovnebis, maT Soris literaturis, filosofiisa da esTetikis

sakiTxebs. misi azriT, mwerlobam unda warmoaCinos ubralo adamianebis

zneoba humanisturi idealebis sfuZvelze. es ukanaskneli xelovnebas

aniWebs demokratiul xasiaTs. amave dros klasicizmis Teoretikosis

bualos msgavsad, didros mxatvruli Semoqmdeba miaCnda gonivruli

miznis mqone gaazrebul moqmedebad, romelic emyareba saerTo wesebsa da

kanonebs.

ganmanaTleblobis literaturis mTavar gmirad iqca politikis

CarCoebSi moqmedi TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli moqalaqe. d. defos, j.

sviftis, g. fildingis, p. bomarSesa da sxvaTa mxatvruli nawarmoebebis

moqmedi personaJebi arian moxerxebuli, marjve adamianebi, romlebic

cdiloben Tanasworuflebianobis principze dafuZnebul sazogadoebaSi

TavianTi adgili daimkvidron. amave dros ganmanaTlebluri realizmi

Seicavs arsebuli socialur-politikuri viTarebis kritikasac da saxavs

gzas mis Sesacvlelad.

aRorZinebis xanis (XVI-XVII ss) qarTuli mweroba met-naklebad

icnobs ganmaTleblobis ideebs da eyrdnoba ra warsulis gamocdilebas

literaturaSi amkvidrebs `marTlis Tqmis~ princips, romlis

Teoretikosad samarTlianad miiCneva arCili. am principis Tanaxmad

literaturam unda asaxos mxolod simarTle konkretul-istoriuli

sinamdvilis gardasaxviT. cxovreba asaxul unda iqnas mTeli Tavisi

mravalferovnebiT, rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebiT. am

ukanasknelis mxileba mxilebulis gamosworebas isaxavs miznad. amave

17

dros mefe-poetis azriT mxatvrul nawarmoebSi Tanabari mniSvneloba

eniWeba formasa da Sinaarss.

`marTlis Tqmis~ arCiliseuli koncefciis organul nawils

Seadgens erovnuli Tematikis sakiTxi. literatura uwinaresad unda

emsaxurebodes eris winaSe dasmuli saWirboroto sakiTxebis gadawyvetas.

amisTvis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens saliteraturo enis xalxur-

sasaubrosTan daaxloeba misi siwmindis dacvasTan erTad. arCilis amgvar

Sexedulebebs iziarebda da Tavis mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT praqtikaSi

axorcielebda kidec misi skolis TiTqmis yvela warmomadgeneli,

gansakuTrebiT sulxan-saba orbeliani da daviT guramiSvili.

XIX saukunis evropul da qarTul mwerlobas wina periodebis

mxatvrul gamocdilebasTan erTad safuZvlad udevs winaswar

SemuSavebuli literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi. es gansakuTrebiT

iTqmis kritikul realizmze, Tumca arc dasavluri da arc qarTuli

romantizmia moklebuli realizmis elementebs. pirvelma maTganma Seicno

da Tavis Tavze iwvnia am epoqis araadamianuri xasiaTi, ramac igi aqcia

dakarguli iluziebis fxizel xelovnebad, romelmac mTavar amocanad

sinamdvilis aRwera da misTvis ganaCenis gamotana gaixada.

kritikuli realizmisa da zogadad literaturis arsis

gagebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs hegelis (`esTetika~), Sopenhaueris,

vagneris, nicSes, kontis da sxva evropel moazrovneTa filosofiur-

esTetikur Sexedulebebs. mis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebasa da SefasebaSi

garkveuli wvlili Seitanes aseve maqrsizmis klasikosebma. magram

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania XIX saukunis meore naxevris rusi

revolucioner-demokratebis besarion belinskis, nikolai CerniSevskis,

nikolai dobroliubovis da sxvaTa esTetikuri naazrevi. maT sabolood

Camoayalibes kritikuli realizmis Teoria da amve dros mniSvnelovani

gavlena iqonies Tavisi drois qarTul mwerlobaze.

rus revolucioner-demokratTa SexedulebiT, literatura

azrovnebs mxatvruli saxeebiT, romelsac sinamdvilis calkeuli

movlenis ganzogadebiT sayovelTao xasiaTi eZleva. swored am gziT

miiRweva tipuri xasiaTebis tipur garemoSi aRwera. sinamdvile

mwerlisaTvis masalaa, misi Semoqmedebis asparezi, romelsac igi iyenebs

da iqvemdebarebs kidec. amave dros esTetikurad mSvenieria is, rac

18

sasargebloa. amas saboloo jamSi mivyavarT xelovnebis utilitarul

gagebamde (dimitri pisarevi), rac meore ukiduresobaa da miuRebeli.

kritikulma realizmma XIX saukuneSive mogvca udidesi saxelebi

safrangeTSi (balzaki, stendali, floberi), inglisSi (dikensi, Tekerei),

ruseTSi (tolstoi, Cexovi, dostoevski), germaniaSi (haine, Stormi) da

mravali sxva. TiToeul maTgans, ra Tqma unda, hqonda sakuTari, mxolod

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli filosofiur-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, magram

ara pricipulad gansxvavebuli zemoT CamoTvlili moazrovneebisgan.

kritikuli realizmi qarTul mwerlobaSi jer kidev XIX saukunis

40-50-ian wlebSi Caisaxa giorgi erisTavis, lavrenti ardazianis, daniel

WonqaZis, rafiel erisTavis mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT. maT ar hqoniaT

SemuSavebuli TavianTi filosofiur-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, Tu ar

vigulisxmebT zogierT mosazrebas salitereturo enis sakiTxebze. amave

periodSi eyreba safuZveli literaturul-Teatralur kritikasac, raSic

gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRviT mixeil TumaniSvilsa da ivan

polonskis.

XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi ukve sabolood mkvidrdeba kritikuli

realizmi da Camoyalibebul saxes Rebulobs misi Sesabamisi esTetikuri

Sexedulebebi; amave dros viTardeba literaturuli kritikac, romelic

xSirad sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo zedmetad mwvave polemikuri xasiaTis

matarebelia. yovelive es `TergdaleulTa,~ gansakuTrebiT ilia

WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis damsaxurebaa. isini aSkarad ganicdian rus

revolucioner-demokratTa gavlenas, rasac TviTonve aRiareben, magram

maTi esTetikuri Sexedulebebi warmoadgens ara brma mibaZvas, aramed

ZiriTadad qarTuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TaviseburebebiTaa

nakarnaxevi.

rogorc cnobilia, `Tergdaleulebi~ 70-ian wlebSi or jgufad

iyofian, ris Sedegadac yalibdeba e.w. pirveli da meore dasi. pirveli

maTganis meTaurebad, sruliad samarTlianad, ilia WavWavaZe da akaki

wereTeli, xolo meorisa niko nikolaZe da giorgi wereTeli moiazrebian

xolme. swored am ukanasknels ahyavs principul donemde e.w. `Seuferavi

realizmis~ sakiTxi, romlis pirvelwamomyenebi niko nikolaZe gaxlavT.

giorgi wereTelma ki Jurnal `krebulis~ V-VI nomerSi dabeWdil

werilSi es `Seuferavi realizmi~ `axali axalgazrdobis,~ anu meore

19

dasis mxatvrul meTodad gamoacxada da pirveldaselebi, gansakuTrebiT

ilia WavWavaZe, `Seferili realizmis~ warmomadgenlebad miiCnia.

`Tergdaleulebi,~ pirveli da meore daselebi, qarTul mwerlobaSi

TavianTi publicistur-kritikuli werilebiTa da gansakuTrebiT

mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT sabolood amkvidreben kritikul realizmsa da

Sesabamis literaturul-esTetikur Sexedulebebs, riTac srulad

pasuxoben Tanadrouli qarTuli sazogadoebis winaSe mdgar amocanebs.

literatura, maTi azriT, rogorc sinamdvilis garkveuli nawili

ganpirobebulia cxovrebiseuli sinamdviliT da mowodebulia misi

gaumjobesebisaTvis arsebulis kritikiTa Tu ukeTesi mermisis miRwevis

gzis dasaxviT.

migvaCnia, rom pirveldaselTa esTetikur-literaturuli

Sexedulebebi TiTqmis arafriT gansxvadeba ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki

wereTlis amgvari warmodgenebisagan da amitom naSromSi SemovifargleT

mxolod maTi ganxilviT. pirvelma maTganma Tavisi esTetikuri

Tvalsazrisi Camoayaliba iseT mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi, rogoricaa

_`poeti,~ `mgzavris werilebi,~ àCrdili~ da sxva; aseve uamrav

publicistur-kritikul werilebSi, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT unda

aRiniSnos òriode sityva,~ `saqarTvelos moambezed,~ `Cveni literaturis

dRevandeli yofa,~ `ra mizezia, rom kritika ara gvaqvs,~ àkaki wereTeli

da `vefxistyaosani,~ `werilebi qarTul literaturaze~ da sxva.

ilia WavWavaZis literaturul-esTetikur mosazrebaTagan didad ar

gansxvavdeba akaki wereTlis amgvari naazrevi, Tumca sxvaoba, romelsac

Tavad poeti àkakurs~ uwodebda, mainc SeiniSneba, rac savsebiT

bunebrivia. am ukanasknelma Tavisi Sexedulebani literaturis arssa

Tu daniSnulebaze Camoayaliba iseT saprogramo leqsebSi,

rogoricaa: `poeti,~ `WaRara,~ `Canguri~ da sxva. aseve Semdeg

publicistur werilebSi: àxirebuli furceli,~ `ramodenime sityva

`Canguris~ Sesaxeb,~ `pirveli da ukanaskneli sityva `droebisadmi,~

`vin styuis?(Cveni exlandeli Zveli da axali Taoba)~ da mravali

sxva.

pirveldaselTa esTetikuri azrovnebisa Tu mxatvruli

SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi Tvisebebi mokled ase

SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: erovnuli da socialuri sakiTxis win wamoweva,

20

maTi Sesabamisi Tematikis damuSaveba da maRalmxatvruli formiT

gadmocema; sinamdvilis realisturi aRwera tipizaciis gziT, rac

gulisxmobs `tipuri xasiaTebis tipur garemoSi asaxvas~ ise, rom

erTdroulad atarebdes erovnulsa da zogadsakacobrio niSnebs;

mxatvruli nawarmoebis formisa da SinaarsisaTvis Tanabari rolis

miniWeba da axali saerTo-saxalxo erTiani saliteraturo enis

Camoyalibeba-damkvidreba da a.S.

pirveldaselebis mier sabolood damkvidrebuli kritikuli

realizmi Tanadrouli epoqis Sesabamisad ganaviTares `TergdaleulTa~

meore frTis _ `axali axalgazrdobis,~ anu meore dasis

warmomadgenlebma, uwinaresad niko nikolaZem da giorgi wereTelma.

swored maT SemoiRes da daamkvidres termini `Seuferavi realizmi,~

rogorc garkveuli SemoqmedebiTi meTodis aRmniSvneli cneba ilia

WavWavaZisa da saerTod pirveldaselTa `Seferili realizmis~

sapirispirod. maTi literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi mokled

aseTi saxisaa: realuri sinamdvilis Seuferavad asaxva da wera imaze,

rasac moiTxovs mwerlis Tanadrouli socialur-politikuri viTareba;

erovnuli da socialuri problemebis Rrma-mecnieruli da safuZvliani

Seswavla da mis mogvarebaSi mTeli sazogadoebis monawileoba calkeul

fenebs Soris arsebuli dapirispirebis safuZvlis mospobiT; tipuris

safuZvlad TviT cxovrebiseul sinamdvileSi arsebuli zogadi niSnebis

matarebeli `cocxali tipis~ miCneva; formasTan SedarebiT

SinaarsisaTvis garkveuli upiratesobis miniWeba da sxva.

literaturis arssa Tu mwerlis movaleoba-daniSnulebaze, sxvdasxva

mimdinareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebze, calkeul mweralTa

mxatvruli Semoqmedebis Sefasebaze ara erT qarTvel Tu ucxoel

mkvlevars umuSavia Tavis droze da met-naklebi warmatebiTac, jer kidev

XIX saukuneSi da gansakuTrebiT XX saukuneSi. kvlevisas Cven gamoviyeneT

yvela saxis literatura, romelic am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs

da xeli migviwvda, rac Tumca arasakmarisia, magram garkveul safuZvels

iZleva Semdgomi ufro srulmasStabiani kvleva-ZiebisaTvis.

`Seuferavi realizmis~ arsis ukeT gagebisaTvis mizanSewonilad

miviCnieT emil zolas esTetikuri Tvalsazrisis ganxilva, vinaidan

mkvlevarTa nawili pirvel maTgans meoresTan aigivebs. Tavisi

21

literaturuli Sexedulebebi frangma klasikosma umTavresad

Camoayaliba Tavis cnobil statiebSi: `naturalizmi TeatrSi,~

`stendali,~ `balzaki,~ `gustav floberi,~ `eqsperimentaluri romani~ da

sxva. e. zolas mier literaturaze dawerili werilebis ZiriTadi nawili

pirvelad daibeWda JurnalSi `Петербургскый вестник~-i 1875-1880 wlebSi.

rogorc cnobilia, emil zolas literaturul-esTetikuri Teoria

sam ZiriTar wyarozea agebuli. esenia: ogiust kontis `pozitiuri

filosofiis kursi,~ ipolit tenis `xelovnebis filosofia~ da klod

bernaris `eqsperimentaluri medicinis Sesavali.~ swored amitom emil

zola miiCnevs, rom eqsperimentuli mecnierebis epoqaSi literaturac

unda eyrdnobodes sazogadoebrivi yofis mecnierul analizs.

naturalistur romans, zolas azriT, uwinaresad axasiaTebs

cxovrebis zusti oqmiseburi aRwera, romlis drosac mwerlis funqcia

daiyvaneba yofiTi movlenebis guldasmiT SerCevasa da maT

urTierTSexamebaze. mwerali ar unda scildebodes sadagi

yoveldRiurobis farglebs da maTi aRwerisas asrulebdes mxolod

statistis rols, romelic keTilsindisierad aRwers realobis romelime

mxares an realobas mTlianad, xolo TviTon wminda mxatvruli

mosazrebiT ganze rCeba. aseTi literaturis saboloo mizania adamianis,

individis, sazogadoebis wevris Semecneba sabunebismetyvelo

mecnierebebis miRwevebze dayrdnobiT. aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom emil

zola TviTonac ver eteva Tavisive esTetikuri Sexedulebebis farglebSi

da qmnis WeSmaritad realistur mxatvrul tiloebs, romelTa badali

iSviaTia frangul da ara mxolod frangul literaturaSi.

rogorc zemoT iTqva, `Seuferavi realizmi~ rogorc

literaturul-esTetikuri termini CvenSi daamkvidra niko nikolaZem,

romelmac Tavis mxriv isesxa nikolai CerniSevskisgan. am ukanasknelma ki

is pirvelad ixmara Tavis cnobil werilSi `не начало ли перемены.~

giorgi wereTelma igi meoredaselTa da pirvel rigSi sakuTar

SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRiara. Tavis droze kita abaSiZem, romelic

cdilobda frangi mkvlevaris briuneteris evoluciuri meTodis

`WeSmariteba~ daedasturebina axali qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis

magaliTze, sruliad umarTebulo axsna misca `Seuferav realizms~ da

gaaigiva igi naturalizmTan, Tan ise, rom misi daxasiaTeba mogvca

22

mwerlis mxatvruli Semoqmdebis, misi azriT, sust mxareebze daydrnobiT,

rac sruliad miuRebelia.

gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba gamoTqva `Seuferav realizmze~

akademikosma giorgi jiblaZem, romelmac praqtikulad pirvelma mogvca

kita abaSiZis zemoT aRniSnuli mcdari koncefciis safuZvliani kritika,

Tumca calke SemoqmdebiT meTodad gamoacxada igi, rac, Cveni azriT,

Secdoma iyo. igi mas ar aigivebs naturalizmTan, magram ganasxvavebs

kritikuli realizmisagan da Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, maT (kritikul

realizmsa da naturalizms) Sua aTavsebs. magram cnobilia, rom aseT

mimdinareobas literaturaTmcodneoba saerTod ar icnobs.

1955 wels mixeil gafrindaSvilma Tavis naSromSi `giorgi

wereTlis msoflmxedveloba~ `Seuferav realizmze~ garkveuli daskvnebi

gamoitana giorgi wereTlis publicistur-kritikul werilebze

dayrdnobiT. misi daskvnac, rom `Seuferavi realizmi~ mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavdeba `Seferili realizmisagan~ ar aris sruli da mainc da mainc

marTebuli. msgavsi mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli 1988 wels profesor vaxtang

vaxanias naSromSi `realizmis sakiTxebi qarTvel samocianelTa

esTetikaSi.~ mkvlevaris azriT, giorgi wereTlis `Seuferavi realizmi~

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba kritikuli realizmisagan da

naturalizmisken ixreba, magram arc naturalizmia. aseT SemTxvevaSi

bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva _ Tu Cveni samocianelis `Seuferavi realizmi~

arc kritikuli realizmia da arc naturalizmi, maSin raRaa igi?

am kiTxvaze sxvadasxva dros pasuxi gasca ara erTma qarTvelma

mkvlevarma, romelTa azriT giorgi wereTlis `Seuferavi realizmi~

igive kritikuli realizmia, morgebuli mwerlis Tanadroul

sazogadoebriv cxovrebas. am Tvalsazriss iziarebdnen: m.zandukeli

(`axali qarTuli literatura,~ t, II), a. maxaraZe (`narkvevebi qarTuli

literaturis istoriidan,~ t. II), s. avaliani (`giorgi wereTlis

filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba’~), g. natroSvili (`winaparni da

Tanamedroveni~), S. vaSaymaZe (`giorgi wereTeli da Jurnali `kvali~), a.

Wilaia (`giorgi wereTeli~), o. WurRulia (kritikuli werilebi), n.

Wolokava (`giorgi wereTlis literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebani~),

b. bardaveliZe (`giorgi wereTlis moTxrobebi~), d. gamezardaSvili

(`narkvevebi qarTuli realizmis istoriidan~), g. abzianiZe (`narkvevebi

23

XIX saukunis qarTuli azrovnebis istoriidan~) da mravli sxva. Tumca

aqve unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoeba, rom zemoT dasaxelebuli

mkvlevarebi `Seuferavi realizmis~ sakiTxs ZiriTadad miudgnen giorgi

wereTlis mTliani Semoqmedebis erTi romelime mxaris mixedviT, iqneboda

es mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, esTetikuri Tu filosofiuri Sexedulebebi.

da es maSin, roca mwerlis romelime mimarTulebisaTvis misakuTvneblad,

Cveni azriT, aucilebelia Semoqmedebis yvela mxaris gaTvaliswineba maTi

srulyofili Seswavla-gaanalizebis gziT.

zemoT CamoTvlil mkvlevarTa Sexedulebebis Sesavla-gaanalizebam,

giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebis, esTetikuri naazrevis, filosofiuri

warmodgenis gaTvaliswineba-dafasebam migviyvana, Cveni azriT, sruliad

logikur daskvnamde, rom misi `Seuferavi realizmi~ igive kritikuli

realizmia da ara naturalizmi, miT umetes arc rame Sualeduri rgoli

am or literaturul mimdinareobas Soris moqceuli.

arc erTi literaturuli mimdinareoba araa mowyvetili arc wina

da arc momdevno xanis SemoqmdebiTi meTodebisagan, rogorc Sedegi da

safuZveli erTdroulad. miT umetes, roca saqme exeba gamorCeulad did

mwerals, romelic arasodes eteva erTi romelime mimdinareobis

farglebSi da xSirad mTel epoqas moicavs xolme. amave dros

dauSvebelad migvaCnia xelovanis Semoqmedebis Sefaseba imis mixedviT,

YTu ra unda moeca mas dRevandeli gadasaxedidan. igi unda Sefasdes imis

mixedviT, Tu ra mogvca man Tavisi Tanadrouli viTarebidan gamomdinare

garkveul tradiciebze dayrdnobiT.

cnobili faqtia, rom nebismieri literaturuli mimdinareobis

esTetikur Sexedulebebs axasiaTebT erTgvari meTodologiuri

SezRuduloba, romelic gamoixateba wina mimdinareobis, qvemimdinareobis

Tu skolis literaturuli TvalTaxedvis sruli an nawilobrivi

miuReblobiT, rac sxvadasxva mizezebiTaa ganpirobebuli. aseT

SemTxvevaSi gauTvaliswinebeli rCeba is garemoeba, rom axali

literaturuli mimdinareoba Sedegia wina drois literaturul-

esTetikuri naazrevisa. amitom, Cveni zriT, aucilebelia amgvari

Sexedulebebis gaazreba-dafaseba istoriul WrilSi. aqedan gamomdinare

dReisTvis ukve naTelia, rom literaturuli mimdinareobis,

SemoqmedebiTi meTodis dasafaseblad, saWiroa ufro universaluri

24

sistemis SemuSaveba, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba mwerlis

msoflmxedveloba, esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, Sinagani buneba, fsiqika Tu

pirovnuli `me~-s Tvisebebi. amitom, roca literaturis mkvlevari

mwerlis Semoqmedebas Tu esTetikur naazrevs ganixilavs ama Tu

mimdinareobasTan mimarTebaSi, aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli

zemoT naxsenebi garemoeba, rac, samwuxarod, Zalze iSviaTad xdeba.

sadisertacio naSromi amgvari midgomis mokrZalebuli mcdelobaa.

25

realizmis warmoSobis zogadi mimoxilva evropul

literaturaSi

xelovneba saerTod da maT Soris literatura iseve Zvelia,

rogorc kacobrioba. xelovneba arsebobs da viTardeba Tavis konkretul

saxeobebSi: literatura, Teatri, musika, arqiteqtura, mxatvroba, kino da

sxva. misi am mravalferovnebis mizezs cnobili germaneli filosofosi

emanuel kanti subieqtis SesaZleblobis mravalferovnebaSi xedavda,

hegeli _ obieqturi ideis Sinagan diferenciaSi, frangi materialistebi

– garemomcveli samyaros mxatvruli aRqmis sxvadasxva saSualebebSi da

a.S.

xelovnebis saxeobebad dayofis mizezi aris adamianis

sazogadoebrivi praqtikis mravalgvaroba, mxatvrulad aRqmuli samyaro,

romelic sinamdvilis esTetikuri aRqmis mravalferovnebas eyrdnoba.

kacobriobis msoflio-istoriuli praqtikis safuZvelze adamianis

moRvaweobis procesSi warmoiqmna misi sulieri yofis mravalmxrivoba,

ganviTarda adamianis esTetikuri grZnoba, mSvenierebiT tkbobis unari da

a.S.

rogorc cnobilia, xelovnebis ganviTareba urTierTSemxvedri

procesia: 1. sinkretizmidan xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis warmoSobamde

(erTiani, ganuyreli mxatvruli azrovnebidan uZveles droSive

ganviTardnen cekva, simRera, musika, Teatri, literatura; XIX saukuneSi

Camoyalibda fotografia, XX saukuneSi – kino da televizia).

2. xelovnebis sxvadasxva saxeobidan maT sinTezamde (kino xelovnebis

calke dargia da amave dros ramdenime maTganis sinTezi; arqiteqtura

warmoadgens monumentaluri ferwerisa da qandakebis sinTezs). mxatvruli

kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis Tanabrad sasargebloa rogorc xelovnebis

specifikuri dargebis gamoyofa, ise muzebis urTierTqmedeba.

xelovnebis yvela saxeobidan umTavresi mainc literaturaa,

romelic mxatvruli sityvis saSualebiT Seimecnebs gare samyaros. misi

sagani, marTalia, araerTgvarovnad, magram ganuxrelad viTardeba da

farTovdeba. misi asaxvis sferoSi ukve Sedis bunebrivi da

sazogadoebrivi movlenebi, udidesi socialuri kataklizmebi. Tavis

sxvadasxva JanrebSi yovelive amas literatura moicavs an sinamdvilis

26

dramatuli aRqmiT, an movlenebis epikuri aRweriT, an kidev adamianis

Sinagani bunebis lirikuli TviTgaxsniT.

literatura xelovnebis sxva saxeobebis msgavsad istoriulad

cvalebadia. icvlebian masSi asaxuli cxovrebiseuli movlenebi,

SemoqmedTa msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciebi da idealebi, Cndebian axali

mxatvruli saSualebebi, xerxebi da meTodebi. literaturuli nawar-

moebisa da literaturuli procesis yoveli elementi da Taviseburebebi

cocxali organizmiviTaa, moZravia, vinaidan igi aqtiurad reagirebs

cxovrebis cvalebadobaze.

sityvakazmuli mwerlobis ganviTareba _ esaa mdgradobisa da

cvalebadobis, memkvidreobiTobisa da novatorobis urTierTmoqmedebis

procesi. misi saxecvlileba aucilebelad gulisxmobs konservatul

mxaresac. literaturis cvalebadoba, rogorc hegeli varaudobda,

sruliadac ar iwvevs misi arsis rRvevas an filosofiis Secvlas.

individis cxovreba sazogadoebisa da xalxis wiaRSi da xalxisa-

kacobriobisaSi, adamiani, sazogadoeba da buneba TavianTi

urTierTqmedebiT warmoadgenen literaturis asaxvis mudmiv sagans. amave

dros literaturuli saxis mudmivi da ucvleli samSeneblo masalaa

sityva. warmosaxva TviT enis safuZvelSia Cadebuli, enisa, romelic

iqmneba xalxis mier da Tavis TavSi amTlianebs mTel mis gamocdilebas,

iqceva ra azrovnebis formad. ena, Tavisi Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis

procesis dros ivseboda samyaros asocirebuli xedviT da xdeboda misi

Semzadeba sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvisaTvis.

yoveli mecniereba swavlobs sinamdvilis erT mxares mis

konkretul gamovlinebaSi, xolo mxatvruli literatura am sinamdviles

iRebs mTlianobaSi, misi sxvadasxva mxareebisa da Tvisebebis

urTierTqmedebaSi. amitom gansxvavebiT mecnierulisagan literaturul

teqstSi yoveli fraza warmoadgens erTaderT SesaZlebels. mxatvruli

saxe asaxavs movlenas mis ganuyofel mTlianobaSi, ris gamoc masSi

yoveli sityva udides mniSvnelobas iZens. am TaviseburebiT aixsneba,

magaliTad, mxatvruli Targmanis sirTule. mwerlobas sityvieri forma

aZlevs saSualebas gamoxatos rogorc esTetikuri, ise sazogadoebriv-

politikuri idealebi, daamyaros kavSiri filosofiasTan, politikasTan,

moralTan da sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis sxva formebTan. amitom

27

literaturas wamyvani adgili uWiravs xelovnebis mravalferovan

sistemaSi da mniSvnelovan zegavlenasac axdens misi sxva dargebis

ganviTarebaze.

literaturis da saerTod xelovnebis mizani yovelTvis iyo da

aris is, rom adamians agrZnobinos misi cxovrebis SigniT (rogorc es

realizmSia), an masze da mis qveviT (rogorc es romantizmSia) arsebobs

siRrmiseuli sinamdvile, romelsac ideals uwodeben. am miznis miRwevis

gareSe ar arsebobs namdvili literatura da xelovneba saerTod. magram

winaaRmdegoba imaSia, rom calkeuli literaturuli mimdinareobis

meTodologia eyrdnoba erTgvarovani principebis absolutizacias. dRes

ukve naTelia, rom mwerlobis kriteriumis Sesafaseblad unda

Camoyalibdes ufro universaluri sistema, romelic naTlad warmoaCens

am fenomenis mTel sirTulesa da mravalferovnebas. bunebrivia isic, rom

realuri samyaros polifoniuroba, adamianis praqtikuli Tu sulieri

yofis mravalgvaroba airekleba mxatvruli asaxvis polifoniurobasa da

mravalferovnebaSi. literatura, erTi mxriv, sinamdvilis realur

suraTebs asaxavs WeSmariti Tu istoriuli faqtebis aRweriT, an

mxatvruli gamonagonis saSualebiT, romelic realuri yofis

ganzogadebis Sedegia da xSir SemTxvevaSi ufro marTali, vidre

sinamdvile; meore mxriv ki, warmoadgens am realobisadmi avtoris,

Semoqmedis damokidebulebis gadmocemas, an gviCvenebs im grZnoba-

ganwyobilebas, romelsac esa Tu is movlena iwvevs mwerlis Sinagan

bunebaSi. es ukanaskneli Tavis mxriv realuri sinamdviliTaa gamowveuli

da realuri adamianis realuri warmosaxvis Sedegia. aqedan gamomdinare,

`sityvakazmuli mwerlobis arsi sinamdvilis mxatvrul asaxvaSi

mdgomareobs. yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebis Rirseba imiT

ganisazRvreba Tu ramdenad srulyofilad da maRalmxatvrulad asaxavs

sinamdviles, mis arsebiT mxareebs. am didi amocanis gadawyvetaSi ki erT-

erT mTavar rols SemoqmedebiTi meTodi asrulebs.~ 1

SemoqmedebiTi meTodi, _ misi xasiaTi da Tavisebureba, _

istoriulad dakavSirebulia cnobierebasTan, sazogadoebrivi Segnebis

donesTan; igi Sepirobebulia cxovrebis sinamdviliT, amasTan misi

1 d. gamezardaSvili, narkvevebi qarTuli realizmidan, wigni II, gv.7 Tb.1957

28

srulyofisa da saboloo saxis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi udides rols

TamaSobs TviT Semoqmedis msoflmxedveloba da talanti. Sesaferis

istoriul garemosa da adamianTa Semecnebis donis Sesatyvisad

literaturaSi da saerTod xelovnebaSi icvleboda SemoqmedebiTi

meTodebi, an adgili hqonda maT ganviTarebasa da kriziss, magram arc

erTi xalxis mwerlobaSi arasodes gawyvetila ganviTarebis mTliani

jaWvi. wina drois literatura yovelTvis axdenda gavlenas momdevno

xanis mwerlobaze.

dRes ukve sadaod ar iTvleba is, rom xelovneba saerTod da maT

Soris literatura, yovelTvis gamoxatavda sinamdviles, Tavis

safuZvelsa da STagonebis wyaros. es gamoxatva warmoadgenda aqtiur

kategorias, radganac TviT sinamdvilisadmi samsaxurs isaxavda miznad.1

aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom realizmi, rogorc

literaturuli mimdinareoba, Tu misi elementebi, ra Tqma unda,

gansxvavebuli formiT arsebobda yvela drosa da epoqaSi, TviT

pirvelyofili sazogadoebidan moyolebuli.

pirvelyofili adamianis mier gamoqvabulis kedlebze Sesrulebuli

primitiuli naxati damxatvelisa Tu mnaxvelisaTvis igive iyo, rac

morwmuneTaTvis xatia. e.i. meore, am samyaros miRmiseuli sinamdvile,

WeSmariti substancia, romelsac garkveulwilad magiuri daniSnuleba

hqonda im droindeli adamianisaTvis. amave dros kedelze amokawruli

cxovelebisa Tu maTze monadire adamianebis gamosaxulebebi

garkveulwilad realuri cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilidan aRebuli

realuri cxovelisa Tu adamianis mxatvruli saxec iyo. amitomacaa, rom

mkvlevarebi mas `primitiul realizms~ uwodeben, da es termini TiTqmis

srulyofilad gadmogvcems misi, rogorc cnebis arss. is mxatvroba

sinamdvilis ara mxolod anareklia, aramed garkveuli

msoflmxedvelobis matarebelic. marTalia, es msoflmxedveloba raRac

mistikur, mxolod qvecnobier saxes atarebda, magram mainc srulyofilad

gadmogvcemda im droindeli adamianis Sexedulebebs gare samyaroze. 2

pirvelyofili adamianis mier Seqmnili zepirsityvierebis nimuSebs,

marTalia, Cvenamde ar mouRwevia da verc moaRwevda sruliad martivi da

1 g. jiblaZe, xelovneba da sinamdvile, Tb. 1955w. Inaw. gv.18

2 i. borevi, esTetika, moskovi 1988w. gv.360

29

gasagebi mizezebis gamo, magram Cven SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom qvis xanis

adamiani, romelic Cveulebrivad azrovnebda da metyvelebda, aucileblad

Seqmnida folklorul nimuSebs, romlebSic gadmocemuli iqneboda

maSindeli adamianis nafiqral-naazrevi gare samyaroze, bunebriv Tu

sazogadoebriv movlenebze, am movlenebisadmi adamianis

damokidebulebaze da a.S.. ase rom is e.w. `primitiuli realizmi~

SegviZlia vivaraudoT im uZveles folklorSic.

uZveles xanaSive adamiani qmnida miTosuri xasiaTis Tqmulebebs,

romlebic mistikur elementebTan erTad Seicavda realuri

cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis amsaxvel momentebsac. miTologiaSi mistika,

fantazia da realoba ise mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan Serwymuli, rom dRes

ukve Wirs maT Soris zRvaris gavleba. magram, radganac uZvelesi miTebi

gadmogvcemen im droindeli adamianis realurad arsebul kosmogeniur

Tu msoflmxedvelobriv warmodgenebs, mis naazrevs adamianis

warmoSobasa Tu mis adgilze am samyaroSi da a.S., amitom maTosuri xanis

xelovnebas saerTod da maT Soris literaturas SegviZlia `miTosuri

realizmi~ vuwodoT.

is, rom antikuri literatura Seicavda realizmis elementebs,

dasturdeba Tundac homerosis poemebiT – ìliada~ da òdisea.~ es

gansakuTrebiT iTqmis ìliadaze,~ romelSic asaxulia Zveli berZnebis

brZola troelTa winaaRmdeg. marTalia, troa didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

legendarul qalaqad, mwerlis fantaziis nayofad iTvleboda, magram,

rogorc cnobilia, XIX saukuneSi germanelma arqeologma hainrix

Slimanma berZnuli da aRmosavleTis qveynebis istoriul dokumentebze

dayrdnobiT SeZlo ara mxolod aRmoeCina am qalaqis naSTebi, aramed

winaswar zustad gamoeTvala misi adgilsamyofelic ki.

jer kidev IV saukuneSi qristes Sobamde Zvelma berZenma

filosofosma aristotelem Tavis naSromSi _ `poetika~ _ logikuri

TanmimdevrobiT Camoayaliba `mimezisis~ (mibaZvis) Teoria, romelic, misi

azriT, damaxasiaTebeli iyo klasikuri xanis antikuri mwerlobisaTvis.

es Teoria xelovnebis funqcias ukavSirebda realuri yofis asaxvas ise,

rogorc aris. amis safuZvelze aristotele xazs usvamda musikis, poeziis

da gansakuTrebiT taragediis SemecnebiT-aRmzrdelobiT funqcias. misi

SexedulebiT xelovneba zogadsakacobrio bunebisaa da dakavSirebulia

30

garemomcveli sinamdvilidan tipuris gamovlenasTan. literatura

uSualod asaxavs garkveul eTikur Tvisebebs da warmoadgens

sazogadoebis aRzrdis erT-erT saSualebas. es uwinaresad da yvelaze

meti efeqturobiT SeuZlia tragedias. amitom nawarmoebis aRqmis

kulminacias warmoadgens kaTarzisis SegrZneba, romelic gamoxatavs

sulier ganwmendas TanagrZnobisa da SiSis gziT. kaTarzisi amave dros

iyo ara saboloo Sedegi, aramed ganwmendis procesi da umaRles eTikur

principebTan miaxloebis saSualeba. is iwyeboda ara ubralod

TanagrZnobidan, aramed sulieri gasxivosnebidan. swored es miaCnda

aristoteles tragediis umTavres Rirsebad.

aristotele da masTan erTad antikuri xanis sxva moazrovneTa

(platonis, lukreciusis, horaciusis, ciceronis da sxva.) esTetikurma

Sexedulebebma, romlebic gamoxatavdnen Tavisufali moqalaqis Zireul

interesebs, Taviseburi gamoZaxili hpoves mxatvrul tiloebSic.

mxatvrulma Semoqmedebam Tavis nawarmoebebSi daasabuTa antikuri

filosofiuri koncefcia adamianze, romelSic dominirebda Semdegi

ideebi: 1. adamians samyaroSi uWiravs gansakuTrebuli, uzenaesi adgili;

2.individi ekuTvnis ara mxolod Tavis gansakuTrebul gvar-tomobriv

sazogadoebas, aramed kacobriobasac, rogorc mTlians.

antikurma literaturam Seqmna mSvenieri da mamaci adamianis

ideali, fizikurad da sulierad srulyofili gmiris saxe, gmirisa,

romelic harmoniaSi cxovrobs garemomcvel samyarosTan, romelic Zveli

berZnebisa da romaelebis fantaziam daasaxla miTuri arsebebiTa da

dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi adamianuri Tvisebebis mqone RmerTebiT. amis

naTeli dasturia esqiles, evripides, sofokles, apolonios rodoselis,

vergiliusisa da sxvaTa mxatvruli Semoqmedeba.

antikurma xelovnebam farTod airekla cxovreba da am

cxovrebisagan miRebul STabeWdilebebs misca srulyofili mxatvruli

forma. A`ars longa, vita brevis~ _ sicocxle xanmoklea, xelovneba

maradiuli – es iyo antikuri kulturis devizi. TviTon xelovnebis,

literaturis socialuri statusis gansazRvra antikur xanaSi

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan arasrulyofili, zogjer damaxinjebulic da

istoriulad SezRuduli iyo. miuxedavad amisa, es iyo win gadadgmuli

nabiji xelovnebis ganviTarebis procesSi.

31

antikur epoqaSi literatura samyaros xsnida miTologiurad. es

iyo erTdroulad realisturi da iluzionur-fantastikuri, im drois

adamianisaTvis sarwmuno Sexeduleba samyaroze, romelic Seicavda

stiqiur dialeqtikas. amitom mas SeiZleba ewodos miTologiur-antikuri

realizmi, romlisTvisac damaxasiTebelia adamianis gmiruli (heroikuli)

koncefcia, romelic amkvidrebda pirovnebisa da sazodadoebis

erTianobis, individis Sinagani bunebis harmoniulobis ideas. Tumca is

emorCileba aucileblobas da xSirad sakuTar daRupvasac ver icilebs

Tavidan, magram mainc ibrZvis da mxolod Tavisufal moqmedebaSi

vlindeba aucileblobac.

antikurma xanam kacobriobas dautova pirovnebis Tavisuflebis

idea da demokratiis ZiriTadi principebi. abstraqtul mecnierebaTa

Tavdapirveli sistemebi, romlebic miuxedavad imisa, rom ar iyo

praqtikul saqmianobasTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli da, rogorc

filosofosi a. losevi aRniSnavda, abstraqtul-mWvretelobiT, pasiur

xasiaTs atarebda, xels uwyobda poliTeizmidan monoTeizmze gadasvlas.

swored amis safuZvelze, ekonomikuri da politikuri sferoebis

centralizaciasTan erTad, Cv. w. aR-is pirvel saukuneSi romis imperiis

aRmosavleT provinciebSi aRmocenda qristianoba, romelic xangrZlivi

devnis miuxedavad, IV saukuneSi saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda da

TandaTan msoflio religiadac iqca.

qristianobam moitana principulad sxva idealebi, qcevis sxva

nomrebi. man mkveTri zRvari gaavlo zeciur samyaros, romelic uzenaesi

samarTlianobis gamoxatuleba iyo, da miwier cxovrebas Soris. samyaro

Seqmnilia adamianisaTvis, xolo adamiani dabadebulia imisaTvis, rom

Seimecnos RmerTi misi mcnebebis miyoliT. sulis xsna da imqveyniuri

samoTxe cxaddeboda umTavres amocanad, romelsac unda damorCileboda

adamianis yvela Canafiqri da qceva. qristianuli eklesia TandaTan

mniSvnelovan rols ikavebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. dasavleT evropis,

anu romis eklesia, romelic Teokratiuli idealebiT xelmZRvanelobda

da romelmac politika Tavisi moRvaweobis umniSvnelovanes sferod

gaixada, aRmosavluri, anu marTlmadidebluri eklesiisagan gansxvavebiT

SedarebiT ufro `miwieri~ iyo. amave dros igi qmnida saxelmwifos

sawinaaRmdego sapirwones da aiZulebda mas kompromisze wasuliyo.

32

eklesiis wyalobiT jer kidev adrindel Sua saukuneebSi iwyeba

politikur cxovrebaSi dialogis ganwyobilebis Seqmna. es ki uaRresad

mniSvnelovani winapiroba iyo saxelmwifo xelisuflebis evropuli tipis

warmoSobisTvis, romelic iZulebuli iyo angariSia gaewia

sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvis da masTan kompromisze wasuliyo. 1

gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo aRmosavleTSi, anu bizantiaSi. aq

miaCndaT, rom srulyofili harmoniisa da wesrigis gansaxiereba iyo

imperia, sadac saxelmwifo warmoadgenda umaRles da uryev faseulobas,

xolo imperatori iTvleboda SeuzRudavi Zalauflebis mqone

mbrZaneblad, magram ara saxelmwifos mesakuTred. igi iyo erTdroulad

saero xelisufalic da eklesiis meTauric. amitom mas unda hqonoda

saxelmwifo moxelis niWi da WeSmariti qristianis Tvisebebi _

keTilsindisiereba, rwmena, gulmowyaleba. amis safuZvelze bizantiaSi

TandaTan kvdeboda antikuri warmarTuli Segneba, igi icvleboda ufro

tragikuliTa da disharmoniuliT, magram mimarTuliT adamianis Sinagani

samyarosadmi, romelic mas xsnis gzas usaxavda, aZlevda ra RvTiur

arsSi wvdomis imeds.

Sua saukuneebis rogorc dasavleT evropis, ise bizantiur

literaturaze, romelic antikurobis tradiciebze aRmocenda, udides

zegavlenas axdenda qristianuli religia, rac iwvevda xelovnebis

reglamentirebul, ikonografiul sqemebSi moqcevas. antikuri xanis

harmoniuli gmiris koncefcia Secvala dogmatur CarCoebSi moqceulma

RvTismosavma da qristianobisaTvis Tavdadebulma adamianma,

romlisTvisac umTavresia rwmena, rogorc absoluturi WeSmariteba,

romelic miiReba zeSTagonebiT. magram amave dros antikuri

filosofiis zegavleniT Cndeba idea, rom gza RmerTisaken rwmenasTan

erTad gadis adamianisa da bunebis Secnobaze (averoesi, moSe maimonidi,

Toma aqvineli). es ki xels uwyobda sasuliero mwerlobasTan erTad

saero literaturis ganviTarebasac. amisi naTeli dasturia franguli

eposi `simRera rolandze,~ espanuri `simRera Cems sidze,~ irlandieli

berebis mier Cawerili Zveli kelturi sagebi (epikuri Tqmulebebi

RmerTebisa da gmirebis Sesaxeb), anglo-saqsuri poema `beovulfi,~

islandiuri eposi `ufrosi eda~ da sxva, romlebic fantastikur

1 g. boloTaSvili, civilizaciebis istoria Tb. 2003w. gv.76-78.

33

elementebTan erTad aucileblad Seicaven realizmis elementebsac.

igives Tqma Tavisuflad SeiZleba Sua saukuneebis sasuliero

mwerlobazec, gansakuTrebiT hagiografiaze, romelic ZiriTadad

realurad arsebuli wmindanebis cxovrebisa Tu wamebis amsaxvelia. amave

dros savsea alegoriebiTa da simboloebiT.

Sua saukuneebis literaturam Tavis gmirs Camoacila moqmedebis

nebeloba da gadauloca igi RmerTs. adamiani tragikuli arsebaa,

yvelaferi uzenaesis nebaa. samyaro, romelic orsaxovania _ xiluli da

uxilavi, anu miwieri da zeciuri, ganpirobebulia RmerTiT. amitomac im

drois literaturas, rogorc samyaros inteleqtualuri aRqmis Sedegs,

romelic maSindeli adamianisaTvis sarwmuno uxilav samyarosTan erTad

amqveyniur cxovrebasac asaxavda, SegviZlia vuwodoT Sua saukuneebis

alegoriul-simboluri realizmi.

Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi Semzadda renesansis _ aRorZinebis

xelovneba, romlis mTavar Temad iqca adamiani, titanuri bunebis mqone

monoliTuri pirovneba, romelic Sinaganad Tavisufalia da iTvleba

yoveli movlenis, sagnis sazom-kriteriumad. am drois xelovnebaSi

gamoiyofa sami etapi: adreuli humanizmis (dante aligieri, petrarka,

bokaCio); maRali aRorZineba (leonardo da vinCi, erazm roterdameli,

fransua rable) da gviani aRorZineba (Seqspiri, servantesi), romelic

dakavSirebulia humanizmis krizisTan.

aRorZinebis epoqis literatura Seecada samyaro aexsna misive

saSualebiT. gviCvenos samyaro iseTi, rogoric aris, mouZebnos mas

Sinagani axsna misi materialuri bunebidan gamomdinare _ aseTia rables,

Seqspiris, servantesis realizmi. am periodis mwerlobam adamiani

gaaTavisufla asketizmis tyveobidan da daamkvidra principi _ `akeTe,

rac ginda.~ swored amaSi vlindeba misi siZlierec da sisustec, radgan

igi gzas uxsnis pirovnebis yovelgvari Tvisebis, rogorc dadebiTis, ise

uaryofiTis TviTganxorcielebas, rac humanizmis krizisis maCvenebelia.

am drois humanizmisaTvis adamianis arsebobis marTebulobaSi daeWveba

aris erT-erTi momenti misi nayofierebisa da gansakuTrebulobis

gamosaxatavad da ara cxovrebiseuli kredo. mokled rom vTqvaT, esaa

aRorZinebis realizmi, romelic axal niSan-TvisebebTan erTad

34

uciloblad atarebs Sua saukuneebisa da gansakuTrebiT

antikurobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel elementebsac.

XVII saukuneSi inglisSi Caisaxa internacionaluri ideuri

moZraoba ganmanaTleblobis saxelwodebiT. `Seecade, rom gaigo~ _ ase

gansazRvra am epoqis suliskveTeba cnobilma germanelma filosofosma

emanuel kantma. am moZraobis erT-erTi fuZemdebelTagani iyo ingliseli

moazrovne jon loki. ganmanaTleblobam umaRles mwvervals miaRwia

safrangeTSi, romelmac warmoSva moazrovneTa brwyinvale pleada

volteris, didros, monteskies, rusos saxiT, romlebic xelovnebaSi

amkvidreben ganmanaTleblur realizms.

ganmanaTlebluri realizmis Teoriis avtorad samarTlianad

iTvleba deni didro. am Teoriam dasabuTebuli xasiaTi miiRo mis

naSromSi `filosofiuri gamokvleva mSvenierebis warmoSobasa da

bunebaze~ (1751w.). didros azriT, maRal Sefasebas imsaxurebs

demokratiuli xelovneba, romelic warmoaCens ubralo adamianebis

zneobas, radgan swored aseTi xelovneba gviCvenebs ufro TvalsaCinod

humanistur idealebsa da interesebs. klasicisturi realizmis Teoriis

Semqmnelis bualos msgavsad, didro mxatvrul Semoqmedebas miiCnevda

Segnebul, gaazrebul moqmedebad, romelsac aqvs gonivruli mizani da

emyareba saerTo wesebsa da kanonebs. 1

XVII-XVIII saukuneebis literatura viTardeba gamwvavebuli

socialuri viTarebis fonze, roca absolutizmis egidiT sazogadoebis

droebiTi erTianoba icvleba aristokratiis poziciebze ekonomikurad

moRonierebuli burJuaziis SeteviT. aRorZinebis Tavisufal

individualistsa da klasicizmis reglamentirebul qveSevrdoms cvlis

politikis CarCoebSi TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli moqalaqe. Ddaniel

defo, jonaTan svifti, georg fildingi, aleqsandr lesaJi, pier bomarSe

TavianTi SemoqmedebiT amkvidereben racionalur sawyiss da adamianis

bunebriobas. ganamanaTlebluri realizmis literaturas moqmed pirebad

gamohyavs ara titanuri bunebis pirovneba, aramed marjve, moxerxebuli,

crurwmenebisgan Tavisufali adamiani, romelic cdilobs Tavisi adgili

daimkvidros sazogadoebaSi, romelic dafuZnebuli unda iyos

1 i. borevi, esTetika, gv.367, moskovi 1988w.

35

Tanasworuflebianobis principze, rac miiRweva ara Zaladobis, anu

revoluciis gziT, aramed ganaTlebiT, crurwmenebisa da umecrebis

bindis gafantviT. literaturaSi wamyvan Janrad iqca socialur-yofiTi

romani, gafarTovda mwerlis interesebis sfero, rac iwvevda mwerlobis

demokratizacias, mis mibrunebas sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis

cxovrebisaken, TviT qveda fenebiskenac ki. amave dros ganmanaTlebluri

realizmi Seicavs arsebuli socialur-politikuri viTarebis kritikasac

da saxavs gzas mis Sesacvlelad. Tumca tipizaciis ZiriTad obieqtad

aqcevs xasiaTebis socialur arss, magram kritikuli realizmisagan

gansxvavebiT tipuri xasiTebi aq moqmedeben eqsperimentalur da ara

tipur garemoSi.

XVIII - XIX saukuneebis mijnaze mZlavri socialuri afeTqebebis

epoqam warmoSva literaturuli mimdinareoba romantizmis saxiT, romlis

safuZveli gaxda sayovelTao imedgacrueba sazogadoebrivi yofis

gardaqmnisa da Tavisufleba-Tanasworobis principebze dafuZnebuli

socialuri wyobis damyarebis SesaZleblobaze. man Tavisi yuradRebis

centrSi moaqcia gmiris xasiaTis individualuri Tvisebebi, romelic

ganyenebulad dgas adamianis cxovrebis realuri mdgomareobidan.

romantikuli gmiri amovardnilia Cveulebrivi yoveldRiurobidan da

gansakuTrebul viTarebaSia Cayenebuli, raSic vlindeba kidec misi

siZliere. esaa gmiri amayi martoobiTa da mouwesrigebeli samyaros

miuReblobiT. igi gansakuTrebuli, ganumeorebeli pirovnebaa da swored

amaSia misi sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis wyaro. Tu romantizmi iyo

cxovrebis axali wyobis mouwesrigeblobis erTgvari winaTgrZnoba, XIX

saukunis kritikulma realizmma Seicno da Tavis Tavze iwvnia misi

araadamianuri xasiaTi, ramac igi aqcia `dakarguli iluziebis~ fxizel

xelovnebad. am mimdinareobisaTvis esTetikuri ideali uaryofis gziT

mkvidrdeba da igi sazogadoebisaTvis mowyobili erTgvari sasamarTloa,

romelmac literaturis mTavar amocanad sinamdvilis aRwera da misTvis

ganaCenis gamotana aqcia.

xelovnebisa da literaturis, Tu kritikuli realizmis

gagebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda germaneli filosofosis hegelisa

da misi mimdevrebis esTetikur Sexedulebebs. hegelma Tavis `esTetikaSi~

xelovneba ganixila istorizmisa da dialeqtizmis principebze

36

dayrdnobiT, romlis mixedviTac sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis

cvalebadobasTan erTad xdeba literaturis socializacia da funqciuri

gamravalferovneba.

kritikuli realizmis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebasa Tu SefasebaSi

garkveuli wvlili Seitanes marqsizmis klasikosebma, aseve Sopenhauerma,

vagnerma, nicSem, ogiust kontim da sxva moazrovneebma. magram am mxriv

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos XIX saukunis meore naxevris rusi

revolucioner-demokratebis nikolai CerniSevskis, nikolai

dorbrolibovis da sxvaTa esTetikuri Sexedulebebi. maT sabolood

Camoayalibes kritikuli realizmis Teoria da didi wvlili Seitanes am

mimdinareobis damkvidrebis saqmeSi, gansakuTrebiT ruseTSi. amave dros

swored maT iqonies mniSvnelovani zegavlena Tavisi drois qarTul

literaturaze.

Bbesarion belinskis esTetikur naSromebSi xelovneba da

literatura ganxilulia istorizmis principebze dayrdnobiT da amave

dros dakavSirebulia Tavisi drois umTavres socialur tendenciebTan.

misi azriT, `xelovani azrovnebs saxeebiT,~ mecniereba `amtkicebs,~

xelovneba `aCvenebs~ da orive arwmunebs. raki xelovneba aris

sinamdvilis xelaxali Seqmna mxatvrul saxeebSi, WeSmariti xelovnebis

Sefasebis kriteriumi sinamdvilisadmi erTgulebaa, rac gulisxmobs

ukanasknelis (sinamdvilis) ara kopirebas, fotografiuli sizustiT

aRweras, aramed calkeuli movlenebis ganzogadebis gziT misTvis

sayovelTao xasiaTis micemas. belinskis azriT, `Tu xelovnebis

nawarmoebSi cxovreba zustadaa asaxuli, maSin is xalxuria.~ 1

nikolai CerniSevskim daamuSava xelovnebisa da sinamdvilis

urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxi. misTvis xelovneba sinamdvilis

asaxvaa, magram ara bunebis mibaZva. is aris movlenebis Sinagani

Tvisebebis gadmocema da maTSi tipuris gamovlena. aseTi midgoma

aucileblad gulisxmobs mwerlis SemoqmedebiT fantazias, radgan igi

sinamdviles uyurebs rogorc masalas, Tavisi Semoqmedebis asparezs,

1 b. belinski, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.I, gv.146 1952w.

37

romelsac iyenebs da iqvemdebarebs. sinamdvilisaTvis zurgis Seqceva ki

amcirebs xelovnebis nawarmoebis mxatvrul Rirebulebas. 1

nikolai dobroliubovis azriT, `xelovnebis nawarmoebis mTavari

Rirseba misi cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilea.~ xelovnebis xalxuroba ki

gulisxmobs `xalxis interesebis, moTxovnilebebisa da miswarafebebis

asaxvas mxatvrul nawarmoebSi.~ 2 aqedan gamomdinareobs misi Sexeduleba,

rom esTetikurad mSvenieria is, rac sasargebloa. amas saboloo jamSi

mivyavarT xelovnebis utilitarul gagebamde, rac miuRebelia. amis

mkafio dadasturebaa dimitri pisarevis Sexedulebebi, pisarevisa,

romelsac rusuli nihilizmis fuZemdeblad miiCneven. misi mtkicebiT,

imisaTvis rom cxovreba adgilidan daiZras, sazogadoebas gonivruli

sityviT mivmarToT, gavaRviZoT misustebul literaturaSi misi maRali

da seriozuli valdebulebebi, mTlianad unda moispos esTetika; `unda

gaigzavnos is iqiT, saiTac gaigzavna alqimia da astrologia.~ xelovneba,

pisarevis azriT, zians ayenebs ara mxolod sazogadoebriv azrovnebas,

aramed xels uSlis mecnierebis ganviTarebasac, radgan axalgazrdobas

acilebs misi mxsneli sabunebismetyvelo sagnebisagan. 3 Ddimitri pisarevi

iqamdec mivida, rom rusuli literaturis ganviTarebaSi aleqsandre

puSkinis rolic ki uaryo.

rogorc vnaxeT, literaturam, rogorc xelovnebis erT-erTma

uZvelesma da umniSvnelovanesma dargma ganvlo ganviTarebis Zalze

rTuli da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse mravalferovani gza, vidre

mecxramete saukuneSi Camoyalibdeboda kritikuri realizmi, rogorc

literaturuli mimdinareoba, romelic gulisxmobs cxovrebiseuli

sinamdvilis gadmocemas mxatvruli gamonagonis, ganzogadebisa da tipuri

xasiaTebis tipur garemoSi asaxvis gziT.

Tu romeli literaturuli mimdenareoba arsebobda Zvel droSi

amaze jerjerobiT erTiani Sexeduleba ar arsebobs. erTni amtkiceben,

rom realizmi Caisaxa aRorZinebis epoqaSi; meoreni varaudoben, rom igi

XIX saukunis pirmSoa; mesameni ki fiqroben, rom yvela drois WeSmariti

xelovneba da literatura realisturia. es ukanasknelni eyrdnobian im

azrs, rom jer kidev antikuri xelovneba iyo realisturi. magram jer

1 n. CerniSevski, rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebani, t.I gv. 540 1945w.

2 n. dobroliubovi, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli t.I, gv.192 3 d. pisarevi, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.I gv.118 moskovi, 1968w

38

erTi, esaa gansxvavebuli xasiaTis realizmi, meore mxriv ki, xelovnebaSi

adgili hqonda TviTmyofad literaturul mimdinareobebs, rogoricaa,

magaliTad klasicizmi, sentimentalizmi da sxva, romlebic, Cveni azriT,

Tumca Seicavdnen realizmis elementebs, magram gaaCndaT specifikuri

koncefcia da TiToeuli maTgani atarebda Tavisi mxatvruli simarTlis

saxes. miuxedavad amisa, Tu realizmi sinamdvilis asaxvas gulisxmobs

uwinaresad da es asecaa, maSin igi rogorc literaturuli mimdinareoba,

Cveni azriT, arsebobda yvela epoqaSi, radgan nebismieri droisa Tu

xalxis literaturis asaxvis sagans swored cxovrebiseuli sinamdvile

warmoadgens. sxvadasxva dros arsebobdnen da arseboben gansxvavebuli

msoflmxedvelobebi da midgomebi sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvisadmi,

rac gamowveulia ara realobisadmi zurgis SeqceviT, misi sruli

miuReblobiTa Tu misgan gaqceviT, aramed am realobisadmi SemoqmedTa

sxvadasxvagvari damokidebulebiT. amave dros gasaTvaliswinebelia is

garemoebac, rom rac ar unda farTo mxatvruli tilo Seqmnas mweralma

Tu Semoqmedma saerTod, is mainc ver SeZlebs mTlianad moicvas Zalze

mravalferovani sazogadoebrivi yofa da urTierTobebi. ubralod, XIX

saukunesa da Semdgom xanaSi meurneobis msoflio sistemis Camoyalibebam

gamoiwvia xelovnebis, maT Soris literaturis interesTa sferoebis

gafarToeba. masSi CarTuli aRmoCnda da sazogadoebrivi mniSvneloba Tu

esTetikuri Rirebuleba SeiZina socialurma procesebma (sociologiuri

analizi), adamianis fsiqologiis ufaqizesma niuansebma (fsiqologiuri

analizi), adamianis yofam (yofis asaxva), bunebam (peizaJi) da nivTebis

samyarom (naturmorti). 1 swored kritikul realizmSi warmoCinda

sinamdvilis movlenebi mTeli sisruliT, mravalferovnebiTa da

garTulebuli sazogadoebrivi praqtikis Sesabamisad esTetikuri

Tvisebebis simdidriT.

am literaturulma mimdinareobam gviCvena sazogadoebis `bnel

samyarod~ gardaqmnis araadamianuroba, `damcirebuli da Seuracxyofili~

adamianebis `Rarib~ adamianebad qcevis ukeTureba, xolo adamianis tanjva

da imedgacrueba warmogvidgina `Cveulebriv istoriad.~ XIX saukunis

mkveTrma kritikulma paTosma wina planze wamoswia satira da komedia.


39

samyaros „RvTaebrivma komediam~ yoveldRiuri xasiTi miiRo da iqca

Cveulebriv „adamianur komediad.“ 1 amave dros kritikuli realizmis

literatura exeba adamianisa da kacobriobis ganviTarebis gzebs, icavs

humanistur idealebs, amkvidrebs adamians, rogorc umaRles Rirebulebas.

mas bevri ram axali Semoaqvs adamianuri yofis arsis gagebaSi, bunebisa

da adamianis urTierTkavSiris sirTuleSi, amkvidrebs adamianis

pasuxismgeblobas istoriis winaSe da a.S.

yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan TavisTavad gamomdinareobs, rom

realizmi rogorc mxatvruli mimdinareoba arsebobda yvela drosa da

epoqaSi. mis ganviTarebaSi XIX saukunemde, kritikuli realizmis

saboloo damkvidrebamde, SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi periodebi:

1.primitiuli realizmi, romelic arsebobda uZvelesi droidan antikur

xanamde; 2. miTosur-antikuri realizmi, romelic iwyeba homerosis

epoqidan (Zv. w. aR-is VIIIs.) da grZeldeba adre Sua saukuneebamde (ax. w.

aR-iT IVs.); 3. Sua saukuneebis qristianizirebuli alegoriul-simboluri

realizmi (IV_XIII ss.); 4 aRorZinebis xanis, anu renesansis realizmi

(XIV_XVII ss.); 5. ganmanaTlebluri realizmi (XVIII s.) da 6. kritikuli

realizmi (XIX saukunidan dRemde), romelmac mogvca udidesi

saxelebi safrangeTSi (balzaki, stendali, floberi), inglisSi (dikensi,

Tekerei), ruseTSi (tolstoi, Cexovi, dostoevski), germaniaSi (haine,

Stormi), ungreTSi (petefi), amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi (uitmeni) da

mravali sxva.

marTalia, XIX saukuneSive da gansakuTrebiT XX saukuneSi

kritikul realizmTan erTad arsebobdnen da dResac arseboben mravali

literaturuli mimdinareobebi naturalizmis, simbolizmis,

neorealizmis, surealizmis Tu sxvaTa saxiT, romelTac sakuTari

gansxvavebuli niSnebi axasiaTebT, magram saerToa is ZiriTadi principi,

rasac realuri sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxva hqvia.


40

Zveli KqarTuli Kmwerloba (V_XVIII ss.) realizmis

TvalTaxedviT

qarTuli literatura erT-erTi uZvelesi da umdidresia

kulturul erTa sityvakazmul mwerlobebs Soris. tipologiurad igi

yovelTvis dasavluri iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom imavdroulad iTvisebda

da gadaamuSavebda aRmosavleTis, ZiriTadad sparsuli da arabuli

kulturis miRwevebs. iseve rogorc sxva xalxTa literaturaSi, qarTul

mwerlobaSic arasodes gawyvetila ganviTarebis erTiani jaWvi. igi

sxvadasxva epoqaSi garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba arsebuli

socialur-politikuri Tu kulturuli viTarebidan gamomdinare, rac

savsebiT bunebrivia. magram SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTul mwerlobas

mTeli Tavisi ganviTarebis manZilze wiTeli zoliviT gasdevs humanizmi,

`WeSmaritad aRwerisa~ Tu `marTlis Tqmis~ principi, sanam

Camoyalibdeboda realisturi meTodi.

qarTuli literaturis istorias, rogorc cnobilia, sam periodad

hyofen (Zveli _ V_XVIII ss, axali _ XIX s. da uaxlesi _ XX s.). amasTan

Zveli mwerlobis pirveli qveperiodi (V_XI ss.) sasuliero merlobis

batonobiT xasiaTdeba. swored am periodSi Seiqmna iseTi ukvdavi

hagiografiuli Zeglebi, rogoricaa: `SuSanikis wameba,~ `abo Tbilelis

wameba,~ `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba,~ `giorgi aTonelis cxovreba,~

`sibrZne balahvarisa~ da sxva; aseve mdidari sasuliero lirika.

qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi savsebiT realisturia im gagebiT,

rom gadmogvcemen konkretul-istoriul sinamdviles da moqmed

pirebadac, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, konkretuli istoriuli

pirovnebebia gamoyvanili. qarTulma literaturam mkacri realobidan

gamomdinare jer mazdeanobis, xolo Semdeg mahmadianobis moZaleobis

Jams xeli mihyo ara qristianizmis zogad qadagebas, aramed namdvilad

momxdari konkretuli movlenebis mZafr mxatvrul formebSi asaxvas.

mwerloba mkiTxvels acnobda im TanamemamuleTa Tu araTanamemamuleTa

sagmiro saqmeebs, romlebic msxverplad ewirebodnen sarwmunoebas, an

Tavs ar zogavdnen qristianobis gavrceleba-ganmtkicebisaTvis. amitom,

bunebrivia, rom hagiografi mwerali garkveuli msoflmxedvelobidan

danaxul obieqtur sinamdviles asaxavda.

41

marTalia, am periodis qarTul mwerlobaSi ar yofila

SemuSavebuli da Camoyalibebuli konkretuli literaturuli

Sexedulebebi, magram hagiografiul TxzulebebSi avtorTa mier

gamoTqmulia zogierTi mosazreba, romlebic SeiZleba aseTnairad

Camoyalibdes da ganlagdes:

1. V-XI saukuneebis mwerlobaSi gavrcelebulia `WeSmaritad aRweris~

principi, romelic nawarmoebSi konkretul-istoriuli sinamdvilis

asaxvas gulisxmobda. samoel kaTalikosi (VIII s.) mwerlisagan moiTxovda:

`xelyav gamoTqumad WeSmaritad, viTar-igi iyo da viTarca Sen TviT uwyi.~

amas ukavSirdeba moTxovna _ wmindanis cxovreba aRiwerebodes

`TanadaxudomelTa,~ e.i. TviTmxilvelTa mier. giorgi merCule, raki ar

iyo TviTmxilveli aRwerili ambebisa, monaTxrobis WeSmaritebas ase

asabuTebs: àRvwere WeSmaritad Txrobili mowafeTagan da mowafeTa

mowafeTagan,~ an kidev `viswaveT sarwmuno kacTagan.~ 1 amgvarad,

literaturuli saxis damajerebloba miiRweva mxolod konkretul-

istoriuli sinamdvilis aRweriT. am mosazrebis mixedviT dasaSvebia, rom

mkiTxvels surs esTetikurs xedavdes mxolod realurad arsebulSi,

surs idealuri ipovos realurSi.

2. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT `WeSmaritad aRwera~ `sityua-

xelovnebiT~ gamoxatvas upirispirdeba: àraTu sityua-xelovnebiT rasme

getyv Sen, aramed SeuZravisa mis gonebisagan gulisxma giyofies Sen.~ _

vkiTxulobT erT-erT ZeglSi. zemoqmedebis roli nawarmoebSi TviT

aRweril faqts ekisreboda da ara mis gamomxatvel formas. amitomac

erTgvar dapirispirebulobas amJRavneben xotba-Sesxmisadmi. aseTi azri

Cans Semdeg sityvebSi: àra ganvagrZo sityvai Cueni, romelsa ara Sesxmisa

gzai gvipyries, aramed aRwerad cxovrebisa moswrafe var da smenis

moyuareTa sasmenelTa aRvsebad sulieriTa sitkboebiTa da miTxrobad.~ 2

da a.S.

3. V-XI saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba uaryofiT damokidebulebas

amJRavnebs `zRaprobisadmi,~ radganac masSi warmarTobas xedavs. zRapari

gamonagons emyareba, amitom misi Sinaarsi literaturuli

TavalsazrisiTac miuRebelia. amis dasadastureblad ioane sabanisZe

1 qarTuli proza, t.I, gv.215, Tb.1981w.

2 iqve, gv.371

42

avtoritetul swavlebas mimarTavda, romelSic dagmobilia is

SemTxevevebi, roca `WeSmaritebisagan sasmenelni gare miiqcien da

zRaprebsa mieqcen.~ 1 aqve moqmedebda erTi metad mniSvenlovani principic:

`zRaparSi~ ama soflis sibrZnes xedavdnen, rac im droindeli

SexedulebiT damdablebulad iyo Sefasebuli.

zemoT Tqmulidanac naTelia, rom V-XI saukuneebis qarTul

mwerlobaSi, Teoriulad mainc, uaryofilia mxatvruli gamonagoni. Tumca

mwerlis fantaziaze damyarebul Txrobas iwvevda saswaulebis Semotana,

magram amis gverdiT TiTqmis yvela mwerali asabuTebs, romGaRwers

mxolod realurs. friad naTlad aqvs es azri gamoxatuli giorgi

aTonels: `daRaTacu Cven Semdgomad mravlisa Jamisa RvTis mimarT

misvlisa maTisai xelvyavT amas sityuaTa aRwerad, garna urwmunomca

nuvin ars, rameTu Cven TaviT TvisiT ararai agviweria.~ 2

X saukunidan SeiniSneba qarTuli hagiografiis daaxloeba

sayofacxovrebo prozasTan. asea es ukve serapion zarzmelisa da grigol

xanZTelis `cxovrebaSi.~ am Txzulebebis gmirTa temperamenti, samonastro

mSeneblobis paTosi Tu xasiaTi ver Tavsdeba gandegilis adrindeli

idealis CarCoebSi; xolo `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ garkveuli

daniSnulebiT CarTuli samijnuro epizodebi kidev ufro cxadyofen

saamsoflo yofiT dainteresebas, rac sul ufro xelSesaxebs xdis

realistur xedvas. amis damadasturebelia isic, rom hagiografi

mwerlebi iSviaTad, magram mainc mimarTaven moqmedi piris garegnuli

portretis xatvas, rogorc misi daxasiaTebis erT-erT formas da bunebis

suraTebis aRweras adamianTan mimarTebaSi, sargeblianobis

TvalsazrisiT.

aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom V-XI saukuneebis

qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis alegoriul-simbolur azrovnebasTan erTad

ucxo ar aris sinamdvilis realisturi xedva, piriqiT. misTvis

damaxasiTebeli realurad arsebuli istoriuli pirovnebis _ wmindanis

wamebisa Tu cxovrebis realur istoriul garemoSi asaxva, mxatvruli

gamonagonis arseboba fantastikuri, magram sarwmuno elementebis saxiT,

personaJTa portretisa da bunebis suraTebis realuri xatva sruliad

1 qarTuli proza, t.I, gv. 119, Tb.1981w.

2 iqve, gv.371

43

akmayofileben realizmis, rogorc literaturuli mimdinareobis ZiriTad

moTxovnas, rasac sinamdvilis mxatvruli aRwera hqvia.

realizmis elementebi, sinamdvilis realisturi xedva sul ufro

TvalSi sacemia klasikuri xanis (XII_XIII ss.) qarTul saero

literaturaSi, romelic cnobda amqveyniur, materialur samyaros,

aRiarebda adamianis amqveyniuri cxovrebis Rirebulebas, asaxavda

cxovrebiseul sinamdviles, qmnida adamianis saamqveyno idealebs.

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, am drois qarTuli saero literaturis

ganviTareba mimdinareobda humanistur safuZvlebze.

saero literaturis warmoSobasa da swraf aRmavlobas hqonda

Tavisi obiqturi mizezebi. es iyo uwinaresad qveynis ekonomikuri

moRoniereba, misi politikuri gaerTianeba, ramac ganapiroba kulturuli

winsvla. amave dros xdeba didgvarovani feodalebis Tavgasulobis

aRkveTa, eklesiis Seuvalobis SezRudva, metic _ misi daqvemdebareba

saxelmwifosadmi. daviT aRmaSeneblis dros eklesia gaxda

saxelmwifoebrivi politikis gamtarebeli, riTac Ziri gamoeTxara mis

odindel batonobas cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, maT Soris ideologiis

dargSi, kerZod, literaturaSi. sasuliero mwerlobam TandaTan ufro

sqolastikuri xasiaTi miiRo, misi daniSnuleba sakulto CarCoebiT

Semoifargla. samagierod qveynis saTaveSi mdgomi saero sazogadoebis

ideur-esTetikuri idealebisa da miswrafebebis asaxva ikisra axal

pirobebSi aRmocenebulma literaturam. es iyo saero mwerloba, romlis

warmoSoba-ganviTareba sakaro cxovrebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da

amitom aRmocenebis periodSi, pirvel safexurze mas sakaro-saxotbo

xasiaTi hqonda. am saxis poezia XI_XIII saukuneebis mwerlobis erT-erTi

specifikuri dargia, romelsac amSvenebs iseTi Zeglebi, rogoricaa

`abdulmesia~ da `Tamariani.~ 1

XII_XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos mWidro ekonomikuri, politikuri

da kulturuli urTierToba hqonda rogorc qristian, ise mahmadian

xalxebTan; qarTul enaze iTargmneboda, erTi mxriv, homerosis poemebi,

meore mxriv _ sparsel-tajik-azerbaijanel poetTa Txzulebebi. mdidari

qarTuli kulturis tradiciebi Tavis mxriv keTilismyofel gavlenas

1 d. gamezardaSvili, narkvevebi qarTuli realizmis istoriidan, t.II, gv.134, Tb.1957w.

44

axdenda mezobeli xalxebis literaturaze, riTac xdeboda maTi

ormxrivi gamdidreba-gamravalferovneba.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom am periodis qarTuli

filosofiuri azrovneba axerxebs dogmatizmis sazRvrebis gadalaxvas.

qarTveli filosofosebi ar kmayofildebian mxolod saeklesio mamebis

(ioane damaskelis, basili didis da sxv.) naazreviT da uSualod

ewafebian antikuri filosofiis klasikosebis (platonis, aristoteles)

naSromebs, Targmnian da sakuTari komentarebiT amkoben maT. yovelive es

afarToebda qarTuli ganaTlebuli, mwignobrul-literaturuli

sazogadoebis gonebriv horizonts, aRvivebda kriticizmis suls, xels

uwyobda literaturuli wreebis dainteresebas cxovrebis saWirboroto

sakiTxebiT, iwvevda literaturis cxovrebisaken mibrunebas. erTi

sityviT, aadvilebda saero azrovnebis SeTvisebas, saero mimarTulebaze

gadasvlas.

saero literaturis warmoSoba-ganviTarebaze keTilismyofeli

gavlena iqonia qarTulma folklormac. es miT ufro savaraudoa, rom

Zvel saqarTveloSi popularuli da farTod gavrcelebuli yofila

sagmiro-epikuri Tqmulebebi. amis nakvalevi aRbeWdilia qarTul

saistorio mwerlobaSi (leonti mroveli, juanSeri). mwignobrulma

literaturam farTod gamoiyena mdidari zepirsityvierebis saleqso

formac (magaliTad, Sairis metri) da Sinaarsic (magaliTad, epikuri

Tqmulebani, satrfialo lirika). erTi sityviT, folkloris roli

qarTuli saero mwerlobis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis saqmeSi aramc da

aramc ar aris gamosaricxi.

am periodSi klasikurad srulyofili xdeba oqromWedloba,

xatTmwerloba da ferwera. am dargebs amSveneben beSqen da beqa opizarTa

namuSevrebi. aRsaniSnavia varZiis, beTaniis, yinwvisis, berTubnis kedlis

moxatuloba. XI_XII saukuneebis mijnaze moRvaweobda SesaniSnavi mxatvari

Tevdore, romelsac svaneTis eklesiebi mouxatavs. misi mxatvroba imdenad

emociuria, rom S. amiranaSvilis samarTliani SexedulebiT momxatvelis

SemoqmedebaSi `vlindeba imgvari Tavisufleba, romelmac SemdegSi, XIII

saukunis bolos italiaSi safuZveli Cauyara bizantiuri

sqematurobisagan Tavisufal axal evropul ferweras.~ mxatvrobaSi

45

mZafrad SeiWra realuri cxovrebis sio. aseTive viTarebaa

arqiteqturaSi, musikaSi.

yovelive es, rogorc Salva nucubiZe miiCnevda, marTlac iyo

mauwyebeli qarTuli renesansisa, romlis Semdgomi winsvla da

ganviTareba Seaferxa Cingiz-xanis urdoebis Semosevam da monRolTa

xangrZlivi batonobis damyarebam. katastrofa kidev ufro gaaRrmava

Temur-lengis gamanadgurebelma epopeam. amas daemata iranelTa da

osmalTa gamudmebuli Tavdasxmebi, qveyana gapartaxda da gaveranda.

daikarga da gaCanagda materialuri Tu sulieri kulturis uamravi

Zegli. klasikuri xanis mwerlobidan mxolod mciredi Tu gadaurCa JamTa

siaves. esenia: prozidan _ àmirandarejaniani~ da `visramiani,~ poeziidan

_ ori saxotbo Txzuleba (àbdulmesiani,~ `Tamariani~) da rusTvelis

ukvdavi `vefxistyaosani.~ miuxedavad mcirericxovnebisa, isini xmamaRla

RaRadeben XII_XIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerlobis marad gauxunar

sidiadeze. 1

ioane SavTelis àbdulmesia~ da CaxruxaZis `Tamariani~ saxotbo

poeziis umSvenieresi nimuSebia, romlebic warmoadgenen Tamaris, daviT

soslanisa da laSa-giorgis Sesxmas. orive TxzulebaSi didi mxatvruli

ostatobiTa da poeturi lakonurobiTaa daxatuli bataluri scenebi,

mefeTa sasaxelo saqmeebi, magram gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

gamaxvilebulia gmirTa daxasiaTebaze, rac savsebiT bunebrivia. amave

dros, rogorc TavianTi qveynis WeSmariti patriotebi, avtorebi

azogadeben Sesaqeb pirTa individualuri Rirsebisa da Rvawlis did

saxelmwifoebriv-politikur mniSvnelobas. isini Tavad arian aRwerili

ambis momswreni da iqneb monawilenic, rac met damajereblobas matebs

maT poetur qmnilebebs.

rogorc cnobilia, realizmis, rogorc literaturuli

mimdinareobis, erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania gamonagonis mxatvruli

simarTle, rasac efuZneba mose xonelis àmirandarejaniani~ da SoTa

rusTvelis `vefxistyaosani.~ pirveli maTganis specifikas miTosuri da

realuri sawyisebis gauTiSavad warmodgena qmnis, xolo TviT realoba

1 al. baramiZe, realisturi nakadis Sesaxeb XVII-XVIIIss. qarTul literaturaSi. ix.

literaturuli Ziebani, t.IX gv.112.

46

imgvaradaa warmosaxuli, rom TavisTavadi mniSvnelobis gverdiT mas

alegoriuli ganzogadebis funqciac ekisreba. mose xoneli qarTul

mwerlobaSi amkvidrebs mxatvrul gamonagons. nawarmoebis mizania, Seqmnas

mxatvruli sinamdvilis iseTi modeli, romelSic erTmaneTis

tolfardovani gmirebi arsebobis azrs urTierTmxardaWerasa da erTi

miznisaTvis brZolaSi xedaven. am gziT miRweulia mxatvruli saxis

ideuri Sinaarsisa da gmiris sulieri Tu fizikuri qmedebis arealis

gafarToeba. 1

`amirandarejanianSi~ mocemuli sinamdvilis aseTi modeli

srulyofil formas rusTvelis `vefxistyaosanSi~ Rebulobs. man Seqmna

cocxal personaJTa individualizebuli saxeebi, romlebic

garkveulwilad zogadobis, tipuris niSnebsac atareben. 2 poeti iSviaTad

Sordeba obieqturad arsebuli samyaros, sinamdvilis farglebs,

miuxedavad imisa, rom xSirad mimarTavs hiperbolas. aRsaniSnavia is

garemoebac, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebis moqmedebas warmarTavs maTive

Tavisufali neba.~ 3

SoTa rusTvelma erT-erTma pirvelma, daxata Sua saukuneebis

msoflio literaturaSi vaWarTa wris warmomadgenlebis cocxali,

kolorituli da amave dros realisturi saxeebi, maTi cxovrebisa da

saqmianobis suraTebi. savaWro qalaqSi (gulanSaroSi) gadamwyvet rols

asrulebs sazogadoebis wevrTa ara warmomavloba, aramed materialuri

mdgomareoba, romelic miiRweva piradi unariT, gergilianobiTa da

moxerxebulobiT. amave dros aSkarad SeimCneva vaWarTa fenis mimarT

(gansakuTrebiT zneobis TvalsazrisiT) rusTvelis kritikuli

damokidebuleba. `vefxistyaosnis~ realistur xasiaTs adasturebs isic,

rom masSi asaxul ambebs ara erTi analogi eZebneba maSindel qarTul

sinamdvilesTan.

amrigad, XII_XIII saukuneebis qarTulma mwerlobam kidev ufro

mravalferovani gaxada is realisturi elementebi, rac damaxasiaTebeli

iyo hagiografiisaTvis. rac mTavaria, man farTod gamoiyena da daamkvidra

kidec mxatvruli gamonagonis fenomeni, rogorc sinamdvilis asaxvis erT-

1 i. WavWavaZe, Txzulebani, t.V, gv.368, Tb.1991w.

2 qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.II, gv.48, Tb. 1966w

3 al. baramiZe, narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, t.IV, gv.175, Tb. 1964w.

47

erTi saukeTeso saSualeba da garkveulwilad SeZlo literaturuli

saxe-tipis ganzogadebac.

realisturi tendenciebi Zvel qarTul literaturaSi yvelaze

xelSesaxebad mainc aRorZinebis xanis (XVI_XVIII saukuneebi)

mwerlobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da es uwinaresad iTqmis arCilisa da

mis skolis mimdevarTa Sesaxeb. am epoqaSi xdeba Zveli literaturuli

tradiciebis kritikuli gadafaseba, axali moTxovnilebebisa da

gemovnebis Sesabamisad yalibdeba axali Sexedulebebi. isaxeba

literaturis ganviTarebis axali perspeqtivebi, rac, bunebrivia,

gamowveuli iyo Cvens qveyanaSi mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri Tu

politikur-kulturuli movlenebiT, razec ara erTxel Tqmula da

dawerila da amitomac Cven masze ar SevCerdebiT. aRvniSnavT mxolod

imas, rom am xanis mwerlobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia SoTa rusTvelis

`vefxistyaosnis~ kolosaluri, xSir SemTxvevaSi yovlismomcveli da

wamlekavi zegavlena, rac monur mibaZvamdec midioda da uTuod saxifaTo

iyo qarTuli poeziis winsvla-ganviTarebisaTvis. saWiro iyo didi

poeturi SemarTeba, moqalaqeobrivi gambedaoba da amisi Sesaferisi niWi

rusTveluri poeturi normebisagan gadasaxvevad da sakuTar niadagze

dasadgomad. ideebisa da Sinaarsis sferoSi es gaakeTa arCilma,

daamkvidra ra Taviseburi realisturi SemoqmedebiTi meTodi `marTlis

Tqmis~ saxelwodebiT, xolo formis TvalsazrisiT amgvari gardaqmna

moaxdines sulxan-saba orbelianma da daviT guramiSvilma mamuka

baraTaSvilTan erTad.

aRorZinebis xanis mwerlobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia saliteraturo

enis gaxalxurebis tendencia, rac praqtikulad axali samwerlobo enis

damkvidrebas niSnavda. am mxriv garkveuli wvlili miuZRviT Teimuraz I-s,

arCilsa da `rusudanianis~ ucnob avtors, xolo gansakuTrebiT sulxan-

saba orbeliansa da daviT guramiSvils. arnold Ciqobavas TqmiT,

dasaxelebuli mwerlebis wyalobiT `meTvramete saukunisaTvis axali

qarTuli saliteraturo enis Camoyalibeba ukve damTavrebulia.~

samwuxarod misi Semdgomi `bunebrivi ganviTareba SezRuda XVIII saukunis

dasasrulisa da XIX saukunis damdegis zogierTma qarTvelma

48

literatorma (anton I da misma skolam), romlebic xelmZRvanelobdnen

Zveli msoflmxedvelobiT.~ 1

1453 wels bizantiis imperiis dacemis Semdeg erTgvari vakuumi

Seiqmna rogorc saerTod qarTuli xelovnebis, ise literaturis

ganviTarebaSi. rogorc zemoT iTqva, tipologiurad Cveni mwerloba

yovelTvis dasavluri iyo, magram amave dros iTvisebda da

gadaamuSavebda aRmosavluri kulturis miRwevebsac, xolo risi

gadamuSavebac ver xerxdeboda, sabolood xdeboda misi daZleva-uaryofa.

magram zemoT aRniSnul viTarebaSi advilad gaexsna gza aRmosavlur

nakads, romelic am periodidan mZlavrad iWreba qarTuli kulturisa da

yofis sxvadasxva sferoSi. Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT am xanis

sparsofilur esTetikur atmosferoze, romlis yvela mxare Tumca

Teoriulad ar Camoyalibebula da arc gacnobierebula, magram mTlianad

mZlavri faqtori gaxda. swored amis Taobaze werda vaxuSti

batoniSvili: `SeeriaT qarTvelTa gancxroma, sma-Wama yizilbaSuri, siZva-

mruSeba, tyuvili, xorcTgansveneba, abano, keklucobani ugvani, meCange

mgosani.~ sruliad aSkaraa, rom vaxuStisaTvis sxva yvelaferTan erTad

`meCange mgosanic~ miuRebelia da saZraxisi.

sparsofolurma gatacebam gansakuTrebiT moicva literatura, rac

deklaraciuli saxiT gamoixata kidec Teimuraz I-is mier `leil-

majnunianis~ SesavalSi: `sparsTa enisa sitkboman masurva musikobani.~

ufro metic, sparsuli enis sitkboTi aRtacebuli poeti wuns sdebs

qarTuls da iqve acxadebs: `mZimea ena qarTvelTa, ver Zalmic misebr (e.i.

sparsulisebr) Txrobani.~ TavisTavad cxadia, sparsul literaturas ara

erTxel mouxdenia keTilismyofeli gavlena qarTul mwerlobaze. misi

miRwevebis SemoqmedebiTi aTviseba da ara brma mibaZva yovelTvis

warmoadgenda esTetikur interesTa gafarToebis erTgvar SesaZleblobas,

ris Sedegadac qarTuli mwerloba qristianul samyaroSi yvelaze ufro

farTod ecnoboda aRmosavlur esTetikas.

sul sxva viTarebaa XVI_XVII saukuneebSi. am periodis sparsulidan

naTargmni Zeglebi ukavSirdebian sparsul-tajikuri litateraturis ara

klasikur, aramed TemurianTa da sefianTa drois warmomadgenlebs. maTi

1 iv. qavTaraZe, erTiani saliteraturo qarTuli ena, ix. qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.II, gv.273, Tb.1966w.

49

Semoqmedeba ki gamoxatavda sparsuli klasikis dekadanss, rac aSkara

dezorientacia iyo. swored am mimdinareobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

reaqcia iyo `marTlis Tqmis~ principi, romlis meTaurad yovelTvis

arCili moiazreba xolme. 1

`marTlis Tqmis~ upirvelesi principia is, rom mwerlobam unda

asaxos simarTle; ar cnoben gamonagonis mxatvrul simarTles,

simarTles SesaZleblobis TvalsazrisiT. literaturisaTvis marTali

SeiZleba iyos mxolod is, rac sinamdvileSi momxdara. mwerali

fantaziaze dayrdnobiT ki ar unda qmnides, aramed konkretul-

istoriuli sinamdvile unda gardasaxos. `sxva zRaprul ambavs isev

marTali ambavi varCie gasaqeslavad; da arca ra amaSi tyuili sweria,

erTis mefis da rusTvelis pirdapiri gabaasebis meti, saqarTvelos

ambavsac kargad da marTla mogaxsenebs, batonebisa da darbaiselTasa~2 _

werda arCili Tavis `gaabaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~-Si, rac

(zRapruli ambebis Txroba) Teimurazis sityvebiT garkveulwilad

gamowveulia rusTvelis mier aTenSi swavla-ganaTlebis miRebiT,

radganac `aTinelT yvela zRapruli codna aqvT marTalTan ar

SesarTavi, mudama xelSi uWiravT tyuvilis maT mosarTavi.~ 3 arCili

yuradRebas amaxvilebs imazec, rom mweralma mxolod Tavisi TvaliT

nanaxi an gagonili ambavi unda aRweros: `rac masmoda an menaxa, ambavi

vTqvi me marTlebi.~ 4 amave azrs imeorebs daviT guramiSvili Tavis

`daviTianSi~ _ `marTals vityvi, Seviqnebi tyuilisa moambe rad?~ _ da

amas amarTlebs imiT, rom `tyuili vTqva, Cemi Tqmuli Seiqnebis ra

savargi?~ e.i. simarTle, rac ar unda mware iyos, sasargebloa msmenel-

mkiTxvelisaTvis, uwinaresad ki qveynisaTvis, radgan `farva siavisa

qveyanas ar mouxdebis!~ 5 am TvalsazazrisiT aRorZinebis xanis mwerlebi

TviT rusTvelsac ki ar eridebian da akritikeben, Tumca usityvod

aRiareben `vefxistyaosnis~ genialurobas da ganicdian kidec misi

1 al. baramiZe, realisturi nakadis Sesaxeb XVII-XVIIIss. qarTul mwerlobaSi, narkvevebi,

t.IV, gv.30-35, Tb.1964w.

2 qarTuli mwerloba, t.VI, gv.341, Tb. 1989w

3 iqve, gv.368

4 iqve, gv.548

5 iqve, gv.374

50

avtoris zegavlenas. Teimuraz II-is azriT, rusTvelis `vefxistyaosani~

mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT idealuria da yovelmxriv misabaZi, magram

sjobda `marTalze Tqmuliyo~ da ara mogonil, moWoril ambebze.

`marTlis Tqmis~ mere principi aseTnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:

erTia, rom mwerali realobas unda daeyrdnos, magram amasTanave ar unda

mimarTos sinamdvilis zeaRmatebulad warmosaxvas, ar unda Seaferados

igi. aqedan gamomdinare isini emijnebian xotba-Sesxmis gzas. `vTqva ara

xotba, aramed marTali~ _ wers arCili `gabaasebaSi.~ am azrs imeorebs

ioseb Tbileli `didmouravianSi,~ roca ambobs: `xotba, bevri sityvis

Txroba, _ Tvistoms Tavsa moaZagebs, mas moxvdebis didi Sroma.~ aqve

unda aRiniSnos am poemis erTi Tavisebureba, rac albaT `vefxistyaosnis~

gavleniT unda aixsnas _ miuxedavad arCiliseuli `marTlis Tqmis~

principebis aRiarebisa, Tbilelis mier Seqmnili mxatvruli saxe

idealuradaa gadmocemuli. giorgi saakaZis tragikul figuras avtorma

mounaxa romantikuli saRebavebi da amiT udavod bevrad ufro maRal

poetur efeqts miaRwia.

`marTlis Tqma~ upirispirdeboda `zRaprobas.~ es cneba aerTianebs

mxatvrul gamonagonsac da marTlac zRaprulsac. sxva zRaprul ambavs

isev marTali varCie gasaleqsado _ werda arCili. igive arCili

rusTvelsa da Teimuraz I-s sayvedyrobda imas, rom maT qarTuli

sinamdvile ki ar aRweres, aramed ucxouri (sparsuli) ambebi Tu

moWoril-gagonili galeqses. `srulad ityvian ukleblad ambavTa sparsTa

naWorsa~ _ wers igi. gamonagons da zRapruls xSirad `sparsul ambavsac~

uwodeben da saTakilod miiCneven, radgan namdvili ambavi `amo da

mosawonia,~ xolo zRapruli _ `tyuvilad gasagonari.~ 1 zemoT

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare ganzogadeba gamoricxulia, yovel SemTxvevaSi

Teoriulad mainc, vinaidan ganzogadeba mxatvrul gamonagons moiTxovs.

`marTlis Tqmis~ arCiliseuli koncefciis organul nawils

Seadgens erovnuli Tematikis sakiTxi. `saganTa da movlenaTa

realisturi asaxvis saWiroebasTan erTad arCili moiTxovs

mwerlebisagan, rom maT asaxon qarTuli sinamdvile, rogorc istoriuli

1 al. baramiZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.I, gv.365, Tb. 1954w.

51

warsuli, ise Tanamedroveoba.~ 1 mwerloba, upirveles yovlisa unda

emsaxurebodes eris winaSe dasmuli saWirboroto sakiTxebis gadawyvetas.

cxovreba asaxuli unda iqnas mTeli Tavisi mravalferovnebiT, rogorc

dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebiT:

`rac masmoda, an menaxa, ambavi vTqvi me marTlebi,

anu lxini, anu Wiri erTmaneTze danaTvlebi,

simarTle da kvlav simarTle, vin bneli qmna, an naTlebi.~

(„gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa“)

arCilis rwmeniT, mweralma mourideblad unda amxilos yovelgvari

naklovaneba da amiT xeli Seuwyos TanamoqalaqeTa zneobriv gawvrTnas.

„zogT vaqeb da zogT vaZageb, avis saqmis damgmobare“ _ acxadebs mefe-

poeti. amave azrs da ufro mkafiodac imeorebs aRorZinebis epoqis erT-

erTi udidesi warmomadgeneli daviT guramiSvili Tavis „daviTianSi:“

„aw, rom avi ar vaZago, kargi rogor unda vaqo?

avs Tu avi ar uwode, kargs saxelad ra davarqo?~

daviT guramiSvilTan naklovanebebis mxileba xdeba ara mxolod

mxilebisaTvis, aramed mxilebulis gamosworebisaTvis:

`amad sZraxven vinc avs Cadis, kulav aRar Caidinos;

sxva gafrTxildes, misebr cremli TvalTa arvin moidinos.~ 2

imave mizans _ qarTvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mankier mxareTa

mxileba-gakicxvas da am gziT maT gamosworebas emsaxureba sulxan-saba

orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisa.~

arCilis literaturul SexedulebebSi garkveuli adgili ukavia

formisa da Sinaarsis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs. sparsuli poeziiT

gatacebis epoqaSi nawarmoebis mxatvruli, garegnuli mxaris srulyofis

ZiebaSi erTgvarad daiCrdila, meorexarisxovnad iqca literaturuli

qmnilebis ideur-Sinaarsobrivi mxare. am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad arCilma

originalurad gamoiyena rusTvelisa da Teimuraz I-is gapaeqreba da am

ori klasikosis Semoqmedebis analizisa da Sefasebis safuZvelze SeZlo

ganesazRvra formisa da Sinaarsis urTierTmimarTeba.

arCilis azriT, rusTvelis upiratesoba imaSia, rom mas

maRalmxatvrul formaSi gadmocemuli aqvs Rrma Sinaarsi, misi

1 qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.II, gv.375, Tb. 1966w.

2 qarTuli mwerloba, t.VII, gv.375, Tb. 1989w.

52

nawarmoebi sibrZniTaa savse, xolo Teimurazi naklebad originaluria,

`savsea valiTa,~ e.i. sxvisganaa davalebuli. amave dros `araferiT savsea,~

e.i. mis TxzulebebSi raRac Sinagani sicariele igrZnoba. 1 SeiZleba

arCils ar daeTanxmo Teimurazis Semoqmedebis zedmetad mkacr

SefasebaSi, magram aq sayuradReboa formisa da Sinaarsis

urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxis principul simaRlemde ayvana: mxatvruli

nawarmoebi mkiTxvels unda izidavdes ara mxolod mxatvruli formiT,

rac bunebrivia, aucilebelia, aramed pirvel rigSi originalobiTa da

Rrma ideuri SinaarsiT, rasac garkveulwilad da, Cveni azriT,

samarTlianadac upiratesobac ki eniWeba.

realizmis TvalTaxedviT didi mniSvneloba aqvs arCilisa da misi

skolis warmomadgenlebis Sexedulebebs enis siwmindis Sesaxeb. arCilis

TqmiT `cudia gareva qarTuls enaSi sxvas eniT.~ igi sagangebod

afrTxilebs poetebs: `arsad wagcdes cudi ena, leqsob vin Tu iambikob.~

cud enaSi igulisxmeba ara mxolod gaumarTavi formebi, aramed

barbarizmebic, romelTa uadgilo da xSir xmarebasac igi bralad

uyenebs rusTvelsa da Teimuraz I-s, gansakuTrebiT am ukanasknels, maSin

roca maTi Secvla SesaZlebeli iyo Sesabamisi qarTuli sinonimebiT.

sakuTari poeziis erT-erT Rirsebad arCils miaCnia is, rom wminda

qarTuliT metyvelebs, Tumca mis leqsikonSi gamoJonavs araqarTuli

sityvebi, romelTa xmareba aucileblobiT araa gamowveuli. igive iTqmis

misi skolis warmomadgenel mTel rig mwerlebzec. Tumca, rogorc

arCili, ise misi mimdevrebi cdiloben maqsimalurad daicvan sakuTar

SemoqmedebaSi enobrivi siwminde Tu sxva Teoriuli principebi, romelic

damaxasiaTebelia `marTlis Tqmis~ mimdinareobisaTvis da razec zemoT

gvqonda saubari.

1 qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.II, gv. 376, Tb. 1866w.

53

XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTuli literatura

realizmis TvalsazrisiT

XIX saukunis damdegs saqarTvelos socialur-politikur da

kuturul cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani movlena moxda. 1801 welis 12

seqtembris manifestiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefo gauqmda da igi

oficialurad gamocxadda ruseTis imperiis Semadgenel nawilad, mis

erT-erT guberniad. amas mohyva ara mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos,

aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos dapyrobac, xolo XIX saukunis

ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva dros gamarTuli ruseT-TurqeTisa da ruseT-

iranis omebis Sedegad mTlianad saqarTvelos da kavkasiis SeerTeba

ruseTis imperiasTan.

ruseTTan saqarTvelos SeerTebam bolo mouRo qveynis feodalur

daqucmacebas _ aqcia igi erT mTlian organizmad; xeli Seuwyo sawarmoo

ZalTa ganviTarebas, feodalur-batonymuri wyobilebis rRvevas,

kapitalisturi urTierTobis Casaxva-ganviTarebas da, rac mTavaria,

saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxi ruseTis meSveobiT daakavSira evropul

civilizaciasTan, romelsac didi xnis winaT mowyvita Turqulma

agresiam da romliskenac ase miiswrafoda igi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi.

rogorc zemoT iTqva, xelovnebaSi da kerZod literaturaSi ori

ZiriTadi mimdinareoba arsebobs – realizmi da romantizmi, romelTagan

pirveli Semoqmedis msoflmxedvelobidan gamomdinare asaxavs realur

sinamdviles, xolo meore _ mwerlis damokidebulebas am

sinamdvilisadmi, rac TavisTavad realobaa da romlis xasiaTi

ganpirobebulia arsebuli socialur-politikuri viTarebiTa Tu

xelovanis msoflmxedvelobiT.

romantizmi, rogorc literaturuli mimdinareoba warmoiSva XVIII-

XIX saukuneebis mijnaze da gavrcelda msoflios mraval qveyanaSi.

TiToeul maTganSi man gamonaxa cotad Tu bevrad mniSvnelovani

erovnuli safuZveli da mTavar Temad aRiara ama Tu im qveynis

sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTarebis Sedegad Seqmnili pirovnebis

ganwyobileba. sxvadasxva erovnuli romantizmi viTardeboda im poetur-

SemoqmedebiTi tradiciebis gamoyenebiT, rac im qveynis literaturaSi

54

arsebobda da, rac mTavaria, TiToeulma erovnulma literaturam Tavis

romantizms safuZvlad daudo sakuTari qveynis socialur-politikuri

da sazogadoebrivi cxovreba. 1

qarTuli literaturis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli romantizmi

warmoadgenda Tavisebur movlenas ideuri Tu mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT.

rasakvirvelia, qarTvel romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi mkafiodaa

gamoxatuli ramdenime ZiriTadi romantikuli tendencia, rogoricaa:

gonebis winaSe grZnobis primati da fantaziisaTvis upiratesobis

miniWeba, rainduli warsulis idealizacia, sulis amaRlebul

ganwyobilebad siyvarulis aRiareba, bunebis kulti da sxva. maTi

poeziisaTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli sasowarkveTilebisa da

imedgacruebis is motivebi, romelic dasavleTis bevri romantikosis

pesimizms hkvebavda. Cveni romantikosebisaTvis sruliad ucxoa fridrix

Slegeliseuli sulieri ganwyobileba, roca Semoqmeds Tavisi idealis

simaRlidan cxovreba da TviT samyaroc uazro TamaSad miaCnia. soflis

warmavlobaze Wmunva maT SemoqmedebaSi moklebulia mistikur elfers,

igi garemomcveli sinamdviliTaa nakarnaxevi da konkretul Sinaarss

Seicavs. aseTive viTarebas vxvdebiT bunebis suraTebis aRweris drosac.

qarTuli romantizmis saTaveebTan dgas aleqsandre WavWavaZe. mis

poeziaSi mravali motivi iyris Tavs. pirvel rigSi mniSvnelovania

sazogadoebis cxovrebis amsaxveli Txzulebebi, romlebiTac igi

exmaureba Tanadroul epoqaSi wamoWril mTavar Temebsa da sakiTxebs.

poeti axal dros uwyalo sens adris, radgan saqarTvelos maSindeli

mdgomareoba sayovelTao ukmayofilebas iwvevda qarTul sazogadoebaSi.

urvisgan Sewuxebuli poeti WirSia flobili, radgan patimaria is, visac

emoneboda (`visac gsurT~). amitomac wyeulia is dro, roca qarTvelma

erma dakarga samkvidro. poeti da misi msmenelni mwvel almurSi, xSir

cecxlsa da sxvadasxva WirSi arian Cacvivnulni (`ismineT msmenno~);

TiTqos sayovelTao uimedobam unda daisadguros, magram ara,

aleqsandre WavWavaZe mainc poulobs gamosavals da xmamaRla acxadebs:

`me amas vstiri ganawiri, vah Tu veswra ver,

TvaraRa Jami, gulT maami, kvlavca iqnebis.~

1 s. xuciSvili, qarTuli romantizmi (winasityvaoba krebulisa “qarTveli romantikosebi”) gv.8

55

aleqsandre WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi mZlavrad moismis Tavisi

Tanamedrove socialuri struqturis kritika. poeti xedavs mdidarsa

da Raribs, mCagvrelsa da daCagruls, RimiliT mosiarule uxeS

Zalas da mis gzaze gaTelil yvavilebs, mZlevelsa da Zleuls. erTi

sityviT, xatavs Tavisi drois sazogadoebis realur suraTs, amxels

mtaceblebsa da momxveWelebs, saubrobs gandideba-gamdidrebis surviliT

SepyrobilTa araadamianurobaze, magram ar kmayofildeba mxolod

faqtebis konstataciiT da ganaCeni gamoaqvs moZaladeTaTvis:

`romelnic amwarebT RaribT cxovrebas

da hsTxovT urcxvad, usamarTlod monebas,

moelodeT maTTan Tanasworebas,

ar maradis iSvaT

mdabalT CagvriT, mtacebelobiT da xveWiT.~

(„vah, sofelsa amas da misTa mdgmurTa~)

Cveulebriv romantikul skolasTan dakavSirebiT iwyeben xolme

grigol orbelianis mxatvruli memkvidreobis ganxilvas. misi

Semoqmedeba specifikuri qarTuli sinamdviliTaa nakvebi. amave dros

„sadRegrZelos“ avtoris poeturi meTodi Cinebulad iTavsebs realizmis

elementebs. „Cveni poetis msoflmxedvelobisaTvis ucnobia evropul

romantikosTa erTi nawilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli misticismi. gr.

orbelians bunebis yovel aqtSi arasodes ugrZvnia gamovlineba

RvTaebrivi nebisa. subieqturi dualizmi, universis Zieba da sikvdilis

filosofia Zalian Sorsaa „iaralis“ avtoris msoflmxedvelobisagan.“ 1

grigol orbeliani organulad axamebda erTmaneTTan sinamdvilis

mZafr SegrZnebebsa da warsulis idealizacias, magram arasodes

miumarTavs Zveli saqarTvelos diadi suraTebisa da gulis momkvleli

awmyos iseTi dapirispirebisaTvis, rom es ukanaskneli maxinj, sasacilo

da groteskul formaSi gamoexata. TanamedroveobasTan misi dava sul

sxva rangis movlenaa, vidre romantikul poetikaSi principulad

fexmokidebuli meTodi fantaziisa da sinamdvilis antagonisturi

dapirispirebisa. grigol orbelianis lirika organulad iTavsebda

saxeebis realistur sistemas da mravalsaukunovani qarTuli poeziiT

1 a. gawerelia, g. orbelianis TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis kritikul-biografiuli narkvevi, gv.11

56

nakarnaxev janmrTel sunlualizms, rac saerTod uCveulo movlenaa

evropuli romantizmis warmomadgenelTaTvis.

grigol orbelianis erTaderT poemaSi _ „sadRegrZelo“ odnav

idealizebulad, magram mainc savsebiT realisturadaa gacocxlebuli

warsulis saxelovan pirTa gmiruli suraTebi. realisturia Txzulebis

is nawilic, sadac saubaria iseT zogadadamianur grZnobebze, rogoricaa

megobroba da siyvaruli, adamianis movaleoba saerTod Tu qveynis

winaSe; gansakuTrebiT ki poemis bolo nawili, romelSic ganTiadis

warmtaci suraTia gadmocemuli. amave dros „sadRegrZelo“

gamsWvalulia Rrma humanizmiTa da kacTmoyvareobiT, rac ufro

aaxloebs mas realistur mimdinareobasTan.

realizmis TvalsazrisiT Zalze sainteresoa grigol orbelianis

muxambazebi, romlebSic asaxulia Tbilisis rigiTi moqalaqeebis _

yaraCoRelebisa Tu kintoebis, mesakraveTa Tu meTevzeTa primitiuli

fsiqologia, yofis Taviseburi detalebi da xasiaTebi. gansakuTrebiT

realisturia maTi portretuli daxasiaTeba, moqmedebis garemo

(orTaWalis baRebi, mtkvris sanapiro da a.S.); siyvaruli krivisa da

lxinisadmi, zogjer bunebrivi keTilSobileba da mokrZaleba („gind

meZinos“), ufro metad ki zereloba da fuqsavatoba, romlisTvisac ucxo

ar aris familaroba da uzrdeloba („aravisTvis me dRes me ara

mcalian“). amgvari magaliTebis ganvrcoba kidev SeiZleba, magram

vfiqrobT, esec sakmarisia.

grigol orbelianis SemoqmedebaSi realizmis TvalsazrisiT

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa socialur Temaze dawerili leqsi „muSa

boqulaZe,“ romelic uSualod ganicdis ilia WavWavaZis „muSis“

gavlenas, rac sruliad ar ayenebs Crdils Cvens poet-generals. am

leqsSi grigol orbelians mocemuli aqvs XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis

Tbiliseli muSis realisturi saxe. nawarmoebi erTgvari aRsarebaa

Sromisagan welSi gawyvetili uilajo da Ronemixdili adamianisa,

romelic socialuri ukuRmarTobis msxverpli gamxdara. mkiTxveli

TvalnaTliv xedavs „ofliT gasvrilsa da mtvrians,“ „kiserCaJangebul,“

„bediT daCagrul“ „siyrmidanve siRaribiT devnil“ proletars,

romelsac „sicocxle tanjvad gadaqcevia SovnisaTvis mxolod lukma-

purisa.“ erTaderTi adamianuri Rirseba, romelic mas SerCenia

57

ukuRmarTi bedis Sedegad aris is, rom aqvs „keTilis grZnoba,“ rac

gamoixateba mRvdlis xSirad gaugebar, magram sasiamovno saubris

„gonebamizidul“ mosmenaSi, ris Semdegac muSis „gulSi hqreba Relva

siborotisa“ da simSvide isadgurebs.

„muSa boqulaZe“ erTsa da imave dros asaxavs rogorc TviTon

avtoris zogad humanur Tvalsazriss daCagruli fenis warmomadgenlis

sulier viTarebaze, ise konkretul-istoriul sinamdviles – 80-iani

wlebis qarTveli bogano-proletaris Segnebasac. xSirad grigol

orbelians sayveduroben, rom misi muSa boqulaZe aSkara protests ar

gamoxatavs arsebuli viTarebisadmi da egueba kidec Tavis mdgomareobas.

amis Taobaze unda iTqvas is, rom bunebaSi ar arsebuli revoluciuri

ganwyobilebis gadmocema, bunebrivia, poets ar SeeZlo, magram, albaT

gadaWarbebulia muSa boqulaZis religiuri grZnobiT Seferili brma

morCileba bedisadmi, faqizi TviTanalizi da sruli sasowarkveTileba.

nikoloz baraTaSvili – „Cvenda saubedurod udrood CvenTvis

dakarguli poeti, erTaderTi mwerali, romelic sxvaze ufro metad,

sxvaze ufro mkafiod da TvalnaTliv atrialebs Cvens azrs da cnobis

wyurvils im Tvalgadauwvdenels sivrceSi, saca zogad-kacobriobis

dausrulebeli saWirboroto kiTxva-pasuxi... rwmenisa da arrwmenisa,

myofobisa da armyofobisa, saca RaRadebaa yovelgvari suliskveTebisa

da vnebaTa Relvisa.“ 1 ase daaxasiaTa ilia WavWavaZem baraTaSvilis

Semoqmedebis kredo.

nikoloz baraTaSvili faqtiurad qarTvelma samocianelebma

„aRmoaCines“ da kidec dasaxes TavianT winamorbedad. 1865 wels akaki

wereTelma gamoaqveyna „ramdenime sityva“ „Canguris Sesaxeb,“ romelic

iyo mtkice maurTierTobeli kavSiris gabmis mcdeloba baraTaSvilisa

da „TergdaleulTa“ ideur winamZRolad aRiarebuli ilias

msoflmxedvelobas Soris. aq es ukanaskneli aRiarebulia romantikosi

poetis ideur-SemoqmedebiT memkvidred, rac, bunebrivia, sruliadac araa

SemTxveviTi, radgan nikoloz baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi TvalnaTliv

Cans pirovnul subieqtur gancda-SexedulebaTa gamoxatulebasTan erTad

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis analizi da miswrafeba ukeTesi mermisisaken.

1 i. WavWavaZe, werilebi literaturaze, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V, gv.536, Tb. 1991w.

58

nikoloz baraTaSvilis epoqaSic mdgara `qarTvlis bedis~ sakiTxi–

ramdenad gamarTlebuli iyo ukanasknel qarTvel mefeTa

gadawyvetilebani qveynis momavlis warmarTvis saqmeSi. swored am Temas

uZRvna man Tavisi erTaderTi poema da ramodenime leqsi. aseTia,

magaliTad, 1834 wels dawerili leqsi „bulbuli vardze,“ romelSic

gadmocemulia didi xnis survilisa da misi ucbad CaSlis Tema.

bulbuls enatreboda gaSlili vardis xilva, mas Sestrfoda dRe da

Rame, magram yvavili ise gaifurCqna, rom frTosanma ver dainaxa didi

xnis survilis axdena. bulbuls damWknari vardis danaxvaze guls

Semoeyara, „bneloba“ igema, is wadili ver aisrula, risTvisac ar

zogavda sicocxles, uZilobas, galobas. yvelaferi amao gamodga da

amitomac lmobis xmiT moTqvamda sakuTar ubedurebas, Sembralebeli ki

aravin Canda.

am leqsSi alegoriuladaa gadmocemuli saqarTveloSi XIX

saukunis 30-ian wlebSi mimdinare mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi

movlenebi, kerZod 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba da misi damarcxebiT

gamnowveuli ganwyobileba. am TvalsazrisiT es nawarmoebi savsebiT

realisturi xasiaTisaa.

msgavsi xasiaTisaa leqsi `sumbuli da mwiri,~ romelic 1842 wels

daiwera. sumbuli saqarTvelos alegoriuli saxea, romelic moklebulia

Tavis Cveul garemos, ris gamoc dahkargvia Cveulebrivi feradovneba da

surneleba. miuxedavad imisa, rom sumbuli oqro-vercxlis sadgurSia

moqceuli da zamTris msusxavi sicive ver zaravs, mainc ukmayofiloa,

radgan zamTarSi buneba ki ar kvdeba, mxolod sevdiT imoseba, raTa

gazafxulis dadgomisTanave kvlav siturfiT ayvavdes laRi da

Tavisufali. amitomacaa, rom sumbuli natrobs misTvis Cveuli

gazafxulis dadgomasa da bulbulis gamoCenas:

„ax, rodis vnaxo meca velad Cemi bulbuli,

rom ganviSalo kvlav siturfiT misi sumbuli!” 1

qarTvlis bedis Tu politikuri orientaciis sakiTxis garkvevas

eZRvneba nikoloz baraTaSvilis erTaderTi poema `bedi qarTlisa,~

romlis pirvel karSi sruliad realisturadaa asaxuli krwanisis

1 citata moyvanilia n. baraTaSvilis TxzulebaTa sruli krebulidan, Tb.1972w.

59

brZolis peripetiebi: erekles locva da misi mimarTva jarisadmi,

pirveli dRis brZola da Zvirad Rirebuli gamarjveba, nariyalas cixeSi

gamagreba, Tbiliseli moqalaqis Ralatis Sedegad qarTvelTa

damarcxeba da erekles gaxizvna aragvis xeobaSi. meore karSi ki

mocemulia ori mamuliSvilis _ erekle mefisa da misi msajulis

msjeloba Cveni samSoblos momavalze. mefes Tavisi poziciis _ ruseTis

mfarvelobaSi Sesvla _ gansamtkiceblad sruliad damajerebeli

obieqturi argumentebi mohyavs, romelTac solomon lioniZe

praqtikulad verafers upirispirebs sakuTari subieqturi mosazrebebis

garda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom nikoloz baraTaSvili Sinaganad

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis momxrea, rac sruliad bunebrivia, igi

realurad afasebs Seqmnil situacias da dadebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs

erekle II-is mier gadadgmul nabijs. amas adasturebs poemis is nawili,

sadac mefis poziciis Seurigebeli mowinaaRmdege Tavisi azrebis

sisworeSi daeWvebuli solomon lioniZec ki ambobs:

`magram vin icis! igi iqneba

ukeT fiqrobdes, ra gveWirveba?

bevr-jer RvTiursa zrunvasa mefis

goneba ymaTa vera mihxvdebis!~

saqarTvelos Sesvla ruseTis mfarvelobaSi aseve dadebiTadaa

Sefasebuli leqsSi `saflavi mefis iraklisa.~ ai, es argumentebic:

`Jam-viTarebiT gardaxvewilT SenT SvilT midamo

moaqvT mamulSi ganaTleba da xma saamo.

sadac aqamdin xmliT da ZaliT flobda qarTveli,

mun samSvidobo moqalaqis marTavs aw xeli.

aw arRa erCis qarTlis gulsa kaspiis Relva,

verRa uryevs mas gansvenebas misi aRtyvelva;

Savis zRvis zvirTni, nacvlad CvenTa mosisxle mterTa,

aw mogvigvrian mravalis mxriT CvenTa moZmeTa!” 1

nikoloz baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi bunebis suraTebi, usieri

tyiT daburuli mTawmindis kalTebi iqneba is, mtkvris sanapiro Tu

aragvis Semogareni, miuxedavad imisa, rom umeteswilad sxvadasxva

1 citatebi moyvanilia n. baraTaSvilis TxzulebaTa sruli krebulidan, Tb.1972w.

60

sazogado Tu pirovnuli mizezebis gamo gulSewuxebuli poetis sevdiani

ganwyobilebebis Tanaziaria, moklebulia yovelgvar misticizms da

sruliad realisturi ferebiTaa warmodgenili. radgan Cvens poets

TanamedroveTa Soris iseTi aravin eguleboda, romlisTvisac gulis

gadaxsna, grZnobebis gaziareba SeZleboda, amitom mWmunvare Tu sevdiani

fiqrebis gasaqarvebel-gasarTvelad xan mTawmindis damafiqrebel,

udabur, saRamos ciuri cvariT monamul, sawuTroebis damaviwyebel,

guldaxurulTa megobar mTawmindis kalTebs mimarTavda, raTa eZebna

amaoebis damSTobi zenaarT samyofi sadguri da imedi miscemoda, `rom

gaTendeba dila mziani da yovels bindsa is gananaTlebs;~ xan modudune

laJvardi cis kamaris amreklavi ankara mtkvris zvirTebis Cxrials

ugdebda yurs, raTa Camwvdariyo adamianuri yofis Tu wuTisoflis

amaoebas da mainc imedianad eTqva:

`magram radganac kacni gvqvian _ Svilni soflisa,

unda kideca mivsdioT mas, gvesmas mSoblisa,

arc kaci varga, rom cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos,

iyos sofelSi da soflisaTvis ara izrunvos.~

ara sevdiani Tu poetis naRvelis Tanaziari, aramed laRi da

Tavisufali bunebis suraTia mocemuli „bedi qarTlisas~ meore karis

dasawyisSi. ai, isic:

„morbis aragvi aragviani, Tan mosZaxian mTanni tyianni,

da Seupovrad mouTamaSebs garemo Tvissa atexil Walebs.

hoi, napirno aragvis pirno, mobibineno, SvebiT momzirno,

qarTvelsa gulman rogor gauZlos, odes Sveneba Tqveni

ixilos,

rom Tqvens buCqebSi ara Camoxdes, rac unda gzasa

eSurebodes

rogor iqneba ar ganisvenos? samjer xom mainc gadahkravs

Rvinos!

cxens moaZovebs, Tvals moatyuebs, gamoiRviZebs-Subls

ganigrilebs,

erTs qarTvelurad kidev SesZaxebs: `aragvo, mag Sens

gamwvanebul mTebs~

61

da merme Tundac daugviandes, igi imisTvis aRar daRondes!“ 1

roca kiTxulob am striqonebs SeuZlebelia, Tavadac ar aRivso

xalisiTa da sicocxlis wyurviliT, ar mogindes aragvis Seupovari

zvirTebis mkerdze gadavleba Tu mis mSvenier SemogarenSi Tvalis

motyueba, raTa siamayiT aRfrTovanebulma kidev erTxel igrZno, rom

Senc am bunebis nawili xar da ara marto nawili, aramed misi patroni

da SeuZlebelia baraTaSviliviT ar SesZaxo – „aragvo, mag Sens

gamwvanebul mTebs...~

yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom

realizmis zogierTi elementi arc qarTvel romantikosTa

SemoqmedebisTvisaa ucxo. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom

maT farTod gauRes kari erovnul Tematikas da erTgvarad

idealizirebuli warsulis suraTebis daxatviT, rasac garkveuli

mizandasaxuleba gaaCnda, momavlis mkrTali konturebic mogvces. amave

dros maT daarRvies tradiciuli Teqvsmetmarcvliani Sairis batonoba

da daasrules qarTuli leqsis teqnikuri reforma, romelic daviT

guramiSvilma da mamuka baraTaSvilma wamoiwyes Tavis droze. marTalia,

isini ganicdian anton I-is sami stilis Teoriis gavlenas, magram maTi

poeturi ena mainc sakmaodaa dacilebuli am ukanasknelis mimdevarTa

mxatvrul metyvelebas.

* * *

me-19 saukunis 40-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani

sazogadoebriv-politikuri cvlilebebi xdeba, romlis safuZveli iyo

ruseTis imperiaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri gardaqmnebi. naturaluri

feodaluri meurneoba TandaTanobiT gzas uTmobda burJuaziuls.

qarTulma mwerlobam aRniSna is diferenciacia, romelic qarTvel

TavadaznaurobaSi am periodSi moxda da reliefurad asaxa am wodebis

sxvadasxva fenebidan gamosuli tipebi. amave dros man aRniSna meore

mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi procesi, saxeldobr savaWro-savaxSo

burJuaziis gamosvla cxovrebis asparezze. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar

miviRebT oriode mkrTal da gaubedav cdas, am sazogadoebrivi fenis

yofa-cxovreba qarTul literaturaSi aravis ar ausaxavs SoTa

1 citatebi moyvanilia n. baraTaSvilis TxzulebaTa sruli krebulidan, Tb.1972w.

62

rusTvelis Semdeg. amas, rasakvirvelia, hqonda Tavisi obieqturi

mizezebi.

burJuazia, romelic saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda da ganviTarda

ZiriTadad ucxoeTidan Camosuli elementebisagan Sedgeboda. is

qarTveli eris kulturasTan ar iyo organulad dakavSirebuli da

amitom evropis burJuaziasaviT ar warmoadgenda jansaR erovnul Zalas.

qarTuli literatura Tavdapirvelad mas ufro komikuri mxridan

xatavda. mxolod ufro gvian, rodesac somxis sovdagrebisa da CarCebis

gverdiT, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT saqarTvelodan gamosulma

mrewvelebma da vaWrebma daiWires saTanado adgili, qarTulma

literaturam SeamCnia, rom mesame wodebis saxiT mas sakmaod seriozuli

erovnul ZalasTan hqonda saqme da SeZlebisdagvarad asaxa kidec.

pirveli qarTveli mwerali, romelmac qarTul sazogadoebaSi

momxdari zemoT aRniSnuli cvlilebebi SeamCnia da asaxa, iyo giorgi

erisTavi. igi samarTlianadaa miCneuli CvenSi kritikuli realizmis

Semomtanad lavreti ardazians, daniel WonqaZesa da rafiel erisTavTan

erTad. yvela mkvlevari XIX saukunis 40-50 wlebSi moRvawe am mweralTa

SemoqmedebaSi uciloblad amCnevs realizms, magram mis fuZemdeblebad

samocianelebs miiCnevs. ase fiqrobdnen magaliTad, al. xaxanaSvili, m.

zandukeli, S. radiani da sxva, romlebic am periodis realizmis

gamosacalkeveblad xmaroben termins „naadrevi realizmi,“ rac

ganpirobebulia imiT, rom sworad ar aris danaxuli is organuli

kavSiri, romelic 40-50-iani da 60-iani wlebis literaturas Soris

arsebobs realizmis genezisis TvalsazrisiT.

am periodis da saerTod XIX saukunis qarTul mwerlobaze

keTilis myofeli gavlena iqonia amave periodis rusulma literaturam

Tu azrovnebam, rac savsebiT bunebrivia, vinaidan am saukunis

dasawyisidan qarTveli da rusi xalxi nebiT Tu uneblied mWidro

kulturul kavSirSia. magram rusuli literaturis gavlenas arasodes

Seusustebia qarTuli mwerlobis TviTmyofadi, erovnuli xasiaTi, rasac

kidev erTxel naTelyofs kritikuli realizmis Camoyalibeba-

ganviTarebis procesi. Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom mravalsaukunovani qarTuli

literaturisaTvis arc erT drosa da epoqaSi ucxo da miuRebeli ar

yofila realizmis elementebi Tu realisturi tendenciebi. kritikuli

63

realizmi CvenSi qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis kanonzomier Sedegs

warmoadgens. misi aRmoceneba momzadebuli iyo qarTveli xalxis

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiT, erovnuli TaviseburebiT, jansaRi da

mdidari literaturuli tradiciebiT.

giorgi erisTavi da misi mimarTulebis mimdevrebi TiTqmis

mTlianad zurgs aqceven romantikosTa mier wina planze wamoweul

Tematikas da am mxriv arsebiTi xasiaTis gardatexas axdenen. rogorc

mkvlevari daviT gamezardaSvili aRniSnavs, „maTi mxatvruli interesebis

sagans warmoadgens mxolod da mxolod Tanadrouli sazogadoebrivi

cxovreba, misi socialuri buneba; yoveli sxva Tema am ZiriTadi Temis

gaSuqebis mizans emsaxureba. axali Tematikis Sesabamisad maT Semoitanes

axali Janrebi (sayofacxovrebo da socialur-politikuri komedia,

sayofacxovrebo drama, socialuri romani, mxatvruli satira da sxva). g.

erisTavis, z. antonovis, l. ardazianis, d. WonqaZis da sxvaTa

SemoqmedebaSi ukve saqme gvaqvs cxovrebis sinamdvilidan aRebul tipur

xasiTebTan; maTi tipaJi konkretuli istoriul-socialuri garemos

uSualo gamomxatvelia.“1 da, marTlac, am mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi Cven

vecnobiT personaJTa mdidar galereas, romlebic mkveTrad ganirCevian

erTmaneTisgan TavianTi socialur-klasobrivi mdgomareobiT. isini

gvevlinebian ara rogorc qarTvel, rus, somex da sxva erTa

warmomadgenelni zogadad, aramed rogorc qarTveli, rusi, somexi

Tavadi, glexi, vaWari, moxele.

cxadia, kritikuli realizmi imTaviTve gabatonebul mimarTulebad

ar qceula Cvens mwerlobaSi. 40-iani wlebidan 60-ian wlebamde am

mimdinareobasa da romantizms Soris principuli brZola mimdinareobda

da mxolod „TergdaleulTa“ moRvaweobis Sedegad damkvidrda

sabolood. 60-70-ian wlebSi mimdinare dapirispireba qarTul

literaturaSi konservator-liberalTa da revolucioner-demokratTa

Soris iyo finali adre dawyebuli brZolisa. qarTvelma samocianelebma,

aRizardnen ra rus revolucioner-demokratTa ideebze, ukve sabolood

naTelhyves romantizmis, rogorc literaturuli mimdinareobis

ususuroba im droindeli mwerlobis winaSe mdgari amocanebis

1 d. gamezardaSvili, kritikuli realizmi da misi damkvidreba XIX saukunis qarTul

literaturaSi, t.I, gv.75, Tb. 1974w.

64

gadasaWrelad, gamoaaSkaraves romantikuli esTetikis yalbi

wanamZRvrebi da daupirispires mas materialisturi esTetikis pricipebi.

amgvarad, „qarTvel samocianelTa damsaxurebas Seadgens ara

dawyeba kritikuli realizmisa, aramed am literaturuli mimdinareobis

saboloo gabatoneba da Sesabamisi esTetikuri moZRvrebis damuSaveba

Cveni literaturis sanamdvileSi.“ 1

giorgi erisTavi dajildovebuli iyo tipuri xasiaTebis Seqmnis

niWiT. misi komediebis personaJTa didi umetesoba tipia. im droindeli

mebatoneebis tipuri saxeebia: amirindo, onofre („dava“), anduyafari,

pavle, aseve kneina makrine („gayra“) da karapeta dabaRovi („Zunwi“).

giorgi erisTavis gansakuTrebiT fxizeli realisturi xedvis

maCvenebelia mis mier iseTi axali movlenebisa Tu saxeebis SemCneva da

asaxva, romlebic jer kidev iSviaToba iyo, magram mTeli sisruliT

gamoxatavda im droindeli socialuri drois arss. man Seqmna

ganaTlebuli, magram cxovrebis praqtikul codnas moklebuli meocnebe

aristokratebis tipuri saxeebi, romlebic is-is iyo gamoCndnen Cvens

sinamdvileSi. aseTebia, magaliTad beglari („SeSlili“) da ivane

(„gayra“). eseni swored is axalgazrdebi arian, romelTac ruseTSi

miiRes metad zerele ganaTleba da samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg

umweoni aRmoCndnen saTaveSi Cadgomodnen raime seriozul saqmes.

mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze qarTveli Tavadaznauroba

sakuTar Tavs raRaca gmiruli SaravandediT Semosils xedavda. uceb

giorgi erisTavma maT daanaxa, rom metad komikurni gamxdaran. „ra

uzarmazaria manZili liparit orbelianebis, sargis jayelebisa, zurab

erisTavebisa, givi amilaxvrebidan, yvela im zviadi feodalebidan,

romlebic gmirulad samSoblos icavdnen an mas veragulad

Ralatobdnen, mefeebs eqiSpebodnen an erTmaneTs Tvalebs sTxridnen, g.

erisTavis komediebis gmirebsa _ anduyafrebsa da onofreebamde! ra

gasaocari cvlileba moxda! qarTvelma aristokratiam dahkarga Tavisi

socialuri funqcia; qveynis mmarTvelebisa, mosamarTleebisa,

1 d. gamezardaSvili, qarTuli literaturisa da kritikis istoriidan, t.I gv.76, Tb.1974w.

65

damcvelebisagan isini ubralo memamuleebad iqcnen, raTa Semdgom

nawilobriv xorcmetebad gadaqceuliyvnen eris jansaR organizmze.“ 1

realizmis, rogorc mxatvruli meTodis, erTgulebam giorgi

erisTavi bunebrivad miiyvana saliteraturo enis gamartivebamde.

rogorc cnobilia, axali qarTuli saliteraturo ena Caisaxa jer kidev

me-12 saukuneSi da XVIII saukunisaTvis misi Camoyalibeba TiTqmis

dasrulda, magram me-18 saukunis meore naxevridan anton kaTalikosis

gramatikuli koncefciis wyalobiT Sewyda saliteraturo enis

demokratizaciis procesi da gabatonda sqolastikur-ritorikuli

metyvelebiT damZimebuli arqaul-mwignobruli ena. realisturi meTodi

da gmirTa tipizaciis problema giorgi erisTavs aiZulebda uari eTqva

Zvel, mwignobrul enaze da nawarmoebis gmirebi maTive eniT

aemetyvelebina. aseTi midgomis meoxebiT mweralma SeZlo eCvenebina, rom

ucxo warmomavlobis burJuaziam Tavisi JargoniT wabilwa qarTuli ena;

rom barbarizmebisa da dialeqtizmebis uadgilo, gadaWarbebuli xmareba

sasacilos xdida aseTi eniT molaparakeT. magram imis gamo, rom misi

gmirebi im sazogadoebriv fenebs ganekuTvnebodnen, romlebic marTla

bilwavdnen Cvens enas, misi komediebic gadatvirTulia JargoniTa da

barbarizmebiT. am mxrivac mis komediebSi dadebiTi gmiris rols

mxolod sicili asrulebs. Pplaton ioselianis TqmiT, giorgi erisTavma

„dabada ena qarTuli axalis guarisa mwerlobisaTvis.“ mas mwerlis ena

miaCnda mxolod komediebis Sesaferisad, rac sruliadac ar

ewinaaRmdegeba sami stilis Teorias.

unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom kritikuli realizmi qarTul

literaturaSi dramatulma Janrma SemoiRo. es metad xelsayreli

aRmoCnda, radgan sazogadoebaze maSin swored am Janrs hqonda didi

zegavlena Teatris meSveobiT. saerTod kritikuli realizmisTvis,

romelic mowodebulia sinamdvilis amsaxveli farTo mxatvruli

tiloebis SeqmnisaTvis, swored prozaa yvelaze xelsayreli.

prozauli Janris ganviTarebisa da saliteraturo enis

gamartivebis sakiTxi kategoriulad daayena cnobilma mweralma

lavrenti ardazianma, romelmac didi wvlili Seitana am moTxovnis

1 g. qiqoZe, XIXs. qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.III, gv. 221, Tb. 1966w.

66

praqtikul gadaWraSic. Jurnal „ciskris“ furclebze man gamoaqveyna

cnobili nawarmoebebi „solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili“ da „morCili,“

romlebic pirveli socialuri romanebia Cveni literaturis istoriaSi.

aseve sayuradReboa amave JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli misi mxatvruli

narkvevi „mogzauroba tfilisis trotuarze,“ leqsi „fulebi.“

lavrenti ardazianma solomon mejRanuaSvilis saxiT Seqmna

savaWro burJuaziis warmomadgenlis dasrulebuli tipi. am mxriv mas

veravin Seedreba qarTul literaturaSi. am nawarmoebSi naCvenebia is

gza, romelic ganvlo savaWro burJuaziis pirvelma Taobam Cvens

sinamdvileSi, naCvenebia moqmedebis meTodebic, romlis wyalobiTac igi

arafris mqonedan yovlisSemZle gaxda. lavrenti ardaziani gvacnobs

solomonis cxovrebis TiTqmis mTel gzas, amasTan gvixatavs mas

yoveldRiur moqmedebaSi. magram Tanadrouli sinamdvilidan aRebuli

movaWris saxis ganzogadebam mwerali bolos TviTon daafiqra. is,

rogorc cnobilia liberaluri Tavadaznaurobis ideologi iyo, amitom

romanis dasasruls sinamdviles erTgvarad uRalata da solomoni

monanie vaWrad warmogvidgina, xolo aleqsandre raindiZe _ cxovrebiT

kmayofil bednier adamianad.

magram lavrenti ardazianis romanebi, d. gamezardaSvilis TqmiT,

avtoris survilis sawinaaRmdegod gvarwmuneben, rom „maRali wodebidan

gamodian ara raindiZeebi, aramed kerpaZeebi da tuCmoxeuliSvilebi

(„solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili“), lifsimeebi da gorjaspebi

(„morCili“); rom es wodeba (Tavadaznauroba) uZluria mejRanuaSvilebis

winaSe da cxovrebis saWe raindiZeebis TeTri xelebidan

mejRanuaSvilebis WuWyian xelebSi gadadis.“ 1

lavrenti ardazianma qarTul literaturaSi pirvelma dagvixata im

droindeli Tbilisis inteligenciis saxe. TbilisSi, romelic kavkasiis

centrs warmoadgenda, garda adgilobrivi inteligenciisa, mravlad

SexvdebodiT Soreuli adgilebidan karieris saZebnelad Camosul

ganaTlebul pirT, romelTa umetesoba cinikosi da mkvexaraa. isini

pativs ar scemen arc sakuTari eris kulturas da arc sxva xalxTa

kulturaSi erkvevian; sxvebs dascinian, raki Rrma moazrovneebad moaqvT

1 d. gamezardaSvili, kritikuli realizmi da misi damkvidreba qarTul literaturaSi (qarTuli literaturisa da kritikis istoriidan, tI, gv.98) Tb.1974w.

67

Tavi, magram Rirebuls verafers qmnian da verc Seqmnian. mweralma Seqmna

swored aseTi pedantebisa da cruswavlulTa tipuri saxeebi,

gansakuTrebiT urcxvaZisa da axmaxis saxiT Tavis moTxrobaSi

„mogzauroba tfilisis trotuarze.“

amrigad, lavrenti ardazianma Tavisi SemoqmedebiT met-naklebi

sisruliTa da siRrmiT asaxa im droindeli saqarTvelos socialuri

yofa. ganviTarebis gzaze damdgari kritikuli realizmi man gaamdidra

sayuradRebo romanebiT da narkveviT, didi ostatobiT Seqmnili tipebiT,

romlebic cxovrebis sinamdvilidanaa aRebuli. misma Semoqmedebam

udidesi roli Seasrula qarTuli realisturi prozis mxatvruli

formis SemuSavebasa da saliteraturo enis sasaubrosTan daaxloebaSi.

lavrenti ardaziani uaRresad niWieri realisti prozaikosia,

magram misi realizmis kritikuli paTosi erTgvarad Seasusta

batonymuri urTierTobisadmi Semwynareblobam, maSin, roca batonymobis

namdvili buneba ukve srulad iyo gamovlenili daniel WonqaZis

„suramis cixeSi.“ Tu giorgi erisTavi pirveli qarTveli mwerali iyo,

romelmac Tavadaznaurobis komikuri saxe dagvanaxa, daniel WonqaZe

pirvelia, romelmac am wodebis bralmdeblis roli ikisra.

me-18 da me-19 saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi iyvnen mwerlebi, romelTac

eyoT gambedaoba istoriuli warsulisaTvis vardisferi saTvaleebis

gareSe SeexedaT. aseTebi iyvnen magaliTad, daviT guramiSvili, ioane

batoniSvili; xolo grigol orbeliani, vaxtang orbeliani saqarTvelos

istoriuli warsulis idealizacias axdendnen, magram ara imitom, rom

WeSmaritebis siyvaruli ar hqondaT; maT undodaT uferuli awmyosaTvis

Seferilad daxatuli warsuli daepirispirebinaT, raTa jansaRi

patriotizmis grZnoba gaeRviZebinaT gulgatexili da gadagvarebis

gzaze damdgari qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis. daniel WonqaZemac Tavisi

moTxrobis „suramis cixis“ moqmedeba warsulSi gadaitana da amiT

TiTqos scada romantikuli burusisagan gaeTavisuflebina feodaluri

saqarTvelos suraTi. sinamdvileSi ki es moTxroba avtoris Tanadrouli

sazogadoebis kritikas warmoadgenda.

daniel WonqaZe pirveli mweralia, romelmac pirdapir da mkacrad

gailaSqra feodaluri urTierTobis winaaRmdeg maSin, roca batonymobis

gadavardnis sakiTxi mwvaved jer kidev ar iyo dayenebuli. ufro metic,

68

zogierTi sakmaod cnobili sazogado moRvawe imasac ki irwmuneboda

TioTqos saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi batonymoba Tavisebur

keTilSobilur socialur instituts warmoadgenda da mis

xeluxleblad datovebas moiTxovda. „suramis cixem“ yvelasaTvis

gasagebi gaxada am `keTilSobiluri Taviseburebis~ WeSmariti xasiaTi.

masSi Seulamazeblad aisaxa batonymuri urTierTobis mTeli saSineleba

da pirdapiri simwvaviT daisva misi gauqmebis aucileblobis sakiTxi.

daniel WonqaZem pirvelma Cvens literaturaSi Semoiyvana

batonymobis, mebatonis winaaRmdeg iaraRiT xelSi mebrZoli glexi.

nodarma amowyvita mebatonis ojaxi, riTac xalxis TanagrZnoba

daimsaxura. niSandoblivia is garemoeba, rom mdevrebma ki ar Seipyres

gaqceuli yma, rogorc davalebuli hqondaT, aramed axalcixisken

mimavali gza aswavles. es ki mauwyebeli iyo imisa, rom nodaris

magaliTs sxvebic mibaZavdnen. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom batonymobis uRels

TavdaRweuli nodari da durmiSxani sazogadoebaSi kuTvnil adgils

vaWrobiT ikaveben.

daniel WonqaZem mourideblad amxila agreTve eklesiis msaxurTa

garkveuli nawilis namdvili saxe da maTi roli gabatonebuli klasis

samsaxurSi, amasTan crumorwmuneobis saSineleba da misi uaryofiTi

gavlena sazogadoebaze. rogorc vxedavT daniel WonqaZe ara marto

amTavrebs kritikuli realizmis pirvel periods, aramed gvauwyebs meore

periodis dawyebasac.

romantizmi SedarebiT mkvidr niadagze aRmocenda Cvens poeziaSi.

miuxedavad amisa, 50-ian wlebSi niWieri lirikosis rafiel erisTavis

SemoqmedebaSi mkveTrad iCina Tavi kritikulma realizmma. igi Tavis

pirvel leqsebSi ver ascda romantikosTa gavlenas, magram maleve

dainteresda cxovrebis sinamdviliT da Tavisi poeziis mTavar sagnad

gaixada socialuri da erovnuli motivi. misi am periodis leqsebi

„mTxovneli msajulisadmi,“ „yadis jori,“ „buzebi,“ „mTxovara glaxaki“

da sxva gamoirCevian WeSmaritad realisturi xedviT da aaSkaraveben

sazogadoebis mankier mxareebs. es exeba urTierTobas batonsa da ymas

Soris, qalaqSi lukma-puris saSovnelad gadaxvewili glaxakis beds, vai

inteligentebis Tu cru ganswavlulTa cxovrebis wessa da sxva Temebs,

romlebic Zalze mtkivneuli iyo maSindeli sazogadoebisaTvis.

69

ilia WavWavaZe Tavis naSromSi „werilebi qarTul literaturaze“

ambobs: „rafiel erisTavma am ormocdaaTian wlebis xanaSi daiwyo Tavisi

moRvaweoba. amanac, rogorc TiTqmis yvela Cvenma poetma, miarTva pirvel

xanebSi Tavisi xarki siyvarulsa da trfialebas, magram amasTanave ar

uimisod morCa, rom e.w. saWirboroto sagans cxovrebisas ar

gaxmaurebiyos. jer batonymobis gadavardnaze CuCunic arsad iyo, rom

kacTmoyvare gulma poetisam igrZno usamarTloba misi da yma-deda aCvena

msajulTan „sxva rad hpatronobs Cems naSobsao...“1 aseve gansakuTrebuli

simpatiiT ixsenebda mas akaki wereTeli rogorc winamorbedsa da

sakuTari sityvis mqone Tanamokalmes. xolo giorgi wereTeli mas

garkveuli skolis meTauradac miiCnevda: „r. erisTavs uWiravs Tavisi

sakuTari wre qarTul poeziaSi. misi ena, misi grZnoba da misi ideali

namdvilad xalxis grZnoba da misi idealia... rafielma ukve Seqmna

Tavisi Skola poeziisa.“ XIX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi, ganasakuTrebiT

50-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi kritikuli realizmis damkvidrebas xeli

Seuwyo aseve kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebam, romelsac Tavis mxriv

xeli Seuwyo qarTuli Teatris daarsebam. pirveli nabijebi am

mimarTulebiT Tbilisis rusulma presam gadadga. gazeTebSi „zakavkazski

vestniksa“ da „kavkazSi“ TiTqmis sistematurad ibeWdeboda recenziebi

axali Teatraluri warmodgenebis Sesaxeb, romelTa avtorebi sagangebo

yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen piesis ideur azrsa da mxatvrul Rirseba-

naklovanebaze. Teatralurma kritikam mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula

rogorc Teatraluri xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi, ise literaturaSi

kritikuli realizmis damkvidrebaSi. am saqmeSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili

miuZRviT mixeil TumaniSvilsa da ivane polonskis. 50-ian wlebSi

kritikis erT-erTi umTavresi sagani iyo qarTuli samwerlobo enis

principTa dadgenis sakiTxi, romelic gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT ukve 60-

ian wlebSi daisva Jurnal „ciskris“ furclebze.

axali Tematika, axali Janrebi, axali mxatvruli saSualebani da

sasaubro enasTan daaxloebuli samwerlobo ena ― ai, ra SesZina 40-50-

iani wlebis kritikulma realizmma Cvens literaturas axal ideur

azrTan erTad. man Cvens literaturaSi Semoiyvana xalxi, rac metad

1 i. WavWavaZe, werilebi qarTul literaturaze, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V, gv.546, Tb. 1991w.

70

mniSvnelovani movlena iyo. am drois qarTvelma realistebma Seqmnes

tipuri saxeebi, romlebic dRemde inarCuneben cxovelmyofelobas.

cxovrebis sinamdvilesTan literaturis daaxloeba da tipuri saxeebiT

misi gamdidreba Seadgens Cveni mwerlobis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs am

periodSi. swored 40-50-ian wlebSi kritikuli realizmi mtkiced

eufleba mxatvruli Semoqmedebis sadaveebs. literaturuli kritika da

publicistikac CvenSi realizmis samsaxurSi dgeba, exmareba mas

romantizmTan brZolaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am periodis realisturi

mwerloba valmoxdili Sexvda Tavisi ganviTarebis Semdgom periods,

romelic 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba da romelsac qarTveli

„Tergdaleulebis“ saxelebi amSveneben.

71

kritikuli realizmis sakiTxebi ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki

wereTlis esTetikaSi

qarTvel samocianelTa literaturuli Sexedulebebis Seswavlas

realizmis Teoriis Suqze didi mniSvneloba aqvs ara mxolod maTi

mxatvruli Semoqmedebis gasagebad, aramed qarTuli kritikuli

realizmis TaviseburebaTa gasaTvaliswineblad, miT umetes, rom

garkveuli gansxavaveba arsebobs pirvel da meore daselTa amgvar

naazrevs Soris. „Tergdaleulebma~ mdidar mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan

erTad dagvitoves mravamxriv sayuradRebo werilebi da statiebi,

romelTa uSualo daniSnuleba iyo materialisturi esTetikis

principebis dasabuTeba da damkvidreba qarTul mwerlobaSi, rac maT

arsebiTad SeZles kidec. es ki ganpirobebuli iyo mTeli rigi mizezebiT,

romelTa safuZvels warmoadgenda rogorc qveynis SigniT mimdinare

socialur-politikuri Tu kulturul-ekonomikuri movlenebi, ise

sagareo, pirvel rigSi rusuli faqtori.

Zveli qarTuli sazogadoeba ZiriTadad samxedro sazogadoeba iyo,

xolo me-19 saukunisa ― samoqalaqo, ramac SesaZlebloba misca Cvens

xalxs Tavisi energia ZiriTadad mSvidobiani saqmianobisaTvis moexmara.

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobamde Cveni qveyana wina aziis

kulturul wreSi Sedioda da amis gamo mis literaturaze da saerTod

xelovnebaze Tavdapirvelad gavlena qristianma erebma ― somxebma

sirielebma da ZiriTadad, berZnebma iqonies, xolo Semdeg mahmadianma

xalxebma ― arabebma da sparselebma. ra Tqma unda, qarTuli

literaturac Tavis mxriv keTilismyofel zegavlenas axdenda mezobeli

xalxebis sityvakazmul mwerlobaze, riTac orive maTgani mdidrdeboda

rogorc Tematurad da Janrobrivad, ise mxatvruli formis

TvalsazrisiTac.

me-19 saukuneSi saqarTvelos kvlav gaexsna gza kulturuli

kacobriobisaken da qarTuli literaturac evropul-rusuli kulturis

sferoSi mohyva. magram, radgan mas sakmaod didi xnis manZilze sul sxva

kulturis wyaroebi hkvebavda da mravalsaukunovani tradiciac hqonda,

72

politikuri damoukideblobis dakargvis miuxedavad, Tavisi erovnuli da

originaluri saxe ar daukargavs. qarTvel samocianelTa realisturi

Sexedulebebi ganpirobebulia ara mxolod rus revolucioner-

demokratTa moZRvrebiT, aramed maTi Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebiTa da qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis doniTa Tu

tradiciiT. „TergdaleulTa ideuri winamZRoli ilia WavWavaZe TviTon

miuTiTebs am garemoebaze, roca ambobs: „Tqma ar unda, rom rusulma

literaturam didi xelmZRvaneloba gagviwia warmatebis gzazed da didi

zemoqmedeba iqonia yovel maszed, rac Cvens sulier Zal-Rones Seadgens

da Cvens gonebas, Cvens azrsa, Cvens grZnobasa da erTob Cvens

mimarTulebas zed daaCnia man Tavisi av-kargianoba. ar aris dRes CvenSi

arc erTi moRvawe da moqmedi kaci mwerlobaSi Tu sazogado saqmeTa

sarbielzed, rom Tavisufali iyos xsenebuli literaturis

zegavlenisagan. sakvirvelic ar aris rusulma skolam ― mecnierebam

gagviRo kari ganaTlebisa da rusulmave literaturam moawoda sazrdo

Cvens gonebasa da gamohkveba Cveni azri moZraobis gzazed... rasakvirvelia,

am zemoqmedebam rusuli literaturisam marto imas SesZina sikeTe,

romelmac yoveli gamonarkvevi am literaturisa Tavis sakuTar kritikis

qarcecxlSi gaatara, brmad ar iwama ― brmad ar miiCema da amrigad ar

daixvia xelzed cxovrebaSi iolad wasvlisaTvis... maT (Tergdaleulebs)

jer gamouZiebiaT es (rusuli literateraturis) gamonarkvevi da mere ise

an SeuTvisebiaT, an uaruyviaT... imav kritikiT da gamoZiebiT xandaxan

asdevnebian am literaturis winsvlasa, warmatebas da ar gaCerebulan mis

romelime xanazed.“ 1 rogorc vxedavT, ilia WavWavaZe TergdaleulTa

momzadebis saqmeSi uaRresad did rols akuTvnebs rusuli mwerlobisa

da rusi moazrovneebis zegavlenas. amasTan garkveviT laparakobs imis

Sesaxebac, rom TavianTi misia Seasrules ara brmad mimbaZvelebma, aramed

imaT, vinc kritikulad da SemoqmedebiTad aiTvises rusuli

literaturisa da mecnierebis miRwevebi, gamoiyenes igi qarTuli

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa Tu mwerlobis viTarebisa da moTxovnis

Sesatyvisad.

„TergdaleulTa“ damsaxurebad ilia WavWavaZes miaCnia ara marto

is, rom maT daiwyes `sakuTar qveyanaSi naTeli azrebis~ gavrceleba,

1i. WavWavaZe, dedaTa saqmis gamo, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V, gv.466, Tb.1991w.

73

aramed gansakuTrebiT is, rom `xeli mihyves sakuTari viTarebis

gamorkvevas, kerZod `erovnuli viTarebis gacnobas.“ „am naTelis azrebis

mixedviT, _ ambobs ilia WavWavaZe, _ Caukvirda (Tergdaleulebi) Cvens

cxovrebas, aRmoaCina zogi imisi Rirs-naklovaneba da amiT aRZra im

dromde miZinebuli sazogado azri. vinc Tvalxiluli iyo da yurTasmena

hqonda, yvelam Seigno Tu ra iyo mizezi Cvenis daqveiTebisa, ra iyo

xelCasaWidi da sazrunavi. ase Tu ise sazogadoebam cotaTi mainc igrZno

ramdenad saWiroa sakuTari viTarebis gamorkveva da Segneba.“ 1

adgilobrivi viTarebis Rrma Seswavlisa da gaTvaliswinebis gareSe

maT ar SeeZloT TavianTi xalxisaTvis Sesaferi amagis gaweva da verc

gaxdebodnen namdvili erovnuli moRvaweebi, radgan, rogorc nikolai

CerniSevski Tavis statiaSi „rusuli literaturis gogolis periodis

narkvevebi,“ – wers: „simarTle yovelTvis simarTlea, magram yovelgvari

simarTle rodia yvelgan da yovelTvis erTnairad mniSvnelovani da

erTnairad rodi SeuZlia yuradRebis aRZvra: TiToeul saukunes,

TiToeul xalxs Tavisi moTxovnilebebi aqvs; is, rac germanels

ainteresebs, xSirad sruliadac ar aris saintereso frangisaTvis an

rusisaTvis, imitom rom pirdapiri damokidebuleba ara aqvs misi

cxovrebis moTxovnilebebTan. unda vilaparakoT imaze, rac Cvens

sazogadoebas Cvens droSi esaWiroeba.“ 2 marTlac, miuxedavad mTeli

rigi saerTo niSnebisa, rusi da qarTveli xalxebis socialur-

politikuri cxovrebis viTareba im droisaTvis gansxvavebasac aSkarad

amJRavnebda. jer erTi ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT saqarTvelo moklebuli

iyo saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobas, meorec burJuaziuli

ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo sagrZnoblad CamorCeboda. amas

unda davumatoT isic, rom rogorc rus, aseve qarTvel xalxs hqonda

Tavisi sakuTari, TviTmyofadi, mdidari tradiciebis mqone literatura

da kultura. bunebrivia, yovelive es Taviseburad moqmedebda TiToeuli

am qveynis mwerlobaze. amitomaa, rom qarTvel samocianelTa esTetikaSi

im saerTo materialistur principebTan erTad, rac uSualod rus

revolucioner-demokratTa moZRvrebidan gamomdinareobs, yuradReba

1 i. WavWavaZe, `Tergdleulni~ da axali Taoba, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V, gv. gv.422, Tb.1991w. 2 n. CerniSevski, rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebani, gv.546, Tb. 1945w.

74

gamaxvilebulia im momentebzec, romlebic qarTuli sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis TaviseburebiTaa nakarnaxevi.

Cvens mizans amjerad ar warmoadgens yvela qarTveli samocianelis

esTetikuri Sexedulebebis sruli da yovelmxrivi ganxilva. amitom

davkmayofildebiT mxolod maT esTetikaSi realizmis TeoriisaTvis

saintereso calkeul sakiTxTa CvenebiT, raTa ukeT SevZloT giorgi

wereTlis, erT-erTi Tergdaleulis, amgvari Sexedulebebis ufro

TvalsaCinod warmoCena. aqve gvinda SevniSnoT, samocianelebis

Sexedulebebi am mxriv ise axlos arian erTmaneTTan, rom SesaZlebeli

iyo TiToeul maTganze cal-calke arc ki SevCerebuliyaviT, magram

migvaCnia, rom maTi warmodgenebis ganxilva mokled mainc aucilebelia

qarTuli kritikuli realizmis ukeT gagebisaTvis. amave dros es

dagvexmareba giorgi wereTlis e.w. „Seuferavi realizmis“ ganxilvaSi,

„Seuferavi realizmisa,“ romelsac xan naturalizmTan aigivebdnen, xan

raRac Sualedur rgolad miiCnevdnen kritikul realizmsa da

naturalizms Soris da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom azrTa sxvdasxvaoba am

sakiTxis garSemo dResac arsebobs, miuxedavad imisa, rom kritikosTa Tu

literaturis istoriis mkvlevarTa didi umravlesoba am „Seuferav

realizms“ kritikuli realizmis ganviTarebis erT-erT safexurad

miiCnevs giorgi wereTlis Tanadrouli viTarebidan gamomdinare.

qarTul sinamdvileSi ilia WavWavaZe iyo materialisturi esTetikis

pirveli WeSmariti fuZemdebeli ara mxlod kritikuli statiebisa da

werilebis meSveobiT, aramed Tavisi ukvdavi mxatvruli SemoqmedebiTac.

Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom „axalgazrdobaSi ilia

WavWavaZe ver acda idealisturi filosofiis gavlenas,“ 1 rom adre „mis

msoflmxedvelobaSi idealizmi sWarbobs.“ 2 amaze metyvelebs ori

esTetikuri fragmenti, romelic dawerili unda iyos 1857-58 wlebSi,

romelic profesorma g. abzianiZem aRmoaCina da saTanado komentarebiT

pirvelad 1940 wels gamoaqveyna „literaturis matianeSi.“ mkvlevarma

guram asaTianma yuradReba miaqcia ilia WavWavaZis leqss „Citi“ da

sruliad samarTlianad aRniSna, rom Citi aq, iliasTan marto

Tavisufali arsebis simbolo ki araa, aramed amave dros „mgaloblis,

1 p. ratiani, i. WavWavaZe, gv.51, Tb.1965w.

2 v. gagoiZe, i. WavWavaZis msoflmxedveloba, gv.222, Tb.1962w.

75

momRerlis, mgosnis Tavisebur saxesac warmoadgenda.“ 1 marTlac, Citis

aRsarebaSi („vgalob da vgalob da imiT vxarob, rom me qveyanas galobiT

vatkbob, Cemia wera, mRera da mRera, lxena, galoba, Tavisufleba.“) ilias

gadmocemuli aqvs Tavisi adrindeli Sexedulebebi poetis rolsa da

daniSnulebaze. rogorc cnobilia, XIX saukunis 50-60-iani wlebisaTvis

tradiciad iqca „uideo poetebis Sedareba tkbilad mgalobel „garegan“

frinvelebTan, rac saTaves iRebs goeTes leqsidan „momRerali,“ romelic

CarTulia romanSi „vilhelm maisteris moswavleobis wlebi.“ Tumca

leqsi „wminda xelovnebis“ ideas ar gamoxatavs, magram man araswori

interpretacia miiRo da daukavSirda formalisturi xelovnebis

filosofias.

ilia WavWavaZis adrindeli esTetikuri mrwamsi, prof. vaxtang

vaxanias azriT, yvelaze realiefurad gadmocemulia leqsSi „miTxari

risTvis...“, romelic dawerilia 1858 wels. „mxiaruli krebis“ moRalate

da Tavis TavTan darCenis msurveli ganmartoebis mZebneli da mxolod

„erTi varskvlavis“ motrfiale, romelic xSirad iqiTken garbis, sadac

gaSlili velia da „siyvaruliT aRtacebuli“ bulbuli dafrinavs,

_ aseTia ilia WavWavaZis poeti zemoT dasaxelebul leqsSi.“ 2 Cveni

mxridan gvinda davamatoT, rom ilia WavWavaZis adrindel poeziaSi Zalze

Zlieria pesimisturi hangebi, melanqoliuri ganwyobileba („daRonebuli,

ar vici razed,“ „marto mivcurav cxovrebis zRvaSi,“ „bevri vitanje,“

„mwuxareba,“ „dabnelda suli,“ „roca wuxili mCagravs uwyalo“ da sxva).

cxadia, amgvari ganwyobileba xelsayreli niadagi iyo idealisturi

Teoriis warmoSobisaTvis. amasTan angariSgasawevia is viTarebac, rom

ilia WavWavaZis adrindel poeziaSi calke rkalad gamoiyofa

moqalaqeobriv-sazogadoebrivi motivi, romelic, rac dro gadis, sul

ufro Zlierdeba da sabolood (1859-1860ww.) gabatondeba kidec.

amdenad, ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis pirveli periodi Sinaganad

rTuli, winaaRmdegobis momcveli da Taviseburia. am dros xdeba misi

msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibeba-formireba, raSic udidesi roli

peterburgis universitetSi, ruseTis gonebrivi moZraobis centrSi,

studentobis wlebma iTamaSa. amitomac ambobda igi am periodis Sesaxeb

1 g. asaTiani, qarTveli lirikosebi, gv.127, Tb.1963w.

2 v. vaxania, realizmis sakiTxebi qarTvel samocianelTa esTetikaSi, gv.18, Tb.1988w.

76

Tavis „mgzavris werilebSi:“ „eg oTxi weliwadi cxovrebis saZirkvelia,

cxovrebis wyaros saTavea, bewvis xidia, sibnelisa da sinaTlis Sua

bedisagan gadebuli, magram yvelasTvis ki ara, marto imisTvis, vinc

ruseTSi wasula, raTa Wkua avarjiSos, tvinsa da guls moZraoba misces,

_ fexi aadgmevinos.“ 1

„mgzavris werilebs“ exmianeba ufro adre dawerili „oriode

sityva“ da saprogramo xasiaTis leqsi „poeti.“ es ukanaskneli pirveli

nawarmoebia ara marto ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi, aramed, saerTod,

mravalsaukunovan qarTul mwerlobaSi, romelSic ase naTladaa

formirebuli poeziis utilitaruli principi, magram ara calmxrivad,

aramed poeziis ormagi _ „zeciuri“ da „miwieri“ bunebis warmoCeniT.

poezia „zeciuria“ Tavisi warmoSobiT, momdinareobiT, magram „miwieria“

mowodebiT, daniSnulebiT.

ilia WavWavaZem Tavisi Sexedulebebi gamoTqva iseTY sakiTxebze,

rogoricaa: literaturis arsi da daniSnuleba, xelovneba da sinamdvile,

xelovneba da mecniereba, xelovneba da sazogadoebrivi cxovreba,

mxatvruli asaxvis Tavisebureba, ena da literatura, literaturis

xalxurobis problema da sxva. Tavis pirvel kritikul werilSi

(„oriode sityva..“) iliam miuTiTa, rom grigol orbelianis muxambazebi,

miuxedavad imisa, rom TeTri leqsiTaa dawerili, ganuzomlad

maRla dganan „ciskris“ mweralTa poeziaze, radgan maTSi naTlad

igrZnoba Tbilisel yaraCoRelTa fiqrebis „namdviloba da WeSmariteba.“

ilias gansazRvriT, „poezia gansaxovnebaa WeSmaritebisa,

cxovrebisa.“ amiT xazi gaesva im garemoebas, rom literaturis (unda

vigulisxmoT saerTod xelovnebis) daniSnuleba cxovrebiseuli

sinamdvilis asaxvaa, rac mxatvruli saxis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. misi

TqmiT, xelovneba aris ganxorcieleba saxeSi ideisa, azrisa: musika,

mxatvroba, poezia – eseni sul saxeSi gamoTqvamen ideas, mxolod imiT

ganiyofebian, rom Tavisi ideis gamosaTqmelad sxvadasxva masalebsa

xmaroben, rogorc musika―xmasa, mxatvroba―xazsa, poezia―sityvasa.“2 amiT

ilia xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom xelovnebis yoveli dargi, saboloo

1 i. WavWavaZe rCeuli Txzulebani, „mgzavris werilebi“, gv.167. Tb.1985w.

2 i. WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V, gv.34, Tb.1991w.

77

jamSi, saxeebiT azrovnebs da maT Soris gansxvavebas mxolod am saxeebis

SeqmnisaTvis saWiro masalis sxvadasxvaoba iwvevs.

ilia WavWavaZes sworad aqvs gagebuli obieqturi sinamdvilisa da

xelovnebis urTierTdamokidebuleba. „cxovreba Ziria, _ ambobs is, _

xelovneba da mecniereba maszed amosuli Stoebi arian. rogorc miwidan

amoxeTqili Stoebi isxamen nayofsa da roca saTeslod mosweven, isev

miwas gadmoscemen, rom axali Ziri gaikeTon da am Zirma sxva axali

Stoebi amoxeTqon, agreTve cxovrebazed amosuli Stoebi – mecniereba da

xelovneba – isxmen zed cxovrebis nayofsa da roca mohsweven saTeslod,

isev cxovrebazeve gadmoscemen axalis cxovrebis gamosakvanZavad.

amisTana damokidebuleba aqvs cnobierebas cxovrebazed da cxovrebasa

Tavis rigzed – cnobierebazed.“ 1 aSkaraa, rom ilias cxovreba,

sazogadoebrivi yofiereba bazisad miaCnia, xolo xelovneba – zednaSenad

mecnierebasTan erTad. amave dros ara pasiur zednaSenur kategoriad,

aramed cxovrebaze aqtiuri zemoqmedebis unaris mqoned. „mecniereba da

xelovneba ibadebian cxovrebisgan da arseboben cxovrebisaTvis... igini

win midian cxovrebis viTarebis gamo da mere Tavis rigzed win mihyavT

cxovreba.“ 2

amrigad, xelovnebis arseboba da daniSnuleba, ilia WavWavaZis

azriT, ganpirobebulia cxovrebiseuli sinamdviliT, amave dros igi am

sinamdvilis erTi garkveuli nawilia. literatura, xelovneba

mowodebulia asaxos sinamdvile, amasTan aqtiuri monawileoba miiRos

misi gaumjobesebisa da gardaqmnisaTvis brZolaSi. aseTive amocana

akisria mecnierebasac, romelic cxovrebas Seimecnebs cnebebis

saSualebiT, „poezia ki xatebiTa da suraTiTa.“ magram imisTvis, rom

mweralma SesZlos am amocanis Sesruleba, aucilebelia niWTan erTad

mecnieruli codnis SeZenac, radgan, Tu poeti mecnierebas ar moiwvevs,

marto carieli niWi ver uTargmnis am wignsa“ (cxovrebas, k. T.).

ilia WavWavaZes kargad aqvs gaTvaliswinebuli xalxis cxovrebasa

da literaturas Soris arsebuli urTierToba. misi azriT, rac ar aris

sinamdvileSi, an risi arsebobac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mier ar aris

momzadebuli ar SeiZleba iyos literaturaSic. mwerali xalxis Svilia,

1 i. WavWavaZe, `saqarTvelos moabezed,~ TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V, gv 126., Tb.1991w.

2 iqve, gv.127.

78

sazogadoebis wevria da Tavis SemoqmedebaSi gamoxatavs imas, rac

sazogadoebaSia, rac TviTon cxovrebam dabada. amitom literaturis

xarisxi Zalze bevrs gvamcnobs TviT xalxis, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

doneze.

ilia WavWavaZe aSkarad daupirispirda cxovrebisgan ganze gamdgar

Semoqmedebas da „xelovnebas xelovnebisaTvis.“ misi azriT, xelovneba,

literatura „droa Cavides cxovrebis mdinaris ZirSia, iq monaxos

Sigmdebare azri Tavis cxovel suraTebisaTvis. iq, cxovrebis ZirSi is

ipovis bevrs magaliTsa da ufro bevrs lafsa da laqsa; arc erTis

gamoxatva ar unda aSinebdes xelovnebasa da arc meorisa.“ 1 amiT ilia

uaryofs Teorias „xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis“ da upirispirebs mas

xelovnebis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis samsaxurSi Cadgomis amocanebs.

Tavis kritikul-publicistur da mxatvrul nawerebSi ilias ara erTxel

aRuniSnavs, rom „laqisa da lafis“ sajarod gamotana, naklovan mxareTa

mxileba cxovrebis gaumjobesebis erT-erTi pirobaa, e.i. sasargebloa

xalxisa da qveynisaTvis. jer kidev „oriode sityvaSi“ igi werda: „rogor

unda gavswordeT Tu Cveni simrude ar gvecodineba? netavi oriode kaci

iyos saqarTveloSi, rom Cveni boroteba erTianad asweros da

dagvanaxos... aba, is iqneba namdvili saqebari mamulis moyvare, da ara is,

vinc metis metad damJavebulis siyvarulsa gamo, angeloziviT asaxelebs

saqarTvelosa. borotebis aRviareba naxevari gasworebaa.“ 2 am

patriotuli SegnebiT iyo nasazrdoebi ilia WavWavaZis satira, romlis

mizandaniSnuleba maSin yvelas rodi esmoda swored da isic ganmartebas

iZleoda:

„Cemzed amboben: „is siaves qarTvlisas ambobs,

Cvens cuds ar malavs, eg xom cxadi siZulvilia!

briyvni amboben, kargi guli ki maSinve cnobs

am siZulvilSi raodenic siyvarulia.”

ilia WavWavaZes kargad hqonda gaazrebuli mxatvrul saxesTan

dakavSirebuli mTavari problemebi, romelTagan umTavresia Semdegi:

sinamdvilis ganzogadebuli asaxva, e.i. tipisa da tipurobis sakiTxi;

1 i. WavWavaZe, “saqarTvelos momabezed,” TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, gv.132, Tb.1991w.

2 i. WavWavaZe, “oriode sityva,” TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V, gv.133 Tb.1991w.

79

mxatvruli fantaziis mniSvneloba da roli sinamdvilis asaxvaSi;

xelovnebis specifikuri funqcia da miznebi.

xelovneba sinamdvilis ganzogadebas axdens mxatvruli saxis

meSveobiT. sinamdvile, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba, romelsac xelovneba

asaxavs, mravalferovania. isini xasiaTdebian garkveuli niSan-TvisebebiT,

romelTagan zogierTi kerZo da SemTxveviTia, xolo zogi – zogadi da

arsebiTi. namdvilma xelovnebam unda SeZlos `sazogado niSnebis erTad

wyobilad Sekreba.~ Tavis erT-erT werilSi `xelovneba da mecniereba“

ilia werda: `ai, vTqvaT, midixar da xedav luskumas (statua),

marmarilodan gamokveTils adamianis saxes da agebulebas. Tu is

luskuma marTla-da wminda xelovnebaa, TandaTan ufro migizidavT.

imitom, rom im marmarilodan TandaTan gamosWvivis Sigmdebare azri,

romelic Tan sulsaviT Cauyolebia gamomkveTsa.~ amitom igi usityvod

gvacnobs moqandakis azrs imiT, rom igi konkretulad arc erTs ara hgavs

da kidevac hgavs, imitom, rom `rac sazogado niSnebi hqonia mTeli qveynis

vaJkacobas, didebulebs, Tavgamodebulebs, isini sul arian gamokveTilni

am marmarilos saxezed... da rac ki kerZoobiTi niSnebi hqoniaT, rac ki

erTsa hqonia da meores ara, imaTTvis guli ar uTxovebia gamomkveTsa,

amitom ara hgavs.~ amrigad, ilias azriT, xelovnebam sinamdvilis mxolod

zogadi mxare unda gamoxatos. 1

mxatvruli ganzogadebis gareSe xelovneba saerTod ar arsebobs,

magram gansxvavebulia ganzogadeba, romelsac kritikuli realizmi

axdens. profesori m. duduCava savsebiT sworad SeniSnavs, rom

`tipurobas ilia WavWavaZe erT SemTxvevaSi ganixilavs, rogorc

xelovnebis erT-erT zogad kanons, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ― rogorc

sakuTriv realizmis niSandobliv Tvisebas. pirveli arsebiTad

gulisxmobs mxatvrul ganzogadebas saerTod... meore SemTxvevaSi ki

mxatvruli ganzogadebis (tipizmis) gamovlenis konkretul-istoriuli

formis ― kritikuli realizmis arsis gansazRvrasTan gvaqvs saqme.” 2

ilias azriT, rac ufro metia mxatvrul saxeSi zogadi, miT ufro

uaxlovdeba igi tips da sabolood gadadis kidec masSi.

1 i. WavWavaZe, “xelovneba da mecniereba,” TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V, gv.608 Tb.1991w.

2 m. duduCava, i. WavWavaZis esTetika, gv.35-36.

80

roca ilia WavWavaZis esTetikur naazrevSi tipisa da tipurobis

sakiTxs exebian, Cveulebriv miuTiTeben `kacia-adamianis?!”

winasityvaobaze, romelSic ise reliefuradaa cxadyofili kritikuli

realizmis Tvalsazrisi tipurobis Sesaxeb, rom SeuZlebelia gverdi

auaro mas. am winasityvaobaSi mwerali aRwers im garemos, romlis

aRwerac ganuzraxavs. esaa damyayebuli, xavsmokidebuli, sulis SemxuTavi

wumpe, romelsac `qarTvelebi samasxaraod cxovrebas eZaxian, rogorc im

orfexa cxovelebs, romelnic Siga lpebian, adamianebs.~ cnobismoyvare

avtori erT maTgans (luarsab TaTqariZes) napirze gamoiyvans. mis

Rrialze sxva orfexa cxovelebic gamocvivdebian da yiJinas dascxeben:

`vinc magas naxavs ― miTam Cvenc unaxivarT... Cveni lafi magas acxia da

magisi Cvena... magis Sercxvena Cveni Sercxvenaa...~ avtori maT

guldamSvidebiT miugebs: `mec eg mixarian, rom Tqven esa ggavT da Tqven

masa. imisaTvis meZneleba amisaTvis Tavis danebeba, rom kai nimuSia.~ 1

rogorc vxedavT, luarsabi karki nimuSia, tipuri warmomadgenelia

sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilisa. am tipur xasiaTTan erTad tipuri

garemocaa naCvenebi. xolo realizmi fr. engelsis Tqmisa ar iyos,

`gulisxmobs garda detalebis simarTliT gadmocemisa, tipur viTarebaSi

tipuri xasiaTebis swor asaxvas.~ 2 amave azrs aviTarebs ilia WavWavaZe

Tavis werilSi `akaki wereTeli da `vefxistyaosani,~ romelSic man

gaakritika akaki wereTeli Tavisi sajaro leqciis gamo am poemaze, sadac

am ukanasknelma ugulvebelhyo rusTvelis personaJTa zogadsakacobrio

buneba. amitomac iliam mTavari aqcenti swored am momentze gaakeTa.

magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom zogadsakacobrio tipi mowyvetilia

erovnul niadags. `Tqma ar unda, _ wers ilia WavWavaZe, _ rom eri,

romelsac ekuTvnis amisTana mwerali, Tavisis samkauliT akazmvinebs,

Tavis saferaviT afervinebs poets yovels xats, yovels namoqmedars

Semoqmedebisas, magram eg marto samkaulia, feria da ara Sinagani buneba

xatisa, romelic am SemTxvevaSi zogadia da ara kerZo, da romelic

marto Tavis sakuTars kanonebs eqvemdebareba.~ 3 ase rom didi xelovanis

1 i. WavWavaZe, „kacia-adamiani?!“, rCeuli Txzulebani, gv.270, Tb.1985w.

2 k. marqsi, fr. engelsi, rCeuli werilebi, gv.446, Tb.1949w.

3 i. WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli da „vefxistyaosani,“ TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V,

gv.364 Tb.1991w.

81

mier Seqmnili tipebi erTdroulad zogadsakacobrionic arian (Sinagani

bunebiT e.i. SinaarsiT) da erovnulic (samkauliT, saferaviT, e.i. formiT).

erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio ilias marTebuli gagebiT, erTmaneTs ki

ar upirispirdebian, aramed erTmaneTSi gadadian da erT mTlianobaSi

gveZlevian. pirveli meoris Ziridan modis, erovnul niadagze ibadeba da

aqedan maRldeba sakacobrio donemde.

zogadis, tipuris Seqmnis safuZvelad ilia WavWavaZe udides

mniSvnelobas aniWebs mxatvrul gamonagons, mxatvrul fantazias. cxadia,

SeTxzuli sruliadac ar niSnavs realur cxovrebas mowyvetils, misgan

usagnod daSorebuls, aramed saubaria imaze, rom es sinamdvile am

SemTxvevaSi `mogonili ambiTaa cxadyofili.~ albaT amiTacaa

ganpirobebuli, rom ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc wesi, Tavis mxatvrul

SemoqmedebaSi ar sargeblobda cxovrebiseuli pirvelsaxiT. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom mis gmirebs oriode iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda prototipi

ar hyavT. ufro metic, ilias TxzulebaTa personaJebs sakuTari saxeli

da gvari ara aqvT (myinvarze mdgomi moxuci `aCrdilidan,~ zaqros mama,

zaqros batoni, meurme `kako yaCaRidan,~ gabros mama, didi batoni,

mRvdeli `glaxis naambobidan~); an mxolod saxeliTaa gamoyvanili:

zaqro, gabro, daTiko, pepia, kiazo, beJani, petre, arCili, keso, sosia

mewisqvile da sxva. vfiqrobT, es sruliadac araa SemTxveviTi.

ilia WavWavaZe formasa da Sinaarss erTnairad did rols aniWebda

da romelime maTganis upiratesobis sakiTxs arc ki svamda. marTlac,

Sinaarsi ar arsebobs formis gareSe ise, rogorc forma _ Sinaarsisagan

damoukideblad. mSveniereba xelovnebaSi mxolod wminda forma rodia,

igi, imave dros, Sinaarsis mxrivac aucileblad maRal dones gulisxmobs.

amitomac iyo, rom ilia WavWavaZe yovelTvis mkacrad gmobda

Sinaarsisagan daclil, mxolod wminda formis Semoqmedebas, amave dros

mouridebeli pirdapirobiT ilaSqrebda susti mxatvruli formis

winaaRmdegac. am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare daiwuna man a. cagarelis

patriotuli Sinaarsis drama `qarTvlis deda.~ martooden Sinaarsi

esTetikur gancdas ver warmoSobs, xolo am ukanasknelis gareSe

xelovnebis arsebobas azri ara aqvs. mxolod RrmaSinaarsiani da

maRalmxatvruli formis qmnilebas SeuZlia adamianis aRfrTovaneba,

82

moxiblva; mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi iqceva igi sazogadoebis winsvlisa

da ganviTarebis uZlieres faqtorad.

sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxva xalxis interesebis TvalsazrisiT

SeuZlebeli iyo saerTo-saxalxo erTiani literaturuli enis gareSe.

gamodioda ra im marTebuli mosazrebidan, rom `kacis ena kerZo pirsaviT

izrdeba da viTardeba~ da amitom `kanonebi erT dros saWironi, sxva

dros uvargisni arian xolme.~ ilia WavWavaZe mkacrad ilaSqrebda

sqolastikuri `sami stilis~ Teoriis winaaRmdeg. man kategoriulad

moiTxova da daasabuTa kidec saliteraturo enis demokratizaciis

aucileblobis sakiTxi. `radgan xalxia enis kanonis damdgeni da anbanT

Teoretika,~ saWiroa literaturuli ena efuZnebodes xalxis cocxal

metyvelebas. Zveli Taobis warmomadgenlebi enis sakiTxebSic edavebodnen

Tergdaleulebs, maT Soris uwinaresad ilia WavWavaZes, magram, rogorc

cnobilia, aqac damarcxdenen.

unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoebac _ Tavis esTetikur SexedulebebSi

ilia WavWavaZe ZiriTadad rusi revolucioner-demokratis besarion

belinskis Tvalsazriss iziarebs, magram ukritikod ki ar imeorebs

Tavisi maswavleblis debulebebs, aramed ise, rogorc sxvagan, aqac

inarCunebs originalobas. amis sailustraciod erTi magaliTis moyvanac

kmara. belinskis mtkicebiT, `sinamdvile mSvenieria Tavis Tavad, magram

mSvenieria Tavisi arsebiT, Tavisi elementebiT, Tavisi SinaarsiT da ara

formiT. am mxriv sinamdvile aris bajaRlo oqro, magram

gausufTavebeli, gauwmendavi, madansa da miwaSi areuli.~ ilia WavWavaZis

azriT ki, is rac sinamdvileSi mSvenieria, mSvenieria ara marto

SinaarsiT, aramed formiTac. ufro misaRebi da angariSgasawevi ilias

Tvalsazrisia, vidre belinskisa. rac Seexeba meore did revolucioner-

demokrat CerniSevskisTan urTierTobas, unda iTqvas, rom ilia ar

iziarebda mis debulebebs sinamdvilesTan xelovnebis esTetikuri

damokidebulebis Sesaxeb.

ilia WavWavaZesTan erTad, realizmis, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi

meTodis, did Teoretikosad gvevlineba meore gamoCenili qarTveli

samocianeli akaki wereTeli. moRvaweobis naxevari saukunis manZilze

isic Cveuli SeurigeblobiTa da pirdapirobiT ibrZoda idealisturi

lozungis _ `xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis~ winaaRmdeg da gabedulad

83

icavda materialisturi esTetikis principebs. misi msoflmxedvelobac da

esTetikuri koncefciac im sazogadoebriv-literaturuli da sicialur-

politikur garemoSi Camoyalibda, romelSic gamomuSavda ilias

Sexedulebebi. es iyo 60-iani wlebis xana, rodesac `yirimis omma Tvali

gamoaxelina ruseTs, petre didisagan gamoWrili sarkmeli maSin aixada

da rogorc iqna Zalauneburad SemoaSuqa ganaTlebam bneleTSi... im dros,

ese igi mesamoce wlebSi, italia da ungreTi scdiloben ganTavisuflebas

da ebrZodnen avstrias. garibaldi, maZini da koSuti gauxdaT yvela

Segnebul mamuliSvilebs idealad. swored am dros gamovida saratoveli

seminarieli CerniSevski, Caudga saTaveSi Jurnal `sovremenniks~ da

dobroliubovTan, antonoviCTan, nekrasovTan da sxvebTam erTad dasca

ruseTs kiJina, amoZravda ruseTi.~ 1 aq naTladaa miTiTebuli is ideuri

wyaroebi, romelTa uSualo zegavleniTac Camoyalibda TergdaleulTa

Sexedulebebi: erTi mxriv, Cagrul, dapyrobil xalxTa erovnul-

gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, rac samocianelebs `mamulis daxsnisaTvis~

aRanTebda da meore mxriv, rus revolucioner-demokratTa socialuri

idealebi, rac klasobrivi brZolis gakveTilebi iyo maTTvis.

akaki wereTelma peterburgSi yofnis periodSi miiRo farTo

ganaTleba, SeiTvisa progresuli Sexedulebebi. mas kargad esmoda 60-iani

wlebis RrmaSinaarsiani da rTuli epoqa, igi zedmiwevniT icnobda im

droindel sxvadasxva esTetikur Teorias, maT Soris gaCaRebuli

principuli brZolebis istorias. rogorc cnobilia, am dros

literaturis rolis gagebaSi ori ukiduresoba sufevda _ idealisturi

da nihilisturi, akakis sityvebiT – `am axirebulobis dros gamosca

CerniSevskim patara wignaki `xelovneba marto xelovnebisaTvis, Tu

cxovrebisaTvis?~ aman didi gavlena iqonia mkiTxvelebze. bevrs aaRebina

musikaze xeli da mxatvruloba-qandakebac uarayofina. maSin

literaturac orad gaiyo: umetesoba sruliad uaryofda mwerlobaSi

xelovnebas da meore, bevrad naklebi, ise gadahyva xelovnebas, rom garda

keTilxmovanebisa da musikisa aRara swamda ra mwerlobaSi.~ 2 sxvagan

akaki wereTeli ufro safuZvlianad exeba am or ukiduresobas Soris

gamarTul gamwvavebul polemikas da Tavis `Cems TavgadasavalSi~

1 a. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.VII, gv.92, Tb.1958w.

2 iqve, gv.91w.

84

yovelgvari orazrovnebis gareSe acxadebs, rom arc erT ukiduresobas

ar emxroba: `sxvebsaviT wamxedurobiT umetesobis mimdevari ar

vyofilvar. zaicevs arad vagdebdi, niWier pisarevs Tumca vafasebdi,

magram misi bevri ram ar momwonda da arc is mejera, meore partiis, rom

mwerlobaSi mxolod musika da keTilxmovaneba unda iyos da kmarao.

orTa Sua myofs me Cemi gza mqonda arCeuli da mivdiodi wynarad.~ 1

amrigad, akaki wereTeli ar ekuTvnoda arc idealistebis, arc

nihilistebis banaks. mas Sua adgili eWira. esaa naTqvami mis saprogramo

leqsSic `poeti.~ `arc miwisa var, arc cisa... Suakaci var ubralo.~ es

saSualebas aZlevda mas yofiliyo `garemoebis sayviri~ da Cveuli

principulobiT emxilebina rogorc erTi, ise meore ukiduresobis

mimdevrebi.

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, akaki wereTeli samwerlo asparezze

gamosvlis pirveli dReebidanve gabedulad dgeba ilia WavWavaZis

gverdiT da TavgamodebiT ibrZvis konservatorul-liberaluri

mimarTulebis winaaRmdeg. marTalia, igi `saqarTvelos moambeSi~ ar

TanamSromlobda, `ciskarSi~ darCa, magram aqedan ebrZoda `mamaTa~ banaks.

aqve daibeWda misi statia `ramodenime sityva `Canguris~ Sesaxeb” 1865

wels, romelsac saprogramo xasiaTi hqonda. rogorc cnobilia, am

werilSi akaki wereTelma pirvelma miuTiTa nikoloz baraTaSvilisa da

ilia WavWavaZis ideur naTesaobaze: `baraTaSvili da WavWavaZe, swored

erTs taxtzed sxdomis Rirsebi arian, erTgvari damsaxureba aqvT Cvens

literaturaSi, erTgvarad dauviwyrebi arian. erTis ganuwyvetelis

jaWviT gadabmulebi erTi meorezed; erTis umeoresoT gageba Znelia!

erTi sityviT, egeni arian mose da aaroni Cvenis literaturisa.~ akaki

wereTlis azriT, n. baraTaSvili pirveli qarTveli poetia, romelmac

yuradReba miaqcia sazogadoebriv kiTxvebs. xalxis momvalze fiqri, is

axali Strixia qarTul mwerlobaSi, romelic axali viTarebis

Sesabamisad ganagrZo ilia WavWavaZem. nikolz baraTaSvilma Tavis droze

Tqva, `cudad xom mainc ara Caivlis es ganwirulis suliskveTeba, da gza

uvali Sengan Telili, merani Cemo mainc darCebao...~ didi xnis

ganmavlodaSi mas mimdevari ara hyolia, akakis azriT, da am `sikotris

Jams gamoCnda ilia WavWavaZe... is Seudga baraTaSvilis kvals da,

1 a.wereTeli, t.XII, gv.242, Tb.1961w.

85

radganac dros xels umarTavda, ufro Tamamad, ufro tiriliT dauwyo

xalxs SeCivla: ai, ra unda eTqva TqvenTvis baraTaSvilsao. akakis

sruliad samarTlianad miaCnda, rom `meranis~ gaTelil gzas gahyva ilia

WavWavaZe. am gziT midioda Tavadac, rasac erTxmad aRiareben rogorc

misi Tanamedroveni, ise Semdgomi epoqis literaturis mkvlevarni Tu

kritikosebi.

`Cangurze~ daweril am Tavis statiaSi akaki wereTeli

Tanmimdevrulad icavs realizmis poziciebs da ama Tu im mwerlis

Semoqmedebas afasebs imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad axlosaa igi

cxovrebasTan, sazogadoebis saWiroebasTan. `poeziaSi Cven marto

xelovnebas ar veZebT, _ wers akaki (xelovnurad naTqvami sisulele da

ocneba, mainc sisulele da ocneba iqneba) – Cven veZebT Wkvian azrebs.~ am

TvalsazrisiT moiwona man ilia WavWavaZis `guTnis deda,~ `xma

samaridan,~ “kacia-adamiani?!”, `glaxis naambobi.~ am TxzulebaTa Rirseba

imaSia, rom iq vxedavT `yovels dRiurs WeSmaritebas, Cvens naklovanebas

da Cvens saWiroebas.~ amasTan dakavSirebiTYakakim maRali Sefaseba misca

Tavisi Tanamokalmis saprogramo xasiaTis leqss `poeti,~ romlis Sesaxeb

werda; `ai, ras ambobs poeti! WavWavaZis garda uTqvams vinmes es azri? ai,

ras niSnavs kacoba da ara bulbuloba!”

yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan naTelia, rom ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki

wereTlis esTetikuri mrwamsi ZiriTadad erTnairia. am ori samocianelis

Tvalsazrisi principSi erTmaneTs ar upirispirdeba. akakis esTetikur

naazrevSi SeimCneva mxolod Taviseburi niuansebi ama Tu im konkretuli

sakiTxis gadawyvetisas.~ 1

xelovneba sinamdvilis asaxvaa da ara absoluturi ideis gamoxatva.

aRniSnuli debulebis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis akaki wereTeli xSirad

mimarTavs martiv analogias. poetis guls adarebs sarkes, mwerals _

mesarkes, xolo mwerlobas _ mesarkeobas. `es guli sarked qceuli,

bunebis naTavxedia, mxolod mis saxes giCvenebT, rasac Sig Cauxedia~-o _

ambobs igi leqsSi `poeti.~ erT-erT publicistur werilSi ki wers: `vin

ar icis, rom literatura sarke unda iyos cxovrebisa da lite-

ratorobac mesarkeoba?~ akaki wereTlis mtkicebiT, mweralma Tavisi

Tanamedrove realoba ise unda asaxos, rom nawarmoebma momavali

1 d. gamezardaSvili, qarTuli kritikuli realizmi, gv.561, Tb.1967w.

86

TaobisaTvis istoriuli dokumentis roli Seasrulos. `mwerloba

zneobiTi mesarkeobaa. nawerSi, rogorc sarkeSi, naTlad unda isaxebodes

mwerlis Tanadroeba misis siswor-simrudiT, rom saistorio suraTebiT

gadaeces momaval droebs.~ msgavs Sedarebas iyenebda Seqspiri, roca

hamletis piriT ambobda: `Teatris azri uwinac es yofila da dResac is

aris, rom bunebas sarked gauxdes, saTnoebas misi saxis metyveleba

aCvenos, biwierebas misi umsgavsoeba, droebasa da xalxs maTi viTareba da

nakvalevi.~ amasve imeorebs frangi mwerali stendali Tavis erT

nawarmoebSi: `romani sarkea, romelsac Saragzaze atareben. xan is zecis

laJvards asaxavs xan gzis talaxs da Waobs.~ Cvens sinamdvileSi

pirvelad ilia WavWavaZem gamoiyena msgavsi analogia Tavis werilSi

`saqarTvelos moambezed.~ akakis kritikul-publicistur werlebsa da

mxatvrul nawerebSi, profesor vaxtang vaxanias marTebuli SeniSvniT,

mwerloba-mesarkeobis analogias raRac kanonizirebuli da sistemis

xasiaTi aqvs. igi am xerxiT daJinebiT usvams xazs realizmis ZiriTad

princips, rom xelovneba sinamdvilis asaxvaa. mwerloba amave dros

ucnauri sarkea, romelSic cxovrebiseuli sinamdvile gveZleva mwerlis

gonebis prizmaSi gardatexiT. amis Sesaxeb garkveviTaa naTqvami akaki

wereTlis saprogramo leqsSi `poeti:~ ènac mas ambobs, rac smenas

sxvisagan gaugonia, an Tvals unaxavs, da Wkuas gauzom-auwonia.~ gazomva-

awonva SerCeva-SefasebasTan erTad ganzogadebasac niSnavs. ase rom

mwerloba da mesarkeoba identuri ar aris, pirveli xelovnebaa, meore-

mesarkeoba ― xelosnoba.

akaki wereTlisaTvis sinamdvilis sarkiseburi asaxva da mwerlobis

grZnoba-gonebis prizmaSi gatareba erTmaneTs ki ar gamoricxavs, aramed

avsebs. xelovnebaSi _ am ùcnaur sarkeSi~ _ simarTliT mxolod is

aisaxeba, rac mwerals Seusisxlxorcebia da safuZvlianad

gadaumuSavebia. mwerali sinamdvilis mona ki ar aris, aramed Semoqmedia,

axali sinamdvilis Semqmnelia. àkaki wereTeli mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis

manZilze Segnebulad ibrZoda sinamdvilis fotografiuli asaxvis

winaaRmdeg. `ganTiadis~ avtori aSkarad gmobda, saerTod xalxosnebis,

kerZod qarTvel xalxosanTa esTetikur kredos. akaki wereTlis udavo

damsaxurebaa, rom man erT-erTma pirvelma misTvis damaxasiaTebeli

pirdapirobiTa da mourideblobiT gaakritika xalxosnuri realizmis

87

Teoriuli safuZvlebi.~ 1 am sakiTxs Tavis droze Seexnen mkvlevarebi S.

ratiani (`ak. wereTeli da realizmis sakiTxebi~) da S. vaSaymaZe

(`qarTveli samocianelebi da xalxosnebis literaturul-kritikuli

moRvaweoba~), aseve v. vaxania da sxvebi. amitom saWirod ar migvaCnia am

sakiTxze yuradRebis gamaxvileba. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom xalxosnuri

realizmi saboloo jamSi iyo kritikuli realizmis daknineba da,

maSasadame, ukan gadadgmuli nabiji.

didi qarTveli poeti akaki wereTeli ukompromiso principulobiT

ilaSqrebda aseve meore ukiduresobis _ formalizmis winaaRmdeg, radgan

miaCnda, rom mxatvruli qmnileba zemoqmedebiT Zalas kargavs, roca

ugulvebelyofilia ideur-Sinaarsobrivi mxare da formis erTianoba Tu

Sesabamisoba. erT Tavis publicistur werilSi akaki wereTeli

formalistur jambazobas `obrodobas~ uwodebs da mwared dascinis im

vai-kalmosnebs: `xSiraT, rogorc TviT mwerlebs, ise maT kritikosebsac

obrodoba poezia hgoniaT: magaliTad, `devis ZuZu miwoviao,~ e.i.

ubralod rom vTqvaT mTaSi vyofilvar da iq mTis wyali damileviao;

`cas folaqebi amSvenebeno,~ e.i. caze varskvlavebi ariano; `caze mWadi

micuravdao~ – viTom mTvare amodiodao... eseebi yvela, Cveni kritikosebis

SexedulebiT, sul poeturi mxatvroba-warmodgena aris da amtkicebs

udides SemoqmedebiTs niWs.~ 2 aseTi formalisti poetis SesaniSnav

daxasiaTebas iZleva akaki wereTeli satirul leqsSi `panorama:~

`cota niWi, cota codna,

zed qarTuli ana-bana...

ca qudad ar miaCnia

da qalamnad es qveyana!

xan rusTvelobs, xan SavTelobs,

xanac moiCaxruxavebs...

aZirmwarebs tkbil qarTulsa;

xan Tavs sWris da xan atyuebs.

wamoyaWavs tkbil-tkbil riTmebs:

`kuWo-muco, gulo-fulo,~

da boloSi miakerebs;

1 v. vaxania, realizmis sakiTxebi qarTvel samocianelTa esTetikaSi, gv.113, Tb.1968w.

2 ak. wereTeli, „ubralo saubari,“ rCeuli nawarmoebebi, t.V, gv.172, Tb.1990w.

88

òh, mamulo daRupulo!” 1

aseTi poetis leqsebSi, bunebrivia, araviTari azri ar moipoveba da

arc araviTari idea, iq mxolod `sityvebs gaaqvs braxa-bruxi, rogoradac

barabansa.~ rogorc zemoT dasaxelebul leqsSi, ise werilSi

òbrodobis~ gavrcelebis erT-erT mizezad miCneulia saliteraturo

kritikis dabali done. es ki Tavis mxriv mowodebaa realizmis xazidan

yovelgvari gadaxris winaaRmdeg brZolisaken.

brZola formalizmis winaaRmdeg, bunebrivia, ar niSnavs imas, rom

akaki saerTod uaryofda poeziaSi tkbilxmovanebas. piriqiT, igi

yovelTvis (TviT `Cangurze~ daweril werilSic ki, sadac gakicxuli

arian qarTuli literaturis `bulbulebi~) imas asabuTebda, rom

`bulbuloba~ poetis upirvelesi Tvisebaa, magram yovelTvis

aucilebelia zomierebis dacva, radgan Sinaarsi da forma mTlianobaSi

unda iyos da ar Candes romelime maTganis upiratesoba.

akaki wereTli, rogorc poeti, Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWebda

iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa riTma _ `pirveli simdidre Cvenis leqsisa,~

ritmi, poeturi ena da sxva. mas savsebiT marTebulad miaCnda, rom

Txzulebis mxatvrul sisustes ver gamoisyidis verc Temis aqtualuroba

da verc ideuroba. amitom igi mkacrad epyroboda im poetebs, romelTa

nawerebs mxatvruloba aklda. am mxriv is, SeiZleba iTqvas, zomaze metad

TaviTkritikulic ki iyo.

akaki wereTeli ilia WavWaZis msgavsad Tvlida, rom `mwerali

xalxis moZRvari,~ eris mama da winamZRolia. igi valdebulia dReniadag

xalxSi trialebdes da mimdinare saWirboroto sakiTxebze werdes,

dauyovnebliv gamoexmauros Tanamedroveobis yvela cotad Tu bevrad

mniSvnelovan movlenas, TviT wvrilmanic ar unda darCes reagirebis

gareSe. TviTon am mxriv akaki wereTeli samagaliTo iyo. bulbulad

dabadebuli poeti `gaZaRlebuli droebis~ gamo iZulebuli iyo xSirad

Tavisi nebis sawinaaRmdegod xan yoraniviT èCxavla,~ xan ZaRliviT

èyefa~ qveynisa da xalxis sasicocxlo interesebidan gamomdinare.

cxovrebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi movlenebis mimarT

damokdebulebis sakiTxebSi akaki wereTeli sxva qarTveli

samocianelebis msgavsia, magram aqvs is originaluri ram, rasac TviTon

1 ak. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.II, gv.322, Tb.1950w.

89

poeti `akakurs~ uwodebda. `Cemi kalami batis frTisaa ― frinvelis! da

mitomac msubuqi aRmamfreni da xan da xan CitiviTac moWikWike!... tari

ZaRlis Zvlisa aqvs da misi bralia, rom yefa-Rrenac exerxeba!... magram

orive ki, yefac da WikWikic akakuria.~ 1 am `akakurobisaTvis~ mas moyvarec

moyvarec bevri hyolia da mter-momduravi ufro meti, magram erTxel

arCeuli gzidan arasodes gadauxvevia da arc unania Tavisi saqcielis

gamo. `xelaxla rom Tavidan momayolon cxovrebas, mainc isev im gziT

gavivli, romliTac mivlia _ yefiTa da WikWikiT. Tumca mecodineba, rom

WikWiki veras SemZens da yefa ki bevrs damaklebs cxovrebaSi.~ 2

Zalian xSirad akaki wereTlis leqsebsa da poemebSi, moTxrobebsa

da dramebSi poetis bevri Tanamedrove sakuTar Tavsa Tu nacnob-

megobrebs scnobda, rac akakis, rogorc realizmis didi Teoretikosisa

da praqtikosis gamarjveba iyo. mas Zalian kargad esmoda, rom realuri

sinamdvilis ganzogadeba da tipuris Seqmna mxatvruli fantaziis,

SeTxzvis nayofia. mxatvruli saxe, rogorc wesi, SesaZlebeli

sinamdvilea da swored amaSi gamoixateba misi tipuroba. ganzogadebisa

da tipurobis sakiTxs akaki wereTeli ara erTxel Sexebia Tavis

werilebsa Tu mxatvrul qmnilebebSi. razec ara erTxel Tqmula da

dawerila qarTuli literaturis mkvlevarTa mier. amitom Cven amaze ar

SevCerdebiT, vityviT mxolod, rom Cveni sasiqadulo poeti am sakiTxebze

ilia WavWavaZisa da besarion belinskis Sexedulebebs iziarebda.

akaki wereTeli, saerTod, maRali Sexedulebisa iyo mSvenierebaze

bunebasa da mxatvrul nawarmoebSi. mTeli arsebiT ganicdida am

mSvenierebis momxibvlelobas, rasac adasturebs misi poeturi Tu

prozauli Txzulebebi, romlebSic mas araerTxel uCvenebia bunebis

Tvalwarmtaci silamaze Tu mis mier SeqmnilTa momxibvleloba. msgavsi

Tvalsazrisia gatarebuli mis kritikul-publicistur werilebSic.

Tanamedrove esTetikaSi miRebuli Sexedulebaa, rom ar SeiZleba bunebisa

da xelovnebis mSvenierebaTa dapirispireba da maT Soris gamoricxulia

absoluturi sxvaobis arseboba, radgan, jer erTi, orive mSvenierebaa da

meorec, orive maTgani gansxvavdeba kidec erTmaneTisgan, rameTu

mSveniereba bunebaSi silamazis saxiT TavisTavad arsebobs, xolo

1 ak. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.XII, gv.256, Tb.1962w.

2 ak. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.XII, gv.266, Tb.1962w.

90

xelovnebaSi mSveniereba _ misi mxatvrulobaa. orive erTnairad

mimzidveli Tu momxibvlavia da esTetikuri tkboba, xelovnebis

nawarmoebisgan miRebuli xarisxobrivad arafriT Camouvardeba bunebis

silamazisagan gancdils da piriqiT.

akaki wereTelma kargad icis, rom mSveniereba xelovnebaSi

uSualod sinamdvilis movlenebiT aris ganpirobebuli, magram

xelovnebas gaaCnia Tavisi mSveniereba, rac igive mxatvrulobaa da,

maSasadame, aucilebelia, ZiriTadia xelovnebis yoveli dargisaTvis. misi

azriT, mSveniereba, rogorc xelovnebis Tavisebureba, amave dros

damoukidebelia, TviTmyofia, radgan keTili iqneba asaxuli Tu boroti,

lamazi Tu maxinji ― yvela maTgani xelovnebaSi mSvenierebad iqceva,

erTnairi siZlieriT xiblavs da ipyrobs adamians, xelovnebis

nawarmoebis aRmqmels. xelovneba yvela SemTxvevaSi asaxuli sagnisa Tu

movlenis xasiaTisagan damoukideblad yovelTvis iwvevs esTetikur

tkbobas da misi specifikuri mizanic swored esaa. aqve unda davamatoT

isic, rom akaki wereTlis rwmeniT, mSveniereba xelovnebaSi miiRweva

formisa da Sinaarsis SesabamisobiT, maTi mTlianobiT.

amrigad, akaki wereTeli TiTqmis mTlianad iziarebda ilia

WavWavaZis esTetikur principebs, Tumca zogierT sakiTxebSi garkveul

originalobasac amJRavnebda, rac savsebiT bunebrivad gveCveneba aseTi

maRali rangis Semoqmedisagan. orive samocianeli ZiriTadad eyrdnoboda

didi rusi revolucioner-demokratis besarion belinskis Sexedulebebs

da amave dros qarTul sinamdvilesTan axamebda materialistur

esTetikas da bevr rameSi arc ki eTanxmeboda Tavis maswavlebels.

91

giorgi wereTeli qarTul saliteraturo kritikaSi

giorgi wereTlis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, esTetikuri Tu

filisofiuri Sexedulebebi sxvadasxva dros ara erTi qarTveli

literaturis mkvlevaris Seswalis sagani gamxdara da TiToeul maTgans

met-naklebi warmatebiTac gaurTmevia Tavi am arc Tu ise martivi

sakiTxisaTvis. am samocianelis Semoqmedebam Tavidanve miipyro kritikosTa

yuradReba. mis erT-erT pirvelsave mxatvrul nawarmoebs `mgzavris

wignebs~, anu `kikoliki, Cikoliki da kudabzikas~ gmoexmaura niko nikolaZe

Tavis werilSi `giorgi wereTlis pirveli Sroma,~ romelic `moambeSi~

daibeWda 1894 wels. mwerlis es Txzuleba, rogorc cnobilia, gamoqveynda

Jurnal `krebulSi~ 1873 wels da Sedgeba ori nawilisagan, xolo

TiToeuli maTgani _ 14-14 Tavisagan. kritikosma moiwona moTxrobis

pirveli nawili da misi gamosvla ilia WavWavaZis `kacia-adamianisas?!~

Seadara, riTac arc Tu ise cota iyo naTqvami. Tumca daiwuna nawarmoebis

meore nawili da sruliad samarTlianadac, vinaidan aq mxatvruli sityvis

ostati Secvala publicistma, polemistma, romelic TviTonve cdilobs

axsnas yvelaferi ise, rom mkiTxvels gansjis aranair saSualebas ar

utovebs. amave werilSi niko nikolaZe giorgi wereTels sayvedurobda

imerizmebis xSiri xmarebis gamo. marTlac am ukanasknelis Semoqmedebas

sxva samocianelebze metad axasiaTebs rusicizmebi da imerizmebi,

miuxedavad imisa, rom maTTan erTad TviTonac ibrZoda saliteraturo enis

siwmindisaTvis.

msgavsi SeniSvnebi hqonda giorgi wereTlis mimarT akaki wereTelsac,

roca werda: `mis Sromas orgvari beWedi azis: zogs niWisa da zogs

moqancvis; es bevrjer mimxelia misTvis, magram ras gavxdebodi, is Tavisas

ar iSlida da mec, rom meti gza aRar damrCa ra, davcine: orTava davuZaxe...

imis naSrom-naRvaws ise unda uyurebdnen, rogorc oqros madneulis

ZarRvs: unda gamoarCio, garecxo, ramodenime fuTi sila-talaxi moaSoro,

rom mere gamoarCion ramdenime oqros marcvali.~ 1

giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebaze mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT arc Tu

ise maRali Sexedulebisa iyo ilia WavWavaZec. Tavis cnobil werilSi 1 a. wereTeli, `Cemi Tavgadasavali,~ qarTuli proza, t. IX, gv. 106, Tb. 1985w.

92

`akaki wereTeli da `vefxistyaosani,~ saubrobs ra poetur fantaziaze,

romlis meoxebiTac `aryofili yofilad~ iqceva, rogorc es magaliTad

`vefxistyaosanSia,~ iqve SoTas poemis sapirispirod ilia asaxelebs

giorgi wereTlis `rux mgelsa~ da `gulqans,~ rogorc zegardmo

STagonebas moklebul nawarmoebebs. 1 amgvari STagonebis gareSe ki

iliasTvis WeSmariti literatura arc arsebobs.

rac Seexeba giorgi wereTlis mier meore dasisa da sakuTar

SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRiarebul `Seuferav realizms,~ mkvlevarTa nawili

(k. abaSiZe, v. vaxania) mas naturalizmad miiCnevda, nawili (g. jiblaZe, m.

gafrindaSvili) naturalizmsa da kritikul realizms Soris aTavsebda da

raRac Sualedur rgolad warmoaCenda. rogorc cnobilia,

literaturaTmcodneoba aseT mimdinareobas saerTod ar icnobs da is arc

arsebobs. mecnierTa didi nawili (d. gamezardaSvili, S. vaSaymaZe, n.

Wolokava, a. Wilaia, da sxva) ki amtkicebda, rom `Seuferavi realizmi~

sxva araferia Tu ara kritikuli realizmis ganviTarebis axali safexuri

morgebuli XIX saukunis 80-90-iani wlebis qarTul sinamdviles, magram

bolomde ar an ver ganmartavda, Tu ratom dasWirda giorgi wereTels

Tavis cnobil werilSi `kita abaSiZe da `Cveni axalgazrdoba~ (daibeWda

Jurnal `kvalis~ N 46-Si 1897 wels) erTgvarad daepirispirebina igi ilia

WavWavaZis realizmisaTvis.

rogorc cnobilia, `Seuferavi realizmi,~ rogorc literaturul-

esTetikuri termini da kritikuli relizmis ganviTarebis garkveuli

safexuri, CvenSi daamkvidra niko nikolaZem, romelmac Tavis mxriv is

isesxa cnobili rusi revoluciener-demokratis nikolai CerniSevskisagan.

am ukanasknelma ki es debuleba wamoayena Tavis samagistro naSromSi `не

начало ли перемены.~ cota mogvianebiT am cnebas giorgi wereTelma

principuli mniSvneloba mianiWa da, rogorc zemoT iTqva, garkveulwilad

daupirispira kidec ilia WavWavaZisa da mis mimdevarTa `Seferil

realizms.~

Tavis droze cnobilma kritikosma kita abaSiZem, romelic cdilobda

briuneteris evoluciuri meTodis `WeSmariteba~ daedasturebina axali

qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis magaliTze, sruliad umarTebulo

1 i.WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli da `vefxistyaosani,~ TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. V, gv. 364, Tb. 1991 w.

93

axsna misca `Seuferav relizms.~ misi azriT, XIX saukunis qarTuli

mwerloba evoluciis Semdeg safexurebs gaivlis: iwyeba igi saliriko

romantizmiT, romlis Semomtani aleqsandre WavWavaZea, ganmaviTarebeli _

grigol orbeliani, umaRles safexurze amyvani _ nikoloz baraTaSvili,

xolo misi dacemisa da dekadansis gamomxatveli _ vaxtang orbeliani. 50-

ian wlebSi romantizmi icvleba realur prozad. romlis damwyebi giorgi

erisTavia, udidesi warmatebis gamomxatveli ilia WavWavaZe (poemebi, proza)

da akaki wereTeli (lirika), xolo realizmis dacemisa da gadagvarebis _

giorgi wereTeli. 1. ufro metic, kritikosma am ukanasknelis mier Tavis

SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRiarebuli `Seuferavi, SeukeTebeli realizmi~

gaaigiva `uferul realizmTan~ da naturalizmTan, Tan ise, rom misi

daxasiaTeba mogvca mwerlis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis, misive azriT, sust

mxareebze dayrdnobiT. es ki, sxvas yvelafers Tavi rom gavaneboT,

sruliad gaumarTlebelia Tundac sakiTxisadmi midgomis TvalsazrisiT,

vinaidan avtori unda Sefasdes imiT, rac mogvca da ara imis mixedviT,

risi mocema ar an ver SeZlo. rasakvirvelia, naklic uasTuod unda

aRiniSnos, magram mxolod am ukanasknelis mixedviT mwerlis Semoqmedebis

mokuTvneba romelime mimdinareobisaTvis yovlad gaumarTleblad migvaCnia.

Semdgomi periodis mkvlevarTa naSromebSi `Seuferavi realizmi~

sxvadasxvagvarad iqna gagebul-Sefasebuli da azrTa es sxvadasxvaoba

garkveulwilad dRemde grZeldeba. Tavis gamokvlevaSi `giorgi wereTlis

Semoqmedeba~ akademikosma giorgi jiblaZem praqtikulad pirvelma mogvca

kita abaSiZiseuli mcdari koncefciis mecnieruli da safuZvliani kritika.

man gviCvena, Tu ramdenad gaumarTlebelia am ukanasknelis ganmarteba

naturalizmisa, e. i. am mimdinareobis bunebis gansazRvra mwerlis `mdare

individualobiT~ an misi, rogorc xelovanis sisustiT. mkvlevaris azriT,

da sruliad samarTlianadac, literaturuli mimdinareobis (am

SemTxvevaSi naturalizmis) principebis gansazRvra mxolod mwerlis

mxatvruli unaris diapazoniT msoflmxedvelobisagan gaTiSulad, misgan

gancalkevebiT `idealisturi literaturuli kritikis sakuTrebaa~ da

yovlad gaumarTlebeli. 2

1 k. abaSiZe, etiudebi, t. II, gv. 42, Tb. 1962w

2 g. jiblZe, kritikuli etiudebi, w.II, gv. 199, Tb. 1958w.

94

amave dros giorgi jiblaZis azriT, `Seuferavi realizmi,~ rogorc

SemoqmedebiTi meTodi, ar iyo bolomde mecnieruli gza sinamdvilis

SemecnebisaTvis. movlenebs is zogjer gadmogvcemda fotografiulad da

uaryofda sinamdvilis tipizacias, ris magaliTadac mohyavs revaz

bakuriZis mier petriela kvesaZis dedisa da dis datirebis scena (g.

wereTlis `gulqani~). es faqti mkvlevars miaCnia `Seuferavi realizmis~

damarcxebad Tu giorgi wereTlis SemoqmedebiTi meTodis `aqilevsis

quslad.~ aqedan gamomdinare giorgi jiblaZe askvnis: `revaz bakuriZis

tirili rodamis cxedarTan aris `Seuferavi realizmis~ mTeli sisuste da

araTanmimdevrulad mecnieruli xasiaTis konkretuli gamovlena.~ 1 unda

aRiniSnos is garemoeba, ar arsebobs mxatvruli meTodi, romelic

sinamdvilis Semecnebis bolomde mecnierul gzas warmoadgendes. magram

amjerad CvenTvis sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom, rogorc mkvlevri daviT

gamezardaSvili aRniSnavs, giorgi jiblaZe `Seuferav realizms~ calke

arsebul SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRiarebs. amasTan kita abaSiZisagan

gansxvavebiT, igi ar aigivebs mas naturalizmTan, magram asxvavebs

kritikuli realizmisagan da, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, maT (kritikul

realizmsa da naturalizms) Sua aTavsebs. magram, rogorc cnobilia, aseT

Sualedur mimdinareobas literaturaTmcodneoba ar icnobs da arc

SeiZleba icnobdes misi ar arsebobis gamo. 2

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom kita abaSiZes yovelmxriv

ise rodi esmoda naturalizmis arsi, rogorc dRes gvesmis. albaT, es iyo

erT-erTi mizezic imisa, rom man SesaZleblad miiCnia esaubra qarTul

literaturaSi am mimdinareobis arsebobaze. Tumca, rogorc cnobilia,

naturalizms, rogorc SemoqmedebiT meTods, Cveni sityvakazmuli mwerloba

saerTod ar icnobs. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT daviT gamezardaSvili

fiqrobs, rom kita abaSiZisa da giorgi jiblaZis Sexedulebebi `Seuferav

realizmze~ didad ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan da maT Soris, SeiZleba

iTqvas, terminologiuri sxvaoba ufroa, vidre tipologiuri. 3

saqme imaSia, rom orive mkvlevari (kita abaSiZe, giorgi jiblaZe)

giorgi wereTlis mier Tavis SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRiarebuli `Seuferavi

1 g. jiblaZe, kritikuli etiudebi, w.II, gv. 212, Tb. 1958w.

2 d. gamezardaSvili, narkvevebi qarTuli realizmis istoriidan, t. II, gv. 602, Tb. 1957 w.

3 iqve, gv. 621

95

realizmis~ daxasiaTebas gvaZlevs mwerlis mxolod mxatvrul

Semoqmedebaze da isic, maTi azriT, mis sust mxareebze dayrdnobiT. magram

xom yovlad dauSvebelia, rom SemoqmedebiTi meTodi damokidebuli iyos

mwerlis mxatvrul SeasZleblobasa Tu ostatobaze. amave dros

aucilebelia publicistur-kritikuli werilebisa da esTetikur-

filosofiur SexedulebaTa gaTvaliswinebac. xolo is garemoeba, rom

giorgi wereTeli Tavisi `Seuferavi realizmiT~ erTgvarad emijneba ilia

WavWavaZisa da sxva pirveldaselTa `Seferil realizms,~ sruliadac ar

gavZlevs imis uflebas, rom igi Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi meTodiT

naturalizms an sxva romelime, miT umetes, saerTod ar arsebul

literaturul mimdinareobas mivakuTvnoT.

1955 wels gamoqveynda mixeil gafrindaSvilis naSromi `giorgi

wereTlis msoflmxedveloba.~ aq avtors `Seuferav realizmze~ garkveuli

daskvnebi gamoaqvs giorgi wereTlis kritikul-publicistur werilebze

(da ara Semoqmedebaze) dayrdnobiT. magram misi daskvnac, rom `Seuferavi

realizmi~ mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba kritikuli realizmisagan,~ 1 ar

aris sruli da mainc da mainc marTebuli.

1988 wels calke wignad wignad gamovida profesor vaxtang vaxanias

naSromi `realizmis sakiTxebi qarTvel samocianelTa esTetikaSi,~

romelSic mkvlevarma erTob saintereso mosazreba gamoTqva `Seuferavi

realizmis~ Sesaxeb. mas miaCnia, rom niko nikolaZe Tavisi `Seuferavi

realizmiT~ Zalze axlos dgas ilia WavWavaZis esTetikur SexedulebebTan,

vidre giorgi wereTeli Tavisi publicistur-kritikuli werilebiTa Tu

mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT. ufro swored, pirveli (niko nikolaZe) TiTqmis

mTlianad iziarebs `iliaseul Sexedulebebs da `Seuferavi realizmis~

upirveles warmomadgenlad swored mas asaxelebs, meore ki (giorgi

wereTeli) piriqiT, upirispirdeba kidec samocianelTa pirvel Taobas

literaturuli esTetikis mTel rig principul sakiTxebSi.~ vaxtang

vaxanias miaCnia, rom `debuleba, TiTqos cxovrebis Seuferavad asaxva

warmoadgens kritikuli realizmis ganviTarebis revoluciur-demokratiul

etaps sworia, savsebiT sworia rusuli literaturis mimarT, magram

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iTqmis Cvens `Seuferav realizmze,~ im realizmze,

1 m. gafrindaSvili, giorgi wereTlis msoflmxedveloba, gv. 270, Tb. 1955 w.

96

romlis principebsac Cveni samocianelebi niko nikolaZe da giorgi

wereTeli icavdnen.~ 1 mkvlevars miaCnia, rom giorgi wereTlis

SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sinamdvilis TiTqmis zusti

mecnieruli asaxva, yofiTi elementebis siWarbe, gadametebuli

detalizacia, marTali ambebis (nanaxis, gagonilis an uSualod gancdilis)

aRwera da a. S. aqedan gamomdinare igi askvnis, rom Cveni meoredaselis

`Seuferavi realizmi,~ gansxvavebiT niko nikolaZisagan, naturalizmisaken

ixreba, magram `es ar aris naturalizmi, rogorc literaturuli

mimarTuleba, SemoqmedebiTi meTodi... giorgi wereTlis `Seuferavi

relizmi~ arc ilia WavWavaZis kritikuli realizmia. maT Soris

mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa.~ 2 vaxtang vaxanias msjelobidan logikurad

gamomdinareobs, rom giorgi wereTels sakuTari literaturuli

mimarTuleba, hqonia, romelic mxolod misi SemoqmedebisaTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli, rac, rasakvirvelia, ar SeiZleba swori iyos.

gasuli saukunis ormocdaaTian wlebSi qarTul

literaturaTmcodneobaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom `Seuferavi realizmi~

ara Tu upirispirdeba ilia WavWavaZisa da pirveldaselebis realizms an

ixreba naturalizmisaken, aramed warmoadgens kritikuli realizmis

ganviTarebis revoluciur-demokratiul etaps. daviT gamezardaSvilis mier

wamoyenebuli es debuleba mogvianebiT sxva mkvlevarebmac gaiziares.

magaliTad v. taliaSvili wers: `sinamdvileSi `Seuferavi realizmis~ qveS

niko nikolaZe da giorgi wereTeli gulisxmobdnen axal, maRal etaps

kritikuli realizmis ganviTarebaSi da ara misgan gadaxras

naturalizmisaken. isini am terminSi moiazrebdnen imave Sinaarss,

romelsac vxvdebiT nikolai CerniSevskis statiaSi `не начало ли перемены.~ 3

amasve ambobs m. sajaiac Tavis naSromSi `niko nikolaZe _ qarTuli

literaturis istorikosi da kritikosi.~ arsebiTad am Tvalsazriss

aviTarebs g. abzianiZec. misi TqmiT, niko nikolaZem daakonkreta da

ganavrco kidec n. CerniSevskis mier wamoyenebuli debuleba: `es iyo 70-iani

wlebis periodSi qarTuli realizmis SemoqmedebiTi procesis Rrma

1 v. vaxania, realizmis sakiTxebi qarTvel samocianelTa esTetikaSi, gv. 183, Tb. 1988 w.

2 v. vaxania, realizmis sakiTxebi qarTvel samocianelTa esTetikaSi, gv. 193, Tb. 1988 w.

3 v. taliaSvili, rusul-qarTuli literaturuli urTierTobebi, gv. 208, Tb. 1967 w.

97

revoluciur-demokratiuli interpretacia.~ 1 mkvlevarTa umravlesoba

icavs da aviTarebs im Sexedulebas, rom `Seuferavi realizmi~ igive

kritikuli realizmia da maT Soris arsebiTad principuli sxvaoba ar

arsebobs; rom ilia WavWavaZisa da giorgi wereTlis SemoqmedebiTi

meTodebi ZiriTadad erTnairia da a. S.. am Tvalsazriss iziarebdnen: m.

zandukeli (`axali qarTuli literatura,~ t. II, Tbilisi, 1963 weli), a.

maxaraZe (`narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan,~ t. II, Tbilisi,

1963 weli), mkvlevari s. avaliani (`giorgi wereTlis filosofiuri

msoflmxedveloba,~ Tbilisi, 1954 weli), g. natroSvili (`winaparni da

Tanamedroveni,~ Tbilisi, 1961 weli), S. vaSaymaZe (`giorgi wereTeli da

Jurnali `kvali,~ ix. `literaturuli Zirbani,~ t. XIV, Tbilisi, 1963 weli),

a. Wilaia (`giorgi wereTeli,~ Tbilisi, 1964 weli), o. WurRulia

(`kritikuli werilebi,~ soxumi, 1961 weli), b. bardaveliZe (`giorgi

wereTlis moTxrobebi,~ ix. Tsu-s Sromebi, t. 105, Tbilisi, 1965 weli), n.

Wolokava (`giorgi wereTlis literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebani,~ ix.

`macne,~ N3, Tbilisi, 1964 weli) da mravali sxva.

am debulebis sailustraciod, Cveni azriT, sakmarisia movitanoT

cnobili mwerlisa da kritikosis giorgi natroSvilis sityvebi:

`Seuferavi realizmi~ _ es igive kritikuli realizmia. vinc guldasmiT

gascnobia, erTis mxriv, giorgi wereTlis werilebs literaturaze da,

meores mxriv, mis mxatvrul Semoqmedebas _ misTvis udavo unda iyos, rom

swored amgvarad esmoda mas cneba `Seuferavi realizmisa.~ 2 Cvenc Cveni

mxriT sruliad veTanxmebiT am mosazrebas da sadisertacio naSromSi

swored amis dadasturebas vcdilobT, rac sabolood, vfiqrobT, SevZeliT

kidec.

1 g. abzianiZe, narkvevebi XIX saukunis qarTuli azrovnebis istoriidan, gv. 183, Tb. 1959 w,

2 g. natroSvili, winaparni da Tanamedroveni, gv. 218, Tb. 1961 w.

98

`Seuferavi realizmis~ warmoSoba da misi arsi

XIX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi batonymobis gauqmebisa da sxva

burJuaziuli reformebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad mTeli ruseTis

imperiaSi, maT Soris, rasakvirvelia, saqarTveloSic, swrafi tempiT

mimdinareobs kapitalisturi urTierTobis ganviTareba sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. bunebrivia, aman YTaviseburi asaxva hpova

sityvakazmul mwerlobaSi.

„Tergdaleulebi“ 60-ian wlebSi qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis

miznebisa da amocanebis gagebaSi erTsulovanni iyvnen, magram 70-ian

wlebSi Tavi iCina uTanxmoebam, rac sabolood ganxeTqilebiT damTavrda.

es ki ganpirobebuli iyo im periodSi mimdinare sazogadoebrivi

movlenebisadmi sxvadasxvagvari damokidebulebiT. ilia WavWavaZe da misi

momxreebi, romelTac mogvianebiT giorgi wereTelma „pirveli dasi“

uwoda, Rrmad iyvnen darwmunebuli imaSi, rom qarTveli erisaTvis

sasicocxlo mniSvneloba eniWeboda erovnuli sakiTxis gadaWras, kerZod

damoukideblobis mopovebas, risTvisac aucileblad miaCndaT sxvadasxva

klasebisa da socialuri fenebis erTianoba, „saerTo niadagis“ Seqmna.

ilias programa erovnulis upiratesobiT moicavda socialur

problematikasac, raki masSi dapirispirebuli klasebisa da socialuri

fenebis SeTanxmeba-Serigebis idea iyo wamoyenebuli.

niko nikolaZem, giorgi wereTelma da sergei mesxma 70-ian wlebSi

Camoayalibes e.w. „meore dasi,“ romelmac miuReblad miiCnia iliaseuli

programis is nawili, rac socialur sakiTxs exeboda. maT moiTxoves

erovnuli moZraobis programaSi socialisturi ideebis Setana,

socialuri sakiTxis gadaWra ara „saerTo niadagis,“ aramed

socialisturi moZRvrebis safuZvelze. Tumca maTi socializmi ufro

erovnuli xasiaTisa iyo, vinem marqsistuli. aqedan gamomdinare isini

moiTxovdnen, rom literaturas realuri sinamdvile aesaxa yovelgvari

Seferiloba-Selamazebis gareSe. maSin, roca „saerTo niadagis“

Sesamzadeblad mowodebuli mwerlebi sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs

asaxavdnen TavianTi mizandasaxulobidan gamomdinare.

99

yovelive aman gamoiwvia dapirispireba pirvel da meore „daselebs“

Soris literaturaSic. maT (meore daselebma) wamoayenes e.w. „Seuferavi

realizmis“ idea da Seecadnen kidec misi marTebulobis dasabuTebas,

rogorc Teoriulad, ise mxatvruli SemoqmedebiTac. misi arsis

gagebisaTvis mniSvnelovania niko nikolaZis, rogorc am principis

pirvelwamomyeneblis, esTetikur SexedulebaTa gacnoba.

„TergdaleulTa“ Taobis erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli iyo

niko nikolaZe, romelic ufros TanamokalmeebTan _ ilia WavWavaZesTan,

akaki wereTelTan, giorgi wereTelTan erTad aTeuli wlebis

ganmavlobaSi Tavdadebulad emsaxureboda Tavis samSoblos da idga

qarTveli xalxis interesTa sadarajoze, amxelda yovelive dromoWmuls

da gabedulad eweoda progresul-demokratiul SexedulebaTa

propagandas. 1876 wels „droebaSi“ gamoqveynebul erT-erT statiaSi igi

ase mimarTavda sazogadoebas: „mas aqeT, rac me Cems Tavs vicnob, me erTi

wadilis meti ara mqonia, erTi RmerTis garda sxvisTvis Tayvani ar

micia... me Sen miyvardi, Sen mwamdi, Sen gemsaxurebodi, avad Tu kargad,

rogorc SemeZlo, rogorc Wkua miWrida. me Sen miyvardi rogorc Cemi

qveynis kaci, Cemi Tanamemamule da Zma, rogorc iseTi piri, romlis bedi

da ubedoba, romlis avi da kargi Cemi piradi bedi da ubedoba, Cemi

sakuTari avi da kargi megona.“ 1 Cvenis mxriv davamatebdiT, rom igives

Tqma Tavisuflad SeiZleboda mTel im Taobaze, romlis warmomadgenelic

niko nikolaZe TviTon iyo.

peterburgSi yofnisas niko nikolaZe axlos gaecno da daumegobrda

kidevac iseT cnobil rus sazogado moRvaweebs, rogorebic iyvnen

nikolai CerniSevski, mixail antonoviCi, ivan roJdestvenski, stopakevi

da mravali sxva. maTTan, gansakuTrebiT nikolai CerniSevskisTan,

megobrobam didi zegavlena iqonia Cveni samocianelis msoflmxedvelobis

Camoyalibebaze. 1864 wels nikolaZe miemgzavreba sazRvargareT (parizSi,

londonSi, JenevaSi, ciurixSi), sadac is ecnoba da uaxlovdeba gamoCenil

evropel moazrovneebsa da emigraciaSi myof rus revolucionerebs. ase

TandaTan izrdeba da farTovdeba misi nacnob-megobarTa wre, interesTa

sfero da sazogadoebriv-praqtikuli moRvaweobis are.

1 n. nikolaZe, Txzulebebi, t.IV, gv.361, Tb.1964w.

100

niko nikolaZeze didi zegavlena iqonia nikolai CerniSevskis

literaturul-esTetikurma naazrevma, imdenad didi, rom xSirad

qarTveli kritikosi ama Tu im mwerlis Semoqmedebis analizs axdens

gamoCenili revolucioner-demokratis SexedulebaTa Suqze. CerniSevskis

samagistro disertacia da vrceli statia „не начало ли перемены~ iyo

qarTveli kritikosis literaturul SexedulebaTa erT-erTi mTavari

Teoriuli wyaro. swored am statias daeyrdno niko nikolaZe, roca

qarTul literaturaSi pirvelad wamoayena e.w. „Seuferavi realizmis~

principi. es moxda 70-ian wlebSi. 1873 wels Jurnal „krebulis~ V-VI

nomrebSi man gamoaqveyna vrceli werili „glaxis naambobi,~ moTxroba

ilia WavWavaZisa,~ romelic i. WavWavaZis „glaxis naambobis“ ganxilvas

miuZRvna da amave dros vrclad Seexo zogadi mniSvnelobis mqone aqtiur

literaturul sakiTxebsac. kerZod, mimoixila XIX saukunis 50-iani

wlebis rusi realisti mwerlebis grigoroviCis, potexinis, turgenevis,

pisemskisa da markovoCkovis is Txzulebebi, romlebic glexTa cxovrebis

aRweras exeba da romelTa mizani iyo TanagrZnobiTa Tu simpatiiT

ganewyo mkiTxveli sazogadoeba batonymuri uRlisagan ganawamebi

glexobis mimarT. amave dros gviCvena ilias, rogorc realisti mwerlis,

SemoqmedebiTi zrda da masze dayrdnobiT mwerlobas dausaxa Semdgomi

ganviTarebis WeSmaritad realisturi gza. ufro gvian, 90-ian wlebSi,

giorgi wereTelma sakiTxi principul simaRlemde aiyvana da „Seuferavi

realizmi“ saerTod meore dasis, anu „axali axalgazrdobis“ jgufis

mxatvrul meTodad gamoacxada. magram amaze SemdgomSi gveqneba saubari.

niko nikolaZis azriT, zemoT dasaxelebuli rusi mwerlebis

Secdoma imaSi mgdomareobda, „rom isini glexkacobas xatavdnen ise,

TiTqos win namdvili glexi ki ara, maTi sakuTari Tavi yofiliyo

glexkacis farajaSi Cacmuli... mkiTxvelis win namdvili, cocxali

glexis magieraT, mis Seuferavi grZnobis adgilze idga naswavli kaci,

glexur samoselSi, romelic Tavis namdvil enas, Tavis sayovelTao

dards da azrs ki ara, gazepirebul, wignidan amokiTxul baironisa da

Sileris frazebs ambobda da gamoTqvamda... mkiTxvels is STabeWdileba

rodi rCeboda, romelsac mougoneli grZnobis Seuferavi gamoTqma

101

stoebs,.. am STabeWdilebis magier igi xedavda Seferil, galamazebul,

naswavl da zepir molaparake glexs.“ 1

ilaSqrebs ra sinamdvilis Selamazebulad, Seferilad warmodgenis

winaaRmdeg, niko nikolaZe ayenebs sinamdvilis Seuferavi asaxvis pincips,

radgan realobis Selamazebulad asaxva xels SeuSlis mkiTxvel

sazogadoebas realuri cxovrebis WeSmarit aRqmaSi. radgan ar arseboben

iseTi adamianebi, romel wodebasac ar unda ekuTvnodnen isini, romlebic

yovelmxriv idealuri an mxolod uaryofiTi Tvisebebis mqoneni iyvnen,

amitom mwerlobam unda miatovos is tradicia, romlis mixedviT

nawarmoebis gmirTagan erTni idealurni arian da meoreni _

yovelmxriv sazizRarni. aseTi mwerloba, niko nikolaZis TqmiT,

„prokuraturas Camogavs.“

amave werilSi niko nikolaZe saubrobs mwerlobis daniSnulebaze,

rac „imaSi mdgomareobs, rom dauxatos mkiTxvels sazogadoebas xalxis,

sazogadoebis da kerZo piris namdvili mdgomareoba, xasiaTi, saWiroeba,

dauxatos ise, rom mkiTxveli am mdgomareobis, xasiaTis da saWiroebis

namdvil garemoebebs da Tvisebebs xedavdes, kargs da av mxares scnobdes

da Tan mizezebis gagebac hqondes, romelTac eseebi daubadnia.“ 2 e. i.

mxatvrul nawarmoebSi mtkice kavSirSi unda iyos ori momenti: ukeTesi

momavlis ideali da awmyo viTarebis swori Cveneba, Tan ise, rom erTi

(momavali) meorisagan (awmyosagan) gamomdinareobdes.

niko nikolaZis azriT, mwerlobis winaSe ori ZiriTadi amocana

dgas _ ra asaxos da rogor asaxos. aqedan mniSvnelovania realobis

Seuferavad asaxva da wera imaze, rasac moiTxovs Tanamedrove

sazogadoeba, e.i. Tavad cxovrebiseuli sinamdvile. Cveni kritikosis

azriT, i. WavWavaZis „kacia-adamiani?!“, „mgzavris werilebi“ mTlianad

akmayofileben am moTxovnas, rasac ver vityviT „glaxis naambobze,“

romelsac, niko nikolaZis TqmiT, zemoT dasaxelebuli rusi mwerlebis

gavlena atyvia. magram, radganac mimbaZveli brma mibaZvas ar sjerdeboda,

„radganac misi xelovnuri grZnoba, maSinac xedavda amgvari mwerlobis

zogierT sust mxareebs, imis „glaxis naambobSi“ es sisusteebi metismetad

Semsubuqebuli arian. magaliTad... rom vambobdi, rusul romanebSi glexi

1 n. nikolaZe, Txzulebani, t.II, gv.118, Tb.1960w.

2 iqve, gv.124,

102

Cvil, sentimentalur mwerlobis enaze laparakobda-meTqi, i. WavWavaZes

ugrZvnia es nakluvaneba da mis „glaxis naambobSi“ glaxis naswavl enas,

mis grZnobier da poetur suraTebs da fiqrebs mkiTxvels imiT

aviwyebinebs, rom am glexs siyrmidanve erT keTilmoqmed Rvdels Seyris,

romelic imas wera-kiTxvas aswavlis da „vefxistyaosans“ akiTxebs,

ayvarebs da agebinebs. „vefxistyaosanze“ aRzrdils da siymawvileSive

zneobiTi darigebebiT gamokvebil kacSi, rasakvirvelia, naswavli

laparaki da Seferili an namdvili grZnobiereba advili warmosadgeni da

gasagebia. amave aRzrdiT aixsneba is grZnobis sinarnare-sifxizle, is

patiosnuri amayoba da zneobiTi sisufTave, is gadaWarbebuli

grZnobiereba da gulis siCvile, romelic „glaxis naambobSi“ ase aSkarad

ewinaaRmdegeba namdvili cxovrebis suraTebs. magram verc es xerxi, ver

calke adgilebis mSvenieri suraTebi, ena, Sedarebebi, igavebi, andazebi da

marjveT, mokleT gamoTqmuli dakvirvebebi ver malaven im sazogado

naklulevanebas am Txzulebisa, rom misi deda-sagani iSviaTi

ganviTarebuli SemTxveva da xasiaTia. mkiTxvels niadag is azri aqvs

TavSi, rom es ambavi „SekeTebuli,“ Seferili, gangeb gasufTavebuli da

galamazebuliao, is namdvil cxovrebas ar eTanxmebao.~ 1

niko nikolaZis am sityvebs principuli mniSvneloba aqvs

„Seferili“ da „Seuferavi“ realizmis cnebebis gasarkvevad. amave dros

rogoradac ar unda aRviqvamdeT amgvar Sexedulebas „glaxis naambobze,“

mainc aSkaraa misi avtoris maxvili mzera da sityvis Zala.

niko nikolaZe miiCnevs, rom „glaxis naambobTan“ axlo dgas poema

„kako yaCaRi,“ magram masSi naklebi sentimentalobaa da „moqmedi pirebis

xasiaTis gamoxatvas Sig meti Zala da simtkice aqvs, vineb „glaxis

naambobis“ amave mxareebs.“ 2 samagierod „kacia adamianSi?!“ gamorCeuli

sagani swored isea aRwerili, rogorc namdvil cxovrebaSi arsebobs.

amiT xazi esmeba ilia WavWavaZis, rogorc mwerlis evolucias ostatobis

TvalsazrisiT.

amgvarad, niko nikolaZem ganaviTara nikolai CerniSevskis

Sexedulebebi sinamdvilis Seferili da Seuferavi asaxvis Sesaxeb. TviT

terminebic („Seferili“ da „Seuferavi“) misgan aqvs nasesxebi da

1 n. nikolaZe, Txzulebani, t.II, gv.137, Tb. 1960w.

2 iqve, gv.136

103

pirvelad gamoyenebuli Cvens literaturul kritikaSi. udavoa isic, rom

„Seuferavi realizmis“ principi araTu upirispirdeba kritikul

realizms da naturalizmisaken ixreba, rogorc es zogierT mkvlevars

warmoudgenia, aramed warmoagens kritikuli realizmis ganviTarebis

garkveul etaps. amas adasturebs isic, rom niko nikolaZe „Seuferavi

realizmis“ upirveles warmomadgenlad swored ilia WavWavaZes miiCnevs.

„Seuferavi realizmis“ ZiriTadi principebis Sesaxeb cota qvemoT

gveqneba saubari. axla gvinda yuradReba gavamaxviloT niko nikolaZis

damokidebulebaze mxatvruli ganzogadebisa da tipis Seqmnis garSemo.

misi azriT, imisaTvis, rom mweralma moaxdinos ganzogadeba da Seqmnas

tipi, man Rrmad unda gaigos Tanamedrove cxovreba, marTebulad

„ganWvritos misi mTavari mamoZravebeli zambara“ da amitom kritikosi

mkacrad kicxavs im mwerlebs, romlebic ise „daufaseblaT xataven

cxovrebas, rogorc fotografi bunebis suraTebs an kacis pirsaxes

iRebs.“ 1 rac ufro meti iqneba mxatvrul saxeSi zogadi, rac ufro bevr

adamians „emsgaseba“ tipi, miT ufro didi Rirsebisaa esa YTu is

nawarmoebi. niko nikolaZe Jurnal „Oтечественные записки“-Si 1882 wels

gamoqveynebul werilSi „Борцы поневоле“ werda: „mxatvruli saxe mxolod

imitom ki araa mniSvnelovani da Zvirfasi, rom is mkafioa da naTeli,

aramed ZiriTadad imitom, rom mas emsgavsebian realuri pirebisa Tu

movlenebis mTeli wyeba, rom is aris mravali erTgvari xasiaTebisa da

movlenebis saerTo, zogadi tipi... rac ufro meti realuri piri Tu

movlena emsgavseba mxatvrul saxes, anu tips, miT ufro Zlieria mxatvris

SemoqmedebiTi unari, da mxolod am SemoqmedebiT unarSia mwerlis

literaturuli mniSvnelobis sawindari.“ 2 swored amitom fiqrobda niko

nikolaZe, rom „cxovreba, romelic TxzulebaSi gamosaxulia, mkiTxvels

nacnob da Tan ucnob sagnad eCveneba.“ 3

niko nikolaZe 1890 wels gazeT „Новое обозрение“-Si gamoqveynebul

werilSi exeba mwerlis movaleoba-daniSnulebas da mis adgilsa Tu

rols sazogadoebaSi. msjelobs ra am sakiTxebze aleqsandre puSkinis

„winaswarmetyvelsa“ da mixeil lermontovis „poetze“ dayrdnobiT,

1 nikolaZe, Txzulebani, t.II, gv. 419, Tb. 1960w.

2 n. nikolaZe, Txzulebani, t.II, gv.421, Tb.1951w.

3 iqve gv.412

104

akeTebs savsebiT marTebul daskvnas, rom mwerali arc mosamarTlea da

arc advokati, aramed cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis kritikulad amsaxveli

da sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiTebeli mankierebis mamxilebeli, amave

dros sazogadoebis aRmzrdeli da ukeTesi mermisis maCvenebeli. „Писатель

не судья, а воспитатель, руководитель своего обшества, ― werda niko nikolaZe

zemoT dasaxelebul gazeTSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi „на праздники.“

niko nikolaZem kargad icis, rom xelovneba, msgavsad mecnierebisa,

zednaSenuri kategoriaa da damokidebulia cxovrebaze ― bazisze. misi

azriT „poeti Tavisufali rodia, misi Semoqmedeba TviTon im

sazogadoebis mdgomareobazea damokidebuli, romelSic is cxovrobs, im

xasiaTsa da wadilze, imis bedze da zogierT sxva garemoebebze.“ 1 ra

Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs imas, rom xelovneba pasiuria da gavlenas ar

axdens bazisis ganviTarebaze. literatura garkveul rols asrulebs

sazogadoebis, cxovrebis ganviTarebaze, magram yovelTvis da yvelgan

erTnairad ara. istoriis manZilze aris periodebi, roca literatura

TiTqmis Camkvdaria da ver axdens zemoqmedebas sazogadoebriv

cxovrebaze, magram aris periodebi, rodesac literatura Seesatyviseba

xalxis, sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebs da misi mniSvneloba Tu

zemoqmedebis Zalac izrdeba da ganuzomlad didia. magaliTad, XIX

saukunis 40-60-iani wlebis „rusuli literatura gavlenas axdenda

mkiTxveli sazogadoebis gonebaze. miuxedavad mZime sacenzuro

pirobebisa, mainc axerxebda mdgariyo ruseTis gonebrivi moZraobis

saTaveSi da gavlena moexdina rusul azrovnebaze, rusuli sazogadoebis

ganviTarebaze. ruseTis yvela patiosani da gonieri Zalebi guldasmiT

usmendnen maSin am literaturis odnav mkafio sityvebsac ki,... mxolod

masSi eZebdnen cxovrebis gzis maCvenebel Zafs,.. literatura maSin iyo

ara marto xelmZRvaneli, aramed megobaric mkiTxveli sazogadoebisa, mas

hqonda ara marto gavlena, aramed sargeblobda sazogadoebis ndobiTac

da siyvaruliTac.“ niko nikolaZis azriT, mwerals maSin usmendnen, mis

sityvas „ciur mananasaviT“ elodnen, radgan amiT mkiTxvelis

msoflmxedveloba farTovdeboda. igi axal, manamde ucnob garemos

ecnoboda, romelic misTvis misaRebi da sasurveli iyo. magram „es

1 n. nikolaZe, Txzulebani, t.II, gv.124, Tb.1960

105

saintereso dro wavida, misgan kvalic ar darCenila. Cveni Tanamedrove

literatura daeca“... _ werda kritikosi. 1

niko nikolaZis azriT, xelovneba sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebas

axdens suraTebiTa da xatebiT da amiT gansxvavdeba mecnierebisagan.

„poetis niWisa da Zalis dasafaseblad yvelaze uwin im mxares unda

miaqcios kacma yuradReba, Tu rogori xelovnebiT, rogori

mxatvrulobiT, sisworiT da simarjviT gamoTqvams is Tavis azrsa da

grZnobas da ra sinamdvile da siRrme aqvs TviTon am azrs da am

grZnobas.“ 2 aqedan gamomdinare xelovnebis, literaturis nawarmoebs ori

mxare gaaCnia _ erTi is, Tu raa asaxuli masSi, xolo mere is, Tu

rogoraa asaxuli, e.i. Sinaarsi da forma. xelovnebis Zegli Rirebulia

mxolod maSin, roca es ori mxare urTierTSesatyvisia. Tan rac ufro

maRal doneze dgas TiToeuli maTgani da orive erTad, miT ufro

Rirebulia mxatvruli qmnileba, amasTan ufro misaRebi da sasargeblo

sazogadoebisaTvis, radgan mas (literaturas) udidesi zneobriv-

aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia ekisreba. „daimorCilo Tavisi Tavi, TanaugrZno

sxvebs, SeZlo sxvisi mdgomareobis gageba, SegeZlos patieba da

siyvaruli, tanjva da SeZuleba _ es iseTi ramaa, uromlisodac adamiani

arc SeiZleba CaiTvalos arc srulyofilad, arc gonierad da arc

kargad. yvelaferi es SeiZleba aswavlos adamians mxolod literaturam

da es aris misi aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvnelobis mTavari mxare.“ 3

amrigad, niko nikolaZe, rogorc erT-erTi gamorCeuli qarTveli

samocianeli, Cvens winaSe dgas, rogorc realisturi xelovnebis

damcveli da mqadagebeli, rogorc im materialisturi esTetikuri

principebis mimdevari da ganmvrcob-gamagrZelebeli, romelic CvenSi

daamkvidra ilia WavWavaZem, romelic Tavis droze rusul literaturas

da xelovnebas saerTod dausaxes ganviTarebis gzad revolucioner-

demokratebma, uwinaresad besarion belinskim da nikolai CerniSevskim.

imisaTvis, rom Rrmad gaverkveT, Tu ras warmoadgens es `Seuferavi

realizmi,~ aucileblad migvaCnia detalurad ganvixiloT nikolai

CerniSevskis werili `не начало ли перемены,~ romelsac eyrdnoboda niko

1 n. nikolaZe, Txzulebani, tII, gv.137 Tb.1860

2 iqve, gv.136

3 iqve, gv.419

106

nikolaZe, roca ayenebda `Seuferavi realizmis~ princips qarTul

mwerlobaSi. amave dros mizanSewonilad migvaCnia gavaanalizoT is

msgavseba-gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs ilia WavWavaZisa da giorgi

wereTlis literaturul-esTetikur Sexedulebebs Soris. es erTi mxriv.

meores mxriv, raki giorgi wereTels qarTvel mkvlevarTa garkveuli

nawili naturalizmis warmomadgenlad miiCnevs, ganvixiloT

naturalizmis erT-erTi udidesi Teoretikosis emil zolasa da giorgi

wereTlis esTetikuri naazrevisa Tu mxatvruli Semoqmedebis msgavseba-

gansxvaveba.

rogorc cnobilia, nikolai CerniSevskis naSromi `не начало ли

перемены~ XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi ruseTSi Seqmnili revoluciuri

situaciis uSualo gamoZaxili iyo. didi rusi revolucioner-demokrati

revoluciuri ideebis propagandisaTvis xSirad mimarTavda

literaturul kritikas. kerZod, zemoT dasaxelebul statiaSi is

vrclad ganixilavs rusi mwerlis n. uspenskis nawarmoebTa krebuls,

romelic mkiTxvelma sazogadoebam 1861 wels miiRo. nikolai CerniSevski

miiCnevda, rom glexoba SeZlebda demokratiuli revoluciis moxdenas,

ris garantiasac iZleoda is didi mRelvareba da calkeuli

SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi, rasac adgili hqonda XIX saukunis 60-ian

wlebSi. swored aseT pirobebSi literaturis winaSe isaxeboda axali,

metad aqtualuri amocana _ eCvenebina glexoba yovelgvari idealizaciis

gareSe, daexata misi yoveldRiuri cxovreba SeukeTeblad, Seuferavad,

mTeli simarTliTa da sisruliT, Tavisi dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi

mxareebiT. es xels Seuwyobda farTo masebis gaTviTcnobierebas, misi

klasobrivi TviTSegnebis amaRlebas da aqedan gamomdinare potenciuri

revoluciuri energiis gamovlenas. erT-erTi pirveli mwerali, romelic

daadga am gzas iyo n. uspenski. Tavis statiaSia nikolai CerniSevski

pirdapir aRniSnavs, rom misi moTxrobebi ar xasiaTdebian saintereso

siuJetiT, ar gamoarCevian arc fsiqologiuri analiziT, xasiaTebisa da

tipebis daxatviT da sxva mxatvruli RirebulebiT. magram miuxedavad

amisa avtorma mainc mokle droSi daimsaxura niWieri mwerlis reputacia,

rasac miaRwia imiT, rom `oн пишет о наpoде правду, без всяких прикрас.~

aseTi iyo moTxovna, romelic n. CeniSevskim wamoayena Tavis saprogramo

mniSvnelobis mqone statiaSi. am moTxovnaSi `писать о нарoде правду, без

107

всяких прикрас~ _ igi debda revoluciur azrs, radgan masSi igrZnoboda

mowodeba farTo masebis mier socialur-politikuri iniciativis

gamovlenisaken. amasTan CerniSevskisaTvis erTnairad mniSvnelovania is,

Tu rogor da raze an visze weron mwerlebma _ xalxze yovelgvari

Selamazebis gareSe. swored amis gamo eZleva am Teziss revoluciuri

xasiaTi.

niko nikolaZisa da giorgi wereTlisaTvis am ori moTxovnidan

ufro mniSvnelovania wera Seuferavad, Seulamazeblad. ra Tqma unda,

isini winaaRmdegi ar arian glexobis cxovrebis asaxvisa, magram

mwerlobisagan moiTxoven saerTod cxovrebis marTal asaxvas. `gonierma

mkiTxvelma mwerlobidan imis codna unda gamoitanos, Tu rogoria

namdvili cxovreba, ra Tviseba aqvs Tanamedrove xalxs da sazogadoebas,

ra saWiroeba adgia, ras eZebs da Txoulobs exlandeli kacobrioba.~ 1

nikolai CerniSevkis azriT, 50-iani wlebis mwerlebi glexobas

Selamazebulad imitom gvixatavdnen, rom maSin glexoba sabrZolvelad

mzad ar iyo da misi naklovani mxareebis mxilebas azri ar hqonda,

radgan xalxi YTavisTvis sasargeblos miiRebda mxolod mwerlis

TanagrZnobiT. amitomac werdnen maSindeli (50-iani wlebis) mwerlebi

xalxze ise, rogorc nikolai gogoli akaki akakieviCze. xolo niko

nikolaZis azriT, 50-iani wlebis rusi mwerlebi (grigoroviCi, potexini,

pisemski, turgenevi, romelTa Semoqmedebasac mimoixilavs igi Tavi

werilSi `glaxis naambobi,~ moTxroba i. WavWavaZisa~) glexobas

Seferilad, Selamazebulad xatavdnen imis gamo, rom cxovrebas ar

icnobdnen. `isini (zemoT dasaxelebuli mwerlebi) glexis mdgomareobas

arc ki icnobdnen, imaT glexebi Soridan daenaxaT, da TavianT kabinetSi,

peterburgs, moeazrebinaT, rom radganac glexi CvenisTana adamiania,

imasac Cvennairi guli unda hqondeso, isic CvensaviT unda grZnobdeso...~ 2

`xelovneba da literatura, _ giorgi wereTlis azriT, _ mxolod maSin

aris sazogadoebis ganmaviTarebeli, roca igi TviT cxovrebazea

damokidebuli, rodesac igi aRmoxatavs namdvilad zedmiwevnili

simarTliT cxovrebis viTarebas, mis gulis tkivils... rodesac xelovneba

am zomamde dakavSirebulia cxovrebasTan, ai, maSin hqvia mas namdvili

1 n. nikolaZe, Txzulebani, t.III, gv.378, Tb. 1953w.

2 iqve, gv.373

108

xelovneba, e.i. realuri xelovneba.~ 1 swored aseTi realuri xelovnebis,

cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis `Seuferavi,~ `SeukeTebeli~ asaxvis

damkvidrebas cdilobdnen TavianTi publicistikiTa Tu mxatvruli

SemoqmedebiT niko nikolaZe da giorgi wereTeli, romlebic ilia

WavWavaZisa da da mis mimdevarTa msgavsad savsebiT samarTlianad

miiCnevian rus revolucioner-demokratTa besarion belinskisa da

nikolai CerniSevskis moswavleebad Tu mimdevrebad.

giorgi wereTlis `Seuferav realizms~ Zalian xSirad amsgavseben,

zogjer ki aigiveben naturalizmTan. amitom mizanSewonilad migvaCnia,

mokled ganvixiloT am mimdinareobis udidesi Teoretikosis emil zolas

esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, raTa ukeT warmoCindes msgavseba Tu

gansxvaveba Cveni mwerlis amgvar naazrevTan.

emil zola, rogorc cnobilia, franguli da ara mxolod

franguli literaturis erT-erTi udidesi waemomadgenelia, romelic

miCneulia amave dros naturalizmis, rogorc literaturuli

mimdinareobis damamkvidreblad da udides Teoritikosadac. swored man

Cauyara safuZveli da srulyofili saxec misca naturalistur

esTetikur Sexedulebebs, romlis ganviTareba, misi Sinagani kanoni _ esaa

mudmivi Seudrekeli brZola xelovnebaSi sayovelTao realizmis

dasamkvidreblad.

emil zolas literaturul-esTetikuri Teoria sam ZiriTad

wyarozea agebuli, esenia: 1. ogiust kontis `pozitiuri filosofiis

kursi;~ 2. ipolit tenis `xelovnebis filosofia~ da 3. klod bernaris

`eqsperimentuli medicinis Sesavali.~ Ooriode sityva TiToeul maTganze.

ogiust kontis pozitivizmi acxadebs, rom is Tavis TeoriebSi

eyrdnoboda ara `abstraqtul daskvnebs,~ aramed mxolod pozitiur

faqtebs, romelTa damtkiceba SesaZlebelia cdiTa Tu eqsperimentiT. am

SemTxveaSi mecnieris roli mdgomareobs faqtebis ara axsnaSi, aramed

mxolod mis aRwera-aRnusxvaSi. Semecneba praqtikulad ar scildeba

grZnobadi aRqmis (cocxali ganWvretis) farglebs. misTvis nacnobia,

magram amave dros TiTqmis miuRebeli Semecnebis meore safexuri _

abstraqtuli azrovneba (gonebaWvretiToba). aqedan gamomdinare

pozitivizmi iZleva sagnebisaAA da movlenebis ZiriTadad garegnul saxes

1 g. wereTeli, Teatris matiane, krebuli `g. wereTeli Teatris Sesaxeb,“ gv.125, Tb.1956w.

109

da TiTqmis mTlianad ugulvebelyofs bunebis Sinagani, obieqturi

kanonzomierebis axsnas, rac sakiTxisadmi calmxrivi midgomaa. 1

ipolit tenis filosofiuri sistemis sayrdens warmoadgens

determinizmi _ moZRvreba movlenaTa sayovelTao kanonzomieri kavSiris,

mizez-Sedegobrivi ganpirobebulobis Sesaxeb, rasac tenTan absoluturi

xasiaTi eZleva. swored absoluturi determinizmis pricipiT xdeba tenis

filosofiur naazrevSi istoriuli, socialuri, esTetikuri da sxva

msgavs movlenaTa analizi. misi azriT, sazogadoeba igive cocxali

organizmia. amitom rogorc am ukanasknelis nawilebi arian erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli da erT maTganSi momxdari cvlileba iwvevs saTanado

cvlilebas sxva nawilebSi, aseve religia, filosofia, literatura da

sxva qmnian erT mTlian organizms, sistemas, romelSic adgilobrivi

xasiaTis yovelgvari cvlileba iwvevs cvlilebas mTlianad mTels

sazogadoebaSi, rac savsebiT logikuria. tenis absoluturi determinizmi

mTlianad gamoricxavs individis nebelobas, nebisyofis Tavisuflebas. es

ki udavod didi naklia, radgan am ukanasknelTa gareSe ver

Camoyalibdeba srulfasovani pirovneba, xolo aseT pirovnebaTa gareSe

verc sazogadoeba, anu pirovnebaTa, individTa erTianoba. 2

rac Seexeba klod bernars, man gviCvena, rom eqsperimenti, romelic

ase farTod gamoiyeneba qimiasa da fizikaSi, gamosadegia fiziologiasa

da xelovnebaSic. eseni am SemTxveveSi mxolod safexurebia _ boloSi

dgas eqsperimentuli romani. romanisti da eqsperimentatori, emil

zolas azriT, iRebs damtkicebul faqtebs, aRwers adamiansa Tu

sazogadoebaSi mimdinare movlenebis im meqanizmebs, romelTac ukve

daeufla mecniereba, xolo Tavis pirad gancdebs urTavs mxolod im

movlenebis aRwerisas, romelTa kanonzomiereba jer kidev araa

dadgenili, cdilobs ra imave dros rac SeiZleba maqsimalurad

gaakontrolos Tavisi aprioruli idea dakvirvebisa da esperimentis

(cdis) daxmarebiT.

Tavisi esTetikuri Sexedulebebi emil zolam ZiriTadad

Camoayaliba cnobil statiebSi: `naturalizmi TeatrSi,~ `stendali,~

1 filosofiuri leqsikoni, gv.456, Tb.1987w.

2 iqve, gv.130,

110

`balzaki,~ `gustav floberi,~ `eqsperimentaluri romani~ da sxva. am

statiebis ZiriTadi nawili Setanilia mwerlis 24-e da 25-e tomebSi

rCeuli Txzulebebisa, romelic gamocemulia 1966 wels gamomcemloba

`Художественная литература~-s mier. swored am gamocemas veyrdnobiT, roca

mogvyavs misi zogierTi gamonaTqvamebi. unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoebac:

emil zolas mier literaturaze dawerili statiebis didi nawili

pirvelad daibeWda rusul JurnalSi _ `Петербургский вестник~-i 1875-1880

wlebSi.

emil zola samarTlianad fiqrobda, rom nebismieri literaturuli

mimdinareobis damkvidrebisaTvis aucilebelia sazogadoebaSi saTanado

safuZvlis arseboba. amave dros esa Tu is mimdinareoba eyrdnoba winare

mimarTulebas. amitomac miaCnda mas, rom `naturalizmis Zala, romlis

safuZvelsac yovlisSemZle saRi azri warmoadgens, imaSia, rom misi

fesvebi Rrmadaa gamjdari Cvens erovnul (frangul, k.T.)

literaturaSi. is gamomdinareobs kacobriobis uZvelesi wiaRidan da

imiTaa Zlieri, rom didxans mwifdeba.~ 1

emil zolas miaCnda, rom klasicizmi, romelic ori saukune

batonobda literaturaSi, dafuZnebuli iyo absolutizmze, rogorc myar

socialur urTierTobaze; xolo romantizmi, romelsac araviTari

safuZveli ar gaaCnda, garda zogierTi poetis avadmyofuri warmosaxvisa,

warmoadgenda erTgvar amboxebas arsebulis winaaRmdeg da rogorc

yovelgvari amboxeba, maleve unda gamqraliyo, radgan, roca evolucia,

anu mSvidi Tanmimdevruli ganviTarebis procesi eufleba cxovrebis

yvela sferos, maT Soris literaturasac, swored maSin Tavs iCens

naturalizmi, vinaidan `mxolod is miesadageba Cveni drois (XIX s. 60-70-

iani wlebi, k.T.) sicialur wyobas, mxolod isaa Rrmad fesvebgadgmuli

Cveni epoqis sulierebaSi.~ emil zola ar gamoricxavs naturalizmTan

erTad sxva literaturuli mimdinareobis arsebobasac, magram isini

iqnebian mxolod `malgaqrobadi moduri mimdinareobebi, rogorc

efemeruli fantaziis nayofni.~ naturalizmi ki epoqis amsaxvelia da

`misi gaqrobisaTvis aucilebelia, rom romelime axalma socialurma

Zvram gardaqmnas Cveni demokratiuli cxovreba.~ 2

1 emil zola, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.XXV, gv.15, moskovi1966w.

2 emil zola, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.XXV, gv.15, moskovi1966w.

111

aqedan gamomdinare, emil zola miiCnevs, rom yvela epoqas Tavisi

mxatvruli forma gaaCnia. amitom eqsperimentuli mecnierebis epoqaSi

literaturac eyrdnoba sazogadoebrivi yofis mecnierul analizs,

radgan simarTle araviTar Selamazebas ar saWiroebs, amitomac igi unda

gamoCndes mTeli Tavisi siSiSvliT. naturalisti mwerali poezias unda

xedavdes Tavisi garemomcveli samyaros yvela sferoSi, ufro realur

dRevandelobaSi, vidre abstraqtul warsulSi. yvela movlena yovelgvar

gamovlinebaSi Tavisi sakuTari poeziis, sakuTari silamazis matarebelia.

`Cvens irgliv cxovroben WeSmariti didebiTa da ZlierebiT gamorCeuli

gmirebi da ara epopeis SemqmnelTa mier damzadebuli marionetebi.~ 1

imis gasarkvevad, Tu romelia misaRebi da umjobesi, emil zola

erTmaneTs adarebs stendalisa da balzakis nawarmoebTa personaJebs da,

miuxedavad imisa, rom aRtacebuli iyo stendalis gamWriaxi gonebiT,

upiratesobas balzakis gmirebs aniWebda, radgan isini `xorcSesxmuli

adamianebia garkveuli samosis matarebeli da garkveuli garemoTi

SemosazRvruli.~ zolas stendali ainteresebs imdenad, ramdenadac

daainteresebda `genialuri meqanikosi, romelic urTulesi manqanis

demonstrirebas axdens;~ xolo balzaki ipyrobs `mis mier Seqmnili

cxovrebiseuli ZlevamosilebiT.~ 2 e.i. pirvelis (stendalis) personaJebi

xelovnurad Seqmnili gmirebia, xolo meorisa (balzakis) _ realuri

cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilidan aRebuli da literaturul nawarmoebSi

avtoris mier gadasaxlebuli adamianebi.

emil zola Zalze did Sefasebas aZlevda gustav floberis

Semoqmedebas, gansakuTrebiT mis `madam bovaris.~ es ukanaskneli mas

naturalisturi romanis tipur magaliTad miaCnda. swored am frangi

mwerlis Semoqmedebaze daweril statiaSi `gustav floberi~ Camoayaliba

emil zolam naturalisturi romanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli is sami

ZiriTadi Tviseba, romelic unda iyos amosavali debuleba yvela

naturalisti mwerlisaTvis. naturalisturi romanisaTvis damaxasiTebel

pirvel niSans, emil zolas azriT, `warmoadgens cxovrebis zusti

aRwera,~ romelic Tavisufali iqneba yovelgvari `romantikuli

warmosaxvisagan.~ amgvari romanis Seqmnisas mwerlis funqcia daiyvaneba

1 iqve, gv.17

2 emil zola, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.XXV, gv.405

112

yofiTi movlenebis guldasmiT SerCevasa da maT urTierTSexamebaze

iseTnairad, rom mwerlis `mcdelobis Sedegad miviRoT xelovnebisa da

mecnierebis Zegli.~ aseTi nawarmoebidan ukugdebulia yovelgvari

mxatvruli gamonagoni, radgan mwerali `cxovrebiseul movlenebze

iuveluri sizustiT dinjad mogviTxrobs da amcnobs mkiTxvels

sxvadasxva cxovrebiseul faqtors, da roca amTavrebT romanis kiTxvas,

Tqven geCvenebaT, rom quCaSi seirnobis Semdeg ubralod dabrundiT

sakuTar saxlSi.~ 1

naturalisturi romanis meore ZiriTadi Tavisebureba realuri

sinamdvilis zusti, oqmiseburi aRweraa, radgan mwerals Tu surs

`gadmosces sadagi yoveldRiuroba, aucileblad unda darCes mis

farglebSi.~ Tavis winamorbed mwerlebs emil zola imis gamoc

akritikebs, rom isini winaswardasaxuli gegmis mixedviT qmnian `uzomod

gaberil pirovnebebs, kolosebad gardaqmnil muyaos kacunebs.~ aseTi

gmiri xSirad Tavisi gavlenis qveS aqcevs avtors da, raTa ar dairRves

Txrobis logikuroba an ar daknindes mxatvruli saxis grandiozuloba,

mwerali iZulebulia uRalatos sinamdviles da Tavisi

msoflmxedvelobis CarCoSi moaqcios igi _ es ki ukve sinamdvilis,

realobis damaxinjebaa, radgan `sinamdvileSi araordinaluri

pirovnebebi iSviaTobas waremoadgenen.~ miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi

personaJebi samudamod rCebian literaturis istoriaSi da did gavlenas

axdenen mkiTxvel sazogadoebaze, amgvari praqtika sityvakazmul

mwerlobaSi sabolood unda iqnas ukugdebuli, radgan Semoqmedis

`mTavar amocanas marTali da mwyobri nawarmoebis Seqmna warmoadgens,

romelic unda iyos romelime cxovrebiseuli movlenis zusti oqmi.~ 2

naturalisturi romanisaTvis mesame da gansakuTrebiT

ganmasxvavebel Tvisebad emil zola miiCnevs imas, rom `mwerali

mTlianad unda CamoSordes im movlenebs, romlebzec mogviTxrobs.~

mwerali ar unda msjelobdes Tavisi gmiris saqcielze, ar unda

gansjides mas. naturalistur romanSi `amao iqneboda gveZebna

moTxrobili faqtebidan gamomdinare raime daskvna, morali an

aRmzrdelobiTi gakveTili. es faqtebi cudi Tu kargi ubralod


2 iqve, gv.439

113

Segrovilia wignSi da gamotanilia gansasjelad. mkiTxveli, Tu

moisurvebs, TviTon gaakeTebs daskvnas wakiTxulis Sesaxeb, Seecdeba

gamoarkvios wignis zneobrivi ideali da miiRos misgan gakveTili.~

mwerali am SemTxvevaSi statistia, romelic mxolod keTilsindisierad

aRwers realobis romelime mxares an realobas mTlianad, xolo Tavad

wminda mxatvruli mosazrebiT ganze rCeba. `es sruliad axali poetikaa,

romlis mimdevroba cvlis romanis xasiaTs.~ 1

emil zolas miaCnda, rom romanisti erTdroulad damkvirvebelicaa

da eqsperimentatoric, romelic jer akvirdeba sazogadoebaSi mimdinare

faqtebs, arCevs iqidan misTvis sasurvel movlenas, rogorc sawyis

wertils da mxolod amis Semdeg iwyebs eqsperiments _ romanis weras,

Sehyavs ra Tavisi personaJi sxvadasxva garemosa Tu situaciaSi. am

SemTxvevaSi mwerali kmayofildeba ara mxolod fotografis roliT,

aramed Tavadve arCevs da gankargavs situacias, anu cdas, romelSic igi

ayenebs Tavis gmirs, raTa gaigos, Tu rogor ganviTardeba adamianuri

vneba ama Tu im garemoebasa da garemoSi. Semdeg xdeba movlenis

ganviTarebis, gmiris moqmedebis oqmiseburi, gnebavT, fotografiuli

sizustiT aRwera. `erTi sityviT, mTeli operacia (mxatvruli nawarmoebis

Seqmna, k.T.) mdgomareobs imaSi, rom faqtebi aiReba naturidan, Semdeg

Seiswavleba movlenis meqanizmi, risTvisac masze zemoqmedeben garemosa

da garemoebis SecvliT, arasodes ar uxveven ra amave dros bunebis

movlenebs.~ saboloo mizania adamianis, rogorc individis da

sazogadoebis wevris, mecnieruli Semecneba.

emil zolas da saerTod naturalizmis mimdevrebs sayvedurobdnen

imis gamo, rom isini xSirad akninebdnen mwerlis, Semoqmedis rols. amaze

zola pasuxobda, rom naturalistur romanSi aRwerili `faqtebis

gamomwvevi meqanizmis saCveneblad Cven (naturalistebs) gvWirdeba

movlenebis gamowveva da warmarTva, da aq Cven vaZlevT Tavisuflebas

SemoqmedebiTi fantazias,~ radgan meTodi, am SemTxvevaSi naturalisturi,

mxolod iaraRia, saSualebaa, xolo `Sedevrs qmnis ostati, romelic

iyenebs am iaraRs.~ 2 am SemTxvevaSi mTavaria meTodi, romelic saerTo

unda iyos yovelgvari literaturisaTvis, xolo formisa da stilis,


2 emil zola, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.XXIV, gv. 274, moskovi1966w.

114

rogorc mwerlis niWierebisa da temperamentis gamoxatulebis, SerCeva

TviTon Semoqmedzea damokidebuli da amaSi mas sruli Tavisufleba

eZleva.

mwerali unda eyrdnobodes mecnierebis miRwevebs, radgan igi

mogvxiTxrobs yvelaferze, vinaidan axlandeli romani aris bunebisa da

adamianis Seswavlis saSualeba. bunebisa da adamianis mecnierul

miRwevebze dayrdnobiT Seswavlas, emil zolas azriT, erTaderTi mizani

gaaCnia _ßukeTesi gaxados individi da is socialuri garemo, romelSic

igi moqmedebs. swored amaSi xedavda igi udides zneobriobas, radgan

Tvlida, rom idealisti mwerlebis yovel swrafvas zecisaken

iracionalursa da zebunebrivze dayrdnobiT mosdevs ufskrulSi vardna,

metafizikuri qaosi. 1

emil zolas araerTxel ganucadebia, rom cxovrebas ayenebda

xelovnebaze maRla. `me upiratesobas vaZlev cxovrebas xelovnebasTan

SedarebiT.~ – werda is Tavis statiaSi `msaxiobebi.~ mxatvruli simarTle

miiRweva mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ukugdebulia xelovnebis

tradiciuli pirobiToba da sinamdvile pirdapir, Tavisi pirvelyofili

saxiT Seva nawarmoebSi. werilSi viqtor hiugoze am azrma miiRo ufro

mkafio gamoxatuleba: `Cven naturalistebi... vqmniT faqtebis koleqcias,

Cven TanmimdevrobiT vaxdenT uamravi dokumentebis klasifikacias.~ am

SemTxvevaSi igi imowmebs balzaks, rac aSkara Zaldatanebaa. balzaki ar

iyo faqtebis koleqcioneri. is mxatvrulad gardaqmnida sinamdviles,

agebda daZabul dramatul siuJetebs da yvelaze nakleb SesaZleblad

miiCnevda cxovrebiseuli masalis pirdapir gadatanas romanSi. aqve unda

aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom zola, rogorc mwerali, amas TviTonac ar

akeTebda da arc SeeZlo gaekeTebina. moZRvreba SiSvel simarTleze,

romelic mxolod cxovrebiseul kanonebs emorCileba da mxatvrul

pirobiTobas ugulvebelhyofs, Teoriulad ususuria da ewinaaRmdegeba

esTetikis yovelgvar safuZvlebs. naturalizmis Teoriis gafetiSeba

zolasaTvis iyo mxolod argumenti sinamdvilis damaxinjebuli, yalbi

romantikuli konstruqciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

1 iqve, gv.280

115

emil zolas mier es argumenti yvelaze ufro energiulad iqna

gamoyenebuli mis mravalricxovan Teatralur naSromebSi, romelTac arc

Tu ise cota roli iTamaSes safrangeTSi realisturi Teatris

damkvidrebis saqmeSi. misi azriT, yoveli realisturi nawarmoebi _ esaa

brZola pirobiTobasTan da miT ufro Rirebulia igi, rac ufro `srulia

gamarjveba miRweuli am brZolaSi.~ dekoracia, rekviziti, kostiumi – es

yvelaferi materialuri garemoa, personaJebis garemomcveli da

mowodebuli ara scenis mosarTavad an mayureblis Tvalis gasaxarad,

aramed personaJTa xasiaTis asaxsnelad, scenaze im funqciis

Sesasruleblad, rasac romanSi aRwera asrulebs. 1

zolas brZola iyo aucilebeli etapi realisturi Teatris

damkvidrebisaTvis, magram Tu am sakiTxs mivudgebiT im droidan

saukuneze meti xnis manZilze dagrovili gamocdilebis TvalTaxedviT,

maSin unda vaRiaroT, rom zola, gatacebuli Tavisi drois

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebiT, Zalze azviadebda `nivTis~ mniSvnelobas

pirovnebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. Tanamedrove Teatri Zalze daSorda mis

programas. XX saukunis Teatraluri moRvaweebi pirobiTobas miiCneven

ara mxolod SesaZleblad da mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebulad,

aramed aucilebladac, raTa pirvel rigSi warmoCindes socialuri

pirovnebis formirebisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovani faqtorebi, vidre

uSualod materialuri garemo. `magram ueWvelia zolas damsaxureba e.w.

`intrigis Teatris~ winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. igi yovelTvis samarTlianad

Tvlida, rom am Teatrs scenaze gamohyavda ara cocxali adamianebi,

aramed sardrisa da diumas piesebSi scenaze moZraobdnen usicocxlo

Tojinebi, romlebic monawilebdnen mxolod rTuli dramatuli siuJetis

gaxsnaSi.~ 2

emil zolas miaCnda, rom mTeli Tavisi literaturuli

Semoqmedebis manZilze igi midioda pirdapiri gziT, `ar ixreboda arc

marjvniv, arc marcxniv, rom mas yovelTvis surda erTi ram _ yofiliyo

WeSmaritebis jariskaci, Tan Zalze darwmunebuli. zolas sityvebi imis

1 e. etkindi, zolas esTetikuri naSromebi, ix. zolas rCeuli Txzulebanis t.XXIV gv.530-540 2 e. etkindi, zolas esTetikuri naSromebi, ix. e. zolas rCeuli Txzulebani, t. XXIV

gv.562-565

116

Sesaxeb, rom `didi romantisti unda flobdes realuris grZnobas da

weris individualur maneras~ _ dResac ar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas.

misi azriT, XIX saukunis realistebi imitom arian didebuli mwerlebi,

rom asaxaven sinamdviles, Tavis epoqas da ara imitom, rom Txzaven

zRaprebs.

da bolos, unda iTqvas isic, rac SesaZlebelia yvelaze

mniSvnelovanic iyos, moraluri saxe zola kritikosisa, simarTlis

mZebnelisa da literaturaSi simarTlisaTvis mebrZolisa, rCeba

misabaZad misi momavali TaobebisaTvis, romelTa mimarT igi ambobda: `Cemi

gadasawyveti araa gavavrcele Tu ara sinaTle, magram SemiZlia vamtkico,

rom me yovelTvis mindoda sinaTle da rom misken erTi da imave gziT

mivdiodi, mqonda ra erTi mizani _ WeSmariteba.~

Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT kritikul realizmsa da naturalizms,

vnaxavT rogorc msgavsebas, ise mniSvnelovan gansxvavebasac. orive

dainteresebulia arsebuli sinamdvilis asaxviT, Tumca naturalizmi

kritikuli realizmisagan gansxvavebiT dainteresebuli iyo ara movlenis

socialur-istoriuli arsebiT, aramed misi garegnuli aRweriT. maT

SemoqmedebaSi socialuri adamianis nacvlad vxedavT adamianTa

fiziologiur saxeebs. realistebi garemo sinamdviles asaxaven dinamikur

ganviTarebaSi da garkveulwilad iZlevian momavlis konturebsac, maSin,

roca naturalistebi cxovrebis realobas gviCveneben statikaSi da

sagangebod `amtkiceben,~ rom awmyos poziciebidan SeuZlebelia msjeloba

momavlis Sesaxeb. emil zolas miaCnda, rom realizmi aviwroebda

mxatvrul-literaturul horizonts, Tumca sinamdvileSi ufro

piriqiTaa, radgan `movlenaTa danawilebis gziT naturalizmma gaamravla

dakvirvebis sferoebi,~ magram amiT SeuZlebeli gaxada misi asaxva

mTlianobaSi.

naturalizmis Teoriis mixedviT konkretulia is saxe, romelic

sagansa Tu movlenas aRwers srulad, yovelmxriv, magram literaturul

praqtikaSi aseTi saxe ar arsebobs. mxatvruli saxe ufro konkretulia.

magram saxis konkretuloba realizms esmis ara rogorc Sesaferi saxis

yovelmxrivi, sruli aRwera, aramed piriqiT _ realizmis Teoriis

mixedviT, saxis konkretulobas Seadgens sagnisa Tu movlenis sagangebod

SerCeuli niSan-Tvisebis mixedviT misi mTlianad asaxva da ara mxolod

117

nawilisa. nawili xom pirdapir kavSirSia mTelTan da gamoxatavs mas.

amitomac realists Seswevs unari kerZoSi gviCvenos zogadi, romelic

Tavis TavSi aerTianebs yvela kerZoobiTs, ZiriTads, romelic mas

saSualebas miscems sworad warmoadginos mTeli. naturalisturi saxe

araa tipuri. igi ki aRwers sagansa Tu movlenas, magam ver asaxavs mas,

ver iZleva orientirs aRwerili sinamdvilis gagebisaTvis, vinaidan mas

ara aqvs is ideuri SemecnebiTi cxovelmyofeloba, rasac realisturi

saxe Semoqmedis tendenciis wyalobiT iZens. 1

Secdoma iqneboda gveTqva, rom naturalizmi ugulvebelyofs

asasaxav movlenaTa Tu saganTa SerCevas. amgvar SerCevas mimarTaven

rogorc naturalistebi, ise realistebic, magram maT Soris gansxvaveba

swored am SerCevis principSia _ naturalisti arCevs iseT detalebs,

romlebic ar gamoxataven Tanadrouli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis arss,

e.i. gaurbis ZiriTads, tipurs, ar iZleva mis Sefasebas. amdenad igi

TiTqmis xeluxleblad tovebs Tanadroul sinamdviles, rogorc mTlians

da mxolod araarsebiTi movlenis kritikiT kmayofildeba. realisti ki

arsebuli sinamdvilis swori asaxvisa da gardaqmnis mizans emsaxureba.

igi iRebs mxolod imas, rac mTavaria, tipuria. amasTan iZleva mis

Sefasebas, Tanadrouli cxovrebis Rrma gagebas da momavlis

gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas.

naturalizmi mxatvruli saxeebiT mxolod imeorebs sinamdvilis

calkeul suraTebs, realizmi ki asaxavs mis arsebiT mxareebs da iZleva

realobis dadebiT an uaryofiT Sefasebas. naturalizmi saWirod aRar

miiCnevs asaxul movlenaTa ganzogadebas. man mxatvari, moazrovne aqcia

ubralo meTvalyured da calkeuli faqtebis registratorad, movlenaTa

aRmwerad da ara amxsnelad. Tavis droze emil zola kidevac amayobda,

rom ar iZleoda sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis politikur Sefasebas.

TavisTavad cxadia, rom emil zola ver daimsaxurebda WeSmaritad didi

mwerlis saxels, rom mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi ganuxrelad gaetarebina

Tavis werilebSi Camoyalibebuli esTetikuri Sexedulebani. misi, rogorc

Semoqmedis, sidiade swored imaSia, rom sakmaod mkveTrad gaaSiSvla

Tavisi YTanadrouli sazogadoebis dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi mxareebi da

1 e. etkindi, zolas esTetikuri naSromebi, ix. zolas rCeuli Txzulebani, t.XXIV, gv.553

118

mogvca WeSmaritad realisturi mxatvruli tiloebi, romelTa badali

iSviaTia frangul da ara mxolod frangul literaturaSi.

119

giorgi wereTeli _ qarTuli kritikuli

realizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli da ganmaviTarebeli

„jer aqnobamde es dauRalavi da gulwrfeli moRvawe xeirianad ar

aris dafasebuli Cveni kritikisagan, arc aravina kisrulobs misi

Txzulebebis tomebad gamocemasa. samwuxaroa aseTi gulcivoba

giorgisadmi“ – Cvenma cnobilma mweralma sofrom mgalobliSvilma es

survili Tu gulistkivili 1914 wels gamoTqva. mas Semdeg giorgi

wereTlis SemoqmedebiTi Tu publicisturi memkvidreobis gamocemis da,

rac mTavaria, dafasebis TvalsazrisiT bevri ram gakeTda. mwerlis

moTxrobebi da romanebi araerTxel gamoica; misi Txzulebebis sruli

krebulis 15 tomad gamocemas Seudga s. xundaZe, magram samwuxarod ar

dascalda. saerTod qarTvel mkiTxvels dRemde ar uxilavs amgvari

gamocema, romelSic Tavmoyrili iqneboda yvelaferi, rac ki giorgi

wereTels Seuqmnia _ publicisturi werilebi, romanebi da moTxrobebi,

piesebi, poemebi, leqsebi, zRaprebi, kerZo werilebi da sxva.

giorgi wereTeli mravalmxriv da farTod ganswavluli pirovneba,

mwerali da sazogado moRvawe gaxldaT. igi iyo Jurnalistic,

kritikosic, dramaturgic, poetic, istorikosic, arqeologic,

bunebismetyvelic _ erTi sityviT qarTvel samocianelTa saxelovani

Taobis Rirseuli wamomadgeneli. mTeli oTxi aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi

igi dauRalavad iRwvoda sazogadoebriv-literaturul sarbielze da

uSualod monawileobda mis dros wamoWrili yvela met-naklebad

mniSvnelovani saWirboroto sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi.

qarTuli realisturi prozis saxelmoxveWili ostati giorgi

wereTeli daibada zemo imereTSi, sofel gorisaSi, 1842 wlis 14 maiss

(Zveli stiliT), saSualo SeZlebis aznauris eqvTime wereTlis ojaxSi.

momavali mwerlis deda barbare quTaTelaZe adre gardaicvala. misi

xsovna patara giorgis ar SerCenia. dedis gardacvalebis Semdeg igi

ZiZasTan izrdeboda samegreloSi. albaT, amitomacaa, rom Cveni qveynis am

kuTxes mwerali yovelTvis saTuTi siyvaruliT ixsenebda xolme. giorgis

mamas _ eqvTime wereTels damTavrebuli hqonda quTaisis sasuliero

saswavlebeli da Tavisi droisaTvis sakmaod ganaTlebuli pirovneba iyo.

amas adasturebs Tundac is faqti, rom igi aqtiurad monawileobda e.w.

120

TaobaTa brZolaSi „mamebis“ mxareze. eqvTime sxvadasxva dros sakmaod

maRal Tanamdebobaze muSaobda quTaisis guberniaSi. man didi zegavlena

moaxdina Svilis xasiaTisa da samomavlo miznebis Camoyalibebaze. ojaxSi

miRebuli pirveldawyebiTi ganaTlebis Semdeg cxra wlis giorgi

quTaisis gimnaziaSi Seiyvanes, sadac maSin swavlobdnen akaki wereTeli,

niko nikolaZe, kirile lorTqifaniZe da sxva. am saswavlebelSi maSin

swavla-aRzrdis metad mZime, uxeSi policiuri reJimi yofila

damyarebuli, rac mSvenivrad asaxes kidevac akakim „Cems TavgadasavalSi,“

niko nikolaZem Tavis „mogonebaSi“ da Tavad giorgi wereTelma „Cveni

cxovrebis yvavilSi.“

quTaisis gimnaziis dasrulebis Semdeg 1860 wels giorgi wereTeli

peterburgs gaemgzavra da Sevida universitetis fizika-maTematikis

fakultetis sabunebismetyvelo ganyofilebaze. aq igi male dauaxlovda

da daumegobrda peterburgis universitetSi myof qarTvel studentebs.

aqve gaecno rusi revoluciner-demokratebis _ belinskis, gercenis,

CerniSevskis, dobroliubovis naazrevs. yovelive aman imdenad Zlieri

zegavlena iqonia axalgazrda giorgize, rom ideurad moumwifebeli,

morwmune da moridebuli ymawvili sul male aqtiurad Caeba studentur

moZraobaSi. amis Taobaze niko nikolaZe mogviTxrobs Tavis mogonebebSi –

„studentobis pirveli dro.“ „gogita lenCi (ase eZaxdnen g. wereTels

amxanagebi studentobisas) RvTis mavedrebeli kacis Svili iyo, RvTisa da

ufrosebis SiSSi da moridebaSi aRzrdili. peterburgs is movida

ymawviluri sarwmunoebiT savse... xorcSesxmuli umankoeba iyo

yvelaferSi.“ magram revoluciuri idebis gacnobis Semdeg mis Sinagan

arsebaSi daiwyo Rrma krizisi, rasac sabolood axlis miReba, Zvelis

CamoSoreba mohyva. „uwin SeTvisebul azrebsa da axlad gagonil fiqrs

Sua tviniani kacis TavSi tydeba uSvelebeli, gamwarebuli brZola...

mTeli sxeuli monawileobas iRebs am brZolaSi: xSirad am Sinagan,

uCinar brZolas didi, an mZime avadmyofoba mosdevs... lenCsac ase

daemarTa, jer gaCumda da Tavis kuTxeSi mijda, mere fiqrs Seudga

yvelaferze, rac ki gaegona, bolos xurveba daemarTa, Cawva loginSi da

mTeli erTi kvira sicocxlesa da sikvdils Sua iyo garCenili. Zmurad

vuvlidiT yvelani. morCa, wamodga es kaci da veRar vicaniT.

gaecocxlebia is fiqrs da azris muSaobas. wamodga aRtacebuli,

121

energiiT savse, axali ocnebiT da mizniT gatacebuli... Zveli aRaraferi

darCenila masSi, sxeulis meti.“ 1

giorgi wereTeli marTlac didi energiiT ewafeba rusi

revolucioner-demokratebisa da evropis mowinave moazrovneebis

nawarmoebebs. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom momavali mwerali ise axlos

icnobda CerniSevskis, rom sxva qarTvel studentebTan erTad (n.

nikolaZe, n. RoRoberiZe, d. RoRoberiZe da sxva) am didi moazrovnis

ojaxSic daiareboda, sadac, bunebrivia, xvdeboda „sovremenikis“

TanamSromlebsac, rogorebic iyvnen: dobroliubovi, panteleevi,

piotrovski da sxva. amis Taobaze cnobebs gvawvdis iakob isarliSvilis

mogonebani, romelic mixeil TumaniSvilma gamoaqveyna, da niko nikolaZe

Tavis TxzulebaSi „mogonebani samocian wlebze.“ yovelive amis Semdeg

sulac araa gasakviri, rom giorgi wereTeli 1861 wlis Semodgomaze

aqtiurad Caeba studentur moZraobaSi. antisamTavrobo demonstraciaSi

monawileobisaTvis sxva studentebTan erTad igi daapatimres da jer

petre-pavles, xolo Semdeg kronStadtis cixeSi moaTavses, sadac ori

Tve imyofeboda, Semdeg ki TavdebiT gaaTavisufles policiis

zedamxedvelobis qveS. gaTavisuflebis Semdeg man kvlav ganagrZo swavla

universitetSi da ufro energiulad ewafeboda codnis SeZenas.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda literaturas, istorias,

arqeologias, ekonomikur moZRvrebas.

giorgi wereTeli samoRvaweo asparezze jer kidev studentobis

periodSi gamovida. 1863 wels ilia WavWavaZis `saqarTvelos moambeSi“

gamoqveynda misi werili `ciskars ra akakanebda,~ romelSic mweralma

naTelhyo Tavisi saprogramo Sexedulebebi da gabedulad daupirispirda

e.w. `mamaTa~ banaks. imave wels giorgi wereTeli samSobloSi brundeba.

1864 wels igi TbilisSi gadasaxlda da jer kerZo pansionSi, xolo

Semdeg realur saswavlebelSi daiwyo muSaoba qarTuli enis

maswavleblad. swored aqedan iwyeba misi mravalmxrivi sazogadoebrivi

moRvaweoba. XIX saukunis qarTuli presa da Jurnalistika

warmoudgenelia giorgi wereTlis damsaxurebis gareSe. roca ilia

WavWavaZis „saqarTvelos moambem“ arseboba Sewyvita, sazogadoebas Zalian

sWirdeboda progresuli mimarTulebis mqone da amgvari ideebis

1 n. nikolaZe, rCeuli nawerebi s. xundaZis redaqciiT, t.I, gv.75-176

122

mqadagebeli perioduli gamocema. giorgi wereTelma 1866 wels daarsa

yovelkvireuli gazeTi `droeba,~ romlis garSemo Seikribnen `meore

dasis~ wevrebi, romelTa erT-erTi lideri Tavad iyo. am gazeTs mwerali

oTxi weli redaqtorobda. Zalian male, 1868 wels `droebis~

paralelurad igi iwyebs `sasoflo gazeTis~ gamocemas, romelSic

glexobis praqtikuli saWiroebis Sesabamisad da popularulad

Suqdeboda sasoflo-sameurneo sakiTxebi. male mweralma `droeba~ Tavis

Tanamoazre sergei mesxs uboZa, xolo `sasoflo gazeTi~ aseve

meoredasel petre umikaSvils gadauloca, TviTon ki axladdaarsebul

Jurnal `krebuls~ Caudga saTaveSi. redaqtorebma es Jurnal-gazeTebi

qarTveli xalxis erovnuli, social-politikuri da kulturul-

saganmanaTleblo interesebis samsaxurSi Caayenes. aq ibeWdeboda ilia

WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis da sxvaTa mxatvruli qmnilebebi Tu

sxvadasxva problemaTa warmomCeni publicisturi da literaturuli

werilebi.

1873 wels giorgi wereTeli codnis gasaRrmaveblad evropaSi

miemgzavreba _ turinSi, ciurixSi, miunxenSi, frankfurtSi. 1875 wels man

colad SeirTo olimpiada nikolaZe – niko nikolaZis da. 1877 wels igi

samSobloSi brundeba da sacxovreblad quTaiss irCevs. am periodSi

mwerali aqtiurad TanamSromlobs `Тифлисский вестник~-sa da peterburgis

gazeT `Голос~-Si, aseve `iveriaSi,~ `jejilsa~ da `kvalSi;~ aRniSnulis

paralelurad eweva dauRalav literaturul Sromasac.

1880 wels giorgi wereTeli qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis

gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis gamgeobis wevrad airCies. amave periodSi,

kerZod, 1881 wlidan i. muxranskisTan erTad zemo imereTSi, Walis mTis

midamoebSi igi Seudga navTobis sabadoebis Ziebas, magram usaxsrobis

gamo iZulebuli gaxda am saqmisaTvis Tavi gaenebebina. XIX saukunis

oTxmocian wlebSi Ggiorgi wereTeli did daxmarebas uwevda axlad

aRorZinebul qarTul Teatrs, kargad iTvaliswinebda ra mis udides

erovnul mniSvnelobas. misi repertuaris gasamdidreblad dawera man

piesebi: `jibri,~ `ojaxis ufrosi,~ `daria.~ amasTanave giorgi wereTeli

qarTul da rusul presaSi sistematurad aqveynebda statiebs, romlebSic

cdilobda gaerkvia Teatraluri xelovnebis sazogadoebrivi Rirebuleba,

calkeul msaxiobTa damsaxureba, Teatrisa da mayureblis

123

urTierTdamokidebulebis buneba da a.S. 1891 wels mwerali moskovis

arqeologiuri sazogadoebis wevrad iqna arCeuli. am sazogadoebis

davalebiT man imogzaura saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi da Seiswavla

arqeologiuri Zeglebi. misi ori Sroma gamoica kidec, romelTagan erTi

mdinare yvirilis xeobis arqeologiuri gamokvlevisadmia miZRvnili,

xolo meoreSi mocemulia gelaTis monastris kedlebsa da qvebze

arsebuli warwerebis sruli aRweriloba.

1891 wels giorgi wereTeli isev TbilisSi gadadis sacxovreblad.

amave periodSi daqvrivebuli mwerali colad irTavs Jurnal „jejilis“

redaqtors anastasia TumaniSvils, romelTan erTad 1893 wels aarsebs

yovelkvireul gazeT „kvals,“ romlis redaqtori a. TumaniSvili iyo,

Tumca faqtobrivad giorgi wereTeli uZRveboda. am gazeTSi

TanamSromlobdnen akaki wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela, iakob gogebaSvili,

egnate ninoSvili da sxva. mweralma `kvalis~ furclebze farTo asparezi

misca `mesame dasis~ wevrebs, xolo 1897 wlidan es gazeTi mTlianad maT

gadasca.

ormoci wlis Tavgamodebuli moRvaweobis Semdeg, 1900 wlis 12

ianvars 58 wlis asakSi giorgi wereTeli gardaicvala. amave wels calke

wignad gamovida mwerlis gardacvalebis gamo dabeWdili werilebis,

leqsebisa Tu warmoTqmuli sityvebis krebuli. saxelmoxveWili mwerali

dakrZalulia Tbilisis mweralTa da sazogado moRvaweTa didubis

panTeonSi.

giorgi wereTlis, rogorc saerTod yvela mwerlis, esTetikuri

kredo, mxatvruli Semoqmedeba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli mis

filosofiur da sazogadoebriv-politikur SexedulebebTan. ufro metic

mwerlis esTetikuri naazrevis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani gansazRvrulia

misi sabunebismetyvelo-materialisturi da demokratiuli

msoflmxedvelobis SinaarsiT. aqedan gamomdinare misi mxatvrul-

SemoqmedebiTi meTodis TaviseburebaTa Seswavla yovlad SeuZlebelia

filosofiuri da politikuri Sexedulebebis gacnobis gareSe.

giorgi wereTelma `meore dasis~ samoqmedo programa ase

Camoayaliba: 1. `xelovnur, anu sityvakazmul literaturaSi man daarsa

namdvili, Seuferavi, SeukeTebeli realizmi. 2. politikur-ekonomikur

SexedulebebSi is emxroboda ufro polit-ekonomistis milis Teorias,

124

magram cxovrebaSi es progresul-demokratiuli dasi burJuaziasa da

muSa xalxs Soris gamwvavebuli brZolis dros ufro im Teorias adga,

rom saxelwifo kanonmdeblobiTi Zala Seerios am brZolaSi muSaTa

klasis sasargeblod, rom man alagmos Zalmomreoba burJuaziisao. 3.

sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis ganviTarebaSi es dasi uars hyofda rogorc

Tavadaznaurobas, iseve dabali xalxis gankerZoebiT yofnas. man wamoayena

namdvili eri, romelSiac Tanaswori uflebebiT Sediodnen yvela

wodebebi, arc erTisken saswors ar xrida, xolo demokratiuli,

wodebaTa ganurCevlad, sazogado weswyobileba miaCnda aseTi eris

Sesaferad. 4. sakredito dawesebulebaTa Soris is ewinaaRmdegeboda

Tavadaznaurobis saadgilmamulo bankis daarsebas (i. WavWavaZisa da misi

jgufis sabanko politika). amis magierad is urCevda moklevadian

samrewvelo bankebis weswyobilebas. amasTan am dasma wamoayena win

sasoflo da saqalaqo samrewvelo krediti, da erTi amgvari wvrilmani

banki kidec daarsa im dros TfilisSi wvrilman movaWreTaTvis.“ 1

pirveli da meore dasis programebs Soris giorgi wereTlis

mixedviT principuli winaaRmdegoba arsebobda. isini erTmaneTisagan „ise

ganirCeodnen rogorc cecxli da wyali da literaturaSi mudam

principulad ibrZodnen. xandaxan praqtikul asparezedac mosvliaT

xolme imaT gamwvavebuli Sejaxeba.“ 2 SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom meore

dasma Tavis Tavs „axali axalgazrdoba“ uwoda, riTac Tavisi

dapirispireba gamoxata „Zveli axalgazrdobisadmi,“ e.i. pirveli

dasisadmi. jer kidev 70-ian wlebSi meore dasi mkacrad akritikebda 60-

iani wlebis axalTaobas da masTan dapirispirebaSi ayalibebda Tavis

samoqmedo programas. SemTxveviTi ar iyo is garemoebac, rom mesame dasi

swored meore dasis lideris giorgi wereTlis gazeTis – `kvalis~

garSemo Seikriba maSin, roca sxva perioduli gamocemebic arsebobda.

arc is SeiZleba SemTxveviTad CaiTvalos, rom TviTon mwerali 90-ian

wlebSi dauaxlovda marqsistul axalgazrdobas da Tavisi gazeTic maT

gadauloca.

1 `kvali,“ 1897w. #46, amowerilia s. Aavalianis naSromidan „g. wereTlis filosofiuri

msoflmxedveloba,“ gv.25

2 s. avaliani, `g. wereTlis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba,” gv. 25

125

me-19 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gazeT „kvalsa“ da „iverias“ Soris

mwvave polemika warmoebda, rac erTgvari gagrZeleba iyo im kamaTisa,

romelic jer kidev 70-ian wlebSi gazeT „droebaSi“ daiwyo. es kamaTi

imdenad mwvave iyo, rom zogjer literaturuli kritikis farglebsac

scildeboda. man kidev ufro mZafri da, SeiZleba iTqvas, daundobeli

xasiaTic ki miiRo mas Semdeg, rac gazeT „kvals“ mesame dasi daepatrona

da am dasis zogierTi publicisti ilia WavWavaZis mTeli damsaxurebis

ugulvebelyofas Seecada. aseT ukiduresobas adgili ar hqonia giorgi

wereTlis redaqtorobis dros. piriqiT, es ukanaskneli uaRresad pativs

scemda ilia WavWavaZes da, miuxedavad misi moRvaweobisadmi kritikuli

damokidebulebisa, saTanadod afasebda didi samocianelis damsaxurebas

qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi. 1

„mesame dasisa“ da giorgi wereTlis ideur naTesaobas araerTxel

usvamdnen xazs TviT mesame daselebi da ara marto isini. ilia WavWavaZe

mas am dasis meTauradac ki Tvlida. Tavis leqsSi „orxmiani saaxalwlo

opereti“ poeti giorgi wereTels sakuTar Tavze aTqmevinebs: „beberi,

magram mainca Tavi axali dasisa“. Tavad g. wereTelic exeboda ra Tavis

kavSirs mesamedaselebTan, 1895 wels „kvalSi“ gamoqveynebul erT-erT

werilSi werda „axali gundoba wlovanebaze ki ar aris damokidebuli,

aramed mimarTulebaze da miswrafebaze; axal muSakTa gundSi

SesaZlebelia moxucebulnic erion da uwlovani axalgazrdebic. „mesame

dasi“ wlovanebiT ki ar gansazRvravs Tavis programis moqmedebas,

aramed ideiT, principiT“. Tumca es xels ar uSlida g. wereTels

gaekritikebina mesamedaselTa misTvis miuRebeli zogierTi mosazreba.

amis naTeli dasturia misi werili egnate ninoSvilisadmi, romelSic

socializmis ZiriTad miznad klasobrivi eqsploataciis mospoba ki ar

miaCnda, aramed uwinaresad erovnuli Cagvris aRmofxvra da nacionaluri

Tanasworobis damyareba: „nu vumtyunebT socialur (e.i. socialistur)

princips, magram imdenad ramdenadac es... ar gadaiqces Cvensave dasaklav

danaT. Cven bedSi myofi xalxi orive xeliT unda veWidebodeT Cvens

istorias, cxovrebas, Cvens qarTvelobas da amasTanave Cvensave qveyanaSi

vavrcelebdeT socialur ideebs, rom wodebiTi da SeZlebiTi

uTanasworoba rogorme movspoT... ai, am garemoebis ZaliT Cven unda viyoT

1 ix. g. wereTeli, werili `kita abaSiZe da Cveni axalgazrdoba.”

126

nacional-socialistebi manamdis, sanamdis qveyanaze daCagruli naciebi,

rogorc Cvenca varTa, ar ganTavisufldebian sxva ufro Zlieri naciis

monobisagan.” 1

amrigad, erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas giorgi wereTeli

yvelaze ufro aqtualur saqmed miiCnevda. didtanian socialur romanebs

werda, Tu patara, erTi SexedviT, umniSvnelo statiebs, nacionaluri da

socialuri Cagvris mizezebs eZebda, Tu glexebs `bostnis ganyofas,

kvlebis garigebas~ da abreSumis Wiis movlas aswavlida, peterburgis

studentTa demonstraciaSi monawileobda Tu Walis mTaSi navTobis

sabadoebis daeZebda, qarTveli xalxis mravalsaukunovani kulturis

miviwyebul Zeglebs ikvlevda Tu romeliRac Tavxed Sovinists

ekamaTeboda qarTuli enis Sesaxeb, giorgi wereTels mudam Tvalwin

daCagruli samSoblo edga da, sruliad bunebrivia, rom misi

TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas pirvel rigSi ayenebda. ufro metic,

qarTveli xalxis socialuri gaTavisuflebis pirobad erovnul

damoukideblobas acxadebda. am faqtis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe

SeuZlebelia mwerlis msoflmxedvelobis da aqedan gamomdinare

esTetikuri Sexedulebebisa Tu mxatvrul-publicisturi memkvidreobis

Seswavla da jerovani Sefaseba.

giorgi wereTlis filosofiuri naazrevis gacnobisas ar unda

dagvaviwydes is, rom igi, rogorc demokrati mwerali da moazrovne,

mTeli mondomebiT cdilobda Tavisi msoflmxedvelobis popularuli

eniT gadmocemas, raTa misawvdomi yofiliyo farTo masebisaTvis. amitom

gasakviri ar aris, Tu igi xSirad uars ambobs rTuli filosofiuri

terminebis xmarebaze da mas cvlis sayovelTaod cnobili terminebiT,

romlebic zogjer adekvaturad ar Seesabameba im filosofiur cnebebs,

romelTa nacvladac isini arian naxmari. ase iqceoda ara mxolod giorgi

wereTeli, aramed TiTqmis mTeli imdroindeli axalgazrda Taoba.

rogorc cnobilia, filosofiaSi ori ZiriTadi mimdinareoba

arsebobs idealizmi da materializmi, romlebic saTaves jer kidev

antikuri xanidan iReben. bunebrivia, rom giorgi wereTeli, rogorc

yvela samocianeli, ganicdida ra rusi revolucioner-demokratebis

zegavlenas, materializmis mimdevari iyo. materia, g. wereTlis mixedviT,

1 g. wereTlis `werili e. ninoSvils” ix. eg. ninoSvilis Txzulebani, t.III, gv.156

127

Cvengan damoukidebel obieqtur realobas warmoadgens. yoveli

materialuri nivTi cvalebadi da warmavalia, eqvemdebareba ra qmnadobas,

magram Tavad materia maradiulia. `Zala da materia ukvdavi arian. igini

arc Cndebian, arc moispobian. igini yofilan, arian da iqnebian ukuniTi-

ukunisamde.” `Tumca yoveli arseba icvleba, erTi kvdeba, meore ibadeba,

magram sazogadod buneba arasodes arc berdeba, arc kvdeba, yovelTvis

axali da mSvenieria.” 1 e.i. materia, buneba maradiulia, magram icvlebian

materialuri sagnebi da movlenebi, rac Sedegia ganuwyveteli moZraobisa.

giorgi wereTlis mixedviT, maradiulia ara marto materia, aramed

Zalac. igi garkveviT ambobs, rom `ukvdavia materia da ukvdavia masTan

Tandayolili Zala.~ aq saqme gvaqvs ara dualizmTan, anu erTmaneTisagan

mowyvetil or realobasTan, aramed Zalisa da materiis erTianobasTan.

Zala materiis Tvisebaa da mis gareSe ar arsebobs. bunebaSi nivTebi

Zalisa da materiis urTierTqmedebiT warmoiqmneba. isini „erTmaneTis

zemoqmedebiT warmoSoben yovelis tanisa da gvaris cxovrebas da arsebas

_ suliersa da usulos.“ 2 e.i. materia, romelsac aqvs `Tandayolili

Zala~ TviTon warmoadgens sakuTari Tavis Semoqmeds, TviTon Seicavs

Tavisi arsebobis mizezs. buneba, materia mwerlis mier gagebulia

rogorc TviTmizezi.

iwonebs ra foierbaxis, moleSotisa da biuxneris materialistur

Sexedulebebs, giorgi wereTlis azriT, filosofiis sagani unda iyos

ara sulis ukvdaveba an adamianis sulisa da sxeulis erTianoba, aramed

buneba, materialisturi samyaro, romelsac Tavisi sayovelTaod moqmedi

kanonebi gaaCnia, romelTac yoveli materialuri nivTi Tanabrad

emorCileba. `yvelafers Tavisi rigi da kanoni aqvs.~ bunebaSi adgili aqvs

ara TviTnebobas, aramed igi `brZnulad agebuli~ kosmosia, sadac arc

erTi nivTi ar aris zedmeti. araferi `uangariSod ar Cndeba,~ piriqiT,

TiToeuli maTgani raRac rols asrulebs bunebis kononzomierebaSi da

aucilebelia sxva nivTebis arsebobisaTvis. `bunebaSi yovel arsebas

Tavisi daniSnuleba aqvs, is cxovrobs im sjuliT, rac bunebas da imis

Sina-agebulebas imisaTvis ganuwesebia.~ aqedan gamomdinareobs giorgi

wereTlis Semdegi debulebac, rom `qveyanazed araferi ar moxdeba

1 g. wereTeli, `moleSoti,” `kvali” #25, 1893w.

2 iqve

128

umizezoT da SemTxveviT; imas marTaven mtkice da Seucvleli kanonebi.” 1

amiT praqtikulad mTlianad gamoiricxeba SemTxveviToba.

zemoT Tqmuli sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom materialisti giorgi

wereTeli aTeistic iyos. igi, marTalia, ibrZoda crurwmenebis

winaaRmdeg, magram ar uaryofda qristianul religias, piriqiT,

ewinaaRmdegeboda am ukanasknelis nacvlad axali religiis SemoRebas.

giorgi wereTeli miiCnevda, rom yovelive materialurs sami

aucilebeli niSani gaaCnia, esenia: ganfeniloba sivrceSi, adgili da

ganzomileba. swored am Tvisebebis matarebelia yvela sxeuli, romelic

Tavis mxriv specifikuri niSnebis mixedviT or jgufad iyofa _ organul

da araorganul sxeulebad. pirvels ganekuTvneba mcenareebi, cxovelebi,

maT Soris adamianic, xolo yvela danarCeni _ meores.

giorgi wereTeli aRiarebda raodenobrivi cvlilebebis saSualebiT

axali Tvisebebis gamovlenas, rasac igi bunebis `sakvirvel da

gasaocebel kanons~ uwodebs. unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom Cveni

mwerali dimitri mendeleevis Tanamedrove iyo da rogorc

bunebismetyvelebiT dainteresebuli pirovneba, bunebrivia, icnobda am

didi rusi mecnieris qimiuri elementebis tabulasac. amas mowmobs

Tundac is faqti, rom, misi azriT, qmnadoba, e.i. sxeulis Seqmna

sxvadasxva elementis dakavSirebiT, ufro swored, maTi Semadgeneli

umciresi nawilakebis _ atomebis SeerTebiT xdeba. es elementebi ki

qmnadobis gareSe dgas im gagebiT, rom TviTon arc iqmneba da arc ispoba,

ubralod xdeba elementebis Sedgenilobis gadasxvafereba. 2

bunebaSi, giorgi wereTlis mixedviT, nivTebi da movlenebi mtkice

mizez-Sedegobriv urTierTobaSi imyofebian, ganapirobeben ra erTmaneTis

arsebobas. amitom TiToeuli maTganis mospoba rogorc mizezisa, meoris

mospobaa da a.S., mTeli bunebis ganadgurebas iwvevs. `cxovrebaSi erTi

damokidebulebaa erTi-erTmaneTisagan. erTi meores asazrdoebs da

hkvebavs, meore _ mesames, mesame _ meoTxes da sxva; Tu pirvels sazrdo

moespo, maSin meorec moispoba, meorisagan _ mesamec... da sxva.~ – werda

giorgi wereTeli erT-erT statiaSi. 3

1 g. wereTeli TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.I, gv.311

2 g. wereTeli, saukeTeso codna, gv.38-43

3 g. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.I, gv.311

129

giorgi wereTlis mecnierul-publicisturi da mxatvruli

memkvidreoba adasturebs, rom mas SeumCneveli ar darCenia bunebis

movlenaTa winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi; misi azriT, mxolod brZola da

winaaRmdegobaa sicocxle, xolo simSvide da uZraoba _ sikvdili.

`sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, rogorc suldgmulT moqmedebaSi, mudam

ipoebian erTmaneTis winaaRmdegi elementebi; maSasadame maTSi yovelTvis

unda sufevdes mudmivi brZola, radgan gansveneba sikvdilis wesia.” 1

analogiur debulebebs giorgi wereTelTan sxvaganac ara erTxel

vxvdebiT. es ukve dialeqtikis elementebia, rac uTuod adasturebs im

garemoebas, rom Cveni mwerali icnobda ara mxolod rusi revolucioner-

demokratebis, aramed hegelis, foierbaxis, romelsac `axali filosofiis

lampris amnTebs~ uwodebs; aseve marqsisa da engelsis filosofiur

Sexedulebebsac.

giorgi wereTeli kargad amCnevda da axasiaTebda im Zireul

msgavseba-gansxvavebas, rac arsebobs organul da araorganul materias

Soris, aseve organuli materiis jgufebs, TviT cxovelsa da adamians

Soris. `kacic egre cxovrobs rogorc yoveli sulieri qmnileba; is

sWams, svams, Zinavs, sunTqavs da moZraobs. amisTana cxovrebas cxovelis

cxovrebas eZaxian. magram kacs sxva ganviTarebuli cxovrebac aqvs.

amisTana cxovreba arc erT cxovels ara aqvs. amisTana cxovrebas eZaxian

suliers, anu psixiurs cxovrebas.~ adamians cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT

`namdvili goniereba da saukeTeso azri aqvs,~ riTac igi gabatonebulia

bunebaSi. mas bunebaSi `pirveli alagi uWiravs Tavisi WkuiT... kaci Tavis

WkuiT Zalian maRla dgas yovel cxovelze.~ rogorc vxedavT, giorgi

wereTels adamianis cxovelisagan ZiriTad ganmasxvavebel niSnad fsiqika

da azrovneba miaCnia. Tumca moleSotis, biuxnerisa da fogtis

vulgaruli materializmis sapirispirod, ar aigivebs azrovnebas

fiziologiur procesebTan.

sainteresoa giorgi wereTlis Sexeduleba Tavisuflebaze. misi

azriT, damoukidebeli moqmedebis unari, anu Tavisufleba warmoadgens

sicocxlis erT-erT aucilebel pirobas. `yvela suldgmuls bunebaSi

Canergili aqvs Tavisi kanonebi da moTxovnilebani. waarTviT mas es

moTxovnilebani, SeaCereT imisi bunebiTi kanoniT msvleloba da gaxsna, _

1 g. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.I, gv.16-17

130

es imis sikvdilis Tanasworia. ginda mogiklavs es suldgmuli da ginda

SegiCerebia Tavisufali Sinagani sicocxle. rodis SeiZleba vsTqva, rom

vcocxlob? maSin rodesac Cemi Sinagani Zalani aRmoSoben Tavis Sesafers

moqmedebas, rodesac me warmovadgen ganmartoebuls qveyanas, sadac erTi

Zala meorezed moqmedebs da imaTis urTierTis zemoqmedebiT aRenTeba

sicocxlis lampari.~ maSasadame, `Sinagani Zala,~ Tavisufali moqmedebis

unari, anu aqtivoba warmoadgens sicocxlis aucilebel pirobas. Tumca

mxolod es araa sakmarisi. aseve aucilebeli, magram ara sakmao pirobaa

garegani Zalebi _ garemo. orive erTad _ Sinagani da garegani _

sicocxlis aucilebel da sakmaris pirobas warmoadgens. 1 aRsaniSnavia

is garemoebac, rom giorgi wereTeli erTmaneTTan aigivebs aqtivobasa da

nebelobas. sinamdvileSi aqtivoba ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre nebeloba.

nebeloba cnobieri, e.i. mxolod adamianisaTvis damaxasiTebeli,

moqmedebaa. am SemTxvevaSi aqtivoba gacnobierebul formaSi arsebobs,

cxovelis aqtivoba ki impulsuri da aracnobieria.

amrigad, giorgi wereTlis warmodgeniT, buneba, rogorc organuli,

ise araorganuli, mudmivi ganviTarebisa da cvalebadobis mdgomareobaSi

imyofeba; amave dros es cvlileba-ganviTareba xdeba materiis, bunebis

SigniT da amdenad igi maradiulia. ganviTarebis procesSi Zvelisagan

axlis warmoSoba xdeba raodenobriv cvlilebaTa TvisobrivSi gadasvlis

gziT; aseve samyaroSi moqmedebs urTierTdapirispirebulobis procesi,

romlis drosac obieqtur sayovelTao kanonebze dayrdnobiT

urTierTqmedeben da erTmaneTs ganapirobeben bunebis sagnebi da

movlenebi, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli, gabatonebuli adgili

uWiravs adamians, radgan sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT gaaCnia fsiqika da

azrovneba.

aseTia giorgi wereTlis Sexedulebani bunebis raobisa da misi

ganviTarebis zogad kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb. magram SeiZleba Tu ara am

kanonzomierebaTa Secnoba da maTi gamoyeneba adamianisa Tu sazogadoebis

gardasaqmnelad. es ukve Semecnebis sakiTxia, romlis vrceli

filosofiuri dasabuTeba giorgi wereTels ar moucia, magram mTeli

misi praqtikuli moRvaweoba da calkeuli Teoriuli mosazrebani


131

naTlad mowmoben, rom igi aRiarebda bunebisa da misi kanonebis

Secnobisa da praqtikuli gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. 1

Semecnebis unari, giorgi wereTlis mixedviT, adamianis

Tandayolili Tvisebaa, is, rac `bunebam daatana.~ mTeli codna, romelic

adamians gaaCnia, man SeiZina Tavisi ganviTarebis xangrZliv procesSi.

vinaidan adamianis goneba misi ganviTarebis pirvel safexurze `sufTa

dafas~ warmoadgenda. Semecnebis gza arcodnidan codnisaken msvlelobis

gzaa, rasac adasturebs misi istoriuli ganviTarebac. SemecnebisaTvis

aucilebeli pirobaa ara mxolod amgvari unaris qona, aramed saWiroebac

Semecnebisa. `visgan unda eswavla da gadaeRo pirvel kacs?... cota codna

xom ver daarCenda? marTlac, pirvel kacs jer kidev bevri ra hqonda

Seutyobeli da radgan uamisoT rigianad cxovreba ar moxerxdeboda,

amisaTvis kacis goneba ar isvenebda, yovelTvis fiqrSi da gamoZiebaSi

iyo.~ e.i. adamiani imecnebda, radgan codnis gareSe `rigianaT cxovrebis

mowyoba ar moxerxdeboda.~ 2 aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom giorgi

wereTels kargad ar hqonda gagebuli rogorc sazogadoebrivi praqtikis,

ise individis SromiTi saqmianobis roli SemecnebaSi.

cnobilia, rom Semecnebis ZiriTad da aucilebel pirobas, mis

amosaval punqts Semmecneblisa da Sesamecneblis, subieqtisa da obieqtis

erTianoba warmoadgens. Tu es erTianoba darRveulia, Tu subieqti da

obieqti sxvadasxva kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba, maSin Semmecnebels

Sesamecnebelisaken gza moWrili aqvs. giorgi wereTlis mixedviT ar

arsebobs absoluturi gansxvaveba adamiansa da bunebas Soris; isini

erTsa da imave kanonebs eqvemdebarebian. radgan adamiani `bunebis nawils

Seadgens,~ ar SeiZleba masze bunebis kanonebi ar moqmedebdes. vinaidan

azrovneba da cnobiereba mxolod adamianis tvinis produqtia, xolo

adamiani Tavisi tviniT bunebis nawilia. amitom sabolood azrovnebisa

da cnobierebis safuZveli materiaSi arsebobs da ara mis gareT. giorgi

wereTlis azriT, materia ar azrovnebs, magram TavisTavSi Seicavs

azrovnebis SesaZleblobas. 3

1m. gafrindaSvili, g. wereTlis msoflmxedveloba, gv.210-218, Tb1955w.

2 s. avaliani, g. wereTlis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba, gv.103 Tb.1954w.

3 iqve, gv.105

132

Tu azrovneba materiis ganviTarebis umaRlesi produqtis _

adamianis Tvisebaa, xolo TviTon materia ar azrovnebs, maSin azrovnebis

ganviTarebis safexurebi unda arsebobdes materiidan adamianamde,

rogorc misi ganviTarebis umaRles safexuramde. giorgi wereTlis

SexedulebebSi SegviZlia, davadginoT Semecnebis ori ZiriTadi safexuri

_ SegrZneba da azrovneba. SegrZneba organuli bunebis mxolod erT

nawils _ cxovelebs axasiaTebT. 1 sxvaTa Soris xSir SemTxvevaSi

gacilebiT ufro maxvili vidre adamians, rac, Cveni azriT,

ganpirobebulia imiT, rom cxoveli mTlianad bunebis wiaRSi rCeba, xolo

adamiani bunebaze da bunebis kanonebze dayrdnobiT Tavad qmnis misTvis

saWiro sanebsa Tu nivTebs, e.i. kulturas farTo mniSvnelobiT. amis

SesaZleblobas mas aZlevs azrovnebisa da abstraqciis unari, romlis

gareSec ar arsebobs Semecneba.

giorgi wereTeli erTmaneTisagan asxvavebs or ZiriTad grZnobas:

garegansa da Sinagans. garegani Tavisi xuTi organos saSualebiT Cvengan

damoukideblad arsebul materialur sinamdviles asaxavs. rac Seexeba

Sinagan grZnobas, igi subieqturi xasiaTisaa. am oridan upiratesoba

garegans eniWeba, radgan es ukanaskneli adamianis gonebas akavSirebs gare

samyarosTan. swored isini Riziandebian garegani zemoqmedebis Sedegad

da `tvinis Zafebis~ meSveobiT gadascemen informacias centralur

nervul sistemas. esaa Semecnebis pirveli safexuri, xolo meore

safexuri _ azrovneba pirvelisgan miRebul masalas gadaamuSavebs da

ayalibebs cnebebs. swored azrovneba iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom

SevimecnoT ara mxolod grZnobadi da konkretuli obieqtebi, aramed

iseTi abstraqtuli cnebebi, `romelic arc TvaliT dainaxeba, arc

ynosviT, arc smeniT, arc xelis SexebiT icnoba.~ swored aseTia `sikeTe,

boroteba, WeSmariteba, suli da sxva.~ 2 analogiuri azria gamoTqmuli am

sakiTxze TxzulebaSi `saukeTeso codna.~

bunebaSi moqmedi kanonebis SemecnebiT adamiani imecnebs sakuTar

Tavsac, radgan `Tu kaci namdvilaT naswavli da ganaTlebulia, iman

icis... bunebis kanonebi, maSasadame imasa aqvs bunebis codna,~ da radganac

TviTon bunebis nawils Seadgens, `mas aqvs Tavisi Tavis cnobac... kargaT

1 s. avaliani, g. wereTlis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba, gv.107 Tb.1954w.


133

scnobs Tavis sicocxlis kanonebs.~ amasTan erTad Semecneba, giorgi

wereTlis SexedulebiT, viTardeba winaaRmdegobis gziT. swored es

ukanaskneli warmoadgens Semecnebis ganviTarebis pirobas, radgan `azrTa

Seucileblad, SeukamaTeblad WeSmariteba ar gamorkveula.~ 1

saintereso mosazrebebi aqvs giorgi wereTels metyvelebisa da

azrovnebis, enisa da azrovnebis Sesaxeb Tavis werilebSi _

`filologiuri ganxilva qarTuli enisa~ (daibeWda `krebulSi~ 1872 wels)

`saukeTeso codna~ da sxva. aseve sainteresoa misi Sexedulebebi

religiisa da mecnierebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb iseT werilebSi,

rogorica `berikoba~ (daibeWda `kvalSi~ 1893 wels); jer kidev 1875 wels

frankfurtSi dawerili da 1895 wels `kvalSi~ gamoqveynebul poemaSi

`mwuxare deda,~ romelic mkvlevar s. avalianis azriT, aTeisturi

xasiaTisaa, da a.S. Tavis droze niko nikolaZec werilSi

`studentobis pirveli dro~ saubrobda TanamebrZolis aTeistobaze.

magram es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs imas, rom giorgi wereTeli

Camoyalibebuli aTeisti iyo. is uaryofda im crurwmenebs, romlis

mixedviTac adamiani cdilobda bunebis movlenebis axsnas irealuri

Zalebis meSveobiT da miaCnda, rom bunebaTmecnierebis ganviTareba

SesaZlebobas miscemda adamians gaTavisuflebuliyo am crurwmenisagan;

ufro srulyofilad gacnoboda bunebis kanonebs da Tavis sasargeblod

gamoeyenebina isini.

jer kidev sabolood gamorkveuli araa giorgi wereTlis

damokidebuleba socializmis TeoriasTan, romelsac igi udavod icnobda.

ufro metic, cnobili revolucioneris al. wulukiZis erT-erTi

werilidan Cans, rom mwerali marqsizmis mimdevradac ki Tvlida Tavs. am

mosazrebas zurgs umagrebs is garemoebac, rom 90-ian wlebSi Tavisi

gazeTi `kvali~ mesamedaselebs _ social-demokratebs gadasca; swored

gazeT `kvalSi~ daibeWda giorgi wereTlis werili `gazeTi `iveria~ da

misi sapolemiko xasiaTi,~ romelSic igi marqsis Teorias

politekonomiasa da sociologiaSi im droisaTvis ukanasknel mecnierul

daskvnas uwodebs.

niSandoblivia is garemoebac, rom giorgi wereTeli miuxedavad

imisa, rom burJuaziul-demokratiuli weswyobilebis momxrea, mainc da


134

mainc aRfrTovanebuli ar Cans CvenSi kapitalizmis ganviTarebis sawyisi

periodiT, romelic im droisaTvis garkveulwilad velur xasiaTs

atarebda da iseve Cagravda mSromel mosaxleobas, rogorc batonymoba.

amitom igi Seecada mxatvrul formebSi moeca misTvis sasurveli

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis literaturuli nimuSebi. idealuri vaWris

saxea, magaliTad, `gulqanSi~ nikolai nikiforoviCi, miuxedavad imisa,

rom gmiri, rogorc tipi, sustia da zerelobis STabeWdilebas tovebs.

aseve mkrTaladaa gaSuqebuli giorgi wereTlisaTvis sasurveli

wyobileba zRaparSi – `TaviWamiebi~ (ibeWdeboda `kvalSi~ 1893 wels).

es sazogadoebrivi wyobileba srulyofiladaa naCvenebi sabavSvo

moTxroba-zRaparSi – `RvTiswyaloba,~ romelic Jurnal `jejilSi~

daibeWda 1891 wels. am moTxrobaSi aRwerilia Tanasworuflebiani

moqalaqeebisagan Semdgari sazogadoeba, romelSic arsebobs ara

adamianTa diferenciacia socialur fenebad, aramed monoliTuri

sazogadoeba yovelgvari `wodebrivi gankerZoebis~ gareSe. `iq yvelani

TavisTavis patronni iyvnen; WirSi da lxinSi mudam erTmaneTis

Tanamoziareni da TanamebrZolni iyvnen, iq Raribi da gaWirvebuli ar

moiZebneboda, radgan yvelani mudam Tanasworad Sromobdnen, yvelas

saerTo saqme sakuTar saqmed miaCnda, yvelani erTis gulisaTvis Tavs

swiravdnen da erTi _ yvelasaTvis.~ 1 ase axasiaTebs giorgi wereTeli im

idealur sazogadoebas, romelsac `oqros qveyanas~ uwodebs. swored am

qveyanaSi miemgzavreba Raribi qveynis Svili RvTiswyaloba, swavlobs

ucxo qveynis ekonomikur da politikur struqturas da samSobloSi

dabrunebis Semdeg saTaveSi udgeba ra sakuTar xalxs, oqros qveynis

principebze awyobs Tavisi qveynis cxovrebas. mokle droSi Tavisufal

Sromasa da Tanasworobaze dafuZnebuli sazogadoeba did warmatebas

aRwevs. am `qveynis xalxi... TandaTan mravldeba, mdidrdeba da win midis,

sanam Sromaze, swavla-gamocdilebaze xels ar aiRebs.~ 2 diax, swored

swavla-ganaTleba, bunebaTmecnierebis miRwevebis gamoyeneba praqtikul

saqmianobaSi, axali teqnologiebis danergva warmoebaSi, dapirispirebuli

socialuri fenebis Serigeba da yvela maTganis Cabma sazogadoebisaTvis

1 g. wereTeli, `RvTiswyaloba,” gv.25, Tb.1925w.

2 iqve, gv. 32

135

sasargeblo SromaSi _ es aris gza, romliTac SesaZlebelia erTiani,

monoliTuri, harmoniuli sazogadoebrivi weswyobilebis damyareba. Cveni

azriT, es aris ara is socializmi, romelic gvqonda da romelic

sayovelTao siRaribeze ufro iyo mimarTuli, vidre simdidreze, aramed

socialurad orientirebuli kapitalizmi, romelic miiRweva

TandaTanobiTi reformirebis gziT. amas adasturebs giorgi wereTlis

polemikuri xasiaTis werili eg. ninoSvilisadmi (1894 w.), romelSic igi

wers: `namdvili socializmi imas ki ar niSnavs, rom Cven Cveni

teritoriidan avbargdeT. Cveni istoria daviviwyoT, Cveni tipi ukuvagdoT,

qarTuli daviviwyoT, rusuli ena SeviTvisoT da rusebi gavxdeT. ara,

socializmi individualur Tvisebas, rogorc kerZo tipisas, ise

erovnebisas, ar exeba. exeba ki ara, kidec ifaravs, da aq aris progresuli

mxare TviT socializmisa; qarTveli, rusi, francuzi, germaneli, somexi,

CaCani, gogentoti da aTasi sxva im tipze darCnen, rogorc isini Seuqmnia

bunebas, geografiul garemoebas, istoriul cxovrebas da etniur

kanonebis zegavlenas. mxolod socializmi iTxovs, rom yoveli kaci,

RvTisgan gaCenili, ekonomikis uTanasworobiT ar iCagrebodes, yoveli

nacia meore naciis Zalmomreonisagan ar iCagrebodes... es mxolod maSin

moxdeba, roca... kerZo sakuTreba sazogado sakuTrebad gadaiqceva, rom

ufleba cxovrebisa ufro samarTlianad ganawildes.~ 1

ekonomikuri da politikuri Tanasworoba, erovnuli da

pirovnuli Tavisufleba, eqsploataciis mospoba, sayovelTao

sazogadoebrivi Sroma dafuZnebuli sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaze _ ai, ra

esmis socializmis qveS giorgi wereTels. aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia

davaskvnaT, rom mwerali ki ar Seecada Tavisi moZRvreba `SeeuRlebina

marqsizmTan,~ rogorc miiCnevda s. xundaZe Tavis werilSi – `socializmis

istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi,~ aramed TviT mis msoflmxedvelobaSi iyo

iseTi ram, rac marqsizmTan daaxloebis saSualebas iZleoda. es

safuZveli iyo socializmi, magram ara marqsistuli, proletariatis

hegemonobiT klasTa brZolis Sedegad miRweuli, aramed sayovelTao

Serigebisa da swavla-ganaTlebis gziT damyarebuli da Tavisufal

1 eg. ninoSvili, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.III, gv.157

136

Sromaze dafuZnebuli `harmoniuli socializmi,~ romliskenac, Cveni

azriT, miiswrafvis Tanamedrove kacobrioba.

yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom

giorgi wereTeli eZebda da xsnida im Teoriul sakiTxebs, romelTa

gadawyvetasac moiTxovda qarTveli xalxis erovnuli interesebi,

romelTa dacva, misi azriT, SeuZlebeli iyo xalxis mier maTi Secnobis,

sabunebismetyvelo codnis gavrcelebis, vaWroba-ekonomikis ganviTarebis

gareSe. amitomac giorgi wereTlis filosofia aris, belinskis sityvebiT

rom vTqvaT, ara `idumali da cxovrebisaTvis ucxo codna... ara

mwignobruli filosofia, romelic mxolod Tavs icnobs da pativs scems

mxolod sakuTar interesebs, ara filosofia gulcivi da gulgrili

samyaros mimarT, romlis Semecnebac mis Sinaarss Seadgens,~ aramed

cxovrebis filosofia, 1 misi drois mecniereba bunebisa da sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis kanonebis Sesaxeb. amaSi mdgomareobs giorgi wereTlis

filosofiis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi. amitomac SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mwerlis

filosofia aris `sabunebismetyvelo-mecnieruli codna, anu sabunebis-

metyvelo-mecnieruli materializmi, ganzogadebuli da gamoyenebuli

mecxramete saukunis meore naxevris saqarTvelos erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis praqtikuli amocanebis Sesabamisad.~ 2

im droindeli qarTuli sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisia

giorgi wereTlis esTetikuri Sexedulebebi da mxatvrul-literaturuli

Semoqmedebac. sxvagvarad warmoudgenelicaa, vinaidan igi iyo qarTvel

samocianelTa tipuri warmomadgeneli, romelic erTdroulad iyo

poetica da publicistic, redaqtor-gamomcemelica da dramaturgic.

`rasakvirvelia, niWisa da codnis aseTi daqsaqsva TviT produqciis

Rirebulebaze axdenda garkveul gavlenas, _ mis zogierT nawers es

uciloblad atyvia,~ 3 _ wers s. xundaZe g. wereTlis TxzulebaTa

sruli krebulis I tomis winasityvaobaSi. amasve aRniSanvda Tavis droze

akaki wereTelic, roca werda: `mis (g. wereTlis) Sromas orgvari beWedi

azis: zogs niWisa da zogs moqancvis... imis naSrom-naRvaws ise unda

1 b. belinski, rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebani, gv.479, Tb.1967w.

2 m. gafrindaSvili, g. wereTlis msoflmxedveloba, gv.246, Tb,1955w.

3 g. wereTlis TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.I, winasityvaoba, gv.7

137

uyurebdnen, rogorc oqros madneulis ZarRvs: unda gamoarCio, garecxo,

ramodenime fuTi sila-talaxi moaSoro, rom mere gamoarCion ramdenime

oqros marcvali.~ 1 msgavsi mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli niko nikolaZesac

Tavis werilSi `giorgi wereTlis pirveli Sroma,~ romlic `moambeSi~

daibeWda 1894 wels: `mgzavris wignebis yvela nawili, yvela Tavi

erTnairi mxatvruli siZlieriT araa dawerili da es marto Cveni azri

rodia, aramed Tavis droze, gamoqveynebisTanave ase Seafasa mkiTxvelma

sazogadoebam... swored aRtacebis Rirsia am Txzulebis pirveli xanebi,

pirveli nawili; umsgavso, usicocxlo iyo ukanaskneli naxevari da

mkiTxvelmac ase igrZno, ase gansaja.~ 2 garkveulwilad, albaT, amanac

ubiZga kita abaSiZes, rom swored giorgi wereTlisaTvis miekuTvnebina

`uferuli realizmis~ warmomadgenloba. Cven vfiqrobT, rom misi

Semoqmedebis mravalmxrivoba zereloba ki araa, aramed avtori

dakvirvebuli TvaliT ucqeris qveyanas da mxatvruli Tu mecnieruli

gzebiT cdilobs mis ZiriTad amocanaTa garkvevas, romelic imdenad

sagulisxmoa, ramdenadac aq gamoCnda giorgi wereTlis originaluroba,

rac gamoarCevs mas `TegdaleulTa~ wridan. sruliad samarTlianad

aRniSnavda mkvlevari vaxtang kotetiSvili, rom `mas (g. wereTels) aqvs

sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi samflobelo, movlenaTa Taviseburi Segneba da

momavlis naTeli perspeqtiva... mis SemoqmedebaSi yoveli scena rasme

moralur, politikur Tu sxva WeSmaritebas gadmogvcems, yvelgan Cans an

mowoneba, an gakicxva, raTa yovelma moTxrobilma ambavma raRac

aswavlos mkiTxvels. es iyo im drois aucilebeli moTxovnileba, radgan

irgvliv erTgvari sicariele sufevda.~ 3 Cvenis mxriv davamatebT, rom

giorgi wereTlis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba TematikiT Raribia ara mwerlis

uniWobis gamo, rogorc zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia, aramed maSindeli

qarTuli sinamdvilis gamo, romelsac igi Tavisi msoflmxedvelobidan

gamomdinare ver gaeqceoda da romelic Tavis mxriv TviTon iyo

erTferovani. amitomacaa, rom Tematuri siRaribe da erTferovneba

axasiaTebs XIX saukunis qarTul literaturas saerTod. sxva mwerlebTan

SedarebiT ki giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedeba ara Tu Raribia

1 a. wereTeli, „Cemi Tavgadasavali“, qarTuli proza, t.IX, gv.106, Tb.1985w.

2 n. nikolaZe, giorgi wereTlis I Sroma

3 v. kotetiSvili, rCeuli nawerebi, w.I, gv.128, Tb.1965w.

138

Tematurad,Paramed yvelaze mravalferovanic. sworad SeniSnavda mixeil

zandukeli, rom giorgi wereTeliA`Cvens literaturaSiAerT-erTi

pirvelia, romelmac ara marto igrZno Zvelisa da axali cxovrebis

gayris mwvave tkivilebi, aramed dainaxa, aiTvisa, gaigo, SesZlo Tavis

SemoqmedebiT laboratoriaSi maTi gadamuSaveba, mocema mkveTri da

niWieri realuri suraTis gadaSliTa da cocxali saxeebis galereiT

Tavis TxzulebebSi.~ 1

giorgi wereTels samwerlo da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba mouwia

feodalizmis rRvevisa da kapitalizmis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis dros.

es iyo periodi, roca Widili Zvelsa da axals Soris qarTuli

sinamdvilidan gamomdinare mimdinareobda ara bunebrivi cvalebadobis an

Sinagani gardaqmnis gziT, rogorc, magaliTad, dasavleT evropaSi,

aramed ufro meqanikuri, xelovnuri Zaldatanebis gziT, rac bunebrivia,

ver qmnis erTgvari Seguebis aucilebel ganwyobilebas. es iyo ara

burJuaziuli revolucia, aramed memamuluri xelisuflebis mier

iZulebiT da sanaxevrod gatarebuli reformebi, romelTac marTlac

moaxdines garkveuli gardaqmna, magram ara im efeqtis momcemi, romelic

pirovnebas aamaRlebda, aramed ufro gaurkvevel, erTgvarad komikur

situaciaSi Camyenebeli. ase mouvida Tavadaznaurobas batonymobis

gauqmebis Semdeg, roca jiutad, fuqsavaturi ampartavnobiT eWideboda

ukve arafris maqnis gvariSvilobas, Tumca niadaggamoclili da axali

cxovrebisaTvis sruliad moumzadebeli uSedegod aqeT-iqiT exeTqeboda

gamosavlis ZebnaSi. glexobamac, marTalia, piradi Tavisufleba da miwis

mcire nakveTic miiRo, magram fsiqologiurad isev ymad darCa da imasac

ki gaurboda, vinc misi keTildReobisaTvis fiqrobda. burJuaziam

moqmedebisaTvis ufro meti Tavisufleba miiRo, magram ara imdeni, rom

sazogadoebis winamZRol Zalad Camoyalibebuliyo. xolo inteligencia,

romelic gabatonebuli fenidan iyo gamosuli, Tumca gonebiT emijneboda

am wodebas, magram saqmiT ver miuaxlovda im fenas, romlisaTvisac

Teoriulad Tavs sdebda. marTalia, samocianelebma TavianTi

SesaZleblobis maqsimumi gaiRes sakuTari qveynisaTvis, magram mizani

mainc miuRweveli darCa. amitomac iyo albaT, rom niko nikolaZem Tavis

erT-erT werilSi `saaxalwlo godeba~ aseTi mkacri ganaCeni gamoutana

1 m.zandukeli, Txzulebani, t.me-5, gv.196, Tb.1962w.

139

Tavis Taobas: `Cveni Taoba Sercxva xalxis win, Sercxva miT, rom gamodga

xalxis umecrebis eqspluatatorad, xalxis ubedurebis mosargebleT,.. mis

magier, rom imas esargebla saqveyno yrilobiT xalxis gonebis

asamaRleblad, mis magier, rom imas eZebna marto sazogado sikeTe, piradi

sargeblobis daviwyebiT, am Taobam daiviwya yvelaferi, rasac uwin

ambobda. iman isargebla sazogado umecrebiT da Tvali auxvia uimisodac

dabrmavebul xalxs.~ swored umecrebiT dabrmavebuli xalxisaTvis

Tvalis axelas cdilobda giorgi wereTeli mTeli Tavisi mxatvruli

SemoqmedebiTa Tu praqtikuli moRvaweobiT.

Ggiorgi wereTeli mkiTxvelma sazogadoebam gaicno publicisturi

weriliT `ciskars ra akakanebda,~ romelic 1863 wels gamoqveynda

`saqarTvelos moambeSi.~ masSi mweralma Camoayaliba Tavisi Sexebulebebi

mwerlisa da mwerlobis movaleoba-daniSnulebaze: `mwerali aris erTi

Tavis sazogadoebis wevrTagani, erTi im pirTagani, romlebis krebas

Seadgens sazogadoeba. es aris sazogadoebis tanjvisa da Svebis

TanamgrZnobeli. raSi mdgomareobs misi Rvawli sazogadoebis winaSe? –

aCvenos sazogadoebas Tavisi azri im naklulevanebis Sesaxeb, uCvenos

imgvari saSualebani, romlebic misi fiqriT saukeTesoni arian am

naklulevanebis mosaspoblad.~ 1 amiT giorgi wereTelma uaryo `ciskris~

publicistis debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom mwerali aris xalxis mama da

misi qmedebis warmmarTveli. es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs imas, rom igi

TiTqos amcirebdes Semoqmedis rols sazogadoebaSi, rogorc es zogierT

mkvlevars miaCnia, upirispirebs ra giorgi wereTlis debulebas mwerlis

sazogadoebis wevrobaze, ilia WavWavaZis Sexebulebas mxatvruli

sityvis ostatze, rogorc eris winamZRolze (`RmerTTan misTvis

vlaparakob, rom waruZRve wina ersa~). amas adasturebs Tundac Semdegi

nawyveti `mgzavris wignebidan:~ `Cven ar unda vamcirebdeT umaRless Cvens

am soflad movlenasa egreTi gulis ganazebiTa da sisustiTa. raT

daviviwyeT Cveni movaleoba da mizani Cvenis sicocxlisa?... Cven mxolod

jer unda vibrZodeT pirispir yovlisa siborotisa, usamarTlobisa da

daCagvrisa, vidremdis ar amovTxriT qveynad yovelsa am uwmindurebasa

Zirianad. vidremdis ar movfenT mTlad saqarTvelosa swavlisa naTelsa,

1 gwereTeli, „ciskars ra akakanebda?“, krebuli „qarTuli literaturis kritikis

istoriisaTvis“ (Semdgeneli s.xuciSvili) 1-li, Tb.1954w. gv.328

140

ar ganvabnevT bnelsa da ar aRvadgenT Cvens sazogadoebasa, esreT

mwareT dacemulsa.~ 1 yovelive es, cxadia, ar ZaluZs sazogadoebis

mxolod rigiT wevrs. aseTi ram rCeulTa xvedria, Tan ara erTisa da

oris. ubralod giorgi wereTels gazviadebulad miaCnia `molaybis~ (iv.

kereseliZe) debuleba, rom `mwerali aris mama xalxisa~ da aseT gagebas

`ugnur ganmartebas~ uwodebs, radgan miaCnia, rom mwerali sazogadoebis

Svilia, xalxis wiaRSia aRzrdili da mWidro uerTierTobaSi imyofeba

masTan. aqedan gamomdinare igi ara marto aswavlis, aramed TviTonac

swavlobs xalxisagan.

maSasadame, mwerali, giorgi wereTlis azriT, ara Tu unda

eTiSebodes sazogadoebas, aramed misi erT-erTi aqtiuri wevri unda iyos.

ar varga is poeti, romelic `yovels kacs zemodan dascqeris ufro

sibralulis grZnobiT, vidre Tavis Tanaswors arsebas.~ mwerali

sazogadoebis `tanjvis da Svebis TanamgrZnobeli~ unda iyos; igi xalxs

unda emsaxurebodes da xels uwyobdes sazogadoebis Semdgom progressa

da gaviTarebas. 2 amgvari warmodgena literaturisa da mwerlis

daniSnuleba-movaleobaze saerToa yvela samocianelisaTvis da Cven

veranair sxvaobas ver vxedavT am sakiTxs garSemo giorgi wereTlis da

sxva `TergdaleulTa~ Sexedulebebs Soris, rogorc es zogierT

mkvlevars (mag. v. vaxania) miaCnia.

xelovneba, literatura sazogadoebas unda emsaxurebodes, mas unda

Sehqondes xalxSi cocxali azrebi da mowinave idebi; igi unda uCvenebdes

sazogadoebas gzas momavlisaken da mouwodebdes arsebuli

cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis gardaqmnisaken. is, rasac publicisti

argumentaciiT amtkicebs, xelovnebam unda gamosaxos mimzidveli

ferebiT. aq politikasa da xelovnebas, publicistikasa da esTetikas

Soris SesaZlebelia naTesauri kavSiri gaidos. erTica da meorec erTsa

da imave ideebs emsaxureboda, mxolod sxvadasxva saSualebebiTa da

meTodebiT. amiT giorgi wereTelma sazogadoebriv-politikuri momenti

Seitana xelovnebasa da esTetikaSi.

xelovnebis ZiriTadi mizani, giorgi wereTlis azriT, sinamdvilis

mxatvrul asaxvaSi mdgomareobs. `Tavi kanoni esTetikisa, _ ambobs igi

1 g.wereTeli, „mgzavris wignebi,“ ix. qarTuli proza, t.me-10 gv.691, Tb.1985w.

2 s.avaliani, g.wereTlis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba, gv.132

141

erT-erT werilSi, _ aris cxovrebis suraTis sityviT gacocxleba.~

xelovneba da maT Soris literatura namdvil cxovrebas unda asaxavdes

da ara iseT obieqtebs, romlebic mxolod warmosaxvisa da fantaziis

nayofs warmoadgens. rodesac xelovneba uars acxadebs realuri

cxovrebis asaxvaze, an damaxinjebulad warmoadgens mas, maSin `irRveva

Tavi kanoni esTetikisa~ da xelovneba veRar asrulebs Tavis

daniSnulebas.

xelovneba, romelic ar asaxavs realur sinamdviles, ara marto

usargebloa progresisa da ganviTarebisaTvis, aramed mavnec, radgan xels

uSlis adamians bunebis kanonzomierebis SemecnebaSi. ararealuri

xelovneba adamianis gonebas abnelebs, SecdomaSi Sehyavs igi da

yovelmxriv abrkolebs WeSmaritebis Semecnebas, adamianis codnis

gaRrmavebasa da ganviTarebas. amis sailustraciod giorgi wereTels

mohyavs sagmiro eposis magaliTi: `rodesac Tvals gadavavlebT im TiTo-

orola Txzulebas, rac rusTavelamdis da imis dros SeuTxzavT, Cven

gagvakvirvebs am Txzulebebis uSveri da umsgavso suraTebi, romelTa

msgavsi zRaprad Tu sadme ipoeba, Torem cxadad arsad ar aris. is veeba

cxraTaviani devebi, is grZneuli kacebi... sul bunebis movleniT

SeSinebuli kacis gonebis moWorebulia... amisTana mdgomareobaSi kaci

kargaT veRar gaicnobs bunebis movlenas. am saxiT saca eris

gamoxatuleba bunebis kanonebis winaaRmdegia, poeturi suraTebi cru da

eris gonebis SemaSinebelia, iq namdvili codnis SeZena da mecnierebis

mopoeba SeuZlebelia.~ 1

giorgi wereTlis azriT, xelovnebis WeSmariti qmnileba

sinamdvilis asaxvas warmoadgens, es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis mxatvrul

literaturaze. masSi mocemuli tipebi realuri adamianebi unda iyvnen da

ara fuWi fantaziis nayofi. am mxriv giorgi wereTeli maRal Sefasebas

aZlevs `vefxistyaosans,~ radgan misi gmirebi iseTia, rogorc

sinamdvileSi xdeba. `aq aris aRwerili mxolod kacis namdvili

gulisTqma da garemdebare buneba. TviT is qajebic ki, romlebic

asaxulia am TxzulebaSi realurad arsebul adamianTa tipebs

warmoadgenen. es grZneuli pirebic ki iseTi kacebi arian, iseTi

1 g.wereTeli, daviT guramiSvili da imis wina droebi, amowerilia s.avalianis wignidan

„g.wereTlis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba,“ gv.128

142

gulisTqma aqvT da ise itanjebian, rogorc Cven; imaTi grZneba mxolod

is aris, rom uswavlel kacze ufro meti ician da meti moxerxebac aqvT.~1

giorgi wereTeli swored imaSi xedavs SoTa rusTavelis udides

damsaxurebas, rom man pirvelad qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi aCvena

garemomcveli buneba ara rogorc saSiSi ram, aramed rogorc

keTilismyofeli da gonebis `sawvrTneli~ mniSvnelobis mqone.

xelovnebisa da sinamdvilis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxze Tavisi

Sexeduleba giorgi wereTelma kidev ufro mkafiod gamoTqva erT-erT

kritikul statiaSi – `xafangi,~ drama oTx moqmedebad mevelesi,~

romelic daiwera 1894 wels `mevelis~ (d. miqelaZe) winaaRmdeg. masSi Cveni

mwerali Tvlis, rom literatura da xelovneba saerTod mxolod maSin

aris sazogadoebis winsvlisaTvis xelis Semwyobi, roca dakavSirebulia

cxovrebasTan da `zedmiwevnili~ simarTliT asaxavs mas: `rodesac igi

aRmoxatavs namdvilad, zedmiwevnili simarTliT cxovrebis viTarebas, mis

gulis tkivils, mis gulis Wrilobas, rom sazogadoebam da mTelma erma

samarTlianad eZios wamali Tavisi satkivarisa da damauZlurebeli

senisagan Tavi ganikurnos, ai, maSin hqvia mas namdvili xelovneba, es igi

realuri xelovneba.~ 2 giorgi wereTlisaTvis miuRebelia, ufro metic,

mavnebelia iseTi literatura, romelic cxovrebiseul sinamdviles

iseTnairad ki ar asaxavs, rogorc aris, aramed ise, rogorc xelovanis

azriT sasurvelia iyos. iseT mimdinareobas literaturaSi igi

`tendenciur mimarTulebas~ uwodebs da mTlianad emijneba mas

Teoriulad mainc.

xelovneba da mecniereba erTsa da imave mizans emsaxureba _ esaa

adamianis cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobeseba, magram am miznis miRwevis

meTodi, misi ganxorcielebis gza TiToeuli maTgans sxvadasxva aqvs,

Tumca orive sinamdvilis kanonzomierebas asaxavs da xsnis. mecnieruli

Semecneba cnebebis saSualebiT warmoebs, ris Sedegs garkveuli

Teoriuli codna warmoadgens. es codna xalxs unda emsaxurebodes, raTa

arsebuli viTareba gaumjobesdes. amisTvis ki, uwinaresad, saWiroa misi

1 g.wereTeli, daviT guramiSvili da imis wina droebi, amowerilia s.avalianis wignidan

„g.wereTlis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba,“ gv.129

2 g.wereTeli, „xafangi,“ drama oTx moqmedebad mevelesi,“ ix. krebuli „g.wereTeli

Teatris Sesaxeb,“ gv.121, Tb.1955w.

143

xalxSi gavrceleba, popularizacia. es ki literaturis saqmea. xelovneba

swored iqidan iwyebs Tavis saqmianobas, sadac mecniereba amTavrebs.

mwerali garkveuli mecnieruli ideebiT xelmZRvanelobs, romelsac igi

xorcs asxams mecnierebis mier SemuSavebuli abstraqtuli cnebebis

mxatvrul TvalsaCinoebamde dayvaniT. amiT igi xels uwyobs codnis

gavrcelebas da aCqarebs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebis

process. realobis `zedmiwevnili~ simarTliT asaxva literaturas

saSualebas aZlevs miuTiTos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli uaryofili mxareebis gaumjobesebis gzebsa da

saSualebebze. xelovneba unda iyos ara gasarTobi, drois gasatarebeli

saSualeba, aramed adamianis kulturuli moRvaweobis iseTi sfero,

romelic xels Seuwyobs kacobriobis Semdgom progress. `wminda

xelovnebis~ Teoriis sapirispirod giorgi wereTeli sruliad

garkveulad da aSkarad icavs realistur xelonebas, `xelovnebas

cxovrebisaTvis.~

giorgi wereTeli Zalze did mniSvnelobas aniWebda Sinaarsisa da

formis Sesabamisobas. iq, sadac es erTianoba darRveulia, saqme gvaqvs

ara namdvil xelovnebasTan, aramed `moWoril tendenciasTan.“ fsevdo-

klasikuri mwerloba xelovnebis mizans mxolod esTetikur tkbobaSi

xedavs da arsebiTad yalb niadagze dgeba, riTac `dakarga cxovrebaSi

Tavisi mniSvneloba da xalxis cxovrebisagan ganSorebulma, man ver

SesZlo misTvisve gamoekvlia gonieri da safuZvliani sawyisebi,

romelzedac magrad unda dafuZnebuliyo momavali politikuri

wyobileba.~ am konkretul magaliTze giorgi wereTeli aseT daskvnas

akeTebs: `mavnebelia literatura da poezia, rodesac is ar msaxurebs

xalxis cxovrebas, atarebs droebas fuW deklamaciaSi, rodesac

gadaRebaSi, nametur amgvar ganaTlebis mxareebis, rogorc poezia da

literatura, misi gadmomRebi xelmZRvanelobs erT garegan brkiala

saxiT da ver scnobs mis marTals mniSvnelobas, mis Sinagan azrs,

uromlisodac TviT elvare forma fuWia da mavnebeli.~ 1 ase werda

mwerali jer kidev 1963 wels `ciskarSi~ gamoqveynebul statiaSi _

„ciskars ra akakanebda,~ romelSic man mkacrad gaakritika idealisturi

1 g.wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.1-li, gv.14

144

esTetikis Teoria da mis nacvlad xelovnebis materialisturi da

realisturi principebi daicva.

giorgi wereTlis `Seuferavi realizmis,~ misi esTetikuri Teoriis

amosavali debuleba is aris, rom xelovneba, kerZod literatura, unda

asaxavdes bunebisa da sazogadoebis realur cxovrebas. am SemTxvevaSi

igi emyareboda Tavisi maswavleblis nikolai CerniSevskis debulebas,

rom `xelovneba aris sinamdvilis xelaxla warmoqmna... xelovnebis

pirveli daniSnuleba, romelic uklebliv mis yvela nawarmoebs ekuTvnis,

_ bunebis da cxovrebis gadmoReba, xelaxla warmoqmnaa.~ 1 am mxriv

giorgi wereTeli araviTar gansxvavebas ar xedavda xelovnebasa da

mecnierebas Soris. `mxatvruli literatura, _ ambobda igi, _ iseTive

miznebiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes cxovrebaSi, rogorc yoveli zusti

mecniereba: cxovrebaze uSualo dakvirvebis gziT man unda mosZebnos

WeSmariteba.~ amasTan, mwerlis azriT, xelovneba mxolod daaxloebiT

asaxavs cxovrebaSi ufro sruli saxiT arsebul sagnebsa da movlenebs.

`...kacobriobis civilizaciam, _ werda igi, _ Seqmna saxviTi xelovneba,

ferwera, qandakeba da poezia. yoveli maTgani cdilobs asaxos TviT

cxovreba, Tumca yoveli maTgani, rogorc calke, ise erTad uZluria

savsebiT miaRwios im mTavar mizans _ mTavari mizani cxovrebis cocxali

tipebis asaxvaa: magram raki maT ar SeuZliaT savsebiT ganaxorcielon

TavianTi mowodeba, kmayofildebian mxolod daaxloebiT SesrulebiT...~ 2

aqedan logikurad gamomdinareobs, rom bunebrivi mSveniereba ufro

sruli da maRalia, vidre xelovnebiseuli. aqac giorgi wereTeli

mTlianad eTanxmeba nikolai CerniSevskis. aqedanve gamomdinareobs misi

Sexeduleba tipisa da tipurobis Sesaxeb. `mxatvari movalea mogvces

TviT cxovrebis saxe misi garemomcveli yvela garemoebiT ise, rogorc

igi aris, raTa miviRoT misi yvelaze marTali asaxva. masSi TiToeuli

piri ukve TavisTavad tipia; mas atyvia Rrma anabeWdi im cxovrebisa,

romelmac es piri Seqmna. aRuricxvelad mraval aseT pirTa rigSi arian

iseTebi, romlebic cxovrebis mTlian SemadgenlobaSi mTeli TaviT

maRla dganan sxva maT msgavsebze.~ 3 xelovnebam realuri cxovrebis

yvela movlena, didic da mcirec, bunebrivad unda asaxos. amasTan, giorgi 1 n.CerniSevski, rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebebi, gv.405-406

2 g.wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.1-li, gv.195

3 g.wereTeli, Лекции в кружке Г.Палъма и Ерицова

145

wereTlis azriT, es imas ar niSnavs, rom TiTqos yvela movlena tipuri

iyos. tipuria ganzogadebuli realoba, romelic arsebobda, arsebobs an

iarsebebs. `me minda agiwero iseTi qveyana, romelic arc im adgils

aCvenebdes, sadac Cemgan moxsenebuli ambavi moxda, arc dros, roca

moxda, arc gvamebs, vinc moaxdina. moxda ganusazRvrels alags, uJamod,

ese igi SeiZleba momxdariyos, axlac xdebodes da Tu axla ara, SeiZleba

SemdegSi moxdes; SeiZleba aravis moexdinos da isic SeiZleba yvelas

moexdinos; SeiZleba arsad ar momxdariyos da isic SeiZleba, yvelgan

momxdariyos.~ 1 amave sakiTxze mwerali sxvagan werda: `mwerals SeuZlian

gamoiyvanos xolme Tavis TxzulebaSi imisTana gvami, romlis msgavsic

bevri ipoeba sazogadoebaSi, an imisTana gvami, romelic amJamad

samagaliToa sazogadoebisaTvis; da Tu axla ara, Semdegs ufro

gamjobinebuls cxovrebaSi mainc SesaZlebelia amgvari pirebis

arseboba.~2 magram giorgi wereTels yovelive arsebuli an SesaZlebeli

ar miaCnia tipurad. tipuris ufro arsebiT niSnad miCneulia is, rom tipi

aris mraval msgavs movlenaTa ganzogadebuli jami. `xelovnebis

romelsame nawarmoebisagan Cven viTxovT tips (sazogado SemkreblobiTis

movlenis nayofs) da ara gankerZoebuls (SemTxveviTs movlinebas)~ –

werda igi erT-erT werilSi. tipisa da tipuris aseTi daxasiaTeba, Cveni

azriT, principSi mTlianad emTxveva ilia WavWavaZisa da sxva

`TergdaleulTa~ Sexedulebas am sakiTxze. magram aq

gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi garemoeba – giorgi wereTeli upiratesobas

aniWebda `cocxal tips,~ e.i. realuri cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilidan

aRebuls, xolo ilia WavWavaZe ufro mxatvruli gamonagonis gziT

Seqmnils, romelic cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis ganzogadebis saSualebiT

iyo miRebuli. albaT, amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom ilia WavWavaZis

gmirebs xSirad konkretuli gvar-saxelebi ar gaaCnia. aseTia, magaliTad,

myinvarze mdgomi moxuci (`aCrdili~), qarTlis deda (`qarTvlis deda~),

zaqros mama, zaqros batoni, meurme (`kako yaCaRi~), gandegili, mwyemsi

qali (`gandegili~) da mravali sxva. xSiria agreTve SemTxveva, roca esa

Tu is personaJi marto saxeliTaa gamoyvanili gabro, zaqro, daTiko,

pepia, kiazo, arCili, keso da sxva. yovelive es mkvlevar v. vaxanias

1 g.wereTeli, moTxrobebi, gv.5, Tb.1939w.

2 `droeba”,N #35, 1867w.

146

SemTxveviTobad ki ar miaCnia, aramed sistemad, romliTac ilia WavWavaZe

Taviseburad Sordeba empiriul sinamdviles da zogadisaken miiswrafvis.

amiT mwerali udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs mxatvrul fantazias,

gamonagons, rogorc zogadis Seqmnis safuZvelsa da aucilebel pirobas.1

e.i. ilia WavWavaZe sinamdvileze dakvirvebis Sedegad sakuTari mxatvruli

fantaziiT qmnis realuri cxovrebis ganzogadebul saxe-tips. maSin, roca

giorgi wereTeli konkretuli sinamdvilidan iRebs zogadis Tvisebebis

matarebel konkretul `cocxal tips~ da sxvadasxva garemosa Tu

garemoebaSi moqceviT TandaTan aniWebs mas tipurisaTvis damaxasiaTebel

niSnebs. albaT amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom giorgi wereTlis

personaJebis did nawils prototipi hyavda TanamedroveTa Soris. amis

magaliTia Tundac mwerlis iseTi Txzuleba, rogoricaa `kikoliki,

Cikoliki da kudabzika.~ kikoliki igive nikoloz RoRoberiZea, `droebis~

erT-erTi damaarsebeli, SemdgomSi Savi qvis mrewveli da qvelmoqmedi,

saRaTa _ Tavad avtori, da a.S.. msgavsi magaliTebis moyvana kidev

SeiZleboda.

aqve unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoebac, kerZod is, rom giorgi

wereTeli gmirisa xasiaTisa da idealis srulyofili Cvenebis mizniT

sxva mxatvrul xerxebTan erTad xSirad mimarTavs xelovnurad mogonili,

e.w. metyveli, anu mimaniSnebeli gvar-saxelebis gamoyenebas. amgvari

mxatvruli xerxi ucnobia rogorc Zveli, ise XIX saukunis pirveli

naxevris qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis, rac gvaZlevs imis Tqmis uflebas,

rom CvenSi misi SemoReba mivaweroT rusuli literaturis gavlenas.

metyveli gvar-saxelebi qarTul mwerlobaSi pirvelad giorgi erisTavma

da misma mowafem zurab antonovma gamoiyenes. esenia: vziatkini,

arzamanovi, dabaRovi (g. erisTavi); pintriSiZe, Rrebakovi (z. antonovi) da

sxv., magram piesebis msvlelobaSi personaJTa gvarebi arsad ixsenieba.

isini sinamdvileSi warmoadgenen remarkebs, riTac avtori Sesabamisi

rolis Semsrulebels uadvilebs gmiris saxis gagebas.

xelovnurad mogonil gvars, romelsac garkveuli ideuri

datvirTva gaaCnia, SeiZleba iTqvas, qarTul literaturaSi pirvelad

vxvdebiT lavrenti ardazianis `solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvilSi.~ esaa

1 v. vaxania, realizmis sakiTxebi qarTvel samocianelTa esTetikaSi, gv.70

147

Tavad mejRanuaSvili, romelic am gmiris socialur warmomavlobaze

migviTiTebs, aseve raindiZe _ aleqsandresa da mamamisis keTilSobiluri,

rainduli bunebis misaniSneblad da gamwkepaviZe. es ukanaskneli araa

gmiris xasiaTisa Tu idealis mimaniSnebeli, magram mas garkveuli ideuri

datvirTva gaaCnia. swored sosia gamwkepaviZesTan Sexvedram Seitana

mniSvnelovani gardatexa solomon mejRanuaSvilis cxovrebaSi da fulis

Sovnas daxarbebuli Cveulebrivi CarCi aqcia Tbilisis erT-erT

gamorCeul moqalaqed Tavisi materialuri mdgomareobiT. aki TviTonve

ambobs solomoni: `oh, gamwkepaviZe! gmadlob, rom Senis erTi danaxviT

gamwkipe da gonebaze momiyvane.~ 1

xelovnurad mogonili gvar-saxelebi qarTul mwerlobaSi arc

kritikuli realizmis damamkvidrebelT ilia WavWavaZesaE da akaki

wereTels gamouyenebiaT. samagierod maT sakmaod farTod da

moxerxebulad iyenebda giorgi wereTeli, rac misi mxatvruli meTodis

originalobiTa da TaviseburebiT unda aixsnas. metyvel gvar-saxelebs

vxvdebiT am mwerlis TiTqmis yvela mxatvrul TxzulebaSi. esenia:

kvimataZe, gaZarculaZe, xarbia, tvinTxelaZe (`Cveni cxovrebis yvavili~);

kudabzika, soflis saxelebi – glaxaTubani, mwiris ubani (`mgzavris

werilebi~ da mravali sxva. magram am mxriv gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis

Rirsia mwerlis erT-erTi saukeTeso moTxroba `ruxi mgeli.~ am

moTxrobis mTavar gmirs avTandil kvimataZes misi xasiTisa da xasiaTidan

gamomdinare saqcielis Sesaferisad mezoblebma `ruxi mgeli~ uwodes.

avtorma es Serqmeuli saxeli airCia moTxrobis saTauradac. avTandilis

gvari kvimataZe TavisTavadac metyvelebs personaJis xasiaTze, magram

mwerali amas ar dasjerda da damatebiT ruxi mgelic daanaTla misive

swrafvebis mgluri bunebis misaniSnebelad. aseTivea meqrTame advokatis

samsonis gvari `jibiaSvili,~ romelic sistematuri ugvano saqcieliT

srulad ganasaxierebs sakuTari gvaris Sinaarss. nawarmoebis gmirTa

moqmedebis garemos saxelic `sawioke mTa~ aseve mudmivi Sexla-Semoxlisa

da dawiokebis mimaniSnebelia.

am mxriv aseve aRsaniSnavia giorgi wereTlis socialuri romani

`pirveli nabiji,~ romelic qarTuli realisturi prozis mniSvnelovani

SenaZenia.AamATxzulebaSi metyveliYgvar-saxelebia: `jgirkoCa~ da

1 XIX s. qarTuli mwerloba, gv.216, Tb. 1979w.

148

`wunkala.~ `jgirkoCa~ megrul enaze karg kacs niSnavs, magram, roca

meqrTame boqaulisa da misi saqcielis Sefaseba xdeba mkiTxvelis mier,

misTvis Serqmeul am saxels mxolod satiruli da sasacilo Sinaarsi

eZleva. boqaulma jgirkoCam danaSaulis gazviadebiT daaSina, gaabriyva

da maxeSi gaaba TviT moxerxebuli baxva fulavac ki da `ocdaaTi Tumani

aswapna~ mas. boqauli samarTlianobis damcvelad manamde aCvenebs

adamianebs Tavs, sanam qrTams gamosZalavs, mere ki aRarc daanaSauli

axsovs da arc sindisi awuxebs. amitomac eniWeba mis metsaxels satiruli

xasiaTi. boqaulis saqciels, mis xasiaTs Tu kaikacurs vuwodebT, maSin

flidobas, farisevlobas, usamarTlobasa da usindisobas sikeTed

vaRiarebT. es ki dauSvebelia da amitom aSkaraa, rom mwerali am saxeliT

dascinis jgirkoCas da msgavsTa misTa zneobas.

aseTive zneobis, oRons ufro farTo gaqanebis mqonea veqili

wunkalac, gvarad CafxutaZe, romelic `mrudsa da marTals tyavs aZrobs,~

aravis indobs, radgan miaCnia, rom mxolod amgvari saqcieliTaa

SesaZlebeli cxovreba. wunkalam xelSi Caigdo cxovrebaze

gulacruebuli martod darCenili baxva fulava da roca Tavi qudSi Tu

CafxutSi daigula (baxvam igi Tavisi qonebis oficialur memkvidred

aRiara), ZaRlis mier gamoxruli ZvaliviT miagdo igi. `jandabamdisac gza

gqonia. Sen CemTvis aRar xar saWiro.~ – am sityvebiT gaacila wunkalam

ufskrulis gzaze Semdgari baxva fulava. ai, ase marTlac wunkali

saqcieliT amarTlebs advokati mwerlis mier Serqmeul saxels _

`wunkala.~ amiT igi wunkalisa da wunkalaobis seniT Sepyrobil

sasamarTlo da ara marto sasamarTlo moxeleebis zogad satirul

Sinaarss gamoxatavs. zemoT aRniSnuli gvaZlevs imisi Tqmis uflebas,

rom metyveli gvar-saxelebis gamoyenebiT giorgi wereTeli aRwevs

konkretulis ganzogadeba-tipizacias.

swored tipisa da tipurobis sakiTxSi iCens Tavs is arsebiTi

gansxvaveba, rac arsebobs ilia WavWavaZisa da giorgi wereTlis

esTetikur naazrevs Soris, anu `SekeTebul,~ `Seferil~ realizmsa da

`Seuferav~ realizms Soris. swored amis gamo iwunebda meoredaseli

giorgi wereTeli pirveldaseli ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebas. `luarsabi

da darejani ufro karikaturas warmoadgenen batonis da qalbatonis

tipebisas, vidre xelovnuri xerxiT warmoSobils, cocxals erTnair

149

bunebaSi da garemoebaSi Seqmnil tipiur arsebas.~ 1 – werda giorgi

wereTeli Tavis werilSi `kita abaSiZe da `Cveni axalgazrdoba.~ am

kuTxiT iwunebs igi ilia WavWavaZis sxva Txzulebebsac. movigonoT is

garemoebac, rom am TvalsazrisiT iwunebda niko nikolaZec amave mwerlis

`glaxis naambobs,~ Tumca `kacia-adamiani~ `Seuferavi realizmis~ nimuSad

aqvs miCneuli. Cvenc am SemTxvevaSi ar veTanxmebiT giorgi wereTels,

Tumca migvaCnia, rom aseTi mkacri Sefaseba polemikuri simwvaviT iyo

ganpirobebuli da ara ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebiTi meTodis saerTo

miuReblobiT.

giorgi wereTeli fiqrobs, rom ilia WavWavaZe da saerTod

pirveldaselebi sinamdvilesTan midian da mis asaxvas iwyeben winaswar

SemuSavebuli ideiT, garkveuli mizandasaxulobiT da am ideas,

mizandasaxulobas argeben nawarmoebis mTel Sinaarss. magram sinamdvile

adamianTa, Tundac mwerlis ideaTa Targze rodia mowyobili. amitom aseT

SemTxvevaSi mxatvari iZulebuli xdeba Zala daatanos mas (sinamdviles)

da, ase vTqvaT, xelovnurad, ZaldatanebiT moargos mis mier adre

Camoyalibebul azrs. swored esaa mizezi imisa, rom giorgi wereTlis

azriT, mkiTxveli ilia WavWavaZis nawarmoebSi xedavs SekeTebul,

Selamazebul sinamdviles da ar namdvil sinamdviles, sinamdviles,

rogorc aris. misi rwmeniT, azri TviT sinamdvileSia obieqturad

mocemuli, ufro sworad, `TviT cxovreba da misi movlena igive azri da

idea aris,~ da, maSasadame, saWiro ar aris am ideis garedan Setana,

aramed sakmarisia Rrmad SeviswavloT sinamdvile da iqidan gamovitanoT

azri, idea. ase iqcevian meoredaselebi da amitomac maTi realizmi

namdvili, Seuferavi da SeukeTebeliao – askvnis giorgi wereTeli.

amrigad, ideidan sinamdvilisaken (pirveldaselebi) da

sinamdvilidan ideisaken (meoredaselebi). pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs

SekeTebul, Seferil realizmTan, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – SeukeTebel,

Seuferav realizmTan, rac principSi medlis or mxares warmoadgens. e.i.

tipisa da tipurobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ilia WavWavaZisa da giorgi

wereTlis Sexedulebebs Soris saqme gvaqvs ara principul sxvobasTan,

aramed ufro sakiTxisadmi sxvadasxva gziT, gnebavT, meTodiT

midgomasTan, rac, Cveni azriT, ar cvlis TviT sakiTxis ZiriTad arss,

1 g. wereTeli, kita abaSiZe da `Cveni axalgazrdoba,” `kvali,” #46, Tb.1897w

150

rom tipi da tipuri warmoadgens saerTo-sayovelTaosa Tu zogadis

konkretulSi moqcevas. aqve gvinda avRniSnoT isic, rom arc ilia

WavWavaZe iyo mainc da mainc maRali Sexedulebisa giorgi wereTlis

Semoqmedebaze. saubrobs ra poetur fantaziaze, romlis meoxebiTac

àryofili yofilad~ iqceva, rogorc es, magaliTad, `vefxistyaosanSia,~

iqve SoTas poemis sapirispirod ilia WavWavaZe asaxelebs giorgi

wereTlis `rux mgelsa~ da `gulqans,~ rogorc zegardmoSTagonebas

moklebul nawarmoebebs.

giorgi wereTeli winaaRmdegia aseve literaturaSi SiSveli

tendenciurobis damkvidrebisa, radgan es ukanaskneli momaswavebelia

`literaturis ganSorebisa cxovrebisagan.~ `mavnebelia is literatura

da xelovneba, _ werda giorgi wereTeli Tavis werilSi `Cveni saxioba,~ _

romelic ikvlevs da aRmoxatavs iseTs suraTs ki ara, romelic

namdvilad cxovrebaSia, aramed iseTs, romelic ar arsebobs, magram, misi

azriT, sasurvelia, rom iyo. aseTs mimarTulebas literaturaSi da

xelovnebaSi ewodeba tendenciuri mimarTuleba.~ 1 swored es tendencia

ar aZlevs mwerals sinamdvilis swori, marTali asaxvis saSualebas.

amitomac, Semcdari mimarTulebis gamo miaCnia giorgi wereTels mevelis

(d. miqelaZe) drama `xafangi~ sust nawarmoebad. àseTi Catexili xidis

gamTeleba da batonymobas Soris wodebrivi gankerZoebis mospobis nimuSi,

_ wers igi, _ mTeli òTaraanT qvrivic~ aris Seqmnili. magram... aseTi

mosazreba mxolod im mweralTa keTilSobiluri guliswadilis nayofia

da ara namdvili cxovrebis suraTi. amas hqvia tendencia da am tendencias

Tund keTilSobiluri rom daarqvaT, Tu aseTi ram TviT cxovrebis

viTarebaSi ar aris, gamodis ubralo Tavis motyuebad.~ 2 unda aRiniSnos

is garemoebac, rom ramdenad sakamaToc ar unda iyos giorgi wereTlis

amgvari Sexeduleba ilias òTaraanT qvrivze,~ aSkaraa misi, rogorc

kritikosis, maxvili mzera. amave werilSi giorgi wereTeli

tendenciurobis gamo iwunebs e. gabaSvilis piesas `bedi muxTalTa.~

samagierod iwonebs z. gulisaSvilis Txzulebas `cxovreba brZolaa,~

miuxedavad imisa, rom am piesis avtors, rogorc `dramaturgs aklia

dramatuli scenis codna... TviT drama, rogorc xelovnurad

1 g. wereTeli, `Cveni saxioba,” krebuli `g. wereTeli Teatris Sesaxeb,” gv.113. Tb.1955w.

2 iqve, gv.131

151

damuSavebuli Txzuleba, Zalian sustobs; igi arc kia drama,~ misi

warmodgena mainc `Cveni qarTuli scenis dResaswauli Seiqna~ da es

imitom, rom piesa iZleva `Cveni Tavadaznaurobis axlandeli cxovrebis

namdvil suraTs,~ gviCvenebs `namdvili qarTuli xasiaTiT aRbeWdil

tipebs.~ 1 am SemTxvevaSi gvagondeba n. CerniSevskis werili `не начало ли

перемены,~ romelSic igi iwonebs n. uspenskis aseve mxatvrulad sust

nawarmoebebs, romlebic ar gamoirCevian arc fsiqologiuri analiziT,

arc xasiaTebisa da tipebis daxatviT, ufro metic, maT did nawils

siuJetic ki ar gaaCnia, imitom rom O`oн пишет о нарoде правду, без всяких

прикрас.~ 2

es, ra Tqma unda, araa apolitikurobisa da obieqtivizmis qadageba

da arc gadaxra naturalizmisaken, rogorc zogierT mkvlevars surs

warmoaCinos. amas adasturebs Tundac giorgi wereTlis mxatvruli

Semoqmedeba, sadac ara erTgzis Cans mwerlis tendencia Tu simpatia-

antipatia. vfiqrobT, rom amgvari Sexedulebebis safuZveli saZiebelia

mwerlis `sabunebismetyvelo-mecnierul materializmSi.~

giorgi wereTlis naturalizmisaken gadaxris erT-erT maCveneblad

miaCniaT is, rom misTvis misaRebia xelovnebaSi sabunebismetyvelo, anu

realur mecnierebaTa, kerZod, fiziologiisa da anatomiis meTodebis

danergva. magram aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoebac, rom Cveni

mwerali kritikul-publicistur werilebSi arsad ar aRiarebs

biologiuri sawyisebis upiratesobas socialurTan SedarebiT, maSin

roca naturalizmi swored biologiur sawyisebs aniWebs prioritets.

naturalistebi adamians gvixataven ara rogorc socialur individs,

aramed rogorc iseT suliers, romlis xasiaTsa da ganwyobilebas

ganapirobeben fiziologiuri da memkvidreobiTi monacemebi. amave dros,

maTi azriT, garemos zegavlena iseTi dauZleveli faqtoria, romelic

moazrovne subieqts gzas uketavs damoukidebeli moqmedebisaken,

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mxolod garemo zemoqmedebs adamianze da ara

piriqiT. giorgi wereTeli cnobs garemosa da adamianis

urTierTzemoqmedebas, radgan adamiani fsiqologiurTan erTad

1 g. wereTeli, `Cveni saxioba,” krebuli `g. wereTeli Teatris Sesaxeb,” gv. 161-163,

Tb.1955w.

2 n. CerniSevski, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.VIII, gv.856

152

socialuri individicaa, romelsac mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel

pirovnul niSnebTan erTad gaaCnia zogadadamianuri, sazogadoebrivi

mniSvnelobis mqone Tvisebebic. sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom adre 70-

80-ian wlebSi emil zolas esTetikuri Teoriis zogierTi nawiliT

aRfrTovanebuli giorgi wereTeli 90-ian wlebSi akritikebs kidec frang

romanists da naturalizmis mamamTavars. igi zolas realizms ùltra

realizms~ uwodebs. ès iyo ukiduresi, gadamatebuli azri, xelovnebis

daniSnulebaze gamoTqmuli. TiTqmis geniosi zolac ver ascda am

gavlenis cuds mxares.~

amrigad, giorgi wereTlis esTetikuri naazrevi saerTo jamSi

principulad ar gansxvavdeba ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, niko

nikolaZis Tu sxva qarTveli samocianelis esTetikur-Teoriuli

Sexedulebebisagan. Tumca maT Soris SeiniSneba garkveuli sxvaoba ama Tu

im sakiTxisadmi midgomis meTodologiaSi, magram es Zireulad ar cvlis

sakiTxis arss. amitom migvaCnia, rom giorgi wereTelma kritikuli

realizmi ki ar uaryo Tavisi `Seuferavi realizmiT,~ aramed ganaviTara

igi 70-90-ian wlebSi Cvens qveyanaSi Camoyalibebuli socialur-

ekonomikuri viTarebidan da Tavisi msoflmxedvelobidan gamomdinare. e.i.

`Seuferavi realizmi~ unda miviCnioT ara naturalizmad an misken

gadaxrad, aramed kritikuli realizmis ganviTarebis erT-erT safexurad,

romelic pasuxobda qarTveli xalxis maSindel moTxovnilebas. amgvari

azrisa iyo cnobili mkvlevari daviT gamezardaSvilic.

Cveni mxriT, gvinda davamatoT, rom giorgi wereTlis, rogorc

saerTod yvela literaturuli mimdinareobis orTodoqs TeoretikosTa,

esTetikur Sexedulebebs axasiaTebs garkveuli meTodologiuri

SezRuduloba Tu calmxrivoba, rac, upirveles yovlisa, ganpirobebulia

Zveli da axali mimdinareobis dapirispirebiT da ara sruli Tu

absoluturi miuReblobiT. udavo WeSmaritebaa, rom yoveli axali

mwifdeba Zvelis wiaRSi da amave dros warmoadgens misi ganviTarebis

Sedegs. amitomac giorgi wereTlis da saerTod àxali axalTaobis,~ anu

meoredaselebis esTetikuri naazrevi warmoadgens `Zveli axalTaobis,~

anu pirveldaselebis amgvari Sexedulebebis ganviTarebis erT-erT

safexurs, misadagebuls mis Tanamedrove qarTul sazogadoebriv

yofierebasa Tu cnobierebasTan.

153

erTia Teoriulad Camoyalibebuli esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, xolo

meore da ZiriTadi misi ganxorcieleba mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT

praqtikaSi, radgan Zalze xSirad mwerali Tavisi individualobidan

gamomdinare ver eteva ama Tu im mimdinareobis Teoriul CarCoebSi,

Tundac mis mierve CamoyalibebulSi. rac ufro didia xelovani, miT

ufro met Tavisuflebas aZlevs igi Tavis SemoqmedebiT fantazias, riTac

afarToebs xelovnebis TvalTaxedvis aresa Tu horizonts. Tavidanve

unda iTqvas erTi ram, _ giorgi wereTlis TxzulebebSi met-naklebi

zomiT TiTqmis yovelTvisaa daculi `Seuferavi realizmis~ principebi,

rac kidev erTxel adasturebs mwerlis erTgulebas Tavisi esTetikuri

Sexedulebebisadmi.

Cvens amocanas ar Seadgens giorgi wereTlis mxatvruli

Semoqmedebis dawvrilebiTi da amomwuravi daxasiaTeba. es metad

saintereso, masStaburi sakiTxia da calke gamokvlevis sagani. aqve

gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom misi Semoqmedebis aspeqtze Tavis droze ara erT

mkvlevars gamouTqvams Tavisi Sexeduleba, razec zemoT ukve iTqva da

amitom masze ar SevCerdebiT. gamovyofT mxolod imas, rom am mwerlis

sazogadoebriv-literaturuli moRvaweoba yvelaze ufro sruladaa

gaSuqebuli a. Wilaias fundamentur gamokvlevaSi `giorgi wereTeli,~

romelic 1967 wels gamoica.

rogorc cnobilia, giorgi wereTeli, rogorc mxatvari-Semoqmedi

metad mravalmxrivi moRvawe iyo. igi werda leqsebs, poemebs, dramatul

nawarmoebebs, eweoda mTargmnelobiT saqmiqnobasac, magram farTo

sazogadoebisaTvis, uwinaresad, cnobilia rogorc beletristi, ara erTi

saintereso moTxrobisa Tu romanis avtori. qarTuli literaturis

istoria verasodes ver auvlis gverds mis mravalmxriv Semoqmedebas. amas

Taviseburad, magram mainc aRiarebs TviT kita abaSiZec ki, romelmac

mTlianad daiwuna giorgi wereTlis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba.

giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebis sakmaod damajerebeli Sefaseba

mogvca jer kidev niko nikolaZem Tavis werilSi `giorgi wereTlis

pirveli Sroma,~ romelic Jurnal `moambeSi~ gamoqveynda 1894 wels. am

statiaSi saubaria `mgzavris wignebze,~ anu `kikoliki, Cikoliki da

kudabzikaze.~ rogorc cnobilia, Txzuleba ori nawilisagan Sedgeba,

romlebic Tavis mxriv 14-14 Tavad iyofa. moTxrobis pirveli nawili

154

daibeWda gazeT `droebaSi,~ xolo mTlianad nawarmoebi gamoqveynda

Jurnal `krebulSi~ 1873 wels. `roca, am ocdaxuTi wlis winad, _ werda

niko nikolaZe, _ `droebam~ daiwyo pirveli xanebis beWdva b-n

wereTlis `mgzavris wignebisa~ mkiTxvelebSi TiTqmis imgvarive moZraoba

Seiqna, rogorc cotaTi uwin b-n ilia WavWavaZis `kacia-adamianma?!~

moaxdina. vfiqrobT, amiT cota ar aris naTqvami. mTelma sazogadoebam

miaqcia yuradReba damwyebi avtoris niWs. misi cxoveli suraTebi, misi

iumori, misi tipebi yvelas moswonda. `ucnobi ram gagvacno am kacmao,~ _

ambobda Tu grZnobda mkiTxveli. didi imedebic dabada yvelaSi am

bednierma dasawyisma. yvela eloda, ai axali beletristi gauCnda Cvens

mwerlobasao, fxizlad da cxovlad mxatveli Cveni qveynis da cxovrebis

ucnob mxareebisao.~ es exeba `mgzavris wignebis~ pirvel nawils, magram

meore nawilSi `mxatvari gahqra, mis alagi TiTqos viRac sxva adamianma

daiWira: modavem, mqadagebelma, Camgonebelma, TiTqos qadagma, ase

gasinjeT. is ki aRar xatavs, Tvalwin ki ar gifens cxovrebas, xasiaTs,

Tu bunebas, Sen ki ar gafiqrebs am cxovrebaze, xasiaTze Tu bunebaze,

TviTon Sen win xmamaRla fiqrobs an baasobs maTze. mxatvari TandaTan

mowinave werilebis damwers uTmobs da xelovnuri beletristika ubralo

da ufro publicistikad iqceva... nawarmoebs Tavidamac etyoba zog-zog

alagas, rom avtori Tavisi sakuTari suraTis amxsnelad gaxdomas rodi

Takilobs... es saSineli naklovanebaa xelovnur mwerlobaSi.~ 1

niko nikolaZis azriT, kikoliki da Cikoliki mkrTali mxatvruli

saxeebia, rac savsebiT sworia. sworia isic, rom moTxroba

gaWianurebulia, radgan masSi CarTulia msjelobani batonisa da ymis

urTierTobaze, xalxis fantaziis mier warmoSobili devebisa da

bumberazebis kavSirze socialur ZalebTan, italielebis nacionalur

brZolasa da garibaldize, Zveli romaelebis politikaze da a.S.

mkiTxvelis interess anelebs aseve kikolikis Tavdagasavlis detaluri

Txroba, im intrigebis aRwera, romelic Tan axlda `droebis~ da stambis

daarsebas da sxva. kikoliki gamoyvanilia alersiani niRbiT pirafarebul

adamianad, romelsac civi da egoisturi guli aqvs da viTomda

sazogadoebriv interesebze zrunvis saburvelSi gaxveuls piradi

keTildReobis miRweva gauxdia cxovrebis umTavres miznad. kikolikze

1 n. nikolaZe, `b-n wereTlis pirveli Sroma,” `moambe,” #3 1894w.

155

ufro mkrTali saxea Cikoliki, romelsac evropeli mwerlebis saxelebis

CamoTvla sCvevia xolme, Tumca maTi araferi waukiTxavs. saboloo jamSi

orive _ kikoliki da Cikoliki ufro mxatvruli saxeebia, vidre tipebi.

geronti qiqoZe miiCnevda, rom isini kerZo tipebia da ara ganzogadebuli,

Tumca maTi saxiT mweralma mogvca iseTi adamianebi, romlebic

sazogadoebriv asparezs ar unda gaakaro. samagierod, sul sxvaa

`virTagva bedaurze~ Seskupebuli kudabzika, romelsac Tavisi winaprebis

materialuri da zneobrivi dovlaTidan araferi SerCenia, amitom uazrod

yoyoCobs da ufro meti TavgamodebiT ebRauWeba sakuTar privilegirebul

warmomavlobas. magram sakmarisia cxeni dauvardes, rom kudabzikas

ampartavnobas niadagi gamoecalos. jer misi cxeni ra aris da mere am

cxenze damyarebuli ampartavnoba ra unda iyos?! SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

igi ramdenadme daviT kldiaSvilis `Semodgomis aznaurTa~ winamorbedia

qarTul mwerlobaSi.

kidev ufro reliefuradaa gadmocemuli zogierTi epizoduri tipis

portreti; misi brwyinvaleba dazga, Zaris simsxo mebatone, romelic isea

Semodebuli Tagvisodena jorze, rom am ukanasknels araferi uCans

Tavisa da grZeli yurebis garda; titvelwvivebiani talaxis sqeli qerqiT

kanWebSemosili glaxaTubneli glexi, romlis Tvalebi cecxliviT elaven

Calis qudidan; qera, Tvalebgadmokarkluli leCxumeli, romlis nikapi

TiTqos pirissaxes Cauylapavs; bolos axalgazrda qalis mawikos

suraTi amtkicebs, rom giorgi wereTels SeeZlo Seeqmna srulyofili

mxatvruli saxeebi da ganzogadebuli tipebic.

giorgi wereTlis realisturi TvalTaxedva da mwerluri niWi

kargad Cans agreTve bunebis suraTebis xatvaSi. `ganskuTrebiT

plastikurad da cocxali ferebiTaa daxatuli zemo svaneTi lafTaris

qedidan: misi CaSavebuli xeobebi, naxSiriviT gamuruli kldeebi,

kuprisfoTlebiani tyeebi, jojoxeTuri xmiT aRmuvlebuli mdinareebi da

moZravi myinvarebi. am pirquSi suraTis kontrasts warmoadgens samxreTiT

mdebare leCxumi Tvalis gamaxalisebeli simwvaniT, tyis vardisa da

Sqeris yvavilebiT aWrelebuli velebiT, muxis, wablisa da wiflis

tyeebiT.~ 1

1 g. qiqoZe, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.III, gv.117

156

`mgzavris wignebi~ metad mZafr istoriul epoqas exeba, saxeldobr,

CvenSi batonymobis gadavardnis wina periods. TxzulebaSi sakmaod

maRali mxatvruli doniTaa aRwerili is ganwyobileba, rac qarTul

sazogadoebaSi iyo Seqmnili saglexo reformis molodinSi.

Tavadanauroba gaborotebuli da SeZrwunebulia im azriT, rom Toxisa

da baris xelSi aReba mouxdeba, rom misi Svilebi glexis gogo-biWebTan

erTad miusxdebian skolis merxs; glexoba ki didi imediT elis

gaTavisuflebas. `netai RmerTi im Cems batons momaSorebdes, Tvara kaci

rava memjobineba qveyanaze!~ – ambobs leCxumeli da amiT TiTqos yvela

glexis azria naTqvami, Tu Cumi natvra xmamaRla gacxadebuli.

avtori gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebs yuradRebas batonymobiT

gamowveul simaxinjeze, glexobis usaSvelo siRaribeze, SimSilsa da

sititvleze. mas kargad exerxeba aseve `dangreuli budeebis~ xatva.

dadianis gacivebuli sasaxle, sadac erT dros mTeli samegrelos

didebulebi iyridnen Tavs, martooden erTi beberi fareSis amara

darCenila. aseTive sevdian STabeWdilebas axdens am sasaxlis Soriaxlos

mdebare monasteri, sadac winaT asi kaci mainc sxdeboda sadilad, axla

ki oriode ber-monazoni cxovrobs. Tumca garSemo mdebare soflebis

gausaZlisi siRatakis fonze Soridan mainc SerCeniaT Zveleburi ieri. `am

dros uceb movtrialdi da Walis yelSi cali mxriT dadianis sasaxle

da meores mxriv monasteri, mdinaris iqiT-aqiT kuTxeSi, mTebis Zirs, or

kupriviT Sav devebad momeCvenen. Walis yelSi im ganzraxviT

dabinavebuliyvnen, rom mTeli es midamo klanWebSi hyolodaT gaZagruli

da gaukiTxavad eRoT xarki Tavis sarCenad.~ 1 – wers giorgi wereTeli.

amdenad, `mgzavris wignebi~ sakmaod saintereso mxatvruli

qmnilebaa, romelSic XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis dasawyisis qarTuli

sazogadoebis realisturi suraTia daxatuli. rom ara Txzulebis meore

TavSi mwerlis mier mxatvruli suraTebis uaryofa da weris

publicisturi maneriT gataceba, nawarmoebi gacilebiT ufro momgebiani

iqneboda mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT.

publicisturi maneriT gatacebis kvali atyvia aseve giorgi

wereTlis Txzulebis `gulqanis~ im nawils, romelSic detaluradaa

aRwerili im sazogadoebrivi dapirispirebis istoria, romelic

1 g. wereTeli, `mgzavris wignebi,” ix. qarTuli proza, t.X, gv.250

157

arsebobda pirvel da meore dass Soris, gauTavebeli dava da kamTi

bankis garSemo Tu TavadaznaurTa winamZRolis arCevnebis gamo da ase

Semdeg. albaT, umjobesi iqneboda, rom mwerals amis Sesaxeb calke

moeTxro mkiTxvelisaTvis da amiT nawarmoebi gaeTavisuflebina amgvari

detalizaciisagan.

TviTon giorgi wereTeli Tavis esTetikur naazrevSi mkacrad

ilaSqrebs mogonili, SekeTebuli realobis asaxvis Tu mxatvruli saxis

Seqmnis winaaRmdeg, amgvari Txzulebis avtorebs ki brals sdebs mavnebel

tendenciurobaSi. magram `gulqanSi~ gamoyvanili idealuri vaWari

nikolai nikiforoviCi aSkarad tendenciuri da amve dros utopiuri saxis

STabeWdilebas tovebs. nikolai nikiforoviCi marTlac `sxvagvari, sxva

rjulis kaci~ da vaWari iyo da ara iseTi `CarCi~ da `sulTamxuTavi,~

rogorc sxva. giorgi wereTels surda daexata, erTi mxriv, `kerZo

vaWroba, rac vaWrobis ZiriTad wess warmoadgenda burJuaziuli

urTierTobis gariJraJze, da, meore mxriv, Tavisufali sazogadoebis

axali tipis vaWari. am ori sxvadasxva bunebis erT tipSi dakavSireba,

sakvirveli ar aris, rom xelovnur xasiaTs atarebs. TviT mweralmac

mwvaved igrZno es dabrkoleba; man eqsploataciasa da borotmoqmedebis

gareSe vaWrobis saCveneblad metad arasaimedo xerxs mimarTa; avtorma

qaRaldis saSrobi siliT avaWra nikolai nikiforoviCi da masSi

moagebina fuli. amiT mas undoda eCvenebina `Tu ra ubralo nivTebiT

SeiZleba kacma isargeblos vaWrobaSi da kidec moigos.~ magram yovelive

es zerele STabeWdilebas tovebs da nikolai nikiforoviCis tipis

sisustes amJRavnebs.~ 1 Znelia ar daeTanxmo s. avalianis amgvar Sexedu-

lebas nikolai nikiforoviCis, rogorc usaxuri tipis Sesaxeb.

sxva mxriv `gulqanSi~ realisturadaa asaxuli qarTveli

Tavadaznaurobisa da glexobis urTierTdamokidebuleba batonymobis

gauqmebamde da gauqmebis Semdeg, savaWro burJuaziis Camoyalibebisa da

misi uflebebisaTvis brZolis procesi, mefis moxeleebisa da

TavadaznaurTa zneobrivi gaxrwna, romelic Tan sdevda qonebriv

gaRaribebas da a.S. erT dros didi SeZlebisa da mamulebis patroni

revaz bakuriZe imdenad gaRatakda, rom vaWris _ piotr gawerelias

1 s. avaliani, g. wereTlis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba. gv.155

158

klanWebSi aRmoCnda, rasac, rogorc wesi, Sedegad mohyva is, rom yofili

Tavadis mamuli yofilma ymam, SemdgomSi vaWrad qceulma petrielam

dainarCuna. rogorc Cans am movlenas maSin sayovelTao xasiaTi hqonda.

amas adasturebs giorgi wereTlisave `pirvel nabijSi~ aRwerili suraTi

Tavad TavqfilaZis mamulis sajarod gayidvisa. am SemTxvevaSic mamulis

mepatroned vaWari, yofili yma, baxva fulava iqca. yovelive es naTlad

metyvelebs im garemoebaze, rom cxovrebis sadaveebs TandaTan xelSi

iRebs asparezze axladgamosuli, vin icis ra gziT gamdidrebuli

savaWro burJuazia.

giorgi wereTlis pirvel beletristul Txzulebas, romliTac man

mkiTxvelis yuradReba miipyro, warmoadgens nawilobriv

avtobiografiuli moTxroba `Cveni cxovrebis yvavili.~ igi warmoadgens

bavSvobisa da Wabukobis istorias dito qvelaZisa, romelic, SeiZleba

iTqvas, TviT avtoris odnav saxeSecvlili oreulia.

dito mkvircxli, cnobismoyvare da bunebiT saRi bavSvia, magram

ganebivrebuli da Tavgasuli, rogorc dediserTa vaJiSvili zemo

imereTis metad gavleniani diambegisa. aTi wlis ditos mdgomareoba

radikalurad Seicvala – bavSvi, romelsac xabiZginebisa da xis

dambaCebis garda araferi axsovda, ZaliT Sesves cxenze da quTaisSi

waiyvanes saswavleblad. aq is miabares Jverias, Sromismoyvare da

patiosan adamians, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisa da istoriis mcodnes,

magram CamorCenils bavSvTa aRzrdis saqmeSi. rogorc maSindel

pedagogTa umravlesobas, masac bavSvis aRzrdis saukeTeso saSualebad

garozgva miaCnda. Jveria mcirejamagiriani moxelea, romelsac Tavisi

saxlis gverdiT facxa udgas, sadac aTiode moswavle cxovrobs. radgan

bavSvebs nawilobriv ugzoobis, nawilobriv mSobelTa daudevrobis gamo

saxlidan sanovage iSviaTad mosdiT, xolo Jverias qadageba qristes

marxulobaze maTTvis veraferi nugeSia, isini iZulebulni arian RamiT

mezoblebis saqaTmeebi da baRebi daarbion. ditoc, bunebrivia, am ambebis

monawile xdeba.

rodesac dito pirvelad saswavleblis saanbano klasSi Seiyvanes,

egona sagiJeTSi movxvdio. kedlebze Camokidebuli iyo qaRaldis

tabulebi rusuli anbaniTa da pirveldawyebiTi amosaRebiT. asamde bavSvi,

jgufebad dayofili, am tabulebis win damdgariyo da butbutiT,

159

yviriliT, RaRadisiT focxveris msgavsi rusulis maswavleblis

gakveTils imeorebda. pedagogi bavSvebis Tavze ise anavardebda saxazavs,

rom xan erTi iwivlebda da gulwasuli miesveneboda kedelze, xan meore.

marTlac, ukeTes sagiJeTs kaci ver inatrebs... gimnaziis gakveTilebma,

ucxo da gaugebar enaze leqsebisa da locvebis uazro dazepirebam,

garozgvis gamudmebulma SiSma dito erTxans sul gamoalenCa. isev

Jveriam ixsna Tavisi Zmiswuli imiT, rom qarTulad aswavla wera-kiTxva,

ramac bavSvSi raRac nacnobi da mSobliuri gaaRviZa. male ditos goneba

gaexsna da erT-erT saukeTeso moswavled iqca, miuxedavad imisa, rom

quTaisis gimnazia `sawvalebeli~ ufro iyo, vidre saswavlebeli.

gimnaziis maswavlebelTa Soris gansakuTrebul koloritul

figuras warmoadgens direqtori, romelsac sZuls yovelive qarTuli da

darwmunebulia, rom Cvens xalxs arc istoria hqonia odesme da ar

mwignobroba; is raRac Rrma da faruli siZulviliT uyurebs qarTvel

Segirdebs, Tumca pirSi efereba maT; aseTivea kuziani da

TvalebCacvenili rusulis maswavlebeli, romelsac Tavisi moswavleebi

Sublgabrtyelebuli maimunebi ufro hgonia, vidre adamianebi. gimnaziis

Segirdebs piruTvnelad sZulT TavianTi maswavleblebi da am siZulvils

arc malaven. am Savbnel samefoSi erTaderTi naTeli sxivi

bunebismetyvelebis maswavlebels _ umanskis Seaqvs, warmoSobiT

polonels, uimedod galoTebuls duxWiri da uferuli sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis gamo. is cdilobs damoukidebel azrovnebas miaCvios bavSvebi

da maTSi saukeTeso adamianuri grZnobebi gaaRviZos. umanski

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekideba ditos, rogorc niWier da

gulisxmier bavSvs. misi zegavleniT ditoc ukeTesobisaken icvleba. masze

keTilismyofel gavlenas axdens ardadegebze glexobasTan urTierTobac.

dito gulisyuriT ecnoba maT ZarRvian sityva-pasuxs, Tavisebur

msoflmxedvelobas, gansakuTrebiT moswons ojaxis axlobeli glexis

Tonike kvimataZis maxvilgonivruli monaTxrobis mosmena. Tonikes saxiT

giorgi wereTelma dagvixata sakmaod gavrcelebuli tipi

reformiswinadroindeli glexisa, romelic saxazino an saeklesio

mamulze cxovrobda da sruliadac ar iyo valdebuli memamulis karze

emsaxura, magram nebayoflobiT midioda iq, radgan ojaxSi mZime Sromas

is erCia, rom rogorc kariskacs, batonisadmi mirTmeuli qrTamisa da

160

mosakiTxavidan miRebuli wiliT iolad ecxovra. niSandoblivia isic,

rom msgavsi glexis tipi ar gvxvdeba XIX saukunis arc erTi sxva

qarTveli mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi.

ditoze did STabeWdilebas axdenda kacxeli mRvdlis Svilis mose

sefiskveraZis STagonebuli saubari bibliur Temebze, xolo TviTon

mTxrobeli, romelic garegnobiT gacocxlebul berZnul-romaul

marmarilos qandakebas Camogavda, ymawvilisaTvis maRali adamianobis

misabaZ magaliTs warmoadgenda. moses msgavsi mxatvruli saxec iSviaTia

qarTul literaturaSi.

`Cveni cxovrebis yvavilis~ saukeTeso epizods warmoadgens misi

dasasruli, sadac ditos ymawviluri gataceba romantikuli ferebiTaa

warmodgenili. aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom swored am adgils iwunebda

gansakuTrebiT kita abaSiZe, rogorc Zalze susts mxatvruli

TvalsazrisiT, Tumca Cven Tavs uflebas mivcemT ar daveTanxmoT amgvar

Sefasebas Tundac imitom, rom ditosa da marines urTierToba

ymawviluri pirvelgataceba, urTierTltolva ufroa, vidre didi da

dauZleveli siyvaruli. amitomacaa, rom orivem es grZnoba saxadiviT

moixada da TavTavis gzas ewia _ marine sofelSi darCa, xolo ditom

gimnaziis sruli kursi daasrula da peterburgSi gaemgzavra umaRlesi

ganaTlebis misaRebad, im gadawyvetilebiT, rom sazogado moRvawe gaxdes.

dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli advilad SeamCnevs erTgvar msgavsebas

giorgi wereTlis `Cveni cxovrebis yvavilsa~ da akaki wereTlis `Cems

Tavgadasavals~ Soris, Tumca ara gvgonia es mibaZvis an gavlenis Sedegi

iyos, ubralod orive mwerals erTsa da imave saswavlebelSi

erTdroulad mouwia swavlam, ramac bunebrivad gamoiwvia orive

moTxrobaSi msgavsi momentebis arseboba.

`Cveni cxovrebis yvavili~ giorgi wereTlis pirveli beletristuli

Txzulebaa, axalgazrdobis asakSi dawerili, ris gamoc mas poeturi

uSualoba, adamianisadmi ndoba da optimizmi axasiaTebs. `mTeli is

patara samyaro, raRac momxiblav romantikul burusSia gaxveuli,

romlisganac ganZarculia avtoris Semdegi drois romanebi da

moTxrobebi, ufro fxizeli da gulgatexili mwerlis mier Seqmnili.~ 1

Tu `mgzavris wignebsa~ da `Cveni cxovrebis yvavilSi~ g. wereTelma

1 g. qiqoZe, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.III, XIXs. qarTuli literaturis istoriidan.

161

batonymobis droindeli sazogadoebisa da saswavleblis asaxva mogvca,

`mamida asmaTSi~ man dagvanaxa is, Tu ra materialuri da sulieri

xasiaTis cvlilebebi gamoiwvia saglexo reformam aznaurobaSi.

moTxrobaSi moqmedeba warmoebs zemo imereTSi, Zirulas xeobaSi,

garemoSi, romelic esoden nacnobi da axlobeli iyo mwerlisaTvis.

TxzulebaSi saucxoodaa gadmocemuli saqarTvelos am kuTxisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli koloriti: xis boZebze Seskupebuli yavriT gadaxuruli

odebi, patara sufTa ezoebi da baRCebi, bilikebiT daserili ferdobebi,

romelzedac soflis gogo-biWebi WinkebiviT daxtian, simindis yanebis

mwvane da xorblis yviTeli zolebi tyeebiT Semosil mTis kalTebze da

a.S.

moTxrobis centraluri figuraa aznauris qvrivi mamida asmaTi,

Zlieri da rTuli xasiaTis mqone dedakaci. pirmTqmeli da pirferi,

gulkeTili da boroti, gautexeli da moqnili erTsa da imave dros. is

araviTar dabrkolebas ar erideba Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad, magram,

rodesac gamouval mdgomarebaSi vardeba, daTmobaze wasvlac ZaluZs,

magram es daTmoba ufro momavali WidilisaTvis Semzadebas hgavs

garkveulwilad. man uzomod icis siyvarulic da siZulvilic. rodesac

mamida asmaTi Tavis gazrdil obol Zmiswuls _ naTelas ealerseba,

mkiTxvels eCveneba, TiTqos Zu vefxvi eTamaSeba sakuTar bokvers.

naTela laRi bunebis wiaRSi gazrdili miamiti sofleli gogonaa,

romelic mamidas xelmZRvanelobiT morCilad swavlobs anbans, ismens mis

msjelobas col-qmrobaze, magram yvelafers fexSiSvela navardi urCevnia

mezoblis gogo-biWebTan. asmaTs unda Tavisi Zmiswuli qarTlel

TandilaZes miaTxovos da misgan sanacvlod qrTamsac elodeba, radgan

naTela lamazicaa da mamulis patronic. magram saqmeSi ereva asmaTis Zma

rosafi, romelic amave dros naTelas mzrunveladacaa daniSnuli mis

srulwlovanebamde. igi moxerxebulad sargeblobs amiT da ZmisSvilis

mamuls ufro Tavis sasargeblod iyenebs. rosafi cxoveluri instiqtebiT

dajildoebuli adamiania, romelic ara marto naTelas mamuls xravs,

aramed Tavisi dis sayanesac epatroneba da mis ZvirfasTvlian beWedsa da

qinZisTavsac iTvisebs. swored amis gamo da-Zmas Soris imarTeba

xangrZlivi da dramatizmiT aRsavse brZola, romelSic gamarjvebuls

sayane miwasa da ZvirfaseulobasTan erTad gasaTxovari naTelas guli da

162

xelic darCeba davlad. am brZolaSi asmaTi iSveliebs mezobel aznaur

oTars, romelic momRerali, momlxeni, magram uqnara adamiania da garda

sxvis mier gawyobil sufraze moxlxenisa, Zalian kargad exerxeba

mezoblis saqaTmesa Tu saTxeboSi Zroma. oTari Tavisi amfsonebisagan

dedobilis dasaxmareblad mTel razms adgens, romelic simindis texvis

dros Tavs esxmis rosafis moijardre glexebs da ramdenime kacs Wris da

klavs kidec. amis gamo igi Tavis sarbiels cimbirSi gadasaxlebiT

amTavrebs.

da-Zmas Soris atexil davaSi sabolood rosafi imarjvebs Tavisi

meuRlis, aranakleb gaqnili dedakacis mzexaTunis wyalobiT da naTelas

colis Zmiswulze iliko gogoriSvilze aTxovebs. es damarcxeba

sabolood mostexs asmaTs _ igi Tavis mamuls naTelas daumtkicebs,

xolo TviTon mis mamulSi dasaxldeba, raTa amJamad mis axalSobil

vaJiSvilze izrunos.

moTxroba mTavrdeba axalgazrda col-qmris idiliuri cxovrebis

sakmaod damajerebeli suraTiT, romelic amave dros Rrmad

fsiqologiuricaa. marTalia, naTela erTguli meuRle da mosiyvarule

dedaa, magram Sinaganad mainc ver Sehguebia imas, rom bavSvobaSi Zmad

miCneuli iliko misi qmaria da ocnebiT moelis im pirtitvela,

xuWuWTmian vaJkacs, romelasc Tavis namdvil Tanamecxedred miiRebs.

ratomRac kita abaSiZem miiCnia, rom giorgi wereTels am

moTxrobiT ilia WavWavaZis oTaraanT qvrivis msgavsi literaturuli

tipis Seqmna surda, magram uSedegod, radgan ar eyo niWi Tu mxatvruli

alRo. Cven vfiqrobT, rom am or WeSmaritad realistur mxatvrul saxes

Soris araviTari msgavseba ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes.

maSin, roca ilias oTaraanT qvrivi uangarobis, uzomo siyvarulisa da

sikeTis gansaxierebaa, giorgi wereTlis mamida asmaTi angarebiania TviT

siyvarulSic ki; misi yoveli qmedebis motivi egoizmia, oTaraanT qvrivi

ki am qvena grZnobisagan absoluturad Tavisufalia. am or literaturul

gmirs Soris msgavseba SeiZleba vipovoT mxolod xasiaTis simtkiceSi,

magram TviT xasiaTis TvisebebiT isini ise arian erTmaneTs daSorebuli,

rogorc dedamiwis ori ukiduresi polusi.

aseve realisturia giorgi wereTlis erT-erTi saukeTeso moTxroba

`ruxi mgeli,~ romelic calke wignad gamovida 1892 wels. masSi metad

163

muqi ferebiTaa aRwerili batonymobis gauqmebis Sedegad gaRatakebuli

imereli aznaurobis zneobrivi dacema da gadagvareba. nawarmoebidan Cans,

rom Secvlilma istoriulma viTarebam am wodebis warmomadgenelTa did

nawils adamianuri qcevis moraluri Sefasebis elementaruli unari

daukarga. maTgan gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva avTandil kvimataZe, romelic

`namdvili ruxi mgeliviT mawanwalobs~ da `marTlac am kacis saxe raRac

daundoblobasa da TvalTmaqcobas gamoxatavda. pawia WroRa Tvalebi,

vercxlis wyalsaviT dauxtodnen Tvalis upeebSi, mogrZo pirxmeli saxe

misi mgelsaviT wawvetebuli cxviriT iyo damSvenebuli. WaRara Tma da

wveri Zalian Sexamebuli iyo mis rux CoxasTan, welze magrad

SemoWerili qamari mimxmars mucels kidev ufro akravda ferdebze. is

midioda swrafad, fexakrefiT, TiTqo saSovars rasme eparebao.~ 1

kiTxulobT am portrets da Tvalwin warmogidgebaT saSovarze gamosuli

SimSilisagan ferdebCacvenili mgeli.

avTandilis mglur da kvimat xasiaTze meityvelebs misi saubari

Tavis megobar samson jibiaSvilTan: `Sen Tu cocxali meyole, meti ra

miWirs! am siwioke mTas xelSi dagaWerineb, oRond is aRsrulebiTi

furclebi daatake sawiokelebs, saqalaqo boqauli Cauyene yvelas, kapeiki

aravis moeZeva. avuweroT mTaSi monawileoba da gavuyidoT. mag ZaRlebis

Wamas, me da Sen vWamoT ara jobia?~ 2

avTandil kvimataZis msgavsia sasuliero seminariadamTavrebuli,

xelmrudobisaTvis saxelmwifo samsaxuridan ramdenjerme gamogdebuli

samson jibiaSvili, romelmac `...mianeba Tavi saxelmwifo samsaxurs da,

kanonebSi kargad gamoCarxuli, eloda axal dros, axali samarTlis

Semosvlas, rom daCagrulebis veqilad gamxdariyo da kancelariis

ganjinis magieraT xalxis jibe gamoexra... misi mokle kiseri urmis

morgvs hgavda, romelzedac TaTruli gogris sisxo Tavi damxoboda. misi

beWwaxrili tani koka-naxevrian gaberil tiks mogagonebdaT, romelic or

momsxo da mokakuWebul fexze iyo Seskupebuli.~ 3 (uneburad gagondebaT

ilias `kacia-adamiani?!~) amgvari fizikuri da sulieri TvisebebiT

Semkulma samson jibiaSvilma mokle droSi TavisTvis sasurveli

1 g. wereTeli, `ruxi mgeli,” qarTuli proza, t.X, gv.436, Tb.1985w.

2 iqve, gv.426

3 iqve, gv.428

164

urTierToba daamyara mosamarTlesTan, romelsac uxvad aZlevda ZRvens

da TviTonac qrTamiT iTbobda xels Tu isqelebda jibes. mudam

sasamarTlos karze atuzuli advokatis xaTri da SiSi hqonda

mebatonesac, glexsac da xazinasac, radgan sasamarTlos aRmasrulebeli

boqaulis wyalobiT araerTxel `daewiokebina sawioke mTis

mcxovreblebi.~

marTalia, avTandil kvimataZesa da samson jibiaSvilze sawioke

mTis mcxovreblebma Suri iZies _ sastikad scemes patiosani, mSromeli

aznauris baanas ojaxis dawiokebisaTvis, magram rux mgels darCa

Svilebi, romlebic mTaSi danavardoben da `visac waewevodnen,

gaucarcvels ar gauSvebdnen. `TviTon rom iyo, imaze ufro avi lekvebi

dazarda ruxma mgelma, seni wilime!~ – iZaxodnen danaRvlianebuli

osebi.~ 1

ai, am sityvebiT mTavrdeba giorgi wereTlis es mSvenieri moTxroba.

giorgi wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani qmnileba

`pirveli nabiji~ gaxlavT, romlis saxiTac avtorma farTod gaSlili

socialuri romani mogvca. am romanis moqmedebis asparezs warmoadgens

Cveni qveynis ara erTi romelime provincia, aramed mTeli saqarTvelo _

foTidan dawyebuli Tbilisamde. mis moqmed pirebad gamodian yvela

sazogadoebrivi fenis warmomadgenlebi _ qvismtexeli muSebisa da

mkeravi qalebidan dawyebuli qarTveli TavadiSvilebiT, maRali rangis

rusi moxeleebiTa da mdidari somexi moqalaqeebiT damTavrebuli.

`pirveli nabijiT~ giorgi wereTelma XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi

ganagrZo giorgi erisTavisa da lavrenti ardazianis mier amave saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi damkvidrebuli gza, oRond ufro farTo masStabiT.

am romanSi asaxulia is epoqa, rodesac amierkavkasiis rkinigzam

saqarTvelo gadasera, foTis navsadgurSi orTqlis gemebi gamoCnda da

Cvens qveyanasa da dasavleT evropas Soris sakmaod gacxovelebuli aReb-

micemoba gaCaRda. mwerali ereTgvarad Sehxaris am dros, radgan vaWroba

qveynis winsvlis aucilebel pirobad miaCnia. am movlenam fulis Sovna

ioli gaxada moxerxebuli da energiuli adamianebisaTvis. magram xarbi

da mtacebluri ucxouri savaWro kapitalis SemoWram xeli SeuWyo ara

marto tyeebis gakafvas, aramed mama-papuri tradiciebis moSlas, veluri

1 g. wereTeli, `ruxi mgeli,” qarTuli proza, t.X, gv.458, Tb.1985w.

165

konkurenciisa da zneobrivi aRviraxsnilobis gaZlierebas; kaklisa da

urTxelis saucoxoo xeebi morebad aqcia, raTa evropisa Tu ruseTis

bazarze gaziduliyo; adamiani Zveleburi artaxebisagan gaTavisuflda,

ramac zneobrivi normebis Seryeva gamoiwvia.

romanis mTavari gmiri baxva fulava socialuri organizmis

dasneulebis udanaSaulo msxverplia. is Raribi, mSromeli glexis Svili

iyo, romelic bavSvobaSi fexSiSvela datantalebda TeklaTis tyeSi da

Txebs mwyemsavda. ubralo SemTxvevam is foTSi, inJinris ojaxSi miiyvana,

sadac gemo auRo ioli da, cota ar iyos, mrude gziT fulis Sovnas.

Semdeg sakuTar saqmes mohkida xeli da gamdidrda kidec xe-tyisa Tu

simindis vaWrobiT. gakotrebuli Tavadis _ TavqfilaZis mamuls

daepatrona imereTSi, sadac dasaxlda Tavis axalgazrda colTan erTad,

romelic siyvarulis karnaxiT SeirTo. Aam saocrad swraf karieras

arsebiTad ar Seuryevia baxvas zneobis saRi safuZveli. is ojaxis

saukeTeso mama da sazogadoebis sasargeblo wevri iqneboda, rom TviT

sazogadoebis ukuRmarTad bneli Zalebi ar Sejaxebodnen ieremia warbasa

da uzneo moxeleebis saxiT.

ieremia warba erT-erTi yvelaze damajerebeli da reliefurad

daxatuli tipia ara mxolod giorgi wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi, aramed

saerTod XIX saukunis qarTul literaturaSi. igi bunebam uxvad

daajildova garegnobiTac da gonierebiTac. magram gonebaClungma

pedagogebma, gaugebari rusuli enis meSveobiT kidev ufro gaugebari

laTinuri da berZnuli frazebis TuTiyuSiviT gazepirebam mas swavlaze

guli aucrua. cxovrebis gakveTilebi ki misTvis ufro sabediswero

aRmoCnda. ieremia male darwmunda, rom mdidari qalis gulis monadireba,

kontrabandistoba, koxta samxedro tansacmeli da cxenze moxdenilad

jdoma ufro gauadvilebda cxovrebis gzaze siaruls, vidre Sroma. mas

ar undoda esmas mokvla, motacebisas Semoakvda igi. Semdeg iyo momentebi,

roca sindisis qejnas ganicdida Tavisi borotmoqmedebis gamo, radgan

ieremia ar iyo damnaSaved da mkvlelad dabadebuli _ aseTad igi

cxovrebam aqcia. SesaniSnavi fsiqologiuri suraTia aRwerili `pirvel

nabijSi,~ roca martod darCenili mkvleli fiqrebSi wasuli elaparakeba

sakuTar Tavs; `im Ramis Semdeg Cemi sicocxle ganaxevrebulia, Cemi guli

kupris morevia, gvel-bayayiT avsebuli, me aw raRam unda manugeSos? is

166

Cemi mkvleli mas aqeT avsuliviT Tavs damtrialebs... mSvidobiT aw

mosvenebav, mSvidobiT siamovnebav...~ 1 magram es iyo wuTierad, radgan

ieremia imdenadaa CaTreuli borotebisa da uzneobis wumpeSi, rom misi

iqidan amoyvana ukve SeuZlebelia. miT umetes, rom im sazogadoebriv

wres, romelSic uwevs triali validas meSveobiT TbilisSi gadaxvewil

ieremias TavisTavad SegviZlia vuwodoT borotebisa da uzneobis samefo.

amgvarma garemom mkvleli sabolood gaaTavisufla yovelgvari

zneobrivi grZnobisagan, radgan `bevri ram Seityo Tbilisis didkacobis

cxovrebidan: zogs colis mokvla braldeboda, zogs yalbi fulebis

moWra, zogs yalbi anderZiT auracxeli qonebis miTviseba, zogs

saidumlo mkvleloba, romlis gamo ubralo kacebi dausjiaT, TviT

mkvlelebs ki sapatio adgili uWiravT dResac sazogadoebaSi. amisTana

ambebma didi SeRavaTi misca mis SeSinebul warmodgenas. is ganviTarda

Tbilisis sazogadoebaSi,.. Seiqna mowonebuli sasiZo.~ 2

sazogadoebis amgvarma gakveTilebma ieremia warbas Taviseburi

nihilisturi filosofia SeamuSavebina. is darwmunda, rom am qveynad arc

samarTalia, arc codva-madli _ yvelaferi sargeblianobas eqvemdebareba;

oRond Zala moipove fulis, samsaxuris an Zlieri mfarvelis SemweobiT

da rac ginda moimoqmede, Sens namoqmedars usamarTlobis kvali ar

daaCndeba. vin gaasamarTla oboba qselis gabmisa da msxverplisaTvis

sisxlis gamowovis gamo? aseve moqmedebs Zalis mqone adamiani uZluri,

daCagruli arsebis mimarT. es pirquSi msoflmxedveloba marto ieremias

sakuTrebas rodi warmoadgens. mas iTvisebs baxva fulavac, roca

rwmundeba, rom sazogadoebas masze guli ar Setkiva, xolo

sazogadoebisave mier Seqmnil saxelmwifo organoebs moxele-Cinovnikebis

uzneobis gamo ar ZaluZT da didi survilic ar gaaCniaT, samarTali

miuzRon mas da misi colis mkveleli gaasamarTlon. amitom igi Tavis

adamianur valdebulebad miiCnevs sisxliT aRidginos Selaxuli ufleba

da daikmayofilos kanonieri SurisZiebis grZnoba. `qveyanam ar maRirsa

samarTali da me TviTon gavaCine. es aris Cemi colis esmas samagiero. ai,

axla gavcocxldi! me axla gavxdi isev uwindeli baxva. amieridan, saca

1 g. wereTeli, `pirveli nabiji,~ qarTuli proza, t.X, gv.602

2 g. wereTeli, `pirveli nabiji,~ qarTuli proza, t.X, gv. 623

167

unda viyo, yvelgan baxva merqmeva da qudic Tavze mexureba. madnebis

muSaobaSi gamagzavnian? – iqac kaci viqnebi.~ 1

qveynierebaze, adamianebze gulgatexili da gaborotebulia

`gulqanis~ gmiric piotr ivaniC gawerelia, igive petriela, yofili

Sinayma da SemdegSi sxvadasxva maqinaciebiT gamdidrebuli vaWari.

ganuzomelia misi mrisxaneba revaz bakuriZisadmi, romlic faqtiurad

mkvlelia rodamisa da misi qaliSvilisa, petrielas dedisa da disa.

amitomac mis gulSi `saSineli Suris grigali trialebda.~ mas `Tvalwin

basri xanjali, Tof-dambaCa da galesili culis meti ara elandeboda

ra. mohkali, nakuw-nakuwaT aage, misi erTaderTi axalgazrda qali

gaupatiure da es ambavi xeze mikrul mis ded-mamas ayurebine, mere dedac

da mamac ura cxenis kudze gamoabi da daaglejine, mere TviT maTi

qaliSvilic cxvarsaviT zed daakali!.. ai madli, balRam-gesliT avsebuli

gulis wamali! mxolod maSin Semimsubuqdeba Cemi Sinagani tanjvebi, roca

revazsa mis col-Svils vnaxav sawyali dedaCemis saflavze sakurTxad

dakluls, Sewiruls.~ 2 – ase fiqrobs gaborotebuli vaWari. am mxriv mas

arc mopirispire CamorCeba: `mohkali Siuka, eg gabRenZili.... rogor gabeda

magan Cven saxlSi Semosvla! gaagde ezodan, ZaRlebi miusie mag

gabRenZils, magas~ 3 – ZilSic abodebs gaborotebul Tavads da Siukac

klavs damSvidebuli sindisiT, radgan hgonia, amiT samarTlianoba

aRadgina. aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoebac – vaWarma gawereliam SurisZiebac

vaWruli icis, ara iaraRiT, aramed fuliT _ man nel-nela xelSi Caigdo

bakuriZis avla-dideba da sabolood daepatrona mis uZrav-moZrav qonebas,

xolo gamarjvebulma nabatonars misive saxlis aivnidn gadasZaxa – es me

var, petrielao.

cxovrebaze gulgatexiloba damaxasiTebelia `pirveli nabijisa~ da

`gulqanis~ TiTqmis yvela gmirisaTvis, rac maTi Sinagani bunebidan ki ar

gamomdinareobs, aramed sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mouwesrigeblbis

Sedegia. `pirveli nabijis~ gmiri esma jer kidev karSi gamousvleli da

1 g. wereTeli, `pirveli nabiji,~ ix. qarTuli proza t.X, gv.672

2 g. wereTeli, rCeuli nawerebi, t.II, gv.332

3 iqve, gv.422

168

cxovrebis jurRmulebSi Cauxedavi axalgazrda qalia, magram qveyana

mainc pirquSad eCveneba: `ar Rirs cxovreba... risTvis, ra aris am qveyanaSi

kargi?... araferi; mudam mtroba, erTmaneTis daundobloba! gulaxdilaT

veravisTan gilaparaknia, veravisTan gagimJRavnebia Seni gulis wadili,

ase gagigonia? yvela Sen dagcinis, unda Seni martivi gonebis pasuxi

Seityos da mere uwyalod gagqelos... swored ar Rirs cxovreba im nemsis

yunwis sifarTo mxaiarulebisaTvis, romelic Cvens mwuxare cxovrebas

gamoereva.~ 1

unda iTqvas, rom esma erT-erTi momxiblavi tipia giorgi wereTlis

mier Seqmnili qalTa portretebis mdidar galereaSi. mamamisi

gaRaribebuli rusi xelosani iyo da Tavisi vnebis _ loTobis msxverpli

gaxda. rac Seexeba dedamiss, megrel qals _ salomes, miuxedavad imisa,

rom axalgazrdobaSi arc Tu ise uzado cxovrebiT icxovra, SemdegSi

Sromismoyvareoba da ojaxis erTguleba gamoiCina. esma aRizarda

saporto qalaqSi, sadac axalgazrda lamaz qals aTasgvari cduneba

eloda, miT umetes, rom, rogorc mkeravi, xSirad xvdeboda ganebivrebul

SeZlebul adamianebs, romlebic gancxromaSi atareben dros. miuxedavad

amisa, mas araviTari WuWyi ar gakarebia. garda silamazisa, mas axasiaTebs

kdemamosileba, patiosneba, Sromismoyvareoba. rogorc mawiko `mgzavris

wignebSi~ da naTela `mamida asmaTSi,~ ise esmac im faqizad mgrZnobiare

qalTa ricxvs ekuTvnis, romlebic sizmrebiT grZnoben ubedurebis

moaxloebas, xolo ocnebiT advilad gadadian sxva maTTvis sasurvel

qveyanaSi. amitom isini TiTqos ganmartoebulni arian tlanqi da gulcivi

adamianebis sazogadoebaSi.

samagierod, sul sxva bunebisaa revaz bakuriZis asuli gulqani _

TviTdajerebuli, jiuti, Tavmoyvare da amayi qali, romelic ufro

xSirad civi gonebiT sjis, vidre gulis karnaxiT, gansakuTrebiT mas

Semdeg, rac xorxianeTis gamgis colis rCeviT sabolood aRviri waxsna

Tavis zneobas da mzad aris yvela da yvelaferi fexqveS gaigos, oRond

ki Tavis mizans miaRwios. magram verc gulqani gamodga ise Zlieri, rom

pirquSi cxovrebisaTvis gaeZlo. nawarmoebis bolos vxedavT imdenad

gulgatexil qals, rom igi mzadaa aqauroba datovos da Tavis erTaderT

SvilTan erTad ucxoeTs Seafaros Tavi.

1 g. wereTeli, `pirveli nabiji,~ ix. qarTuli proza, t.X, gv. 623

169

erTob sainteresi saxea aseve `pirveli nabijis~ erT-erTi gmiri

valida, imereli Tavadis Svili da Tbiliseli generlis Svilobili,

brwyinvale wodebis qalTa tipuri warmomadgeneli, romlisTvisac

araferi wminda ar arsebobs am qveynad, garda pativmoyvareobisa.

`amieridan mas aRar hqonda araviTari rwmuneba aRarc siyvarulze, aRarc

gulaxdils megobrobaze... trfialebaSi is eZebda raime nivTiers

sargeblobas. misTvis sul erTi iyoo patiosani kaci, gind avazaki,

meqrTame, mruSi, xazinis qurdi da samarTlis damrRveveli, mxcovani,

gind QWabuki, oRond ki misi nebis morCili yofiliyo.~ amgvari uzneobiT

da Tavisi marTlac uzado garegnobiT validam male iseTi mdgomareoba

moipova sazogadoebaSi, rom `umaRlesi gamgeobis aRvirebi xelSi eWira

da, rasac moindomebda, yvelafers isrulebda.~ 1 amitomac daesivnen

imereli naTesavebi da viTom megobrebi, rom qalis aseTi gavlena TavianT

sasargeblod gamoeyenebinaT. ai, aseTia is sazogadoeba, romelSic uwevT

cxovreba giorgi wereTlis gmirebs. eseni arian meqrTame boqauli

jgirkoCa, gadagvarebuli Tavadi TavqfilaZe, xorxianeTis gamge da misi

coli, advokati wunkala, maRalfardovnad molaparake sivila, romelic

mefe liris sityvebs imowmebs imis dasamtkiceblad, rom qveyanaze

araviTari danaSauli ar arsebobs; gulqanis meuRle, peterburgidan

Camosuli mRali rangis moxele, romelmac samarTali sasurvel qalTan

ramdenime Ramis alersze gacvala; umaRlesi sasamarTlo palatis wevri,

romelic kacis mkvlel ieremia warbas gaTavisuflebas apirebs validas

keTilganwyobis mopovebis mizniT, polkovniki lebovi da a.S. maTi ricxvi

praqtikulad uTvalavia, ufro swored, esaa mTeli sazogadoeba iSviaTi

gamonaklisis garda. uzneoba Suri, mtroba, urTierTgautanloba da

undobloba sufevs irgvliv. amitomac sulac ar gikvirs, roca xedav, Tu

rogor iRupebian erTmaneTis miyolebiT fizikurad da sulierad

sxvadasxva garemoebaTa gamo giorgi wereTlis TxzulebaTa gmirebi _

damnaSaveni Tu udanaSauloni.

miuxedavad aseTi pirquSi suraTisa giorgi wereTlis Txzulebebi

mainc toveben imedis safuZvels, radgan axali sazogadoebrivi fenis _

burJuaziisa da glexobis daRupul warmomadgenlebs rCebaT ara marto

1 g. wereTeli, `pirveli nabiji,~ ix. qarTuli proza, t.X, gv.645

170

biologiuri memkvidreebi, aramed, rac mTavaria, maTi saqmisa Tu

saqmianobis gamagrZelebelni. am mxrivac giorgi wereTlis Txzulebebi

aSkarad realisturi xasiaTisaa.

garda zemoT ganxiluli Txzulebebisa giorgi wereTels aqvs

rogorc originaluri, ise naTargmni literaturuli nawarmoebebi,

rogoricaa: òci wlis winaT,~ `saCino,~ èdiSer qelbaqiani,~ `zemoTis

samarTali,~ `monadiris naambobi,~ dramebi _ `jibri,~ òjaxis asuli,~

moTxroba-zRaprebi _ `TaviWamiebi,~ `RvTiswyaloba~ da a.S. Cven ar

SevudgebiT maT^ ganxilvas, radgan, jer erTi, isini garkveulwilad

meorexarisxovanni arian rogorc SinaarsiT, ise mxatvruli

TvalsazrisiTac da, meore, maTi ganxilva axals arafers mogvcems

giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebis Seswavlis kuTxiT.

amrigad, giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebis ganxilva kidev erTxel

gvarwmunebs, rom mwerali kargad icnobs yoveli sazogadoebrivi fenis

yofa-cxovrebas da detalurad aRwers kidec mas; magram xandaxan

sagnebis mxatvruli asaxvis nacvlad maT CamoTvlas, erTgvar

inventarizacias iZleva. mgaliTad, mkiTxveli gebulobs, Tu ramdeni Txa,

xis jami da sxva sayofacxovrebo nivTi ergo baxvas ded-mamas Zmebisagan

gamoyofis dros; an ramdeni sapalne Rvino, ramdeni fuTi Tevzi daixarja

esmas dasakrZalav qelexSi da a. S..

giorgi wereTeli sworad grZnobs da asaxavs kidec adamianis

fsiqologiur ganwyobas. didi damajereblobiTaa aRwerili, magaliTad,

ardadegebze soflad Camosuli ditos romantikuli gataceba cqriala,

Tamami, jeiraniviT fexmardi marineTi; maTi pirveli Sexvedris suraTi,

romelic marines tkbili sizmari hgonia; maTi ganSoreba da am

ganSorebiT gamowveuli Sinagani gancda; aseve baxvasa da esmas sulieri

aforiaqeba ieremiasTan Setakebis Semdeg, baxvas usafuZvlo eWvebi esmas

mier gaTxovebaze uaris Tqmis gamo; gulqanis Sinagani Relva da a.S..

giorgi wereTeli kargad icnobs xalxis zne-Cveulebebs, mis

warmarTul warmodgenebs, saxalxo dResaswaulebs da moxerxebuladac

iyenebs maT Tavis TxzulebebSi. aseve uxvadaa warmodgenili

eTnografiuli masala mis moTxrobebSi. ase magaliTad, `saCinoSi~

mSvenivradaa aRwerili glexis darbazi. mis nawerebSi yuradRebas iqcevs

cocxlad daxatuli scenebi, rogoricaa uriasTan vaWroba, daTunasTan

171

qeifi amave moTxrobaSi da a.S.. giorgi wereTlis nawarmoebebi savsea

xalasi iumoriT, wminda xalxuri gamonaTqvamebiTa da sityvebiT.

giorgi wereTels umravles SemTxvevaSi kargad exerxeba personaJTa

portretis xatva. Zalze STambeWdavia, magaliTad, pirvelmaisobis

dResaswaulze esmasTan mocekvave baxvas portreti (`pirveli nabiji~):

`vaJi iyo SavaT gamowyobili. tanT ecva Savi megruli Salis Coxa, Savi

giSris qilebi, Savi rqis koplebiani qamari, Savtariani xanjali, Savi

samogvis wuRebi; mxolod Tavi hqonda TeTri baSlayiT Sekruli, viwro

yviTeli sirmiT movlebuli; baSlayis wverze yviTeli sirmis foCi ekida.

Wabuki iyo ocda-xuTi wlis moxdenili vaJkaci. misi Jruni gamwvavi

Tvalebi da qera wver-ulvaSi mis wiTur loyebs saucxooT amSvenebdnen;

pirisaxe qeraT eRinRleboda da misi loyebi simwifiT SewiTlebul atams

mogagonebdnen kacsa.~ 1 aseve mSevnivradaa daxatuli samgzavrod

gamowyobili kudabzika (`mgzavris wignebi~): `kudabzika imerulaT iyo

gamowyobili. mardi da metiCara. imis qera Tmaze, niskartian cxvirze da

wvrilaT gawkipinebuls ulvaSebze rom Segexedna, maSinve ityodi es

imereli unda iyoso. aseTi amayi da ukadrisi ram iyo es dalocvili,

tyuila ceri rom geCvenebina erT adgilze Sexteboda. aseTs gaxrekils

cxenze ijda, rom Zvlisa da tyavis meti ara iyo ra. swored wyalSi

amowumpuls virTagvas hgavda.~ 2 msgavsi magaliTebis CamoTvla mravlad

SeiZleba. aqve unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoebac, rom giorgi wereTlis

TxzulebebSi portretis xatvisas SeiniSneba erTi da igive niSnebis

xSiri gameoreba, rasac garkveuli trafaretuli, Sablonuri xasiaTi

aqvs. aseTebia, magaliTad, `SavTvalwarba,~ `loyawiTeli,~ `brolis

fiqalsaviT mklavebi~ da sxva.

giorgi wereTeli bunebis suraTis aRweris mxriv 60-ianelTa

Rirseuli warmomadgenelia. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, igi didebulad

aRwers svaneTis pirquS da erTgvarad zviadad amay bunebas `mgzavris

wignebSi.~ Semodgomis wynari da mTvariani Ramis moxdenili suraTia

aRwerili `pirvel nabijSi:~ `Semodgomis Rame iyo. gavsili mTvare

dedamiwas daqaTqaTebda. are-mare movercxlul haeris zRvaSi yvinTavda.

uzarmazari cacxvisa da kaklis xeebi vakeze aqa-iq Sejgufebulebi sqeli

1 g. wereTeli, `pirveli nabiji,~ ix. qarTuli proza, t.X, gv.498

2 misive `mgzavris wignebi,~ ix. qarTuli proza, t.X, gv.184

172

CrdiliT faravdnen mosaxleebs. mTvaris Suqi rZesaviT gadasxmoda casa

da qveyanas. laJvardi ca mis gamo TeTrad gamoblenciliyo. kavkasiis

qedebi muq tredis fraT SeRebuliyo, uzarmazar Robe-yoreT gahkrodnen

cis kidesa...~ 1 marTalia, bunebis es suraTi kita abaSiZes da vaxtang

vaxanias ar moswonT, magram Cven mogvwons da ra vqnaT. mogvwons, radgan

avtori gviCvenebs cocxal sanaxaobas, ferTa gama ki zustad iseTia,

rogoric unda iyos ara geografiis saxelmZRvaneloSi, aramed swored

sityvakazmul mwerlobaSi.

rac Seexeba giorgi wereTlis mxatvruli qmnilebebisa YTu

publicisturi da mecnieruli xasiaTis werilebis enas, ise rogorc

yvela 60-ianelis ena, gamoirCeva xalxurobiT, sisadaviTa da simartiviT.

es advilad gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom

mwerali xelovnebisagan moiTxovda xalxis politikur da mecnierul

aRzrdas xalxisTvisve gasagebi da xelmisawvdomi formiT. amitom

ambobda igi: `me mecnierebisaTvis ki ar vwer, ufro mdabiur mkiTxvelis

meSinia... (sagnis) simZimem vai Tu imdenaT daRalos igi, rom pirvel

furclebzedve xvrini gaamarTvinoso.~ meore dasis erT-erT damsaxurebad

giorgi wereTels saliteraturo enis gamartivebac miaCnda. `am dasma _

werda igi werilSi `kita abaSiZe da `Cveni axalgazrdoba,~ _ axali

azrovnebis mimarTulebis garda, TviT mwerlobis enac Zirianad Secvala

mis dromdis arsebuli mwignobruli Znelad gasagebi, gadaprexili

literaturuli ena advil gasageb mdabio literaturul enad gadaaqcia,

romlisaTvisac Zlier gabrazdnen maSindeli parnasis mTis RmerTebi.~

aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom giorgi wereTlis TxzulebaTa ena araa

Tavisufali saliteraturo enisaTvis miuRebeli imerizmebisa da

rusicizmebisagan. ufro metic, dialeqtizmebi da barbarizmebi gacilebiT

farTodaa gamoyenebuli mis mxatvrul Semoqmedebasa Tu publicistikaSi,

vidre sxva samocianelebTan.

yoveli zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom

giorgi wereTlis esTetikur Teorias, mis `Seuferav realizms~

safuZvlad udevs misive filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba _

sabunebismetyvelo-mecnieruli materializmi da socialur-politikuri

demokratizmi. amave dros misi esTetikuri Teoriis Sinaarsi

1 g. wereTeli `piveli nabiji,~ ix. qarTuli proza, t.X, gv.565

173

garkveulwilad ganpirobebulia me-19 saukunis meore naxevris

saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TaviseburebebiT, rac

gansazRvravda misi, rogorc mwerlis, Semoqmedebis xalxurobas.

giorgi wereTlis azriT, xelovneba, maT Soris literaturac,

Seuferavad, mTeli bunebriobiT, `zedmiwevnili simarTliT unda

asaxavdes realur cxovrebas yvela misi dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi

mxareebiT.~ xelovnebis upirvelesi amocanaa `cocxali tipebis~ Seqmna,

romlebic gamoxataven gansazRvruli epoqis da socialuri wris

konkretul warmomadgenels, romelic amave dros am epoqisa Tu

wrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi niSnebis matarebelicaa. amgvari

tipebis Seqmna SesaZlebelia cxovrebaze dakvirvebiT da sazogadoebrivi

ganviTarebis mecnieruli kanonebis gaTvaliswinebiT; xelovneba

cxovrebas unda emsaxurebodes da cdilobdes xeli Seuwyos

sazogadoebrivi yofis gardaqmna-gaumjobesebas. amisaTvis saWiroa, rom

igi Tavisufali iyos tendenciuri, xelovnurad, sinamdvilis

damaxinjebis gziT mogonili ideebisagan, radgan cxovreba Tavadaa azris,

ideis Semcveli da amdenad mimwodebelic amsaxvelisaTvis. saWiroa

mxolod saukeTesos SerCeva da cxovrebis marTali, Seulamazebeli

asaxva, rac TavisTavad nawarmoebis ideurobasac niSnavs. xelovnebis

nawarmoebi amave dros unda iyos xalxuri SinaarsiTac da formiTac,

rameTu igi xalxis politikur, mecnierul aRzrda-ganaTlebas da

cxovrebis gaumjobesebas unda emsaxurebodes im naklovanebebis Cveneba-

asaxviT, romelnic aferxeben mis winsvlas; amasTan erTad unda

gviCvenebdes sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Semferxebeli naklovanebebis

gamosworebis gzebsa da saSualebebs.

miuxedavad zogierTi naklovanebebisa, razec zemoT gvqonda

saubari, giorgi wereTlis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, gansakuTrebiT misi

saukeTeso Txzulebani, srulad asaxavs maSindeli saqarTvelos

socialur-politikur viTarebas da moicavs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

ara romelime erT mxares, aramed mTlianobaSi warmogvidgens mas. isic

marTalia, rom mis nawerebs xSirad yoveldRiurobis niSnebi atyvia,

magram es mimaniSnebelia giorgi wereTlis mwerluri niWis ara

sisustisa, aramed gamoZaxilia im moTxovnilebebisa, romelic maSindeli

qarTuli sazogadoeba ayenebda literaturis winaSe da rasac angariSs

174

uwevda XIX saukunis meore naxevris TiTqmis yvela mwerali Tu sazogado

moRvawe, gansakuTrebiT samocianelebi.

giorgi wereTelma, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis miudgomelma

mematianem, Tavis TxzulebebSi WeSmaritad realisturad asaxa yvela is

ZiriTadi procesi da met-naklebad mniSvnelovani movlena, romelTac

Tavi iCines me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi. mis mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi

uxvad SexvdebiT im droindeli cxovrebis cnobil faqtebs, istoriul

detalebs, avtobiografiul momentebs _ mwerlis maxvili TvalisaTvis

araferi rCeboda SeumCneveli. ufro metic, Tavis TxzulebebSi avtors

zogjer zusti citatebic ki moaqvs im polemikidan, rac Tavis droze

imarTeboda saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi, politikuri Tu mxatvrul-

literaturuli viTarebis gamo. amitomac iyo, rom mwerals Tavisi da

saerTod meoredaselTa Semoqmedeba namdvili `Seuferavi realizmis~

nimuSad miaCnda da marTlac, mas Tavisuflad SegviZlia vuwodoT

socialuri da dokumenturi prozis ostati.

aqve gvinda davamatoT isic, rom giorgi wereTeli mTeli Tavisi

SemoqmedebiTa Tu esTetikuri SexedulebebiT aris ara naturalizmis

damamkvidrebeli Tu mimdevari, aramed, Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, kritikuli

realizmis WeSmariti warmomadgeneli, romelsac Tavisi originaluri,

sxvisgan gansxvavebuli saxe aqvs rogorc mwerals Tu literaturis

Teoretikoss. Tu zogierTi araprincipuli msgavseba SeiniSneba mis

esTetikur naazrevsa da naturalizmis Teorias Soris, es, ra Tqma unda

ar niSnavs igiveobas, miT umetes, rom nawilobrivi msgavseba arsebobs ara

mxolod kritikul realizmsa da naturalizms Soris, aramed saerTod

yvela literaturul mimdinareobas Soris, iseve rogorc sxvaoba

xelovnebis erTi da igive mimarTulebis warmomadgenelTa Soris. aqve

gvinda davamatoT isic, rom XIX saukunis qarTuli realoba

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda dasavleT evropaSi arsebuli im

sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTarebidan, romelmac xeli Seuwyo

naturalizmis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas, rac Tavis mxriv

garkveulwilad mainc gamoricxavs giorgi wereTlis naturalistobas.

da bolos, literaturis, saerTod xelovnebis daniSnulebis

utilitaruli gagebis da sinamdvilis warmosaxvis dokumenturi, utyuari

meTodis wyalobiT moxda is, rom giorgi wereTeli aris erTi im

175

mweralTagani, upirvelesi Tu ara, vis SemoqmedebaSic mxatvruli

mematianis sisruliT da sizustiT iqna gadmocemuli me-19 saukunis meore

naxevris saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela mxare.

176

daskvna

didi xania SemCneulia, rom xelovneba yovelTvis gamoxatavda

sinamdviles, rogorc Tavis safuZvels da STagonebis wyaros. es miT ufro

iTqmis mis iseT umniSvnelovanes dargze, rogoricaa literatura. isic

cnobilia, rom xelovnebis ganviTareba dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis

socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan. swored sazogadoebrivi

urTierTobis ganviTareba, socialur-ekonomikuri wyobis evoluciuri Tu

revoluciuri cvalebadoba iwvevda xelovnebaSi, maT Soris

literaturaSic, sxvadasxva mimdinareobebis warmoSoba-ganviTarebas,

romelTac hqondaT sakuTari meTodologia, ris safuZvelzec Tavisebur

damokidebulebas amJRavnebdnen obieqturi sinamdvilisadmi.

rogorc cnobilia, dasavlur literaturaSi Tavisi ganviTarebis

manZilze arsebobdnen iseTi mimdinareobebi, rogoricaa:

1. antikuri xanis miTologiuri realizmi, romelic moicavda

erTdroulad realistur da iluzionur-fantastikur warmodgenebs

samyaros Sesaxeb, xsnida mas miTebis saSualebiT da Seicavda ra stiqiur

dialeqtikas, amkvidrebda pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis, individis Sinagani

samyaros erTianobis koncefcias. literatura da saerTod xelovneba

miCneuli iyo sinamdvilisadmi mibaZvad, rogorc meqanikuri (platoni) da

SemoqmedebiTi (aristotele) procesi, romelic warmoudgenelia

kacobriobis mTeli istoriuli ganviTarebis gareSe (lukreciusi).

2. Sua saukuneebis alegoriul-simboluri realizmi warmoadgenda

sinamdvilis inteleqtualuri Semecnebis saSualebas. am periodis

literaturisaTvis yovelive ganpirobebulia RmerTiT da Tavad samyaroc

orsaxovania _ xiluli, anu realuri da uxilavi, anu irealuri. es

ukanaskneli morwmuneTaTvis ufro realuria, vidre Tavad sinamdvile. am

drois mxatvruli Txzulebebi, rogorc sasuliero-religiuri, ise saero,

savsea alegoriebiTa da simboloebiT; misi gmiri moklebulia

nebelobas. neoplatonizmma da qristianobam xelovneba daukavSires _

pirvelma _ mistikur warmosaxvas, xolo meorem _ wminda religiur ideals.

3. aRorZinebis xanis humanisturi realizmi cdilobda samyarosaTvis

moeZebna Sinagani axsna TviT misive saSualebiT. man adamianSi aRmoaCina

sakuTar qmedebaSi Tavisufali individi da gviCvena Suasaukunoebrivi

177

asketizmisagan Tavdaxsnili titanuri bunebis mqone pirovnebis

Zlevamosileba da mSveniereba. es sruliad bunebrivia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

im garemoebas, rom renesansi xelovnebas ucqeris rogorc sazogadoebriv-

politikuri brZolis saSualebas pirovnebis sruli gaTavisuflebisa da

`akeTe, rac ginda~ principis damkvidrebisaTvis. radgan aRorZinebis epoqis

literaturis centrSi moceulia adamiani, amitomac igi uaRresad

humanisturi xasiaTisaa.

4. ganmanaTlebluri realizmi mkvidrdeba gamZafrebuli

socialuri winaaRmdegobebis fonze, roca feodaluri aristokratiis

gabatonebul poziciebs utevs ekonomikurad moRonierebuli burJuazia,

romelic cdilobs wamyvani roli daikavos sazogadoebaSi. literaturis

demokratizacia, mibruneba xalxisaken, TviT sazogadoebis qveda

fenebiskenac ki. am drois realizmi, gansxvavebiT kritikulisagan,

socialuri arsis mqone tipur xasiaTebs aqcevs eqsperimentalur da ara

tipur garemoSi.

5. XVIII_XIX saukuneebis mijnaze socialuri afeTqebebis saboloo

miznebis miuRwevlobam warmoSva sayovelTao imedgacrueba Tu borotebis

ukvdavebisa da masTan ukompromiso mudmivi brZolis aucileblobis

koncefcia. yovelive es safuZvlad daedo romantizms, romlis centrSi

moeqca araordinaluri pirovnebis Sinagani sulieri samyaro. romantikosi

mwerali TviTon qmnis misTvis sasurvel mxatvrul sinamdviles, romelic

misTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre realoba. Tumca arc am

mimdinareobisTvisaa mTlad ucxo da miuRebeli realizmis elementebi

Tundac im TvalsarisiT, rom misi amayi gmiri Tavisi martoobiTa Tu

samyaros miuReblobiT Tavad realobaa.

6. XIX saukuneSi momxdarma mecnierul-teqnikurma revoluciam

warmoSva meurneobriobis msoflio sistema da yvela socialuri fena

warmoebaSi Caaba, ramac gamoiwvia maT Soris arsebuli mkveTri gansxvavebis

aRmofxvra. yovelive aman warmoSva kritikuli realizmi, romlisTvisac

damaxasiaTebelia mZafri kritikuli paTosi naklovanebebis gamosworebis

mizniT; realobis ganzogadeba da tipuri xasiaTebis tipur garemoSi asaxva;

humanistur idealebis dacva da a.S. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom kritikuli

realizmi XIX s. 20-30-iani wlebidan moyolebuli dRemde agrZelebs

178

arsebobas, miuxedavad mis gverdiT mTeli am xnis manZilze arsebuli ara

erTi modernistuli Tu avangarduli literaturuli mimdinareobisa.

qarTuli literatura, miuxedavad imisa, rom SemoqmedebiTad

iTvisebda aRmosavluri kulturis miRwevebs, tipologiurad yovelTvis

dasavluri iyo. Tumca garkveuli obieqturi mizezebis gamo igi ar icnobs

an Zalian sustad icnobs antikuri xanis miTologiur realizms,

klasicizms, naturalizms da sxva mimdinareobebs, romelebic arsebobda

evropaSi.

rogorc cnobilia, Cveni mwerlobis istoria V saukunidan, kerZod

`SuSanikis wamebidan~ iwyeba. misi pirveli periodi moicavs V_XVIII

saukuneebs da Zvel qarTuli literaturis saxeliTaa cnobili. V_X

saukuneebis, anu adrefeodaluri xanis mwerloba, rogorc yvela

qristianul qveyanaSi, sasuliero Janrebis, kerZod hagiografiis batonobiT

xasiaTdeba. am periodis qarTuli literaturisaTvis realizmis kuTxiT

damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi niSnebi:

1. konkretul-istoriuli sinamdvilis aRwera TviTmxilvelTa mier,

anu `WeSmaritad aRwera~ `Tana-daxudomelTa~ mier.

2. upiratesobis miniWeba SinaarsisaTvis formasTan SedarebiT,

erTgvari dapirispireba `sityuaxelovnebiT~ gamoxatvasa da xotba-

Sesxmisadmi.

3. uaryofiTi damokidebuleba `zRaprobisadmi,~ radgan masSi

warmarTobas da am sofliur sibrZnes xedavdnen, rac damdableblurad iyo

Sefasebuli.

4. Teoriulad mxatvruli gamonagonis uaryofa, praqtikulad

fantastikuri, magram sarwmuno elementebis saxiT misi arseboba.

5. iSviaTad, magram mainc personaJis portretisa da peizaJis arseboba,

X saukunidan ki yofiTi elementebisa da TviT samijnuro novelebis

CarTvac, Tumca garkveuli mizandasaxulobiT.

zemoT CamoTvlili niSan-Tvisebebis arseboba iZleva imis saSualebas,

ganvacxadoT, rom qarTuli hagiografiis Zeglebi mTlianad akmayofileben

realizmis, rogorc literaturuli mimdinareobis, ZiriTad moTxovnas,

rasac sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxva hqvia. Tumca literaturis mkvlevarTa

Soris am mxriv dRemde arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba.

179

XI saukunidan qarTul mwerlobaSi TandaTan viTardeba da

Zlierdeba saero nakadi, xolo XII_XIII saukuneebSi gabatonebul

mdgomareobasac ikavebs, rac ganpirobebuli iyo Cveni qveynis politikuri

Tu ekonomikuri ZlierebiT, romelsac safuZvlad edo saqarTvelos

gaerTianeba mtkice samefo xelisuflebis mier, romlis dasayrdens saero

aristokratia warmoadgenda. swored am ukanasknelis esTetikur

moTxovnilebas akmayofilebda im droindeli samijnuro, saxotbo Tu

saraindo-saTavgadasavlo mxatvruli Txzulebebi, rogoricaa _ mose

xonelis àmirandarejaniani,~ SavTelis àbdulmesia,~ CaxruxaZis

`Tamariani~ da, ra Tqma unda, rusTvelis `vefxistyaosani.~ es ukanaskneli,

rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli renesansis mauwyebladacaa miCneuli.

klasikuri xanis qarTuli literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

realizmis Semdegi niSnebi:

1. konkretuli istoriuli sinamdvilis asaxva aseve konkretuli

istoriuli pirebisaTvis xotba-Sesxmis gziT (`Tamariani,~ àbdulmesia~).

2. Cveni qveynis socialur-politikuri mdgomareobis realuri

viTarebis damajereblad asaxvis mizniT mxatvruli gamonagonis farTod

gamoyeneba (àmirandarejaniani,~ `vefxistyaosani~).

3. miTosur-fantastikuri elementebis gamoyeneba realistur planSi

gaazrebiTa da realobasTan organuli SerwymiT (àmirandarejaniani~).

4. mxatvruli sinamdvilis iseTi modelis Seqmna, romelSic

erTmaneTis tolfardovani gmirebi adamianuri arsebobis azrs

erTmaneTisaTvis mxardaWerasa da erTi miznisaTvis brZolaSi xedaven.

amgvari konstruqciis pirveli da arasrulyofili nimuSi mose xonelma

mogvca „amirandarejanianSi,“ xolo srulyofili _ rusTvelma

„vefxistyaosanSi.“

5. cocxal personaJTa individualizirebuli mxatvruli saxeebis

Seqmna, romelTa moqmedebasac warmarTavs Tavisufali nebeloba.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom „vefxistyaosanSi“ amgvari saxeebi atareben

zogadobis, tipurobis niSnebsac.

6. mxatvruli portretis, peizaJis, sayofacxovrebo elementebis

farTo gamoyeneba personaJTa xasiaTisa Tu arsebuli sinamdvilis

srulyofili gadmocemis mizniT.

180

7. maRalmxatvrul formebSi asaxva Cveulebrivi adamianebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli iseTi Cveulebrivi grZnobebisa da movaleobebisa,

rogoricaa: siyvaruli, megobroba, mtroba-siZulvili, qveynisa da

patronisadmi erTguli samsaxuri da a.S. Tan yovelive amas ganapirobebs am

qveynad sikeTis damkvidrebisa da adamianuri bednierebis miRwevis survili.

8. mxatvrul qmnilebebSi moqmed pirebad sxvadasxva socialuri wris

warmomadgenelTa gamoyvana, rogorc magaliTad „vefxistyaosanSia“ vaWarTa

fenis, mekobreebis Tu mona-zangebis saxiT. amave dros teritoriuli

TvalsazrisiT Zalze farToa personaJTa samoqmedo areali.

9. saliteraturo enis daxvewiloba da xalxur-sasaubrosTan

daaxloebis tendencia bunebrivadaa Serwymuli im drois nawarmoebTa

Zalze maRal donesTan mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT. es gansakuTRebiT iTqmis

rusTvelis ukvdav qmnilebaze, ramac mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba

„vefxistyaosnis“ kolosaluri zegavlena Semdgomi xanis mwerlobaze.

rogorc vxedavT, klasikuri xanis qarTulma saero literaturam

kidev ufro gaamravalferovna is realisturi tendenciebi Tu realizmis

elementebi, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo Cveni hagiografiisaTvis. ufro

metic, man farTod gamoiyena mxatvruli gamonagoni, rogorc sinamdvilis

asaxvis erT-erTi saSualeba da miaRwia mxatvruli saxe-tipis

ganzogadebasac ki. aqve gvinda davamatoT is, rom am drois mwerlebi

(upirveles yovlisa rusTveli), miuxedavad aSkara tendenciurobisa

(sruliad naTelia maTi simpatia aristokratiis mimarT), ar arian

moklebuli arsebuli sinamdvilis zogierTi mxaris (vaWarTa fenisa da qaj-

mekobreebis zneoba) kritikis unarsac.

realizmis niSnebi yvelaze metad mainc aRorZinebis xanis (XVII-XVIII

saukuneebi) qarTuli mwerlobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da es uwinaresad

iTqmis arCilisa da misi skolis, e.w. „marTlis Tqmis,“ mimdevarTa Sesaxeb.

am skolis warmomadgenelTa SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi

realizmis TvalTaxedviT aseTnairad SegviZlia CamovayaliboT:

1. mwerlobam unda asaxos sakuTari TvaliT nanaxi an gagonili

simarTle, konkretul-istoriuli sinamdvile, romelSic moqmedeben aseve

konkretul-istoriuli pirebi. amiT garkveulwilad uaryofilia,

Teoriulad mainc, mxatvruli gamonagoni, rac sparsofilur

literaturasTan polemikuri simwvaviT unda aixsnas.

181

2. „marTlis Tqmis“ principi upirispirdeba ara mxolod „zRaprobas,“

romelic aerTianebs mxatvrul gamonagonsac da marTla zRaprulsac,

aramed realobis aRmatebulad, Seferilad asaxvasa da xotba-Sesxmasac,

radgan aseTi ram sazogadoebisaTvis mavnebladaa miCneuli.

3. mwerlobam mourideblad unda amxilos Tanadrouli

sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mankieri mxareebi ara mxolod

mxilebisaTvis, aramed upirveles yovlisa mxilebulis gamosworebis

mizniT.

4. mwerlobisaTvis aucilebelia istoriul-nacionaluri Tematikis

damuSaveba, rogorc warsulis, ise Tanamedroveobis asaxva mTeli

mravalferovnebiT, Tavisi dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi mxareebiT. amave dros

formasa da Sinaarss Tanabari mniSvneloba eniWeba.

5. gafarToebulia sinamdvilis is sfero da socialuri wre, romelic

SeiZleba mwerlobis Temad iqces. mxatvrulad aisaxa ara mxolod

konkretul-istoriuli Tu saraindo-safalavno ambebi, aramed Cveulebrivi

yofiTi elementebic (mag. daviT guramiSvilis „qacvia mwyemsi,“ besikis

„rZal-dedamTiliani“ da sxva).

6. mwerlobis Tematikis gafarToebam gamoiwvia Janrobrivi

mravalferovnebac. saistorio eposTan erTad da mis gverdiT iqmneba

mdidari literatura, sagmiro, romantikuli, sazRapro Tu didaqtikuri

eposisa da lirikis saxiT, romelic mxatvrul gamonagons efuZneboda. amave

dros sulxan-saba orbelianisa da daviT guramiSvilis mwerlurma niWma

SesaZlebeli gaxada saukuneebis manZilze gabatonebuli rusTvelis

yovlismomcveli zegavlenis daZleva da qarTul mwerlobaSi axali

saleqso zomebis SemoRebasTan erTad prozis damkvidrebac.

7. didi yuradReba eqceva saliteraturo enis siwmindis dacvas. amave

dros aSkaraa misi xalxur-sasaubro enasTan daaxloeba, rac praqtikulad

axali saliteraturo enis damkvidrebas niSnavda. am saqmeSi

gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRviT sulxan-saba orbeliansa da daviT

guramiSvils.

8. sruliad naTelia literaturis demokratizacia da misi mibruneba

xalxis farTo masebisaken.

amrigad, aRorZinebis xanis mwerloba Tavisi TematikiT, Janrobrivi

mravalferovnebiT, ideuri mizandasaxulobiTa da saliteraturo enis

182

gaxalxurebiT Zalze axlos dgas kritikul realizmTan. am TvalsazrisiT

„marTlis Tqmis“ literaturuli skolis warmomadgenelTa naklad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxatvruli ganzogadebisa da tipuri xasiaTebis tipur

garemoSi asaxvis ar qona, Tumca arc amasaa moklebuli sulxan-saba

orbelianis „sibrZne sicruisa“ da daviT guramiSvilis „daviTiani.“

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi Seqmnilma socialur-

politikurma viTarebam, damoukideblobis dakargvis xarjze dampyrobeli

ruseTis meSveobiT dasavlur samyarosTan kulturuli kavSiris aRdgenam,

msoflio sameurneo cxovrebaSi Cveni qveynis TandaTanobiTma Cabmam

SesaZlebeli gaxada qarTul mwerlobaSi evropaSi arsebuli mimdinareobis

romantizmis warmoSoba-ganviTareba. evropul romantizmTan msgavsebasTan

erTad qarTul romantizmSi aSkarad SeiniSneba gansxvavebac, rac sruliad

bunebrivia, radgan igi uwinaresad ikvebeboda mravalsaukunovani erovnuli

literaturuli tradiciebiT.

Tu qarTvel romantikosTa Semoqmedebas ganvixilavT realizmis

TvalTaxedviT, advilad SevamCnevT am ukanasknelisaTvis damaxasiaTebel

niSnebs. aqve gvinda davamatoT isic, rom qarTuli romantizmisaTvis ar

yofila damaxasiaTebeli is Tanmimdevruli sayovelTao pesimizmis mkvebavi

reaqciuli Sinaarsi da mistikuri elferi, rac ase aSkaradaa gamoxatuli

evropel romantikosTa didi nawilis SemoqmedebaSi. qarTvel romantikosTa

Semoqmedeba qarTuli sinamdviliTaa nakarnaxevi da konkretul Sinaars

Seicavs.

qarTuli romantizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia realizmis Semdegi

niSnebi:

1. XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi qarTul sinamdvileSi wamoWrili

mTavari Temebisa da sakiTxebis asaxva mxatvrul TxzulebebSi. es

uwinaresad exeba Cveni qveynis damoukideblobis dakargvasa da ruseTTan

ZaldatanebiT SeerTebis av-kargianobas, rogorc, magaliTad grigol

orbelianis `mgzavrobasa~ da nikoloz baraTaSvilis `bedi qarTlisaSi.~

2. arsebuli socialuri struqturis kritika da sazogadoebrivi

urTierTobis realuri suraTis asaxva ukeTesi momavlis imedTan erTad.

aseTi Txzulebebia, magaliTad – aleqsandre WavWavaZis `visac gsurT~ da

grigol orbelianis `muSa boqulaZe.~

183

3. zogadsakacobrio Temebis _ megobrobis, siyvarulis arsis,

saerTod adamianis movaleobisa Tu misi adgilis gansazRvris mcdeloba

ara mistikur, aramed realistur planSi (gr. orbelianis `sadRegrZelo,~

al. WavWavaZis `siyvarulo Zalsa Sensa,~ n. baraTaSvilis `fiqrni mtkvris

piras,~ `merani~ da sxva).

4. warsulis saxelovan pirTa gmiruli suraTebis realisturi

gacocxleba garkveul idealizaciasTan erTad, magram ara awmyosagan

mTliani mowyvetiT, aramed masTan kavSirSi (gr. orbelianis `sadRegrZelo,~

n. baraTaSvilis `bedi qarTlisa~ da sxva.)

5. zviadi da maRali Tovlian-yinulian-myinvarebiani kavkasionis

mTagrexilebis, misi kalTebidan gadmomquxari Tergis Tu Seupovari aragvis

Semogarenis, usieri tyiT daburuli mTawmindis kalTebisa Tu mtkvris

sanapiros suraTebis savsebiT realisturi asaxva al. WavWavaZis (`kavkasia~).

gr. orbelianis (`sadRegrZelo,~ `saRamo gamosalmebisa~), n. baraTaSvilis

(`bedi qarTlisa,~ `SemoRameba mTawmindaze~) da sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi.

6. qarTvelma romantikosebma ara mTlianad, magram garkveulwilad

mainc SeZles anton I skolis gavlenis daZleva da mniSvnelovani roli

Seasrules axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. amave

dros maT SemoqmedebaSi saboloodaa daZleuli Teqvsmetmarcvliani Sairis

xangrZlivi batonoba da damTavrebulia qarTuli leqsis teqnikuri

reforma, romelic wamoiwyes daviT guramiSvilma da mamuka baraTaSvilma.

amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvel romantikosTa poezia

ZiriTadad grZnobis poezia iyo, es grZnoba ar gascilebia im garemos,

romelSic maT uxdebodaT cxovreba da moRvaweoba, Tumca Tvalsawieri

mTel kacobriobas wvdeboda. amitomaa, rom maT SemoqmedebaSi uxvadaa

warmodgenili sinamdvilis amsaxveli suraTebi da maT mier gamowveuli

fiqrebi Tu gancdebi.

rac Seexeba XIX saukunis 40-50-iani wlebis qarTul literaturas,

igi ukve aSkarad realisturia, rac Cveni mwerlobis ganviTarebis

kanonzomieri Sedegi iyo, radgan kritikuli realizmis aRmoceneba

momzadebuliqna qarTveli xalxis sazogadoebriv-literaturuli

tradiciebiT. amave dros misi warmoSoba ganpirobebulia im sazogadoebriv-

politikuri cvlilebebiT, romelic Cvens qveyanaSi am dros xdeboda da

amave periodis rusuli literaturisa Tu azrovnebis keTilismyofeli

184

zegavleniT. kritikuli realizmis Camoyalibebas xeli Seuwyo aseve XIX

saukunis Sua xanebSi qarTuli Tatris daarsebam da realisturi kritikis

arsebobam, raSic gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes mixeil TumaniSvima,

ivane polonskim da, ra Tqma unda, giorgi erisTavma.

XIX saukunis Sua xanebis kritikuli realizmis warmomadgenelTa

SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia:

1. mxolod da mxolod Tanadrouli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, misi

socialuri bunebis asaxva (yoveli sxva Tema am ZiriTadi Temis gaSuqebis

mizans emsaxureba); qarTvel TavadaznaurobaSi momxdari diferenciaciis,

burJuaziis cxovrebis asparezze gamosvlis, mefis ruseTis moxeleTa

Tavgasulobis, yma-glexobis araadamianuri Cagvris, fsevdo-inteligenciis

ususurobisa da sxva socialur-politikuri movlenebis realisturi da

reliefuri Cveneba.

2. axali Tematikis Sesabamisad axali Janrebis (sayofacxovrebo da

socialur-politikuri komedia, sayofacxovrebo drama, socialuri romani,

mxatvruli satira da sxva) Semotana da damkvidreba. amave dros bolo

eReba poeziis yovlismomcvel batonobas da proza Tavis kuTvnil adgils

ikavebs.

3. garkveuli konkretuli istoriul-socialuri garemos uSualod

gamomxatveli cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilidan aRebuli TavianTi socialur-

klasobrivi mdgomareobiT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli tipuri xasiaTebis

Cveneba.

4. arsebuli sazogadoebrivi viTarebis mZafri kritika TavadaznaurTa,

axalfexadgmul vaWarTa, mefis ruseTis moxeleTa Tu cru-inteligentTa

komikuri saxeebis CvenebiT (g. erisTavi, z. antonovi, l. ardaziani); savaWro-

savaxSo burJuaziis Camoyalibebisa da mis warmomadgenelTa Soris

arsebuli konkurenciis, gadagvarebul saeklesio pirTa saqmianobis

CvenebiT (l. ardaziani, d. WonqaZe) Tu batonymobisaTvis, rogorc

dromoWmuli da sazogadoebis winsvlis Semaferxebeli wyobisaTvis,

sabraldeblo daskvnis gamotaniT (d. WonqaZe, r. erisTavi).

5. personaJTa xasiaTebis srulyofili Cvenebis mizniT realisturi

portretis xatva, zogierT SemTxvevaSi metyveli gvar-saxelebis gamoyeneba

(vziatkini, Rrebakovi, gamwkepaviZe); moqmed pirTa fsiqologiuri gancdebis

maRalmxatvrul doneze gadmocema da sxva.

185

6. saliteraturo enis gamartiveba da xalxur-sasaubro enasTan

daaxloeba, sxvadasxva socialuri fenisaTvis, ZiriTadad ucxo erovnebis

vaWarTa wrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Jargonuli metyvelebis gamoyeneba da

sxva.

axali Tematika, axali Janrebi, axali mxatvruli saSualebebi da

sasaubrosTan daaxloebuli samwerlobo ena, tipuri xasiaTebis Cveneba,

arsebuli sazogadoebrivi viTarebis mZafri kritika, literaturaSi xalxis

Semoyvana _ mokled, ai, yvelaferi is, rac SesZina XIX saukunis Sua xanebis

kritikulma realizmma Cvens mwerlobas axal ideur azrTan erTad.

qarTul literaturaSi kritikuli realizmis Semotana XIX saukunis

40-50-ian wlebSi moRvawe mweralTa udavo damsaxurebaa, xolo am

mimdinareobis saboloo damkvidreba da Sesabamisi esTetikuri moZRvrebis

damuSaveba _ samocianelTa, anu `TergdaleulTa.~ es uknasknelni, rogorc

cnobilia, 60-70-iani wlebis mijnaze daiyvnen e.w. pirvel da meore dasebad,

romelTa Sexedulebebs Soris mraval msgavsebasTan erTad zogierTi

principuli sxvaobac arsebobs, gansakuTrebiT socialur-politikur da

ekonomikur sakiTxebSi.

pirveldaselTa sazogadoebrivi Tu esTetikuri da mxatvruli

SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi ZiriTadi niSnebi:

1. erovnuli sakiTxis win wamoweva da misi Sesabamisi Tematikis

mxatvruli damuSaveba qarTvel xalxSi erovnuli cnobierebisa Tu

TviTmyofadobis grZnobis gaRvivebis, saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis aucileblobis Segnebis damkvidrebis

mizniT.

2. socialuri sakiTxis Rrma, safuZvliani Seswavla da

maRalmxatvruli formebiT aRwera, brZola batonymobisa da misi

gadmonaSTebis winaaRmdeg maTi saboloo aRmofxvris mizniT da

Tavadaznaurobis winamZRolobiT liberalur-demokratiuli

sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis damyareba socialur fenebs Soris `Catexili

xidis~ gamTelebis gziT.

3. literaturis daniSnulebad miCneulia mxatvruli saxis meSveobiT

cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis realisturi, `sarkiseburi~ asaxva misi dadebiT

Tu uaryofiTi mxareebisa da arsebuli naklovanebebis gamosworebis

saSualebebis Cvenebis gziT. amiT xdeba dromoWmuli Teoriis `xelovneba

186

xelovnebisaTvis~ uaryofa da axlis _ `xelovneba cxovrebisaTvis~ _

damkvidreba.

4. sinamdvilis realisturi gadmocema mxatvruli ganzogadebis,

tipizaciis gziT, rac gulisxmobs `tipuri xasiaTebis tipur garemoSi swor

asaxvas~ ise, rom isini erTdroulad atarebdnen erovnulisa da

zogadsakacobrios niSnebs. amasTan erTad tipuris Seqmnis safuZvlad

miCneulia mxatvruli gamonagoni, sinamdvilis `mogonili ambiT cxadyofa.~

5. mxatvruli nawarmoebis formisa da SinaaarsisaTvis Tanabari

rolis miniWeba, radgan mxolod RrmaSinaarsiani da maRalmxatvruli

formis mqone qmnilebas SeuZlia iqces sazogadoebis winsvlisa da

ganviTarebis mZlavr faqtorad. xelovneba, maT Soris literaturac,

miCneulia sazogadoebrivi yofierebis _ bazisis aqtiur, cxovrebaze

zemoqmedebis unaris mqone zednaSenad im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aucilebel

`zegardmo madliTcxebul~ niWTan erTad SeiaraRebulia Rrma mecnieruli

codniTac.

6. mwerlis, xelovanis eris iseT winamZRolad miCneva, romelic

dauyovnebliv exmaureba Tanamedroveobis yvela met-naklebad mniSvnelovan

movlenas, TviT wvrilmansac ki da cdilobs swori axsna mouZebnos mis

gamomwvev mizezebsa Tu mosalodnel Sedegebs.

7. xelovnebaSi asaxuli mSveniereba miCneulia uSualod realuri

movlenebiT ganpirobebulad, romelic amave dros TviTmyofi da

damoukidebelia, vinaidan xelovnebis nawarmoebSi keTili ineba asaxuli Tu

boroti, lamazi Tu maxinji _ yvela maTgani garkveul esTetikur tkbobas

iwvevs da sasargebloa sazogadoebisTvis, Tu Sesabamisi mxatvruli formiT

iqneba gadmocemuli. amiT xazi esmeba xelovnebis utilitarul

mniSvnelobas.

8. axali saerTo-saxalxo erTiani saliteraturo enis saboloo

Camoyalibeba da damkvidreba, radgan sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxva xalxis

interesebis TvalsazrisiT sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia. es ki garkveulwilad

ganapirobebda qarTvel samocianelTa Semoqmedebis demokratiulobasa da

humanurobas.

9. personaJTa xasiaTebis ukeT Cvenebis mizniT farTod gamoiyeneba

portreti, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba bunebis suraTebis aRweras da a.S.

187

amrigad, qarTveli samocianelebi, kerZod pirveldaselebi qarTul

mwerlobaSi sabolood amkvidreben kritikul realizms ara mxolod

mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT, aramed TavianTi esTetikuri SexedulebebiTac. es

ki ganpirobebuli iyo rogorc rusi revolucioner-demokratebis

Sexedulebebis ueWveli zegavleniT, ise Cveni sityvakazmuli mwerlobis

tradiciebiTac. pirveldaselebis mier damkvidrebuli kritikuli realizmi

Tanadrouli epoqis Sesabamisad ganaviTares `TergdaleulTa~ meore frTis

_ meore dasis, anu `axali axalgazrdobis~ warmomadgenlebma, uwinaresad

niko nikolaZem da giorgi wereTelma. swored maT SemoiRes da daamkvidres

termini `Seuferavi realizmi,~ rogorc garkveuli SemoqmedebiTi meTodis

aRmniSvneli cneba, ilia WavWavaZis da saerTod pirveldaselTa `Seferili

realizmis~ sapirispirod.

rogorc cnobilia, `Seuferavi realizmi~ literaturis mkvlevarTa

mcire nawilma gaaigiva naturalizmTan (mag. k. abaSiZe), an CaTvala calke

literaturul mimdinareobad (mag., g. jiblaZe); xolo mecnierTa didi

nawili, romelic am sakiTxs Seexo Tavis droze (a. Wilaia, n. Wolokava,

a.maxaraZe, o. WurRulia da sxva), Cveni azriT, sruliad samarTlianad

miiCnevs, rom g. wereTlis mier Tavis SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRiarebuli

`Seuferavi realizmi~ warmoadgens pirveldaselebis mier damkvidrebuli

kritikuli realizmis ganviTarebis garkveul safexurs XIX saukunis 70-80-

ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTarebis

Sesabamisad. aqve gvinda davamatoT, rom garkveuli msgavseba gansxvavebasTan

erTad saerTod arsebobs kritikul realizmsa da naturalizms Soris,

iseve rogorc sxvaoba kritikuli realizmis sxvadasxva warmomadgenlebs

Soris.

Cven SeZlebisadagvarad SevecadeT gveCvenebina is principulad

mniSvnelovani msgavseba da umniSvnelo gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs

pirvel da meoredaselebis esTetikur naazrevsa Tu mxatvrul Semoqmedebas

Soris; aseve is umniSvnelo msgavseba da principuli sxvaoba, romelic

SeiniSneba naturalizmsa da `Seuferav realizms~ Soris, ris safuZvelze

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom `Seuferavi realizmi~ aris ara naturalizmi an

sxva romelime CvenTvis ucnobi literaturuli mimdinareoba, aramed

kritikuli realizmis garkveuli safexuri, romelic pasuxobda

meoredaselTa, kerZod giorgi wereTlis, Tanadrouli sazogadoebrivi

188

viTarebis mier wamoyenebul moTxovnebs. amdenad, `Seuferavi

realizmisaTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad

Camoyalibdes:

1. realuri sinamdvilis Seuferavad asaxva, asaxva ise, rogorc aris

da wera imaze, rasac moiTxovs mwerlis Tanadrouli socialur-

politikuri viTareba, e.i. Tavad cxovrebiseuli sinamdvile. realobis

Seferilad, Selamazebulad asaxva da asasaxavi movlenis misadageba

Semoqmedis msoflmxedvelobidan gamomdinare mis survilTan

sazogadoebisaTvis mavneblad aris miCneuli.

2. erovnuli da socialuri problemis Rrma mecnieruli da

safuZvliani Seswavla da mxatvrul nawarmoebSi Seuferavi asaxva maTi

warmomSobi mizezebisa da mogvarebis saSualebebis CvenebiT. am sakiTxebis

mogvarebaSi upiratesoba eniWeba sazogadoebis ara romelime calkeul

fenas, Tundac Tavadaznaurobas, aramed masSi monawileobs mTeli eri.

socialuri dapirispirebis aRmofxvra SesaZlebelia ara `Catexili xidis~

gamTelebiT, aramed TviT am dapirispirebis safuZvlis mospobiT.

3. literaturis daniSnulebad miCneulia sazogadoebaSi realurad

arsebuli dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi mxareebis realisturi, Seuferavi asaxva

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovanebebis gamosworebis saSualebebis

CvenebasTan erTad. sinamdvilis Seferili asaxva tendenciuri

literaturisTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebadaa miCneuli da, rogorc mavne,

dagmobili. amave dros uaryofilia Teoria `xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis.~

4. mwerali, xelovani miCneulia sazogadoebis iseT wevrad, romelic

maSinve exmaureba sazogadoebis met-naklebad mniSvnelovan saWirboroto

sakiTxebs, amxels misTvis damaxasiaTebel naklovanebebs da saxavs misi

gamosworebis gzebs Tavisi SesaZleblobidan gamomdinare.

5. mxatvruli nawarmoebis formasa da Sinaarss Soris garkveuli

upiratesoba eniWeba Sinaarss, radgan sazogadobis winsvlisa da

ganviTarebisaTvis umjobesia Semoqmedis qmnileba Rrma Sinaarsisa da

ideuri azris Semcveli iyos, vidre mxolod `brkiala~ formisa. ra Tqma

unda, saukeTesoa, rodesac Rrmaazrovani Sinaarsi gadmocemulia Sesabamisi

maRalmxatvruli formiT, rac mwerlis niWzea damokidebuli.

6. cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis realisturi asaxva ganzogadebisa da

tipuri xasiaTebis tipur garemoSi CvenebiT ise, rom isini erTdroulad

189

atarebdnen kerZosa da zogadis niSnebs. amasTan tipuris Seqmnis safuZvlad

miCneulia TviT cxovrebiseul sinamdvileSi arsebuli zogadi niSnebis

matarebeli `cocxali tipi.~

7. literaturuli nawarmoebis mSveniereba warmoadgens bunebaSi

arsebuli mSvenierebis mxatvrul qmnilebaSi gadatanas. amasTan

upiratesoba eniWeba realur sinamdvileSi arsebul mSvenierebas. saerTod

miCneulia, rom mSvenieria is, rac sasargebloa, riTac literaturas eniWeba

utilitaruli mniSvneloba.

8. axali saliteraturo enis saboloo Camoyalibeba da damkvidreba

miCneulia mxolod `meore dasis~ damsaxurebad da garkveulwilad

ugulvebelyofilia am saqmeSi pirveldaselTa Rvawli, rac polemikuri

dapirispirebiT unda aixsnas.

9. personaJTa xasiaTebis ukeT Cvenebis mizniT farTod gamoiyeneba

mxatvruli portreti, metyveli gvar-saxelebi; mxatvrul nawarmoebSi

mniSvnelovani yuradReba eTmoba bunebis suraTebis, yofiTi elementebis

aRweras da a.S.

amrigad, giorgi wereTlis `Seuferav realizmsa~ da pirveldaselTa

kritikul realizms Soris ar arsebobs arsebiTi da principuli sxvaoba,

amitom misi mikuTvneba naturalizmisaTvis an sxva romelime

literaturuli mimdinareobisaTvis, garda kritikuli realizmisa,

Secdomad migvaCnia. xolo is gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs ilia

WavWavaZisa da giorgi wereTlis esTetikur Sexedulebebsa Tu mxatvrul

Semoqmedebas Soris ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia am ukanasknelis

Tanadrouli sazogadoebrivi viTarebiTa da msoflmxedvelobiT mwerlur

niWTan erTad.

aqve kidev erTxel gvinda aRvniSnoT is garemoeba, rom sxvadasxva

literaturuli mimdinareobebis esTetikur Sexedulebebs axasiaTebT

erTgvari meTodologiuri SezRuduloba, romelic gamoixateba wina

mimdinareobis, qvemimdinareobis Tu skolis literaturuli TvalTaxedvis

sruli an nawilobrivi miuReblobiT. es ukanaskneli umravles SemTxvevaSi

gamowveulia polemikuri simwvaviT, xolo iSviaTad pirovnuli

dapirispirebiTac. yuradsaRebia is garemoebac, rom nebismieri calke

aRebuli xelovani, mwerali TviTon qmnis axal mxatvrul realobas

sinamdvileze dayrdnobiT mxolod sakuTari msoflmxedvelobidan,

190

esTetikuri Sexedulebebidan, individualuri mxatvruli TvalTaxedvidan,

SemoqmedebiTi niWidan Tu energiidan gamomdinare. amave dros

gasaTvaliswinebelia mwerlis Sinagani bunebis, fsiqikisa Tu pirovnuli

`me~-s Tvisebebi, romelic yovelTvis individualuri da ganumeorebelia.

rac ufro didia mwerali, Semoqmedi, miT ufro originaluria igi da

gansxvavebuli misi Semoqmedeba, rac ganapirobebs imas, rom aseTi mxatvari

verasodes eteva erTi mimdinareobis, miT umetes qvemimdinareobisa Tu

skolis CarCoebSi, afarToebs mis farglebs da Tavis SemoqmedebaSi

garkveulwilad aerTianebs ramodenime mimdinareobas erTdroulad, gnebavT,

mTel epoqasac. amitom, roca literaturis mkvlevari mwerlis

Semoqmedebasa Tu esTetikur naazrevs ganixilavs ama Tu im

mimdinareobasTan mimarTebaSi, aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli

zemoT naxsenebi garemoeba, rac samwuxarod, Zalze iSviaTad xdeba. amave

dros arc erTi Semoqmedi ar unda Sefasdes imis mixedviT, Tu ra unda

moeca mas dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, aramed imis mixedviT, Tu ra mogvca

man YTavisi Tanadrouli viTarebidan gamomdinare garkveul tradiciebze

dayrdnobiT. Tu am kuTxiT SevxedavT giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebas da

esTetikur naazrevs, kidev erTxel davrwmundebiT imaSi, rom igi rogorc

mwerali da literaturis Teoretikosi `TergdaleulTa Taobis~ Rirseuli

warmomadgenelia, xolo mis mier SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRiarebuli

`Seuferavi realizmi~ igive kritikuli realizmia morgebuli mwerlis

Tanadroul sazogadoebriv viTarebas.

da bolos, yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia

davaskvnaT, rom qarTuli literaturisaTvis, rogorc nebismieri xalxis

yvela drois mwerlobisaTvis, dasabamidanve (V saukune) damaxasiaTebeli

iyo realisturi tendenciebi Tu realizmis niSnebi, raSic kidev erTxel

dagvarwmuna am kuTxiT Cveni mravalsaukunovani mwerlobis ganxilvam

`SuSanikis wamebidan~ moyolebuli giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebis CaTvliT.

rac ufro viTardeboda da mdidrdeboda mxatvruli gamocdilebiT,

qarTul literaturaSi sul ufro TvalSi sacemi da xelSesaxebi xdeboda

realizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, ramac saboloo jamSi migviyvana

kidec kritikuli realizmis srul damkvidreba-gabatonebamde XIX saukunis

meore naxevarSi. am saqmeSi arc Tu ise cota wvlili miuZRvis giorgi

wereTels, romlis `Seuferavi realizmi~ sxva araferia, Tu ara kritikuli

191

realizmis ganviTarebis erT-erTi axali etapi Tanadrouli sazogadoebrivi

moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad da mas araferi aqvs saerTo naturalizmTan,

romelsac rogorc literaturul mimdinareobas saerTod ar icnobs

qarTuli literatura.

192

gamoyenebuli literatura

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2. abzianiZe g., narkvevebi XIX s. qarTuli azrovnebis istoriidan, Tb.

1959w.

3. avaliani s., g. wereTlis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba, Tb. 1954w.

4. aristotele, poetika, Tb. 1944w.

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6. arCili, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, Tb, 1937w.

7. asaTiani g., qarTveli lirikosebi, Tb. 1963w.

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10. baramiZe al., realisturi nakadis Sesaxeb XVII-XVIII saukuneebis

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1965w.)

12. bardaveliZe b., personaJis xatvis principebi qarTul realistur

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13. belinski b., rCeuli Txzulebani, t. I, 1952w.

14. boloTaSvili g., civilizaciebis istoria, Tb.2003w.

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20. gamsaxurdia z., `vefxistyaosnis~ saxismetyveleba, Tb.1991w

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22. gaCeCilaZe a., brZola realizmis damkvidrebisaTvis XIX saukunis

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23. gaCeCilaZe s., literaturis Teoria, Tb. 1968w.

24. gelovani a., sveti naTlisa, Tb. 1965w.

193

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wlebi

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194

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54. orbeliani gr., TxzulebaTa krebuli, Tb. 1954w.

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