Italiani in Sudan

7/23/2019 Italiani in Sudan

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‚IJC C]DJCDLC CL ^PMDL‑

Iucmk ^dedtcl`jjc ` Jkr`lzk Dli`jklc

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mc

Njdumck Rdncocnk(

Mdc n`lturcklc mc Nkrl`jck Idjjk ` ijc `spjkrdtkrc m`jj` stkrc` mc ^`l`nd ` Rjclck* dc pdtrcktcrcskrica`ltdjc ` dj ‚Idrcedjmc m–Dorcnd‑6 md ^dl Ordln`snk ` c sukc p`jjìrclc d Nkaeklc ` csukc acssckldrc6 mdc a`rndltc mc I`lkvd ` _`l`zcd d qu`jjc ‚mdjjd hdjjdecd‑8 ndrr`jjdtd*dttrdv`rsk c s`nkjc* suc vcdiicdtkrc ` `spjkrdtkrc ctdjcdlc l`jj` t`rr` sumdl`sc,

Cj ocjk mc Drcdlld m`jjd pr`s`lzd ctdjcdld cl ûmdl ng` sc mcpdld mdj tàpk m`cUkadlc p`r iculi`r` dc ickrlc lkstrc* ng` j–kp`rd rcnkstrucsn` nkl mkvczcd mcpdrtcnkjdrc* akjtc cl`mctc ` mc ikmcecj` j`tturd* akstrd uld* p`r n`rtc dsp`ttc*skrpr`lm`lt` pr`s`lzd mc ctdjcdlc cl qu`std pdrt` m`j ijkek* rcadstd p`r julig` `pkng` snklksncutd dj aklmk knncm`ltdj`, Cj jcerk rcpkrtd djjd jun`* clsunn`ssckl` nrklkjkicnd* ociur` mcspdrdt` ng` p`r uld vdrcìdtd a`ss` mcaktcvdzcklc sc sklk spclt` cl t`rrd sumdl`s`* jdsncdlmk sp`ssk trdnn`capkrtdltc m`j jkrk pdssdiick k m`jjd jkrk pr`s`lzd, @spjkrdtkrc ` acssckldrc*

prclncpdja`lt`* ad lkl skjk8 a`rndltc* p`jjìrclc* skjmdtc* mcpjkadtcnc*nklmkttc`rc* pk`tc* prktk!drng`kjkic ` ndnncdtkrc mc dltcngctâ* dvv`lturc`rc*cliìl`rc* drtcicdlc* a`mcnc* ldturdjcstc* i`kirdoc ` p`roclk ^dltc ,Mc akjtc mc `ssc * nkj tàpk * sc ç p`rmutk kilc rcnkrmk `* p`r qu`stk jksnrcv`r` qu`stk jcerk ç stdtk clldlzctuttk rcn`rnd 8 uld t`ldn`* pdzc`lt`*dnnurdtd rcn`rnd mc trdnn` skaa`rs` ` ndln`jjdt` mdj tàpk, Mc akjtc djtrc*clv`n`* irdzc` dc mcdrc* dc ickrldjc mc vcdiick* dc rìcstrc* djj` nrkldng`* ng`sklk rcusnctc dm drrcvdr` sclk d lkc * nc ç rcadstd uld sdid cloclctd mc stkrc`*krd mc vct` uacjc* sàpjcnc ` jdekrcks`* krd mc `xpjkcts strdkrmcldrc* suejcac `nkaakv`ltc* krd mc dvv`ltur` capksscecjc* `rkcng` k cls`lsdt`,Lìjc dllc cl nuc gk vcssutk stdecja`lt` cl ûmdl* l`c lua`rksc vcdiic `sp`mczcklc nkapcutc l`j Rd`s`* gk n`rndtk mc rctrkvdr` ` rcsnkprcr` dja`lkpdrt` mc qu`jj` pr`s`lz`* mc qu`jj` kra` ` trdnn`,Mc akjt` mc jkrk rctkrld krd cj rdnnkltk l`jjd rcnkstruzckl` ng`* clqudmrdtd sujjksoklmk m`jj` vcn`lm` stkrcng` sumdl`sc* ` stdtd nkapcutd l`j jcerk* mc nucprkprck j` n`ltcldcd mc stkrc` p`rskldjc* mc ctdjcdlc snklksncutc k n`jèrc* rcnkrmdtck mca`ltcndtc* l` nkstctucsnklk j–dlcad ,

(Mcpjkadtcnk mc ndrrc`rd* Njdumck Rdncocnk `– stdtk daedsncdtkr` m–Ctdjcd cl ûmdl mdj s`ttàer` m`j 4339 djj–kttker` m`j 5222, ]rd c sukc djtrc clndrcngc mcpjkadtcnc* ç stdtk nklskj` d

]`g`rdl* _cn` ndpk!Acssckl` m`jjd lkstrd Daedsncdtd cl ^kadjcd* daedsncdtkr` cl



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Edlijdm`sg ` daedsncdtkr` cl Jcecd, Dttudja`lt` rcnkpr`* dj Aclcst`rk mìjc Doodrc @st`rc*

j–clndrcnk mc Mcr`ttkr` I`l`rdj` m`jjd Mcr`zckl` p`r j–Dscd* j–Kn`dlcd* cj Rdncocnk ` j–Dltdrtcm`,

Dc ickrlc lkstrc* dj mc oukrc mc qudjng` rcstr`ttk iruppk mc stumcksc* okrs` pkngcrcnkrmdlk* k gdllk adc sdputk* ng` l`j WCW s`nkjk* dlng` nka`nklsìu`lzd mc qu`stk clclt`rrkttk ojussk mc ctdjcdlc ng` dv`vdlk vcdiicdtk kvcssutk l`jj` t`rr` sumdl`sc* j` mu` prclncpdjc jcliu` ‚ ordlng` ‑ ` m`jnkaa`rnck cl ûmdl `rdlk j–drdek ` j–ctdjcdlk ` ng` jd nkaulctâ mìjc ctdjcdlcstdecja`lt` r`scm`ltc cl ûmdl nkstctucvd uld m`jj` prclncpdjc trd j` pr`s`lz`ùrkp``,J` krciclc m`jjd pr`s`lzd stdlzcdj` ctdjcdld cl ûmdl `rdlk* nka` m–djtrklm`tuttd jd acjj`ldrcd stkrcd m`j Rd`s` mdjj–`pknd m`c odrdklc dc ickrlc lkstrc*

str`ttda`lt` nkjjìdt` djj–@icttk ` djj` nkaulctâ mc lkstrc nklldzckldjc ng` sc`rdlk stdecjctc dm Dj`ssdlmrcd ` dj Ndcrk,@rd md jê ng` pcnnkjc nkaa`rncdltc* i`lt` sàpjcn` ad cltrdpr`lm`lt`* ng` p`r souiicr` djjd pkv`rtâ dv`vd m`ncsk mc ‚ n`rndr` okrtuld ‑ mdjj– djtrd pdrt`m`j A`mct`rrdl`k* dv`vdlk pkc m`ncsk mc spcli`rsc sàpr` pcó d sum*dttrdv`rsdlmk ijc cap`rvc m`s`rtc mc Luecd* socmdlmk c ikrigc m`jj` ndt`rdtt`m`j Lcjk * sclk d stdecjcrsc d Fgdrtkua ` cl djnulc mìjc djtrc prclncpdjc n`ltrcsumdl`sc m`jj–`pknd, ^c trdttdvd m`c nkscmm`ttc ‚ a`rndltc mdjjd hdjjdecd ‑*ng`*clscà` d ir`nc ` adjt`sc* nkptc `m dra`lc k ncprcktc* dvrèe`rk mdtk krcicl`d uld lukvd ‚ `tlcd ‚ sumdl`s` ng` sc sdrèe` diicultd dj rcnngcsscak `vdrcìdtk aksdcnk mc pkpkjc ` i`ltc m`j ûmdl 8 qu`jjd m`c nkscmm`ttc ‚

sumdl`sc ecdlngc ‑,Ad lkl `rdlk skjk pcnnkjc nkaa`rncdltc* i`l`rdja`lt` mc pkv`r` ` sàpjcnckrciclc* d nkapkrr` j` nkaulctâ ctdjcdl` ng`* cl adlc`rd prkvvcskrcd kmòclctcvd* sc `rdlk spcltc l`jj` t`rr` ìczcdl` k sumdl`sc, Dm `ssc sc mkv`vdlk diiculi`r` c akjtc pdtrcktc rcskrica`ltdjc rcpdrdtc l`jj`t`rr` m–Dorcnd mkpk c rkv`snc m`c jkrk t`ltdtcvc rcvkjuzckldrc , Dlnkrd l`j 47>? cj Nklskj` I`l`rdj` dm Dj`ssdlmrcd m`j Uìlk mcRcàklt` ` ^drmìld rco`rcvd nkl pr`knnupdzckl` djj` su` dutkrctâ mc uldnr`sn`lt` pr`s`lzd mc ‚ndldijcd p`màkltcstcnd‑* okradtd pr`vdj`ltà`lt`md aàerc m`jjd ‚Ickvdl` Ctdjcd ‑ * c nuc ̀ spkl`ltc pcó dttcvc , , ,

« , , , nka` Ednndl`jjc k Idjjcld „ snrcv`vd snklskjdtk cj Nklskj` I`l`rdjÈdrdttd „ lkl p`rmklk knndsckl` p`r clsujtdrac ` nkltcludlk d adlt`l`rsc cl str`ttd nkrrcspklm`lzd nkl c nkspcrdtkrc d I`lkvd ` Jcvkrlk, , , , ¶

Mkpk cj odjjca`ltk m`c aktc m`j 47=7!=3 c rdligc m`c pdtrcktc ` rcvkjuzckldrcctdjcdlc `rdlk stdtc rdookrzdtc md m`ncl` ` m`ncl` mc ‚lukvc drrcvc ‑, @ j`pr`knnupdzcklc* ng` cj Nklskj` I`l`rdj` Edrdttd dv`vd `spr`ssk l`j 47>?*qu`std vkjtd sc `st`lm`vdlk dm djtrc rdppr`s`ltdltc mcpjkadtcnc k nklskjdrc m`cvdrc Uìlc ctdjcdlc* nka` cj Nklskj` I`l`rdj` m`j U` mc Ldpkjc* Odltuzzc* ng`*dldjkida`lt` d Edrdttd* sc jda`ltdvd l`c mcspdnnc djjd sud ndpctdj` p`r j`nkltclu` koo`s` drr`ndtìjc md ‚ crrcv`r`ltc ickvcldstrc ` t`st` ndjm` ‑,



>

Cl òo`ttc* lkl pkngc m`c ickvdlc pdtrcktc ctdjcdlc* rcpdrdtc l`jj` t`rr` dorcndl`* p`r souiicr` djj` pkjczc` sìr`t` mc a`zzd Ctdjcd* vc dv`vdlk pkc trkvdtk lukvc t`dtrcmc dzckl` cl nuc mdr` sokik dj jkrk ecskilk mc rce`jjckl` ` m`scm`rckm–dvv`lturd,

Djnulc mc `ssc* nka` cj Mkttkr ûj`yadl E`y* p`r j` jkrk dvv`ltur` ` p`rcp`zc`*sc `rdlk dlng` iudmdildtc uld n`rtd lktkrc`tâ clt`rldzckldj`,ûj`yadl* cl òo`ttc* sc ngcdadvd M` Rdsqudjc `m `rd ul ickvdl` a`mcnk mcRdj`rak* ng`* nkl j–dcutk mc ul suk cloju`lt` nkrrìckldj`* Rdkjk Rdt`rlkstrkE`y* dacnk p`rskldj` mc Augdaadm ^dcm Rdsgd ` ^ìr`tdrck I`l`rdj` m`jAclcst`rk mìjc @st`rc ìczcdlk* sc `rd drrukjdtk* mkpk uld ' prkedecja`ltòcltd # nklv`rsckl` djj–Csjda* nka` uoocncdj` a`mcnk l`jj–`s`rnctk Kttkadlk clûmdl, R`rsclk j–ujtrd nkls`rvdtkr` ‚ ]g` ]ca`s ‑ mc Jklmrd dv`vd m`mcndtkulk stczzctk s`rvczck djj` dvv`ltur` m`j Mkttkr ûj`yadl „ M` Rdsqudjc`jìi`lmkjk d scaekjk lìdtcvk mc qu`c iruppc mc , , ,

«

, , , ulirdtòuj dmv`ltur`s irdvcli okr nkaacs`rdtckl dlm gkrrcoc`m dt tg` prksp`nt ko wkrfcli okr tg`cr mdcjy er`dm , , , ¶

Dlnkrd pcó sndlmdjczzdtk `rd stdtk cj rdppkrtk m`j Uìi`lt` m`j NklskjdtkI`l`rdj` erctdllcnk dm Dj`ssdlmrcd* Ir``l* ng` dv`vd rco`rctk dj suk ikv`rlknka` murdlt` jd a`ssd mka`lcndj` ‚ uld octtd okjjd mc ctdjcdlc ‑* djjd pr`s`lzdm`j Nklskj` I`l`rdj` Ikeec ‚ p`r mc pcó cl djtd ulcokra` ‑* dv`vd nkltcludtkd mcsturedr` jd oulzckl` ircmdlmk ‚ _cvd j–Ctdjcd ‑ ` mcstrceu`lmk mìjc kpusnkjcng` cllìicdvdlk d ‚ O`jcn` Krsclc* adrtcr` p`r jd jce`rtâ ‑ ,

Jd v`rctâ ç ng` j` n`ltcldcd mc ickvdlc pdtrcktc ctdjcdlc* rce`jjc ` dvv`lturksc*

dv`vdlk pkrtdtk* trd j` oèerc ` c sumkrc m`j Lcjk* c irdlmc cm`djc ` vdjkrculcv`rsdjc m`j Ucskrica`ltk ctdjcdlk, ^c trdttdvd mc vdjkrc ` cm`djc ng`* dj pdrc mcqudltk sunn`ssk p`r djtrc pkpkjc ng` vkj`vdlk jce`rdrsc mdj ickik nkjklcdj` ' scp`lsc djj–cloju`lzd m`j p`lsc`rk mc Adzzclc su Idlmgc #* dvrèe`rk pkcnkstctuctk cl qudjng` akmk oklt` mc cspcrdzckl` ` rco`rca`ltk p`r j` jktt` p`r j–clmcp`lm`lzd ` jd jce`rtâ m`jj` pkpkjdzcklc ìczcdl` ` sumdl`sc,Rktràak nkltcludr` d julik d rdnnkltdr` stkrc` ` dl`mmktc ng` stdllk dt`stcaklcdr` nka` c irdlmc vdjkrc m`j Ucskrica`ltk dv`ss`rk cspcrdtk cvcdiicdtkrc ` `spjkrdtkrc ctdjcdlc kttkn`lt`sngc cl ûmdl* md Dmkjok Dltkilkjc'ng` ngcum`vd j` su` j`tt`r` djjd admr`* snrcv`lmk ‚ _cvd _cttkrck @adlu`j` $ _cvd Idrcedjmc $ ‑ #* d Ndrjk Rcdiicd ' ng` clldjzdvd sàpr` cj ]rcnkjkr` l`c

sukc dnndapda`ltc l`j nukr` m`jj` okr`st` dorcndl` #* k cj nklt` @acjckMdlmkjk ' ng`* prcad mc mcv`ltdr` `spjkrdtkr` cl ûmdl* dv`vd nkaedttutkl`jj` ‚ Nclqu` Ickrldt` mc Acjdlk ‑ l`j 47=7 ` l`jjd mco`sd mc Ukad l`j –=3 # *k cj v`l`zcdlk Icdnkak Edrtkjka`k A`ss`mdijcd* ikv`rldtkr` m`j Mdrour*'adzzclcdlk* ng` dv`vd nkaedttutk nkltrk ijc dustrcdnc l`j 4703 ` l`j 47?? #*k Udood`j` Djoc`rc * uoocncdj` a`mcnk mc A`ss`mdijcd l`j Mdrour ' ng` dv`vdnkaedttutk nkl Idrcedjmc d A`ltdld #* km dlnkrd Dlmr`d Ordnndrkjc kIcus`pp` Nurzc* sclk djj` ociur` mc adiickr spcnnk nka` Ukakjk I`ssc*Ickvdllc Acdlc* cj adrng`s` Krdzck Dltclkrc k Id`tdlk Ndsdtc , Ad jdsncdakdj jcerk cj nkapctk mc svcjuppdr` cj rdnnkltk ncrnd qu`jjd pcnnkjd ‚ `pkp`d ‑kttkn`lt`snd ctdjcdld cl ûmdl ng`* dj oklmk* nkstctucsn` skjk ul ndpctkjk mc

qu`jjd julid ‚ dvv`lturd ‑* nkltcludtd dttrdv`rsk c s`nkjc ` sndlmctd md stkrc`*



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mrdaadtcng` k nkaakv`ltc* pdrdmkssdjc k skrpr`lm`ltc* mc ctdjcdlc cl qu`jj`jdlm` snklocldt`* odtt` mc pd`sdiic tdjvkjtd mcoocnkjtksc* sp`ssk irdlmcksc* qudscsàpr`* dja`lk p`r ngc snrcv`* doodsncldltc* ng` nkapkliklk cj akm`rlkstdtk m`j ûmdl,

Ad qudj` mdtd m–clczck pksscdak mdr` d qu`j ecejcnk ojussk mc lkstrc dlt`ldtcl`jj` t`rr` sumdl`sc ;Mcoocncj` mdr` uld rcspkstd pr`ncsd* dlng` s` okrs`* nka` sàpr` qudlmk sctrdttd mc stkrc` ctdjcdl`* sc oclcsn` sàpr` p`r rcsdjcr` dijc dltcngc Ukadlc,Cl òo`ttc* mkpk Gdrfguo ‚ j–@iczck‑* okrs` cj prcak `spjkrdtkr` ng` jd ^tkrcdrcnkrmd* ng` ncrnd qudttrkacjd ` nclqu`n`ltk dllc od* dc tàpc m`jjd C_ Mcldstcdmurdlt` cj nkscmm`ttk Uìlk Dltcnk* sc `rd dvv`lturdtk djjd snkp`rtd m`jjdLuecd ûmdl`s`* `rdlk stdtc c Ukadlc ng` dv`vdlk nkapcutk j` prca` v`r` `

prkprc` sp`mczcklc `spjkrdtcv` ` snc`ltcocng` l`j ûmdl,J–clt`lscocndrsc m`c nkltdttc trd c Ukadlc ` cj ûmdl `rd dvv`lutk l`j Rrcak^`nkjk d,N, * qudlmk c irdlmc skvrdlc m`j Uìlk mc A`rk`* Dspdjtd * Datdjfd *` pkc Ldtdfdadlc *' tuttc mcsn`lm`ltc mdjjd n`jèr` mcldstcd m`c ‚Odrdklc L`rc ‑*clczcdtd d Ldpdtd l`j 904 mdj actcnk Rcgdlfc #* dv`vdlk pkrtdtk cj jkrk r`da` djnujacl` m`j suk spj`lmkr` ,L`j 50 d,N, ^trdekl` dv`vd sìuctk cj Ikv`rldtkr` mc Ukad ' ` suk dacnk #Nkrl`jck Idjjk l`jjd sud sp`mczckl` l`jjd Luecd ` dv`vd rdnnkltdtk jd iu`rrdng`* d pdrtcr` mdj 5> d,N, * `rd snkppcdtd trd A`rk` ` Ukad ,Jd ndusd m`j nklojcttk `rd stdtd nkstctuctd mdjjd Edssd Luecd 8 skttk c]kjka`c clodttc sc `rd nr`dtd uld sctudzckl` mc autuk rcsp`ttk ` mc tdnctkdnnkrmk* s`nklmk nuc @iczc ` Luecdlc vcv`vdlk cl pdn` l`jjd rìckl` * nkluld pr`pklm`rdlzd pkjctcnd ìczcd l`j Mkm`ndsng`lk * md Dssudl dAdgdrrdfd * ` luecdld l`j ]rcdfkltdsng`lk * md Adgdrrdfd djjd ^`nklmdndt`rdttd , C Luecdlc pkt`vdlk dlmdr` d prìdr` cl pdn` l`c tàpjcìczc* d nkaclncdr` md qu`jjk mc Ocj` ng` pcó pr`mcjci`vdlk ,Nkl j–drrcvk mc Nkrl`jck Idjjk * p`rõ * tdjc clt`s` `rdlk v`lut` a`lk , CjIkv`rldtkr` rkadlk sc `rd spcltk d sum mc Dssudl ` dv`vd clstdjjdtkm`jj` iudrlcicklc l`jjd Luecd ,C A`rkctc dv`vdlk prcad n`rndtk mc `vctdr` jd skttkacssckl` d Ukad * pkcdv`vdlk dnn`ttdtk mc odr eukl vcsk d ndttcvk icknk, Ad * qudlmk l`j 5>

d,n, j` jìcklc rkadl` `rdlk stdt` cl jdrid pdrt` spkstdt` cl Drdecdp`r s`mdr` uld rcvkjtd * c Luecdlc l` dv`vdlk dpprkocttdtkcaa`mcdtda`lt` ` dv`vdlk dttdnndtk j` pkstdzcklc rkadl` nkl ulddradtd mc >2,222 ukaclc , @rdlk rcusnctc d nklqucstdr` Dssudl *a`tt`lmkjd d o`rrk ` ouknk ,Cj lukvk prò`ttk mc Ukad Idck R`trklck dv`vd suectk ‚ rcspkstk ‑ djjd socmdjdlncdtd mdj rìlk luecdlk , Dv`vd dttdnndtk Ldpdtd nkl tutt` j` okrz`mc nuc mcspkl`vd ` * rcusnctk dm `ltrdr` l`jjd ncttâ * j–dv`vd sdnngìicdtderutdja`lt` ,Mkpk tuttd uld s`rc` mc nklous` `m djt`rl` vcn`lm` * cl nuc c Ukadlc *p`rõ lkl `rdlk rcusnctc d pr`vdj`r` nkapj`tda`lt` suj Uìlk mc A`rk`*



0

j` mu` pdrtc dv`vdlk ocldja`lt` m`ncsk mc dmmcv`lcr` d uld skjuzckl` mcnkaprka`ssk ` dm ul dnnkrmk mc pdn` ,]rd odstc pkapksc ` rìdjc n`rcaklc` * jd ocrad m`jj–dnnkrmk `rd stdtdkridlczzdtd cl uld jkndjctâ ‚ d a`zzd strdmd ‑ trd Ukad ` A`rk` 8 l`jjd

n`jèr` cskjd mc ^dak l`j Adr @i`k ,C Ukadlc dv`vdlk m`ncsk ng` d ocradr` j–dnnkrmk p`r pdrt` jkrk ncsdrèe` stdtk lc`lt` a`lk ng` cj jkrk Cap`rdtkr` * cj prcak ` okrs` cjpcó irdlm` cap`rdtkr` mc tuttc c tàpc * N`sdr` Duiustk $ Mcnklsìu`lzd * c A`rkctc * stdecjcrklk ng` d ocradr` j–dnnkrmk d ^dak scsdrèe` r`ndtd jd jkrk st`ssd rìcld * jd actcnd ‚ Uìcld Ndlmdn` ‑ , D qu`c tàpc dlng` ‚ Ndlmdn` ‑ * nka` Nj`kpdtrd * sc `rd odttd jd odad mcul–`rkcld `lciadtcnd ` daadjcdlt` * ncrnklmdtd md ul djkl` mc crr`scstcecjòdsnclk ` acst`rk * mc nuc sc `rd nkltcludtk d odvkjìicdr` p`r juliktàpk l`jj–dltcngctâ ` sclk dc ickrlc lkstrc ' qudlmk sc `rd snkp`rtk ng`Ndlmdn` lkl `rd ul lka` prkprck * ad * pcó sàpjcnà`lt` * scilcocndvd

‚rìcld‑ l`jjd jcliud a`rkctcnd # , @ mulqu` tuttk sàerdvd prkltk `pr`mcspkstk mdj odtk p`rngã mdj suk clnkltrk nkl Duiustk pkt`ss`ldsn`r` * prkprck nka` `rd sunn`ssk p`r Dltklck ` Nj`kpdtrd* uldlukvd `t`rld stkrcd m–dakr` ,Ad purtrkppk Duiustk ' ng` * s`lzd `nn`sscvc rkadltcncsac * skjk pkngcdllc prcad * l`j >4 d,n, * dv`vd pkstk ocl` djjd stkrcd mc Dltklck `Nj`kpdtrd # * lkl `rd Dltklck , , , @ ‚ Ndlmdn` ‑ lkl `rd Nj`kpdtrd ,Cl òo`ttc * stdlmk dm djnul` okrs` adj`vkj` nrkldng` m`j tàpk* cj irdlmòdsnclk m`jjd Uìcld mc A`rk` `rd * p`r nksê mcr` * skprdttuttk , , , mc‚ldturd clt`rckr`‑ $ , Cl r`djtâ sàerd ng` jd ‚daadjcdlt` ‑ Ndlmdn`lkl okss` pkc prkprck uld e`jj`zzd ` djnulc sukc m`trdttkrc skst`liklkng` `ssd okss` cl òo`ttc uld sp`nc` mc vcrdik* tkzzd ` trdndilkttd*iu`rncd mc ul knngck * ` ng` j–ulcnk s`ltca`ltk ng` rcusncvd d cspcrdr`lìjc ukaclc `rd , , , jd pdurd $* mdtk ng` `rd pcó okrt` mc ul tkrk `sdp`vd nkaedtt`r` nka` uld ourcd djjd iucmd m`c sukc iu`rrc`rc ,Nkaulqu` scd* mkpk jd pdn` mc ^dak * `rdlk nkltcludt`* `m dlzc dua`ltdt`*j` sp`mczcklc `m `spjkrdzcklc rkadl` l`jj` ‚acst`rcks`‑ t`rr` sumdl`sc , Mcdjnul` mc `ss` scd Rjclck cj _`nngck scd ^`l`nd dv`vdlk jdsncdtk m`jj`nrkldng` m`ttdijcdt`,Rjclck* trd j` su` stkrc` suj Uìlk mc A`rk`* dv`vd dlng` okrlctk ul julikr`sknkltk sujjd sp`mczckl` acjctdr` nkapcutd l`j ?4 m,N, * su krmcl`

mc L`rkl` * md uld nkjklld rkadld* sclk djjd actcnd ndpctdj` a`rkctcnd `*djmcjâ* l`jj` t`rr` m`c mu` Lcjc ,L`jj` su` m`snrczcklc * Rjclck pdrjdvd mc okr`st` * `jòdltc * rclkn`rkltc ` mculd strdkrmcldrcd rcnng`zzd mc djtrc dlcadjc * nklo`radlmk cj irdlm`ndaecda`ltk njcadtcnk ng` dv`vd pkc trdsokradtk jd rìckl` cl uldzkl` sàc m`s`rtcnd ,Mc ul–djtrd sp`mczckl` * sàpr` dc tàpc mc L`rkl` * dv`vd pkc pdrjdtkdlng` ^`l`nd ,Ad cl qu`stk s`nklmk ndsk * pcó ng` mc uld ndapdild acjctdr` * sctrdttdvd mc uld v`rd ` prkprcd `spjkrdzckl` ` okrs` m`jjd prcad v`rd `prkprcd sp`mczckl` snc`ltcocnd ‚knncm`ltdj` ‑ djjd rcn`rnd m`jj` skri`ltc m`j

Lcjk ' ulk m`c pcó irdlmc `lciac i`kirdocnc mc tuttc c tàpc * ng` dvrèe`



?

nkltcludtk d ‚ tkra`ltdr` ‑ c irdlmc vcdiicdtkrc drdec m`j A`mck`vk ` m`jUcldsnca`ltk * ` ng` pkc sdrèe` mcv`ltdtk ‚ cj ngckmk ocssk ‑ m`jjdirdlm` `spjkrdzckl` ùrkp`d kttkn`lt`snd # ,Jd sp`mczckl` mìjc `spjkrdtkrc rkadlc `rd stdtd iucmdtd md mu`

n`lturcklc * ng` ^`l`nd skst`l`vd mc dv`r clnkltrdtk p`rskldja`lt` ,@ssc ijc dv`vdlk rdnnkltdtk ng` cj U` mc A`rk` * dv`vd okrlctk jkrkiucm` ` snkrt` p`r prksìucr` l`jjd jkrk `spjkrdzckl` djj` skri`ltc m`jLcjk ,Mkpk dv`r dttrdv`rsdtk ijc capksscecjc m`s`rtc m`j ^dgdrd Luecdlk * cn`lturcklc sc `rdlk spcltc sclk dj nukr` m`jj–Dorcnd pcó l`rd * kv`‚caa`ls` pdjumc p`ra`tt`vdlk cj pdssdiick skjk mc edrng` nksê pcnnkj`ng` cl `ss` pkt`vd trkvdr pkstk ul skjk ukak ‑ ' sc trdttdvd nkl kilcprkedecjctâ m`jj` n`jèrc jdiul`!pdjumc m`j ^dmm * jd vdstd rìckl`pdjumksd * okradtd mdj Lcjk Ecdlnk l`j ûmdl A`rcmckldj` # ,C n`lturcklc dv`vdlk icurdtk ` sp`ricurdtk d ^`l`nd ng` jd jkrk

sp`mczckl` `rd rcusnctd d rdiiculi`r` j` skri`ltc m`j Lcjk, @ cj irdlmòcjkskok * ng` p`rõ lkl `rd pdrtcnkjdra`lt` o`rrdtk cl i`kirdocd * nc dv`vdnr`mutk , Ad cj rdnnkltk m`c mu` drmctc `spjkrdtkrc* skprdttuttk s`rdppkrtdtk djj` kmc`rl` nklksn`lz` ng` deecdak m`c jukigc * rcsujtdvd * cltdj` pdrt` * akjtk pknk nr`mcecj` , @ j–cpkt`sc * ng` dppdr` pcó v`rkscacj` *ç ng` akjtk prkedecja`lt` jd sp`mczckl` sc scd mkvutd drr`stdr` prkprckl`jj` pdjumc m`j ^dmm , Ncõ lklmca`lk * `ssd dv`vd rcpkrtdtk d Ukaduld akj` pr`zcksd mc clokradzcklc i`kirdocng` sujj` dr`` vcsctdt` * `rcads` jd sp`mczckl` rkadld ng` sc `rd pcó prkoklmda`lt` dmm`ltrdtdl`j nukr` m`jj–Dorcnd L`rd ,

Mkpk c juligc s`nkjc ksnurc sìuctc djjd ndmutd m`jj–Cap`rk Ukadlk* l`jprcak A`mck!@vk `rdlk rcpr`sc c vcdiic mdjj–Ctdjcd v`rsk j–@icttk ` c m`s`rtcmc Luecd,Cj pcó n`jèr` vcdiicdtkr` ng`* djj–`pknd* sc `rd dvv`lturdtk cl @icttk* `rdstdtk ul p`rskldiick ‚ clsksp`ttdecj`‑8 lc`lt` mc a`lk ng` , , , ^dlOrdln`snk $ ,^c sd p`r n`rtk * mdjj` nrkldng` mc ordt` Adrcdlk md Ocr`lz` 'snrctt`cltkrlk dj 4=72 # * ng` l`j 4543 ^dl Ordln`snk sc `rd r`ndtk dMdac`ttd * djjd okn` m`j Lcjk * ng` djjkrd sc trkvdvd skttk dss`mck md

pdrt` m`c Nrkncdtc , Cj ^dltk sc `rd vkjutk r`lm`r` pkrtdtkr` mc ula`ssdiick mc pdn` ` * p`r clnkltrdr` d tdj ocl` cj ûjtdlk Dj!Fdacj * lkldv`vd `sctdtk dm dvv`lturdrsc l`jj` djjkrd snklksncut` sdeec` luecdl` ,Lkl ç ngcdrk s` ^dl Ordln`snk scd rcusnctk d tknndr` òo`ttcvda`lt` cj sukjkng` kiic od pdrt` m`j akm`rlk ûmdl* ad ç n`rtk ng` mkpk mc juc* cspcrdtc mdjsuk `sàpck* lua`rksc djtrc vcdiicdtkrc ` p`jjìrclc* sc `rdlk d vdrck tctkjkspcltc dttrdv`rsk j–@icttk iculi`lmk oclk djjd Luecd sumdl`s` ,Mc tdjc vcdiic * lkl pkngc * nka` dm `sàpck cj ockr`ltclk J`kldrmkOr`snkedjmc l`j 4>=0 * k ^cakl` ^cikjc ng` `rd stdtk nkapdilk mcOr`snkedjmc cl ul s`nklmk vcdiick cl @icttk l`j 4>7= * dv`vdlk jdsncdtknrkldng` odltdstcng` * pc`l` mc nurcksctâ ` mc `sktcsak , , ,



9

« , , , pdppdidjjc ` edeeuclc ! dv`vd snrcttk Or`snkedjmc ! ` idttc mc

Odrdkl` * ` e`rtunnc` * ` idttc adaaklc pkpkjdlk jd rcvd m`j Lcjk , , , *su nuc sc trkvd dlng` ul s`rp`lt` mc julig`zzd m–kttk erdnncd * ìrkssk nka` ulk a`zzdlk ukak gd jd nksncd 6 cj suk nkjkr` ç

junncndlt` ` jd sud sngc`ld ç rklngcksd * nka` ijc sngc`ldjc mìjc stkrcklc s`nngc , , , ¶ ,

« , , , ç odttd nka` jk struzzkjk ! nksê r`nctdvd uld n`jèr` ` cldrrcvdecj`

m`snrczckl` * nkl nuc ^cikjc dv`vd n`rndtk mc rdppr`s`ltdr` dc sukcnklldzckldjc uld icrdood ! * sdjvk ng` j–caeustk suk lkl gd p`ll` * dlzc gd jdld ecdlngcsscad ` ocl` * ` gd jd nkmd mc ndvdjjk * ` c pc`mc * nckç jìdae` mc mc`trk * sklk djt` erdnncd ulk ` a`zzk* ` qu`jj` mcldlzc sklkdjt` erdnncd tr` 6 gd cj pc`m` mc ndvdjjk ` idaed m–unn`jjk * cj nkjjkskttcj` ` julik tr` erdnncd ` pcó * ` ‗j ndpk ç odttk d akmk mc ndvdjjk *` gd ecklmk l`jjd t`std * ` gd mu` nkrld nka` cj ndstrkl` , , , ¶ ,

ôkrtuldtda`lt` * dm dua`ltdr` jd crr`scstcecj` vcs nkacnd mc tdjcm`snrczcklc ' p`rjka`lk dc lkstrc knngc # * su djnulc mìjc dsp`ttc `rdpurtrkppk clskrtd uld mkttd ` clsdldecj` mcsputd nkl Or`snkedjmc *ng` skst`l`vd clv`n` ng` jd icrdood dv`ss` , , ,

« , , , jd nkmd nka` mc ndprd * jd t`std nka` vct`jjd * ` nkrld v`stct` mc

p`jj` nka` qu`jj` m`j ndvrckjk , , , ¶ ,

^c sd p`r n`rtk ng` l`j 4>02 djnulc a`rndltc i`lkv`sc * sìu`lmk j`pcst` m`jjd ‚Mdre dj Dredcl‑ * jd n`jèr` ndrkvdlc`rd ‚m`jj` Tudrdltd tdpp`‑* dv`vdlk dttrdv`rsdtk pdrt` m`j M`s`rtk Jcecnk * cj M`s`rtk Luecdlk ` cj

M`s`rtk m`j Edyumd * drrcvdlmk d sum mc Mklikjd , Dc prcac m`j Tudttrkn`ltk cj a`sscl`s` Rc`trk Ukaeujk dv`vduiudja`lt` dttrdv`rsdtk tuttc c m`s`rtc mc Luecd ` pkc tuttk cj ûmdla`rcmckldj` sclk dm drrcvdr` cl @tckpcd ,L`j 4=07 Uke`rtk md ^dls`v`rclk * nkl j` su` m`snrczcklc m`jj–@icttk `m`j Lcjk ' ‚ ocua` adckr m`j Rk ‑ * ng` * nkl j` su` pc`l` p`rckmcng` * ‚ odm`jj–@icttk jk pcó irdssk pd`s` m`j aklmk ‑ # * dv`vd ujt`rckra`lt`nkltrceuctk d nklskjcmdr` c trdicnkacnc soklmklc m`jjd ‚snc`lzd i`kirdocnd‑m`jj–`pknd ` j` jìi`lm` * djca`ltdt` mdc p`jjìrclc * ncrnd cj odvkjksk àcst`rcksk Rr`t` Icdllc ,C i`kirdoc m`j tàpk skst`l`vdlk ng` cj Lcjk okss` dooju`lt` m`j

Ickrmdlk * ` ng` qu`st–ujtcak * d sud vkjtd * ldsn`vd , , , mdj Rdrdmcsk]`rr`str` ' scn $ # , D aklt` m`jj` ndt`rdtt` m`j Lcjk ! drika`ltdvdlkpkc* s`lzd cln`rt`zz` * ijc `rumctc stumcksc ! sc `st`lm`vd cj Uìlk m`jactcnk Rr`t` Icdllc nuc * prkprck p`r `vctdr` ng` drr`stdss` j` vctdjcdnqu` m`j ocua` k j` rcjdsncdss` tutt` clscà` prkvkndlmk j`tdjcclklmdzcklc * cj ûjtdlk ìczcdlk clvcdvd kilc dllk ‚ uld pdjjd m–krk nkluld nrkn` susk ‑ ,

Jd stkrcd m`j Rr`t` Icdllc `rd ldtd cltkrlk dj Mu`n`ltk * `rd murdtd p`r svdrcdtc s`nkjc * s`lz–djtrk sclk dj W_C s`nkjk * `m `rd stdtd ul–djtrd m`jj`

pcó dssurm` odltdsc` m`jj–knncm`lt` nrcstcdlk ,



7

^cl mdj A`mck!@vk * nklorkltdlmksc nkl j–Csjda * j–@urkpd dv`vd skildtkng` jkltdlk * dj mc jâ m`jj` t`rr` knnupdt` mdc aussujadlc * skri`ss` ulactcnk * odvkjksk ` pkt`lt` rìlk nrcstcdlk ikv`rldtk mdj Rr`t` Icdllc ,@ * prkprck irdzc` djj–djj`dlzd nkl cj pkt`ltcsscak ` rcnngcsscak rìlk

m`j Rr`t` Icdllc * j–@urkpd sdrèe` rcusnctd d strcli`r` trd mu` orkltc ijcdrdec ` mulqu` * clocl` * d snklocii`rjc ,^`nklmk j–dltcnk prkv`reck ' ‚ jd pdurd od qudrdltd , , , ‑ # * cj v`rk `prkprck t`rrkr` ng` ijc ùrkp`c dv`vdlk l`c nklorkltc m`jj–`spdlscklcsakdrdek!csjdacnk* dv`vd nkltcludtk dm djca`ltdr` ` d mdr` nkrpk djj` pcódssurm` jìi`lm` ' ` okrs` djjd pcó nkjkssdj` * stkrcnd ‚ ndltkldtd ‑ mctuttc c tàpc # ncrnd cj rìlk m`j Rr`t` Icdllc ,L`j WCC * WCCC ` WC_ s`nkjk * skprdttuttk qudlmk cj mkaclck aklikjk sc `rd`st`sk prdtcnda`lt` p`r tuttd j–Dscd ` acldnncdvd md pr`ssk j–@urkpd * cjr`da` m`j Rr`t` Icdllc `rd stdtk nkjjkndtk cl @stràk Krc`lt` * kmdlng` * s`nklmk djnul` vdrcdltc * cl Dscd n`ltrdj` ` cl Clmcd , Akjtc

vcdiicdtkrc ` `spjkrdtkrc * trd nuc djnulc m`c pcó n`jèrc `spjkrdtkrc dscdtcncnka` Ickvdllc md Rcdl m`j Ndrpcl` k jk st`ssk Adrnk Rkjk * `rdlkpdrtctc djjd rcn`rnd m`j actcnk rìlk nrcstcdlk ' s`lzd ldturdja`lt` ! jdpr`ncsckl` ` okrs` sup`rojud ! rcusncr` d trkvdrjk # ,Rkc * dlng` mc orklt` d tdjc clsunn`ssc * l`j WC_ ` W_ s`nkjk * nkl akjtdldturdj`zzd ` s`lzd edtt`r` ncijck * sc `rd m`ncsk ng` cj Uìlk m`jRr`t` Icdllc `rd nkjjkndtk lkl cl Dscd k cl Clmcd * ad , , , cl @tckpcd $ ,Cl òo`ttc * vd m`ttk ng` icd md pdr`nngck tàpk prcad `rd nkaclncdtduld mkttd `m `rumctd mcsputd ncrnd j–`sdttd nkjjkndzckl` m`c pkss`mca`ltcmc Rr`t` Icdllc ,L`j 4>>2 ul ordt` acssckldrck cl R`rscd ` cl Clmcd * Hkurmdcl m`^çv`rdn * skst`l`vd mc dv`r snkp`rtk ng` p`r j–dppultk j–Cap`rdtkr`m–@tckpcd `rd jk st`ssk ^kvrdlk ng` v`lcvd ngcdadtk cl @urkpd * Rr`tÌcdllc ,^`nklmk j` dnnurdt` m`snrczcklc ng` cj ordt` ordln`s` dv`vd jdsncdtkl`jj` su` ‚ Acrdecjcd m`snrcptd ‑ * cj Rr`t` Icdllc `rd * p`r vdssdjjc `rcnng`zz` * cj pcó pkt`lt` ^kvrdlk m`j aklmk ` cj suk rìlk * j–@tckpcd *`rd prdtcnda`lt` nkltciuk djj–Clmcd * md nuc jd s`pdrdvd skjk cj , , ,Rdrdmcsk ]`rr`str` ' scn $ # ,Rrkprck j` odlmklc` suj Rr`t` Icdllc ` j` sp`rdlz` mc trkvdr` cl juc uldjj`dtk ng` pkt`ss` nklmczckldr` ` t`l`r` skttk nkltrkjjk c sujtdldtc *

kradc ausujadlc* mc @icttk * Luecd ` ûmdl * dv`vdlk cll`sndtk *skprdttuttk l`j Tudttrkn`ltk * uld lukvd s`rc` mc vcdiic ` trdoocncmdjj–@urkpd * ` mdjj–Ctdjcd cl pdrtcnkjdr` * v`rsk j–@tckpcd ,C ‚ rcn`rndtkrc m`j Rr`t` Icdllc ‑ dv`vdlk kridlczzdtk cl mcoo`r`ltc akmc cjkrk vcdiic mdjj–Ctdjcd cl @tckpcd 8 tdjulc * sedrndtc cl @icttk * pkcnkltcludvdlk ldvcidlmk tuttk cj Adr Ukssk sclk dc pkrtc mc ûdfcl * clûmdl * k Adssdud cl @rctr`d * md mkv` pkc nkltcludvdlk vcd t`rrd sclkdjj–@tckpcd 6 djtrc sc aukv`vdlk vcd t`rrd ` mulqu` `rdlk nkstr`ttc dmdttrdv`rsdr` ijc kstcjc m`s`rtc mc @icttk ` mc Luecd ,Md djnul` okltc dppdr`ltà`lt` nr`mcecjc * rcsujtd ng` l`j 4=75* sc `rdp`rsclk nkstctuctd stdecja`lt` cl @tckpcd uld pcnnkjd nkaulctâ

knncm`ltdj` * ng` * s`nklmk djnul` m`ttdijcdt` nrkldng` m`jj–`pknd *



3

rcsujdtdvd okradtd * nka` l`jj` acijckrc edrz`jj`tt` sujj` nkap`tczcklcndapdlcjcstcng` * , , , ‚ md ul rkadlk * ul pcàklt`s` * ul adltkvdlk * ulndtdjdlk , , , ‑ ` * ldturdja`lt̀ caadlndecjc * ‚ md vdrc ldpkj`tdlc *v`l`zcdlc ` i`lkv`sc , , , ‑ ,

Cl tuttk qu`stk * qu`jjk ng` skrpr`lm` * ç ng` lklkstdlt` j–clt`lsk ojusskmc vcdiic ` `spjkrdzcklc * c prclncpdjc i`kirdoc m`jj–`pknd nkltcludvdlk *cap`rt`rrctc * d pr`lm`r` * sàpr` pcó dumdnc ` caprkpklcecjc * uldndltkldtd mc`trk j–djtrd ,Cj n`jèr` Rkiick Erdnnckjclc* l`j suk odaksk ‚ M` vdrc`tdt` okrtuld` ‑ *m`snrcv`vd ul @tckpcd ‚ pkpkjdtd , , , md erdaclc ‑ '$# ` dv`vd rcjdlncdtkjd t`sc s`nklmk nuc cj Lcjk okss` ulk m`c qudttrk ocuac ng` * nka` l`jjdn`jèr` okltdld m`j E`rlclc d Rcdzzd Ldvkld * sikridlmk dc pc`mcm`jj–Dje`rk m`j e`l` ` m`j adj` * mcsn`lm`vdlk mcr`ttda`lt` mdjRdrdmcsk ]`rr`str` ,Pl–djtrk n`jèr` i`kirdok m`j tàpk * Ordt` Adurk * ul ndadjmkj`s` m`j

nklv`ltk mc ^dl Acng`j` d Aurdlk * l`jjd sud Ndrtd m`j aklmk'r`djczzdtd cltkrlk dj 4=04# * akjtk nklsujtdtd trd cj h`t!s`tqudttrkn`lt`snk * dv`vd rcpr`sk j` t`sc ncrnd cj Rdrdmcsk ]`rr`str` * dlng`s` * pcó prum`ltà`lt` * jk dv`vd nkjjkndtk djj–`st`rlk m`jjd ndrtdi`kirdocnd ,^c pktrèe` nkltcludr` d julik d pdrjdr` m`jjd lua`rksd pueejcncstcndnkapdrsd * skprdttuttk l`jjd s`nklmd a`tâ m`j Tudttrkn`ltk * ncrnd cjUìlk m`j Rr`t` Icdllc * ng` pkc dv`vd cloju`lzdtk tuttk ul ocjkl`j`tt`rdrck `m dlng` djnulc m`c pcó irdlmc ndpkjdvkrc m`j tàpk nka`‚Iu`rclk cj A`sngclk ‑ mc Dlmr`d md Edre`rclk k jk st`ssk ‚ KrjdlmkOurcksk ‑ m`jj–Drckstk * ' mkv` cj Rr`t` Icdllc sc ngcdadvd ^`ldpk * U`m–@tckpcd * ` mdj suk rcnngcsscak ndst`jjk nkl ‚s`rrda`ltc m–krk* nkjkll`mc nrcstdjjk ` orìc mc pc`tr` pr`zcks` ‑ * nkltcludvd d acldnncdr` cjûjtdlk m`j Ndcrk mc m`vcdr` cj nkrsk m`j Lcjk # , Jd stkrcd m`j Rr`tÌcdllc `rd clocl` snkapdrsd mdc mkttc t`stc snc`ltcocnc ùrkp`c skjk l`jW_C s`nkjk * qudlmk c Rkrtkig`sc * mkpk dv`r ncrnualdvcidtk j–Dorcnd*dv`vdlk dvvcdtk su eds` stdecj` m`jj` r`jdzcklc nkl c skvrdlc `tckpcnc 8tuttc oclcrklk mc ngcdadrjc ‚ Rr`t` Icdllc ‑* ` j` acrdekjdltc dvv`ltur` m`jactcnk pr`t` rcads`rk skjk mkaclck mc rkadlzc ` pkàc,

L`j W_C s`nkjk * dlng` s` jd nr`sn`lt` cloju`lzd pkrtkig`s` cl tuttkj–Kn`dlk Clmcdlk ` cj Adr Ukssk ` jd nklqucstd m`jj–@icttk l`j 4049 mdpdrt` m`j ûjtdlk turnk!kttkadlk ^`jca C dv`vdlk prkoklmda`ltàutdtk jd i`k!pkjctcnd m`jjd rìckl` * lklmca`lk * nkltcludrklk cnkaa`rnc trd Ctdjcd * @icttk ` Luecd * ` nkltcludrklk mulqu` c vcdiic mcdvv`lturksc a`rndltc!`spjkrdtkrc ,]rd c lukvc vcdiicdtkrc * irdlm` odad dv`vd rcsnkssk Djvcs` Uklnclkttk *di`lt` ` clvcdtk m`j odnkjtksk a`rndlt` Mka`lcnk Rrcujc * ng` ! nka`dv`vd snrcttk l`j suk ‚ _cdiick mc Nkjknut ‑ ! * mdj Ndcrk * nkl uldndrkvdld mc a`rndltc ` trdv`stctk md nkaa`rncdlt` ìczcdlk * dv`vdrdiicultk I`mmd , Md jê sc `rd caedrndtk p`r Edsskrd ` pkc dv`vd

prksìuctk p`r ‚ Nkjknut ‑ * vdj` d mcr` p`r Ndjnuttd ,



42

^cd cl knndsckl` mc tdj` suk prcak vcdiick cl @icttk ng` mc sunn`sscv`sp`mczcklc cl Dorcnd ` cl krc`lt` * Uklnclkttk dv`vd vcsctdtk tuttk j–Djtk@icttk ']è` * j–cskjd mc @jòdltcld * Dssudl # * dv`vd pr`sk jd ndrkvdlc`rdm`jjd Mdre dj Dredcl ` dttrdv`rsdtk c M`s`rtc mc Luecd ` m`j Edyumd *

iculi`lmk cl djnulc m`c prclncpdjc n`ltrc luecdlc * mdc lkac clnkapr`lscecjc` clcm`ltcocndecjc * nka` c pcó capkrtdltc mc `ssc * ng` Uklnclkttk dv`vdngcdadtk ‚ L`ndmd ‑ ` ‚ Wckìcd ‑ ' ; # ,

Mkpk Uklnclkttk * djtrc vcdiicdtkrc!a`rndltc dv`vdlk nkltcludtk dvcdiicdr` julik cj Lcjk ` sclk djjd Luecd ` pkc * dttrdv`rsk cj Adr Ukssk*v`rsk j–Clmcd , ]rd `ssc sc rcnkrmdlk * dlng` s` sp`ssk s`lzd `jà`ltcpr`ncsc suc jkrk vcdiic * c mu` a`rndltc i`lkv`sc Icrkjdak Dmkrlk Ìcrkjdak md ^dltk ^tòdlk ' ng` dvrèe`rk nkstìicdtk cj Lcjk sclk dT`ld l`j 4=35 # 6 k cj a`rndlt` orcujdlk Ordln`snk m`j Eknngc`r * ng`dvrèe` cltrdpr`sk uld sp`mczckl` l`c m`s`rtc mc @icttk ` mc Luecd l`j

s`nklmk m`n`llck m`j Nclqu`n`ltk 6 km dlnkrd tuttd uld s`rc` mcvcdiicdtkrc * `rdlk stdtc l`jjd rìckl` d ndvdjjk m`j pdssdiick trd c mu`s`nkjc ' Tudttrkn`ltk!Nclqu`n`ltk # nka` cj v`l`zcdlk Ekldcutk m–Djedlk cj acjdl`s` E`l`m`ttk md Lkv` ,

Dlng` ulk m`c pcó n`jèrc vcdiicdtkrc nclqu`n`lt`sngc * cj vcn`ltclk OcjcppkRcido`ttd * nkapê l`j 409? ! 99 ul julik vcdiick cl @icttk * s`lzd p`rõ`ltrdr` l`jjd Luecd , ^c sd p`r n`rtk ng` Rcido`ttd dv`vd vcsctdtkAdtdr`d ` j` rkvcl` mc @jckpkjc * ng` sc `rd pkc spcltk l`jjd m`pr`ssckl`m`j Odyyua * djjd rcn`rnd m`jj–dltcnd G`rdnj`kpkjcs ` ng` `rd drrcvdtksclk dc tàpjc mc @mou ` mc Juxur , Okrs` cj t`racldj` m`jjd sudsp`mczckl` `rd stdtk nkstcuctk md Tdsr Cerca * vcnclk dm Deu ^cae`j ,M`j suk vcdiick cl @icttk * Rcido`ttd dv`vd jdsncdtk ul capkrtdlt`‚U`jdzckl` ‑ * ng` dv`vd p`rskldja`lt` pr`s`ltdtk dj Rdpd ^cstk _ l`j4070 * murdlt` j` odstks` n`rcaklc` p`r jd sud dssulzckl` dj trklkpkltcocnck ,Jd ‚ U`jdzckl` m`j vcdiick cl @icttk ` cl ^cldc ‑ * rcadstd pkc p`r juliktàpk mca`ltcndtd * nkstctucsn` * nka` m–djtrklm` tuttc ijc djtrc mcdrc ìckrldjc mc vcdiick mc Rcido`ttd * ul mknua`ltk mc lkt`vkj` clt`r`ss`snc`ltcocnk * djj–dltct`sc m`j s`lzdzckldjcsak odltdstcnk mc djtr` nrkldng` mcvcdiicdtkrc m`jj–`pknd * ng` nklo`rad jd irdlm` `rumczckl` ` ‚ s`rc`tâ ‑

snc`ltcocnd m`j irdlm` vcdiicdtkr` vcn`ltclk , L`jjd sud ‚r`jdzckl`‑ *Rcido`ttd * rco`r`lmksc nkltcluda`lt` dc t`stc ` djj` kss`rvdzcklc mc@rkmktk * ^tdekl` * Rjclck cj _`nngck * ]kjka`k ` djtrc irdlmc ad`strc*m`jj–dltcngctâ * n`rnd mc cm`ltcocndr` c sctc mc djnul` n`jèrc ncttâsnkapdrs`* nka` Drsclk` * E`r`lcn` k @rkkpkjc * lklngç mc mòclcr` tuttduld s`rc` mc prkejàc i`kirdocnc r`jdtcvc dj nkrsk m`j Lcjk * djj` su`nkrr`ltc * djj` su` pc`l` `m dlng` djj` su` skri`ltc * nkrr`ttda`lt`cm`ltcocndt` l`c ‚ Akltc m`jjd Juld ‑ ,

]rd ijc djtrc irdlmc vcdiicdtkrc nclqu`n`lt`sngc cl @icttk ` dja`lk clpdrt` m`jjd Luecd * ecskild dlnkrd rcnkrmdr` Rrksp`rk Djpclk * ldtk d

Adrkstcnd * ercjjdltà`lt` jdur`dtksc cl a`mcncld djj–Plcv`rsctâ mc Rdmkvd



44

` dppdssckldtk ektdlcnk , M`c lua`rksc vcdiic ` rcn`rng` nkapcutc cl@icttk murdlt` c ncrnd qudttrk dllc * mdj 4072 dj 407= * ng` dv`vdvcssutk l`j pd`s` * Rrksp`rk Djpclk dv`vd jdsncdtk uld s`rc` mc kp`r`snc`ltcocng` mc pdrtcnkjdr` vdjkr` * trd nuc ‚ M` pjdltcs Dìyptc ‑ * ‚ M`

pjdltcs `xktcncs ‑ * ‚ U`rua Dìyptcdrua ‑ * ‚ M` a`mcncld Dìyptckrua ‑ ,

Cltkrlk djjd ocl` m`j Nclqu`n`ltk `rd clczcdtk ul lukvk ocjkl` mc vcdiickcl @icttk ` Luecd * ng` pkc trkv`râ cj suk dpcn` l`jj–clczck m`jj–Kttkn`ltk 8cj vcdiick sp`ncdjcstcnk ` mc stumck m`jj` ncvcjtâ ` m`c t`skrc m`c odrdklc ,

Cj pr`nurskr` mc tdj` tcpk mc vcdiick `rd stdtk ul dlklcak v`l`zcdlk *ng` * ! nka` rcsujtd mdjjd sud r`jdzckl` mc vcdiick* ‚ _cdick mdj Ndcrk cl@ercl p`r cj Lcjk ‑ ! * l`j 4073 dv`vd nkapcutk uld sp`mczckl` mc ncrndtràcjd ngcjka`trc* nkstìicdlmk ' k * d trdttc * ldvcidlmk # cj Lcjk sclk djjd

^`nklmd ndt`rdttd , L`j suk adlksnrcttk * j–dlklcak vcdiicdtkr`v`l`zcdlk dv`vd jdsncdtk julig` ` m`ttdijcdt` m`snrczcklc m`c irdlmctàpjc mc @sld k mc @mou * k m`jj` irdlmcks` rkvcl` vcsctdt` l`jj–cskjd mcOcj` * d Juxkr k d Fdrldf ' sc trdttd m`jj` prca` a`tkmcng` rcn`rng` `r`sknkltc * jdsncdtc md ul ùrkp`k sujj` dltcngctâ ìczc` # * lklngç m`jjdi`kirdocd ` m`jjd strutturd skncdj` m`jjd rìckl`, @m ç djj–dlklcakvcdiicdtkr` v`l`zcdlk ng` mkeecdak j` prca` ` pcó `sdustcv`m`snrczcklc * cl `pknd akm`rld * m`jjd Luecd * mkv` , , ,

« , , , akltdil` djtcssca` sc strcliklk * vcnclk d j–dnqud md uld edlmd `

j–djtrd m`j ocua` ' cj Lcjk # * ng` ç nksd spdv`lt`vkj` d v`m`rj` , , , ¶ ,

A`tt` cl rcsdjtk jd irdlm` mcoo`r`lzd trd c t`rrctkrc ng` sc `st`lmklk dcjdtc m`jj` mu` rcv` m`j irdlm` ocua` 8 md uld pdrt` vc ç ‚ jd rìckl` mc j`vdlt` ‑ , , ,

« , , , ng` tc`l` cl sç m`j m`s`rtk * ng` ç tutk sdec` ` akltdil` * qudj`

sklk lum` * s`lzd drekrc lç orklm` , , , ` * cl n`rtc trdttc * s` v`liklkvcnclk * sclk djj–klmd m`j Lcjjk , , , ¶ ,

Mdjj–djtrd pdrt` * vc ç ‚ jd rìckl` mc pkl`lt` ‑ , , ,

« , , , pcó jkltdld mdj aklt` * mkv` ç eklcsscak t`rr`lk o`rtcj` `

deklmdlt` , , , ' dlng` s` jd vctd m`c nkltdmclc rcadl` `stràda`ltàcs`rd ` pkv`rd # , , , lkl vc õ vcstk lc`lt` m` ncvcjtâ * làa`lkdrtòcnc ' drtcicdlc # * dlzc pkngcssca` ektìg` * jd adickr suad t`jdrkjc m` t`j` irkss` ` lkl ocl` * ndjìdrc ` djnul` djtr` nks` mdadlicdr` , , , ¶ ,

J–cltr`pcmk vcdiicdtkr` v`l`zcdlk prkedecja`lt` vkj`vd drrcvdr` sclk dFgdrtkua ` * ngc sd * okrs` dlng` kjtr` * ad prcad mc rdiiculi`r`Mklikjd ` jd ]`rzd Ndt`rdttd * ç nkstr`ttk * d ndusd m`jjd okrt`mècjctdzckl` ` m`jj` su` nklmczcklc mc sdjut` d o`radrsc , Mkpk ulp`rckmk mc rcpksk * rcpr`lm`râ jd vcd m`j rctkrlk * rcusn`lmkdppdr`ltà`lt` d rc`ltrdr` d _`l`zcd * mkv` snrcv`râ jd sud r`jdzckl`

mc vcdiick * ng` rcadl` jd prcad mc ul ùrkp`k ng` deecd dttrdv`rsdtk



45

dja`lk cl pdrt` c m`s`rtc mc Luecd ` rcsdjctk sclk d tdj pultk cj nkrskm`j Lcjk * rcpkrtdlmk lktczc` nksê pr`ncs` ` m`ttdijcdt` * mc ndrdtt`rì`kirdocnk * `nklkacnk ` drng`kjkicnk sujj–clt`rd rìckl` ,

L`j ^`cn`ltk ` l`j ^`tt`n`ltk sc `rdlk clt`lscocndt` j` `spjkrdzcklcm`c ‚ vcdiicdtkrc `rumtc ‑* ng` * pknk d pknk * dv`vdlk skppcdltdtk c‚vcdiicdtkrc ! a`rndltc ‑ k c ‚ vcdiicdtkrc!p`jjìrclc ‑ m`c s`nkjc pr`n`m`ltc ,]rd c vcdiicdtkrc ng` dv`vdlk vcsctdtk j–@icttk ` jd Luecd 'p`rjka`lk jdnkscmm`ttd Edssd Luecd # vc `rdlk stdt` dlng` djnul` m`jj` pcó irdlmcn`jèrctâ m`jj–`pknd * ' lkl skjk cl Ctdjcd ad cl tuttd @urkpd # nka` Icdl Dltklck ^km`rclc k Rc`trk m`jjd _djj` ,Icdl Dltklck ^km`rclc * lkecj` v`l`zcdlk s` pur mc odacijcd ‚ krculmd ‑ockr`ltcld * dv`vd vcsctdtk j–@icttk ` jd Luecd trd cj 4?95 ` cj 4?9> *sìu`lmk cl qudjng` akmk j` kra` m`j pcó n`jèr` cl dsskjutk

‚vcdiicdtkr`!`rumctk ‑ ùrkp`k * cj pdtrczck rkadlk mc dltcnd lkecjtâ * Rc`trkm`jjd _djj` ,Okrs` * pcó mc kilc djtrk vcdiicdtkr` k `spjkrdtkr` ùrkp`k m`c sukctàpc * Rc`trk m`jjd _djj` dv`vd dltcncpdtk mc kjtr` ul s`nkjk * jd ociurdm`j tcpcnk ‚mdlmy ‑ ` vcdiicdtkr` rdoocldtk kttkn`lt`snk * ng` pkc sdrâclndrldtk p`r `nn`jj`lzd mdijc drcstknrdtcnc m`jj–Cap`rk Erctdllcnk ,R`r ncrnd mkmcnc dllc Rc`trk m`jjd _djj` dv`vd julida`lt` vcdiicdtk l`j_cnclk ` A`mck Krc`lt` * pkrtdlmksc dj sìuctk uld lutrctd sngc`rd mcdacnc * nkapdilc * s`rvctkrc ` p`roclk cj ndmdv`r` caedjsdadtk m`jjdickvdl` Addlc * ng` dv`vd spksdtk d Edigmdm ` ng` `rd suectk mkpkm`n`mutd ,]uttc c sukc prclncpdjc dppultc mc vcdiick `rdlk skstdlzcdja`lt` nklt`lutcl`jj` nclqudltdqudttrk ‚ J`tt`r` ‑ * snrctt` djj–dacnk Adrck ^ngcodlk * `ng` pkc `rdlk stdt` pueejcndt` l`j 4?02 cl ul ulcnk nkrpk `mctkrcdj`mdj tctkjk ‚ _cdiic ‑ , Djj` su` p`rcircldzcklc l`jj` t`rr` m`c odrdklc * m`jjd _djj` dv`vd m`mcndtkvdrc` j`tt`r` * nkln`ltrdt` p`rõ pcó ng` suj vcdiick * sujjd ncvcjtâ ìczcd `sujjd sknc`tâ nkltàpkrdl`d * ng` ìjc kss`rvd lkl s`lzd ul n`rtk`rumctk `m crklcnk mcstdnnk ,

ûjj–klmd m`jjd n`jèrctâ ng` c vcdiic mc Rc`trk m`jjd _djj` dv`vdlkrcsnkssk cl tuttd @urkpd * sunn`sscvda`lt̀ * l`j ^`tt`n`ltk * cj nr`sn`lt`clt`r`ss` mc cstctuzcklc snc`ltcocng` ` ulcv`rsctdrc` * mc nkjj`zcklcstc *a`n`ldtc ` drcstknrdtcnc p`r rdnnkjt` mc r`p`rtc drng`kjicnc k mc oksscjc àcl`rdjc * mc `redrc k mc dltcngctâ vdrc` ` mc rdrctâ ecejckirdocng` * stcakjõujt`rckra`lt` cj vcdiick mc stumcksc l`jj` t`rr` mc @icttk ` mc Luecd , CjIrdlmund mc ]ksndld ocldlzcõ vdrc` sp`mczcklc trd nuc * l`j 4?74* qu`jjdm`j a`mcnk ockr`ltclk Djj`ssdlmrk Rclc ,Jk st`ssk ^tdtk pkltcocnck lkl ou md a`lk mìjc djtrc rìlc ` irdlmundtcctdjcdlc l`jj–kridlczzdr` ` ocldlzcdr` acsscklc l`jj` ‚ t`rr` m`c odrdklc ‑ , Djj–clczck m`j ^`tt`n`ltk * Rdpd Njà`lt` WC dv`vd clvcdtk m`jj` lukv`

acsscklc cl @icttk * trd nuc qu`jj` doocmdt` prcad d @jcd Dssàdlc ` pkc *



4>

l`j 4940 * d suk nuiclk Icus`pp` ^cakl` Dssàdlc * prkprck nklj–clndrcnk mc dnqucstdr` nkmcnc krc`ltdjc ` ir`nc ,L`jjd s`nklmd a`tâ m`j ^`tt`n`ltk Ndrjk @adlu`j` CCC * U` mc^drmìld* dv`vd mdtk j–clndrcnk d ul n`jèr` stumcksk pdmkvdlk *

_ctdjcdlk Mkldtc * mkn`lt` mc Ektdlcnd djj–Plcv`rsctâ mc ]krclk * mckridlczzdr` uld sp`mczckl` cl @icttk ` Luecd p`r rdnnkijc`r` adt`rcdjc `r`p`rtc utcjc dj ocl` mc nkstctucr` l`jjd ndpctdj` m`j suk rìlk * p`r j–dppultk ]krclk * scd ul aus`k mc dltcngctâ ng` ulk mc stkrcd ldturdj`nkl ul krtk ektdlcnk ,Mkldtc clczcõ jd sud acssckl` l`j 4903 ` * nka` rcsujtd mdc m`ttdijcdtcr`sknkltc jdsncdtc l`jj–dppksctk ‚ Mcdrck ‑ m`jjd sp`mczckl` * p`r kjtr` uldllk ìjc vcsctõ a`tcnkjksda`lt` tuttd jd rìckl` * rdnnkijc`lmk pcdlt` `*skprdttuttk l`c m`s`rtc * ndapcklc mc rknn` * oksscjc ` acl`rdjc , D Fdrldf rcusnê d snkprcr` ` d capkss`ssdrsc mc mu` spj`lmcm` stdtu` 8uld m`jjd m`d ^dfga`t ' Mkldtc dv`vd `rrkl`da`lt` rct`lutk ng` sc

trdttdss` m`jjd m`d Cscm` #* rdppr`s`ltdtd d irdlm`zzd ldturdj` nkl uldt`std mc j`kl` ` snkjpctd cl ulk spj`lmcmk `m `sktcnk pkrocmck v`rm` 6j–djtrd m`j Odrdkl` Udas`s CC * rdoociurdtk cl pc`mc ` akjtk pcó djtk mc ulukak lkradj` ,Rcó dvdltc * cl djtr` jkndjctâ * dv`vd trkvdtk lua`rksc djtrc `m doodsncldltcr`p`rtc * trd nuc okrs` jd stdtud pcó e`jjd ng` rdppr`s`ltdvd jd Uìcld]`c` * rdoociurdtd nka` uld m`d ,Mkldtc dv`vd pkc prksìuctk jd sud sp`mczckl` l`j ^cldc * l`jjd p`lcskjddrdecnd ` d Adsndt` * mkv` sc `rd caedrndtk p`r Ndjnuttd , @rd akrtkmurdlt` jd trdv`rsdtd l`j 49?4 * ad tuttk cj adt`rcdj` rdnnkjtk cl @icttk `cl Luecd `rd stdtk icd clvcdtk d ]krclk * mkv` irdzc` dlng` dj sukickrldj` mc vcdiick * ng` dv`vd p`ra`ssk uld pr`ncsd ndtdjkidzckl` `vdjutdzckl` m`jj` kp`r` * dv`vd nkstctuctk cj lunj`k clczcdj` mc qu`jjk ng`pkc mcv`lt`râ ulk m`c odaksc ` capkrtdltc aus`c sujjd ncvcjtâ m`c odrdklc*cj Aus`k @iczck mc ]krclk ,ûnn`sscvda`lt` * l`j lukvk s`nkjk * j–Kttkn`ltk * cj aus`k `rd stdtk mcakjtk drrcnngctk mdjjd capkrtdlt` nkjj`zckl` v`lmutdijc md ul–djtrk`nj`ttcnk ` dvv`lturksk p`rskldiick 8 E`rldrmclk Mrkv`ttc* ulpcàklt`s` ng` `rd `ltrdtk l`jj–`s`rnctk ldpkj`klcnk , Icultk cl @icttknkl j` okrz` mc Ldpkj`kl` * prkprck irdzc` djjd ocmuncd m`jj–Cap`rdtkr`* `rdrcusnctk d odrsc lkacldr` l`j 472> Nklskj` I`l`rdj` mc Ordlncd dj

Ndcrk ,Nkl jd ndmutd mc Ldpkj`kl` dv`vd mkvutk jdsncdr` tdj` clndrcnk * ng`p`rõ `rd rcusnctk d odrsc dssìldr` lukvda`lt` l`j 4754 * clnklscm`rdzckl` mìjc str`ttc rdppkrtc mc dacnczcd ng` ìjc `rd rcusnctk dstdecjcr` nkl cj _cn`rç m–@icttk ' ng` okradja`lt` mcp`lm`vd mdj ûjtdlk]urnk!Kttkadlk # * cj n`jèr` Akgdaa`m Djê * ` nkl cj suk ocijck dmkttcvkCerdgca Rdsncâ ,Irdzc` d tdjc dacnczc` * Mrkv`ttc rcusnê d kridlczzdr` uld s`rc` mccapkrtdltc acsscklc `spjkrdtcv` ` d pdrt`ncpdr` dm djnulc sp`mczcklciucmdt` md Cerdgca Rdsncâ k md suk ordt`jjk Csadcj* dv`lmk cl tdj akmkjd pksscecjctâ mc vcdiicdr` cl julik ` cl jdrik cl tuttk j–Djtk @icttk * l`jjd

Luecd ` l`j ûmdl , Dv`vd `spjkrdtk cj M`s`rtk Jcecnk ` rdiicultk jd



40

stdtd ndrcndtd , Ad E`jzklc * dumdn` ` nr`dtcvk * kttcak kridlczzdtkr` `v`rd okrzd m`jjd ldturd * ng` * sàclumk * sc a`tt`vd d jdvkrdr` nkl ijckp`rdc jkndjc * rcusnê d pkrtdr` ercjjdltà`lt` d nkapca`ltk j–capr`sddssìldtdijc ,

Ncõ ijc vdjs` uld lukvd s`rc` mc clndrcngc * ng` cj Nklskj` ^djt *nkltcluõ dm doocmdrijc sàpr` p`r nkltk m`j Erctcsg Ausùa ' k * cl n`rtcndsc * p`r nkltk prkprck # ,]uttdvcd * mkpk ncrnd qudttrk dllc mc tdj` nkjjdekrdzckl` ` mkpk `ss`rscpc`lda`lt` doo`radtk nka` ‚ sp`mczcklc`r` ‑ * E`jzklc dv`vd m`ncsk mca`tt`rsc cl prkprck ` dv`vd clnkaclncdtk dm dvvcdr` * p`r suk nkltk `lkl p`r t`rzc * qu`jj` rcn`rng` drng`kjkicng` * quìjc sndvc ` qu`cnkaa`rnc ng` jk dvrèe`rk cl er`v` r`sk rcnnk ` odaksk ,Cl tdj` sud lukvd v`st` * ìjc cltrdpr`s` uld s`rc` mc vcdiic ` rcn`rng`cl tuttk j–Djtk @icttk ` jd Luecd ` nkapê dlng` m`jj` capkrtdltc snkp`rt`drng`kjkicng`* trd nuc tuttd uld s`rc` mc tkae` l`jjd vdjj` m`c r` * mc nuc

jd pcó e`jjd * qu`jjd m`j Odrdkl` ^`tgc C * ou md djjkrd ngcdadtd dlng` ‚tkaed m`j E`jzklc ‑ ,Kridlczzõ uld n`jèr` sp`mczckl` * dttrdv`rsk cj M`s`rtk Drdecnk * mdjLcjk dj Adr Ukssk * djjd rcn`rnd m`jj–dltcnd ` mca`ltcndtd ncttâ mcE`r`lcn` , Dttrdv`rsõ cj M`s`rtk Luecdlk ` cj M`s`rtk Jcecnk sclkdjj–kdsc mc @j Fdssdr * djjd rcn`rnd m`j odvkjksk tàpck mc Daakl` , @ mctuttc tdjc vcdiic * sp`mczcklc ` snkp`rt` * dv`vd jdsncdtk vdrc` kp`r` *spj`lmcmda`lt` drrcnngct` nkl c mcsìlc mc Dj`ssdlmrk Ucnnc * trd nuc‚Rjdt`s cjjustrdtcv` ko tg` r`s`drng`s dlm kp`rdtckls ko I,E, E`jzklc cl@iypt dlm Luecd ‑ * pueejcndtk l`j 4755 * ` ‚_cdiick cl @icttk ` clLuecd‑ * pueejcndtk l`j 4750,L`j 4743 * mcv`ltdtk kradc n`jèr` ` rcnnk* E`jzklc `rd mòclctcvda`lt`rctkrldtk cl @urkpd mkv` dvrèe` pktutk trdlqucjjda`lt` trdsnkrr`r` jd sudv`nngcdcd s`* mkpk qudjng` dllk* lkl dv`ss` lukvda`lt` s`ltctkj–crr`scstcecj` rcngcdak m`jj–dvv`lturd ` m`jj–Dorcnd , Jd ‚ ncrn` ‑* ng` qu`stdvkjtd crr`scstcecja`lt` jk dttcrdvd* lkl `rd pcó lç ]è` lç Fdrldf lçqudjng` djtrd m`jj` kpuj`ltc ndpctdjc luecdl` * ad `rd jd spj`lm`lt` àcst`rcksd ‚ rìcld ‑ mc tuttk cj ^dgdrd* ]caeuntó * ng` `rd mcv`ltdtd cjlukvk actk ` jd lukvd kss`ssckl` m`jj–`spjkrdzckl` ùrkp`d kttkn`lt`snd,@ nksê* l`j 475> E`jzklc dv`vd pr`sk jd odtdj` m`ncsckl` mc pdrtcr` p`r cj^dgdrd * clczcdlmk uld lukvd irdlm` dvv`lturd * ng` * sdrèe` stdtd p`r

juc dlng` j–ujtcad , Jd sud akrt` murdlt` jd sp`mczckl` ` cj odjjca`ltk m`jsuk t`ltdtcvk mc snkprcr` ]caeuntó nr`drklk irdlm` njdakr` cl @urkpd òclcrklk p`r dua`ltdr` jd ijkrcd ` jd odad m`j vcdiicdtkr` pdmkvdlk ,Ad* skprdttuttk * s`rvcrklk d clqudmrdr` l`jjd icustd prksp`ttcvd jd sudociurd ng` * nka` dv`vd mcakstrdtk rca`tt`lmksc cl icknk nkl jd sudpdrt`lzd p`r ]caeuntó * `rd qu`jjd lkl mc ul–dvv`lturc`rk dvcmk mcrcnng`zz` ' nka` dv`vdlk n`rndtk mc mcpcli`rjk djnulc m`c sukc‚nklnkrr`ltc ‑ ` m`lcirdtkrc # * ad mc ul–dvv`lturksk ` mc ul nkrdiicksk`spjkrdtkr` * nurcksk mc tuttk ` dvcmk * pcó ng` mc m`ldrk ` mc rcnng`zz`*mc nklksn`lz` ` mc dvv`lturd ,



4?

^` j` rkvcl` mc ]è` dv`vdlk nkstctuctk cj prclncpdj` t`dtrk m`jj` i`std mcE`jzklc* qu`jj` mc A`rk` ` cl pdrtcnkjdr` j` n`jèrc pcrdacmc m`jjd l`nrkpkjcr`dj` dv`vdlk nkstctuctk uld dldjkid rcedjtd p`r j` i`std mc ul–djtrk`spjkrdtkr`!drng`kjkik!dvv`lturc̀ rk ctdjcdlk * ng` * nka` Ickvdl Edttcstd

E`jzklc * `rd stdtk p`r n`rtc v`rsc ulk strdkrmcldrck p`rskldiick, ^ctrdttdvd mc Icus`pp` O`rjclc * a`mcnk ` vcdiicdtkr` ekjkil`s` * ng` * mkpkdv`r icrkvdidtk cl Djedlcd ` cl Ir`ncd * sc `rd r`ndtk cl @icttk nkaùoocncdj` a`mcnk dj sìuctk m`jj` dradt` ldpkj`klcng` ,ûnn`sscvda`lt` dv`vd icrdtk cl julik ` cl jdrik cl ûmdl, @rddrrcvdtk sclk djj` rìcklc m`j ^`lldr ` m`j Fkrmkodl, Dttrdv`rsdlmk jdLuecd * `rd v`lutk d nklksn`lzd m`jj` pcrdacmc mc A`rk` * ng` scodvkjìicdvd nklt`l`ss`rk irdlmc t`skrc,Cspcrdlmksc djjk spcrctk m`c tàpc ' irdzc` dj qudj` * dttrdv`rsk cj a`tkmcnksdnngìick mc irdlmcks` kp`r` m–drt` ìczcd * `rdlk stdtc nkstctuctc c pcócapkrtdltc aus`c ùrkp`c * d nkaclncdr` mdj n`jèr` Erctcsg Ausùa mc

Jklmrd #* l`j 47>= O`rjclc dv`vd kridlczzdtk uld dppksctd sp`mczckl` ‚mcrcn`rnd ‑ d A`rk`,J–cltrdpr`lm`lt` a`mcnk ekjkil`s` dv`vd dsskjmdtk tuttd uld ncurad mckp`rdc ` jdvkrdltc * ` dpp`ld drrcvdtk d A`rk` * sc `rd a`ssk d jdvkrknkl irdlm` j`ld p`r n`rndr` c t`skrc nustkmctc l`jj` pcrdacmc, Dv`vd odttk sakltdr` oclk djj` oklmda`ltd vdrc` nkstruzcklc `* mkpkdjnulc prcac t`ltdtcvc s`lzd sunn`ssk * `rd rcusnctk d trkvdr` cj t`skrk*nkapkstk md sodvcjjdltc ickc`jjc ` djtrc pr`zcksc* nkl nuc `rd stdtds`pp`jjctd uld rìcld,O`rjclc dv`vd trkvdtk cj t`skrk cl uld lcnngcd nkjjkndtd skttk jd pultdm`jjd pcrdacm` , @ sc `rd pkc snkp`rtk ng` jd pcrdacm` sdnngìicdtd `rdqu`jjd cl nuc `rdlk stdt` rcpkst` j` spkijc` m`jjd irdlm` Uìcld Dadlcsgdfg`tk * ng` dv`vd rìldtk mdj =4 dj 45 d,n, * ` ng` mulqu``rd akjtk v`rkscacja`lt` jd actcnd Ndlmdn` ng` dv`vd socmdtk Duiustk` j` jìcklc rkadl`,^àerd ng` cj okrtulksk rctrkvda`ltk m`j t`skrk m`jjd Uìcld Dadlcsgdfg`tk dv`ss` rcsvìjcdtk ijc dpp`tctc ` susnctdtk c pcó ec`ngcprkpksctc l`jjd ncuradijcd nkl nuc sc `rd dnnkapdildtk O`rjclc, Mcnklsìu`lzd * cj lkstrk dvv`lturksk * dnnkrtksc m`jjd dajd pdrdtd p`lsõe`l` mc dnnklt`ltdrsc mc ncõ ng` `rd rcusnctk d trkvdr` ` * lktt` tàpk *mc sndppdr` cl tuttd or`ttd,

Irdzc` d tdj` pcìd mìjc dvv`lca`ltc * eukld pdrt` m`jj` pcrdacmc mcA`rk` * okrtuldtda`lt`* sc sdjvdrklk mdjj` ‚ rcn`rng` drng`kjkicng` ‑ m`jlkstrk nklldzckldj` ,Nkaulqu` cj Odtk* dlng` s` cl oklmk acs`rcnkrmcksk ` clmuji`lt` *m`ncs` mc clojcii`r` uld ejdlmd pulczckl` d O`rjclc, U`s` clodttcpdrtcnkjdra`lt` mcoocncj` p`r j–cltrdpr`lm`lt` a`mcnk ekjkil`s` v`lm`r` cl@urkpd c t`skrc ng` `rd rcusnctk d snkprcr` ` dm dnndpdrdrsc, Cj prcak skvrdlk ùrkp`k* d nuc O`rjclc okrs` p`r s`lsk pdtrckttcnk n`rnõmc v`lm`r` cj t`skrk mc Dadlcsgdfg`tk* ou Ndrjk Dje`rtk* djjkrd U` mc^drmìld * dlng` cl nklscm`rdzckl` m`j odttk ng` c pr`zcksc r`p`rtca`rkctcnc dvrèe`rk pktutk e`l ociurdr` ` drrcnngcr` cj Aus`k @iczck mc

]krclk , Ad jd sud koo`rtd ou r`spcltd clldlzctuttk p`rngç * `ss`lmk



49

djjkrd jd ncvcjtâ ` j–drt` a`rkctcnd nkapj`tda`lt` snklksncut` * ijc `sp`rtcrct`ll`rk ng` c ickc`jjc okss`rk skjk m`jj` odjs` ` akjtk irksskjdl` nkpc`mc ickc`jjc ìczc , ^àpr` p`r tdj` rdickl` * ulk mkpk j–djtrk * tuttc c vdrcskvrdlc ùrkp`c * a`n`ldtc ` pkt`lzcdjc nkaprdtkrc* clt`rp`jjdtc md O`rjclc *

rcocutdrklk j–dnqucstk, ^kjk c skvrdlc mc Rrusscd ` Edvc`rd * mkpk vdrc`p`rcp`zc`* sc nklvcls`rk d dnn`ttdr` cj t`skrk mc O`rjclc * ng` dlnkrd kiicpuõ `ss`r` daacrdtk l`c aus`c mc Akldnk ` mc E`rjclk,

Kjtr` d Mrkv`ttc* E`jzklc ` O`rjclc* ijc dvv`lturksc ‚ Clmcdld Hkl`s ‑ ctdjcdlcmc clczck!Kttkn`ltk * ng` dv`vdlk edttutk c m`s`rtc mc @icttk ` Luecd djjdrcn`rnd m`c jkrk ‚ t`skrc ‑ ldsnkstc * nkstctucvdlk uld octtd sngc`rd * uldv`rd ` prkprcd jìckl` ,]rd tdjc vcdiicdtkrc! drng`kjkic * ‚ ndnncdtkrc mc t`skrc ‑ * vdllk s`lz–djtrkrcnkrmdtc Icrkjdak ^ìdtk * Ickvdl Edttcstd Erknngc * Cppkjctk Uks`jjclc * km

dlng` @lìcjmk Or`mcdlc * Ickvdllc Ocldtc k Ickvdllc Edttcstd Ndvcijcd ,

Mc tuttc* okrs` qu`jjk a`lk clt`r`ssdtk djj–dsp`ttk ‚ nkaa`rncdj`‑ m`jj``spjkrdzcklc l`c m`s`rtc mc Luecd ` nujturdja`lt` ‚ cj pcó lkecj` ‑* `rdstdtk Cppkjctk Uks`jjclc ,Ickvdl` jcliucstd * ldtk d Rcsd ` mkn`lt` ulcv`rsctdrck mc jcliu` krc`ltdjcl`jjd st`ssd ncttâ * Uks`jjclc `rd stdtk j`tt`rdja`lt` nklqucstdtk mdjjdnjdakrksd capr`sd mc Icdl Ordln`snk Ngdapkjjckl * ng` * l`j 4755 * `rdrcusnctk d m`ncordr` c i`rkijcocnc ìczc , R`r s`nkjc ` s`nkjc * jd qu`stckl`dv`vd nkstctuctk cj irdlm` crrcskjtk acst`rk cltkrlk dj qudj` sc `rdlkclvdlk doodlldt` i`l`rdzcklc mc stumcksc , N`jèr` `rd rcadstk cjt`ltdtcvk mc Rc`rk _dj`rcdlk * odaksk jcliucstd m`j Nclqu`n`ltk* ng` * nklcj suk sdiick ‚ Gc`rkijypgcnd ‑ * pcó mc djtrc `rd sàerdtk dvvcncldrsc djjdskjuzckl` m`j rèus , Ad pkc dlng` _dj`rcdlk sc `rd mkvutk drr`lm`r`` c sukc sunn`sskrc lkl `rdlk rcusnctc d odr` mc aìjck sclk d qudlmk*murdlt` jd ndapdild mc Ldpkj`kl` Ekldpdrt` cl @icttk * `rd stdtdsnkp`rtd jd odaksd st`j` mc Uks`ttd ,ûjjd st`j` `rd clncsk ul er`v` t`stk trcjcliu` 8 i`rkijcocnk * màktcnk ìr`nk , Ncõ mulqu` dv`vd rcjdlncdtk ijc sokrzc mc m`ncordzckl` mìjcstumcksc ` m`c jcliucstc ` * p`r j–dppultk * Ngdapkjjckl `rd stdtk cj prcakng` `rd rcusnctk d snkprcr` jd ngcdv` mc j`tturd m`c i`rkijcocnc , L`jjd

sud n`jèr` j`tt`rd * ' ‚ J`ttr` â A, Mdnc` ‑ # * m`j 59 s`ttàer` 4755 *jk stumcksk ordln`s` dv`vd spcìdtk tuttc ijc `jà`ltc cm`kirdocnc * okl`tcnc` irdaadtcndjc m`jjd jcliud m`c odrdklcUks`jjclc `rd stdtk md suectk ul `ltuscdstd skst`lctkr` ` mcvujidtkr`m`jjd snkp`rtd mc Ngdapkjjckl * ` * cl knndsckl` mc ul vcdiick mcqu`st–ujtcak cl Ctdjcd* dv`vd dnnkapdildtk jk stumcksk ordln`s` dstumcdr` j` nkjj`zcklc ìczcdl` m`c mcv`rsc aus`c drng`kjkicnc , L`jqudmrk mc tdj` nkjjdekrdzckl` ` l`jjk spcrctk mc r`ncprknd stcad `dacnczcd ng` sc `rd suectk stdecjctk trd c mu` ickvdlc stumcksc* `rdadturdtk cj prki`ttk mc uld nkaul` sp`mczckl` cl @icttk nkl mu`çqucp`s mc sp`ncdjcstc ocldlzcdt` mdc rcsp`ttcvc skvrdlc* cj U` mc Ordlncd `

cj Irdlmund mc ]ksndld ,



47

Jd sp`mczckl` `rd stdtd ngcdadtd ‚ j`tt`rdrcd ‑ * prkprck p`r skttkjcl`dr` csukc kec`ttcvc jcliucstcnc ` clt`rpr`tdtcvc * pcuttkstk ng` qu`jjc pcó i`l`rdjcmc ndrdtt`r` drng`kjkicnk mc stumck m`jj–drt` ` m`jj–drngct`tturd m`jj–dltcndncvcjtâ ìczcd ' p`r lkl pdrjdr` mc ‚ rdnnkjt` mc r`p`rtc ‑ k mc ‚ ndnn` mc

t`skrc ‑ # ,@rd stdtk m`ncsk ng` Ngdapkjjckl sc sdrèe` knnupdtk m`jjd pdrt`stkrcnd m`jjd rcn`rnd ` * p`r qudltk rciudrmdvd jd jcliud * m`jjdirdaadtcnd 6 Uks`jjclc * dvrèe` nurdtk j` rcn`rng` `tlkirdocng` ` mcndrdtt`r` j`sscndj` , M`jjd sp`mczckl` odn`vdlk pdrt` doo`radtc stumcksc *mcsìldtkrc ` sp`ncdjcstc vdrc, ]rd ijc ctdjcdlc * j` pr`s`lz` mc adiickr spcnnk * `rdlk qu`jj` m`j ldturdjcstd ockr`ltclk Icus`pp` Udmmc * ' ng`dv`vd icâ nkapcutk m`jj` rcn`rng` cl @icttk # 6 m`j a`mcnk ` mcsìldtkr`s`l`s` Dj`ssdlmrk Ucnnc ' ng` * nka` deecdak vcstk* `rd stdtk ulk m`cpcó str`ttc nkjjdekrdtkrc mc E`jzklc l`jj` su` sp`mczcklc cl @icttk ` l`jjdLuecd # 6 m`jj–cliìl`r` ` mcsìldtkr` Id`tdlk Uks`jjclc * zck mc Cppkjctk 6

m`j lktk pcttkr` Icus`pp` Dli`j`jjc * ng` * dlng` * pdrt`ncpdvd djjdsp`mczckl` nka` mcsìldtkr` 6 ` mc ^djvdtkr` Ng`rueclc * ocijck m`jn`jèr` nkapksctkr` ` nkildtk mc Cppkjctk Uks`jjclc * dlng–ìjcmcsìldtkr` * ng` p`rõ pdrt`ncpdvd djjd sp`mczckl` * diirìdtk lkl djjdnkaacssckl` ctdjcdld * ad d qu`jjd ordln`s` ,Cj 47 dikstk m`j 4757 jd sp`mczckl` ordlnk!ctdjcdld `rd sedrndtd dm Dj`ssdlmrcd mkv` `rd stdtd rcn`vutd nkl tuttc ijc klkrc md djtrc mu`ctdjcdlc mc nuc deecdak icâ pdrjdtk * E`rldrmclk Mrkv`ttc * l`jjd sud qudjctâmc Nklskj` mc Ordlncd * ` Ndrjk M` Ukss`ttc * qudj` Nklskj` m`jIrdlmund mc ]ksndld ,ûnn`sscvda`lt` jd sp`mczckl` dv`vd rcsdjctk cj Lcjk ` * mkpk dv`r dttrdv`rsdtk tuttk j–@icttk ` jd Edssd Luecd * `rd drrcvdtd sclk d YdmcGdjod * l`c pr`ssc m`jjd ^`nklmd ndt`rdttd ,Mc tuttk cj vcdiick * m`jj` su` p`rcp`zc` ` m`jj` su` dvv`ltur` * CppkjctkUks`jjclc dv`vd jdsncdtk ul pcdn`vkj` ` vdrcìdtk r`sknkltk mdj tctkjk‚Ickrldj` m`jjd ^p`mczckl` J`tt`rdrcd ]ksndld cl @icttk ‑ ,Jd sp`mczckl` `rd murdtd ncrnd ul dllk ` cj 9 s`ttàer` 4753 dv`vdclczcdtk cj vcdiick mc rctkrlk md Mclm`r cl Ctdjcd ,Mkpk skjk pkngc dllc * l`j 47>5 * Ngdapkjjckl * ng` * ! lkacldtk aàerkm`jj–Dnndmàcd mc Ordlncd ` mcr`ttkr` m`jjd prcad Ndtt`mrd mc @icttkjkicdcstctuctd dppksctda`lt` p`r juc dj Nkjjçi` m` Ordln` ! * `rd l`j ordttàpk

dssurtk dc pcó irdlmc klkrc * `rd snkapdrsk pràdturda`lt` * d skjcqudrdltdmu` dllc * d ndusd mc ul dttdnnk dpkpj`ttcnk , Mc nklsìu`lzdtuttk cj nkapctk mc ndtdjkidr` * stumcdr`* clt`rpr`tdr` tuttk j–`lkraàdt`rcdj` rdnnkjtk murdlt` jd sp`mczckl` `rd rcndmutk sujj` spdjj` mcUks`jjclc , Jk stumcksk pcsdlk sc m`mcnõ d tdj` jdvkrk p`r e`lqudttkrmcnc dllc * d nklnjusckl` m`c qudjc `rd stdtd pueejcndtd jd n`jèr`kp`rd cl lkv` vkjuac ' dc qudjc sc diiculi`vdlk djtrc tr` vkjuac ‗ cl okjck – * ng` rdnnkijc`vdlk tuttc c mcsìlc odttc murdlt` jd sp`mczckl` # * mdjtctkjk ‚Aklua`ltc m`jj– @icttk ` m`jjd Luecd ‑ , ^c trdttdvd mc uld m`jj`kp`r` oklmda`ltdjc mc tuttd j–ìcttkjkicd * ng` p`rõ Uks`jjclc lkl pktçv`m`r` nkapj`tdtd * mdtk ng` ìjc akrê cj = icuilk 47=> * ncrnd ul

dllk prcad m`jjd pueejcndzckl` mòclctcvd m`jj–kp`rd ' odttd d Rcsd l`j



43

47==# * irkssk akmk djjd st`ssd `tâ m`j suk dacnk ` ad`strkNgdapkjjckl ,

Pl djtrk m`c pcó capkrtdltc vcdiicdtkrc ‚ sìudnc ‑ mc E`jzklc ` * dmcoo`r`lzd mc Uks`jjclc * v`rk ` prkprck ‚ ndnncdtkr` mc t`skrc ‑* `rd stdtkIcrkjdak ^ìdtk ,^ìdtk dv`vd lkl pkngc pultc cl nkaul` nkl E`jzklc ,_`l`tk nka` cj suk ‚ ad`strk ‑ ` cspcrdtkr` * prkprck nka` E`jzklc * `rdicultk cl @icttk l`j 4747 * d v`ltcs`tt` dllc* s`lzd uld pdrtcnkjdr`rdickl` k * mcràak kiic * ul pr`ncsk ‚ prki`ttk mc vctd ‑ , @rd ulickvdl` ‚ s`lzd drt` l` pdrt` ‑ * s`lzd uld pdrtcnkjdr` `mundzckl` knujturd * ng` vcv`vd ul pk) djjd ickrldtd ` djjd v`lturd , Dj Ndcrk ^ìdtk dv`vd trkvdtk ul jdvkrk pr`ssk jd mcttd m`c ordt`jjc Dllcedj` ` Ndrjk M` Ukss`ttc * mkv` dv`vd akstrdtk ul n`rtk tdj`ltk

l`j mcsìldr` rcprkmuzcklc mc aklua`ltc * pcdlt` mc `mcocnc * adpp` * `nn, ,Rkc l`j 4752 dv`vd pr`sk pdrt` djjd sp`mczckl`* kridlczzdtd mdj Fg`mcvçAkgdaa`m Djê p`r r`djczzdr` jd nkstruzckl` mc ul ndldj` drtcocncdj` ng`p`ra`tt`ss` djjd ldvcidzckl` suj Lcjk mc `vctdr` c ikrigc m`jj` ndt`rdtt`pcó mcoocncjc ,Jd acssckl` dv`vd dttrdv`rsdtk c irdlmc m`s`rtc mc @icttk ` mc Luecd *p`r drrcvdr` sclk dj ^`lldr * mkv` dv`vd clczcdtk c sukc jdvkrc mcrcnkilczckl` , ^ìdtk dv`vd pr`stk deedlmkldtk j–capr`sd * ad `rdstdtk j`tt`rdja`lt` okjikrdtk mdj suk clnkltrk nkl c m`s`rtc * nkl jàcst`rcks` ` spj`lmcm` rkvcl` drng`kjkicng` `m dlng` nkl j–`sktcsakm`jj` pkpkjdzcklc jkndjc, ûjjd vcd m`j rctkrlk * sc `rd skoo`radtk clpdrtcnkjdr` d `spjkrdr` tuttd uld s`rc` mc irdlmc n`ltrc stkrcnc * mdNclkpkjc d Dltclk` * md Ocj` d Deu ^cae`j * rcprkmun`lmkl` c pcócapkrtdltc aklua`ltc nkl mcsìlc irdm`vkjc ` pr`ncsc , Rkc dv`vd m`ncskmc `spjkrdr` ulk m`c m`s`rtc sumdl`sc nklscm`rdtc trd c pcó kstcnc 8 cjM`s`rtk mìjc Dedmc ,R`r kjtr` kttdltd ickrlc * clscà` d tr` nkapdilc * dv`vd dttrdv`rsdtkm`jj` jdlm` mc uld tktdj` m`skjdzckl` ` drcmctâ * t`l`lmk ul m`ttdijcdtkmcdrck m`j suk vcdiick ' ng` dv`vd nkstctuctk ulk m`c prcac r`sknkltc mcul‗`spjkrdzckl` knncm`ltdj` cl tdj` rìckl` # ,^ìdtk dv`vd jdsncdtk m`jj` pr`ncs` m`snrczcklc ncrnd c sukc spkrdmcnc

clnkltrc nkl jd pkpkjdzckl` jkndj` ` skprdttuttk nkl j` ndrkvdl` mcsngcdvc ng` pkrtdvdlk cj jkrk trcst` ndrcnk sclk dc a`rndtc m`j Ndcrk , Dv`vd clkjtr` odttk m`jj` clt`r`ssdltc dllktdzcklc `tlkirdocng` ncrnd j`pkpkjdzcklc ` ndrkvdl` mc lkadmc ng` edtt`vdlk jd rìckl` ` c jkrk usc` nkstuac ,Tudlmk `rd rc`ltrdtk dj Ndcrk * cj edrkl` Aclutkjc ' ul–djtrk `nn`ltrcnk `krcicldj` p`rskldiick 8 sc trdttdvd mc ul i`l`rdj` prusscdlk * ng` p`rõ`rd ul v`rdn` , , , ldpkj`tdlk $ # * ng` stdvd * dlng–ìjc * pr`pdrdlmk uldsp`mczckl` drng`kjkicnd djjd ^`nklmd ndt`rdttd * dv`vd vkjutk pr`lm`r`vcsckl` m`c sukc dppultc mc vcdiick ` ijc dv`vd prkpkstk mc ulcrsc d jucl`jjd sud lukvd sp`mczckl` , Ad ^ìdtk `rd kradc clt`lzckldtk d

nklmurr` cl prkprck j` su` rcn`rng` ` j` su` `spjkrdzcklc , R`r ncrnd ul



52

a`s` sc `rd o`radtk d ^dqqdrd * mkv` dv`vd clczcdtk ijc sndvc cltkrlkdjjd irdlm` pcrdacm` , @ * mkpk vdrc` p`rcp`zc` ` dvv`ltur` * ng` p`r j–dppultk sdrèe`rk e`l pktut` nkapdrcr` cl ul ocja mc Clmcdld Hkl`s *`rd rcusnctk clocl` d snkprcrl` j–clir`ssk p`r jd sdjd akrtudrcd m`j

Odrdkl` ,]`racldt` j` su` ‚ dvv`ltur` ‑ d ^dqqdrd * dv`vd m`ncsk mc kridlczzdrùld sud sp`mczckl` djj–kdsc mc ^cwd clldlzctuttk p`r nkapj`tdr` * surcngc`std m`j Aclutkjc * j–kp`rd ndrtkirdocnd jdsncdtd cl sksp`sk mdpr`n`m`ltc acsscklc , ^ìdtk sc `rd dvv`lturdtk l`j nukr` m`j M`s`rtkJcecnk ` dv`vd pkrtdtk d t`racl` cj suk clndrcnk ,@rd rctkrldtk cl Ctdjcd l`j 475> ` * stdecjctksc d Ocr`lz` * dv`vd nkltcludtk *sclk djjd akrt` l`j 47>? * d jdvkrdr` djj` su` rcn`rng` ` djjdpueejcndzckl` m`c sukc ‚ ^diic pcttkrcnc * i`kirdocnc * stdtcstcnc * cmrkirdocnc `ndtdstdjc sujj– @icttk ‚ ,

]rd ijc djtrc ‚ sìudnc ‑ m`j E`jzklc * capìldtc d `spjkrdr` c t`skrcldturdjc ` nujturdjc m`jj–dltcnk @icttk * ecskild s`lz–djtrk a`lsckldr` cj icânctdtk Dj`ssdlmrk Ucnnc * ng` ng` nka` deecdak vcstk p`r ul n`rtktàpk dv`vd nkjjdekrdtk nkl cj irdlm` `spjkrdtkr` pdmkvdlk ` dv`vddlng` pdrt`ncpdtk djjd capkrtdlt` ‚ sp`mczckl` j`tt`rdrcd ‑ mc Ngdapkjjckl` Uks`jjclc l`j 4757!4753 ,Cl diicultd d tdjc vcdiic ` `spjkrdzcklc * Ucnnc dv`vd nkapcutk tuttd ulds`rc` mc sp`mczcklc cl @icttk ` l`jjd Luecd ` l`j ûmdl , Dv`vddttrdv`rsdtk c m`s`rtc m`jj–Dtaur ` m`j Edyumd, @ pkc * mkpk `ss`r`pdssdtk dttrdv`rsk eukld pdrt` m`j ûmdl * `rd icultk l`j ^`lldr ' l`jûmdl krc`ltdj` # , Dv`vd pkc `spjkrdtk tuttd jd p`lcskjd m`j ^cldc * ` * clul djtrd capkrtdlt` sp`mczckl` * dv`vd dttrdv`rsdtk cj M`s`rtk Jcecnk sclkd rdiiculi`r` j–kdsc mc ^cwd ,

Pl djtrk ‚ sìudn` ‑ m`j ‚ icidlt` pdtdiklcnk ‑ `rd stdtk cj ndpctdlk@lìcjmk Or`mcdlc * ng` dv`vd pdrt`ncpdtk nkl E`jzklc djj` rcn`rng` sujjdpcrdacm` mc Fgòr`l `m `rd clscà` d juc aka`ltk m`jj–dp`rturd m`jjdpcrdacm` ,Mc krciclc tksndl` * Or`mcdlc `rd drrcvdtk cl @icttk nka` uoocncdj` m`jj`dradt` ldpkj`klcng` , Rkc * nklqucstdtk mdjjd pdssckl` p`r j`

`spjkrdzcklc ` rcn`rng` drng`kjkicng` * mdj 4749 dv`vd m`ncsk mc stdecjcrsccl @icttk , Dv`vd pdrt`ncpdtk djjd sp`mczckl` dttrdv`rsk cj M`s`rtk Jcecnk ` djj–kdscmc ^cwd * kridlczzdtd md Mrkv`ttc ` Ucnnc , Rkc sc `rd ulctk djjd acssckl`l`jj–Djtk @icttk ` l`j ^`lldr * mc nuc deecdak icd pdrjdtk * iucmdtd mdCsadcj Rdsncâ l`j 4752 , Ad `rd tkrldtk mdjjd sp`mczckl` cl pr`ndrc`nklmczckl` mc sdjut` ` a`ltdjc , @ * p`r c pkstuac mc tdjc adjc'qudjnulk skstc`l` ng` okss` prdtcnda`lt` dlmdtk oukrc mc s`llk # * `rdakrtk cl ncrnkstdlz` lkl nkapj`tda`lt` ngcdrct` * j–dllk sìu`lt` cl ulksp`mdj` m`j Ndcrk ,



55

Fgdrtkua, Jê sc `rd o`radtk djnulc a`sc `spjkrdlmk jd zkld djjd rcn`rndmc icdnca`ltc durco`rc ` nkapc`lmk dldjcsc sujjd ldturd i`kjkicnd m`jpd`s` ` rcn`rng` sujjd sud ojkrd ` oduld ,^c `rd pkc spcltk l`j ^`lldr * mkv` `rd rcadstk julida`lt` d stumcdr`

jd pkpkjdzckl` jkndj` * c sukc usc ` nkstuac * j` su` trdmczcklc * jdsncdlmkm`c m`ttdijcdtc r`sknkltc `m dlng` uld akj` mc mcsìlc ng`rdppr`s`ltdvdlk nkl mkvczcd mc pdrtcnkjdrc pd`sdiic * nkstuac * krlda`ltc *ut`lscjc * drac ` p`rsclk strua`ltc auscndjc , D ndusd mc nr`sn`ltc prkejàc mc sdjut` ' ndusdtc * sàerd * mdjjd skjctdmcss`lt`rcd ng` * clscà` djjd adjdrcd * nkltcludvd d odjncmcdr` ijcdvv`lturksc `spjkrdtkrc kttkn`lt`sngc # * l`jj–`stdt` m`j 475? * Erknngcdv`vd m`ncsk mc rcpr`lm`r` jd vcd m`j rctkrlk , Ad `rd rcusnctk dmdrrcvdr` skjda`lt` sclk d Fgdrtkua * mkv` `rd spcrdtk cj 5> s`ttàer`m`jjk st`ssk dllk,Mkpk vdrc` trdv`rsc` * c sukc mcdrc mc vcdiick ` c r`sknkltc m`jj` su`

rcn`rng` snc`ltcocng` * `rdlk stdtc r`nup`rdtc mdj Nklskj` m`jj–Cap`rk Dustrk!Plidrcnk Icus`pp` Dn`rec * ng` jc dv`vd odttc drrcvdr` cl @urkpd *mkv` quclmcnc dllc mkpk jd akrt` mc Erknngc * lìjc dllc 47=4!47=> *`rdlk stdtc pueejcndtc d Edssdlk cl ul–`mczckl` cl qudttrk vkjuac pcó uldtjdlt` * mdj tctkjk ‚ Ickrldj` m`jj` kss`rvdzcklc odtt` l`– vcdiic cl @icttk*l`jjd ^crcd ` l`jjd Luecd ‑ , Dlng` j` rdnnkjt` mc oksscjc ` acl`rdjc ` ijc `redrc * ng` Erknngc dv`vda`tcnkjksda`lt` ndtdjkidtk * `rdlk rcusnctc dm drrcvdr` d Edssdlk * mkv` *s`nklmk j` sud mcspksczcklc t`stda`ltdrc` * `rdlk stdtc nklsìldtc djjkndj` Aus`k ncvcnk ,

Nkl jd s`nklmd a`tâ m`jj–Kttkn`ltk * cj ^dgdrd @iczcdlk ` Luecdlk ` csukc ujtcac ` pcó krc`ltdjc m`s`rtc * cj M`s`rtk Jcecnk * cj M`s`rtk m`jj–Dtaur ` cj M`s`rtk m`j Edyumd dv`vdlk nkltcludtk dm `ss`r` vcsctdtc `dttrdv`rsdtc md vcdiicdtkrc ctdjcdlc * ad qu`std vkjtd lkl sc trdttdvd pcó mc‚ ndnncdtkrc m–dltcngctâ ‑ ` mc ‚ vcdiicdtkrc m`j m`s`rtk ‑ * qudltk pcuttkstkmc `spjkrdtkrc * skjda`lt` ‚ cl trdlsctk ‑ l`c m`s`rtc mc Luecd * cj nuckec`ttcvk ocldj` `rd clv`n` qu`jjk mc snkprcr` j` dlnkrd snklksncut`rìcklc m`jj–Dorcnd L`rd ` rcskjv`r` cj acst`rk m`jj` ^kri`ltc m`j Lcjk ,Nkaclncd mulqu` ul lukvk ndpctkjk m`j vcdiick ` m`jj–`spjkrdzckl` ctdjcdld cl

ûmdl* okrs` ulk m`c pcó capkrtdltc ` m`lsc mc scilcocndtc ` vdjkrc cm`djc ,Akjtc mìjc `spjkrdtkrc m`jj–`pknd `rdlk stdtc mìjc ukaclc mdvv`rk`nn`zckldjc ng` dv`vdlk nkapcutk capr`s` strdkrmcldrc`* cspcrdtc* nka`deecdak m`ttk djj–clczck mc qu`std cltrkmuzckl`* mdc irdlmc vdjkrc cm`djc m`jUcskrica`ltk ` mdjjd sud t`lsckl` akrdj`, @ lkl dppdr` ndsudj` ng` ijc`spjkrdtkrc ctdjcdlc deecdlk cl qudjng` akmk * clndrldtk cj aìjck m`c vdjkrccm`djc m`jj–`spjkrdzckl` ùrkp`d m`jj–`pknd * nka` qu`jjk m`jjd jkttd djjdsngcdvctó ,^àpr` l`jjd s`nklmd pdrt` m`jj–Kttkn`ltk* ‚cj ocjkl`‑ m`c irdlmc `spjkrdtkrc od pãlmdlt nkl qu`jjk m`c acssckldrc* cspcrdtk* nka` sc puõ nkapr`lm`r` mddlnkrd adiickr` t`lsckl` akrdj` ` irdlmc vdjkrc cm`djc,



5>

D qu`st` ociur` juaclks` mc pr`s`lzd ctdjcdld cl ûmdl ç* nka` sc v`mrâ*m`mcndtd uld pr`vdj`lt` pdrt` m`jj–kp`rd, Tuc* ngcum`lmk qu`std ‚ndrr`jjdtd‑cltrkmuttcvd* nc jcactcdak d rcnkrmdr` er`và`lt` djnul` m`jj` ociur` mcadiickr spcnnk ` rcjc`vk, ]rd `ss`* vc `rdlk clldlzctuttk stdt` qu`jj` mc

Ickvdllc Acdlc ` mc Ndrjk Rcdiicd,

Ickvdllc Acdlc * ldtk l`j 4742 ` akrtk l`j 4795 * `rd stdtk uldnjdsscnd ociurd mc dvv`lturksk turekj`ltk `m crr`quc`tk , Md rdidzzkdv`vd stumcdtk djj–Dnndmàcd mc E`jj` Drtc d _`l`zcd * mkv` dv`vdktt`lutk ul mcpjkad mc mcsìldtkr` ` cltdijcdtkr` , Rcó tdrmc dv`vdstumcdtk auscnd ` dv`vd p`rsclk nkapkstk ul–kp`rd ,Rkc * pr`sk mdj ourkr` pdtrckttcnk ` rcvkjuzckldrck * dv`vd nkaedttutk l`caktc m`j 47=7!=3 sujj` edrrcndt` mc Ukad ` _`l`zcd ,M`jusk mdj odjjca`ltk m`c aktc rcvkjuzckldrc * `rd pdrtctk p`r j–`st`rknkltcludlmk d icrkvdidr` cl @urkpd ` l`j A`mct`rrdl`k , @rd stdtk

edrctklk dm Dt`l` * t`nlcnk dircnkjk djj` oknc m`j Lcjk * p`mdikik *stumcksk mc ìcttkjkicd ` mc stkrcd ecejcnd djj–Cstctutk Nkptk mc Dj`ssdlmrcd,Lkl `ss`lmk okrlctk mc pdrtcnkjdrc nklksn`lz` snc`ltcocng` k sp`ncdjcstcng`*djj–clczck Acdlc sc `rd cls`rctk l`j nkaa`rnck m`jj–dvkrck ` mc dlcadjc `sktcncng` v`lcvdlk v`lmutc d zkk ` n`ltrc mc rcn`rnd cl @urkpd, Rkc* or`qu`ltdlmkvcdiicdtkrc `m `spjkrdtkrc* dv`vd nkaclncdtk d s`ltcr` sàpr` pcó cj odsnclkm`jj` socm` ng` sc pkl`vdlk djjd irdlm` `spjkrdzckl` m`jj–`pknd `*ldturdja`lt`* clldlzctuttk mdj prkejàd m`jj` skri`ltc m`j Lcjk,L`j 4703* nkl cj skstìlk m`jjk s`ssk Fg`mcvã m–@icttk* `rd rcusnctk dmkridlczzdr` uld prcad sp`mczckl` dj jdik Dje`rtk* ng` `rd ul pk– d a`zzdstrdmd trd `spjkrdzckl` purd ` acssckl` acrdtd dj r`p`rca`ltk mc r`p`rtc`tlkirdocnc* acl`rdjc `m djtrc i`l`rc md clvcdr` d aus`c ùrkp`c, Cl òo`ttc*prkprck irdzc` d tdj` sp`mczckl`* ìjc `rd rcusnctk d rcpkrtdr` cl Ctdjcd uldrcnngcsscad nkjj`zckl` mc r`p`rtc `tlkirdocnc rdnnkjtc l`c mcltkrlc mc Iklmkfkrk*ng` dv`vd mkldtk dj Aus`k Ncvcnk mc _`l`zcd,Rknk tàpk mkpk* lkacldtk mcr`ttkr` m`j Icdrmclk zkkjkicnk mc Fgdrtkua*dv`vd cltrdpr`sk* su clndrcnk m`j ikv`rlk ìczcdlk* uld julid sp`mczckl`sclk dj Nklik p`r ndtturdr` dlcadjc `m dlng`* mc lukvk* p`r rdnnkijc`r`r`p`rtc m`jjd nujturd adt`rcdj` m`jj` pkpkjdzcklc m`jjd rìckl`* `m kilc djtrdutcj` lktczcd p`r acijckrdr` j` nklksn`lz` i`kirdocng`,

Jd sp`mczckl`* mkpk ul prka`tt`lt` clczck* dv`vd tuttdvcd dvutk ul `sctkmcsdstrksk* mdtk ng` tuttk cj adt`rcdj` rdnnkjtk* d ndusd mc uld s`rc` mcp`rcp`zc`* `rd dlmdtk qudsc nkapj`tda`lt` p`rmutk, Acdlc `rd p`rõ rcusnctk dnklmurr` nkl sã sclk d Fgdrtkua mu` ickvdlc pcia`c Dffd* ng` dv`vd pkcdoocmdtk djjk snc`lzcdtk acjdl`s` @acjck Nkrldjcd* mcr`ttkr` m`j Aus`k Ncvcnkmc ^tkrcd Ldturdj` mc Acjdlk, ' Dlng` Nkrldjcd* djjd rcn`rnd mc r`p`rtc `rdnnkjt` ldturdjcstcng`* dv`vd* clscà` nkl Rdkjk Rdln`rc ` nkl NrcstkokrkE`jjkttc* vcdiicdtk d julik cl ûmdl* nkapc`lmk vdrc` sp`mczcklc l`jj` rìcklcpcó ràkt` #, Ucpdrtctk p`r j–Ctdjcd* Nkrldjcd dv`vd pkrtdtk nkl sã c mu` ickvdlcpcia`c, ^c trdttdvd m`c prcac pcia`c adc drrcvdtc cl @urkpd ` c mu` ickvdlcdv`vdlk rcn`vutk dnnkijc`lz` trcklodjc* dlng` s` pkv`r`ttc dv`vdlk mkvutk

dnn`ttdr` mc eukl irdmk mc `ss`r` trdttdtc ul pk– nka` ‚ o`lka`lc md



5=

edrdnnkl` ‑, C ickvdlc `rdlk stdtc aulcocnda`lt` kspctdtc d _`rkld mdOrdln`snk Aclcsndjngc @rczzk* _cn`pr`scm`lt` m`jjd ^knc`tâ I`kirdocndCtdjcdld* ` dv`vdlk nkstctuctk p`r ul n`rtk tàpk uld lkt`vkj` dttrdttcvd p`r cjpueejcnk ` `jà`ltk mc stumck p`r snc`lzcdtc* dltrkpkjkic ` jcliucstc,

ûnn`sscvda`lt`* mkpk uld s`rc` mc dpprkoklmct` rcn`rng` * ng` ijcdv`vdlk p`ra`ssk mc r`mci`r` uld ‚ Lkuv`jj` ndrt` mu edsscl mu Lcj ‑*l`j 4709 Acdlc dv`vd pr`s`ltdtk d Rdrcic ul prki`ttk p`r jd snkp`rtdm`jj` skri`ltc m`j Lcjk * ng` ijc `rd vdjsk jd lkacld d aàerk òo`ttcvkm`jjd ^knc`tâ I`kirdocnd ordln`s`, L`j 4703 * dv`vd clczcdtk jd sud prcadsp`mczckl` dorcndld , Dnnkapdildlmksc nkl Dlmr`d M` Eklk * dv`vddttrdv`rsdtk j–@icttk ` tuttc c m`s`rtc mc Luecd sclk d Fgdrtkua , Dv`vdrcsdjctk cj Lcjk Ecdlnk oclk djjd ndt`rdttd mc Adf`mk , Rkc * dttrdv`rsk tuttduld s`rc` mc p`rcp`zc` ` dvv`ltur` * diir`mctk mdc ldtcvc * clidlldtk `trdmctk mdc sukc st`ssc ukaclc mc snkrtd* `rd * lklkstdlt` tuttk * rcusnctkdm drrcvdr` * l`j adrzk 47?2 * oclk d Idjuooc * l`jjd vdstd pcdlurd mc

Lcaujd ' l`jj–kmc`rlk Pidlmd # * d skjc s`ssdltd ngcjka`trc mdjjd skri`lt`m`j Lcjk , Ad quc * stràdtk mdjj` adjdttc` ` kradc l`jj–capksscecjctâ mcprksìucr` kjtr` * sc `rd mkvutk drr`lm`r` , Mkpk dv`r clncsk cj prkprcklka` su ul s`nkjdr` dje`rk mc tdadrclmk * ' ng` dlnkr kiic ijc dectdltcm`j jukik rcnkrmdlk nka` ‚ j–dje`rk m`j vcdiicdtkr` ‑ # * dv`vd j`ltda`lt`pr`sk jd vcd m`j rctkrlk ,L`j 4794 * qudlmk dv`vd kradc sup`rdtk c s`ssdlt–dllc * dv`vd m`ncsk mccltrdpr`lm`r` uld lukvd sp`mczckl` dorcndld , Mkpk `ss`rsc ulctk d m`cndrkvdlc`rc mc Idttgks `rd icultk oclk dj ocua` P`j` * mc nuc dv`vdrcj`vdtk ` stumcdtk cj nkrsk , @rd rcadstk p`r kjtr` s`tt` a`sc l`c t`rrctkrcmc Akleuttó ` Edfdlik * vcv`lmk d str`ttk nkltdttk nkl j` djjkrdsnklksncut` ` tàut` trceó dltrkpkodig` m`c Lcda!Lcda , Rkc * dlnkrduld vkjtd skprdoodttk mdjj` adjdttc` ` mdjj` mcoocnkjtâ daec`ltdjc * dv`vdm`ncsk mc pr`lm`r` jd vcd m`j rctkrlk , Ad `rd akrtk a`ltr` n`rndvd mcrdiiculi`r` Fgdrtkua ,

« , , , ^`lt`lmksc kradc vcnclk d akrcr` „ dv`vd pkc snrcttk ulk m`c

t`stcaklc m`jjd sud akrt` „ Acdlc dv`vd odttk trdttìicdr` suj sukjk c nkltkrlc m`jjd sud okssd* sìldlmkl` p`rskldja`lt` c jcactc nkl djnulc ngckmc ,

Akrtk ng` ou * c skjmdtc sndvdrklk `ltrk qu`jjk spdzck jd okssd 6 clmc vc mcst`s`rk cj ndmdv`r` v`stctk m`c sukc dectc nkj ‚ nceuf ‑ dj ocdlnk 6 jknkprcrklk nkl tdvkj` ` vc v`rsdrklk skprd m`jjd t`rrd , , , ¶

Cl sìuctk* sc `rd rcusnctc d r`nup`rdr`* dlng` s` skjk cl pdrt`* c mcdrc `ndrtìic m`jj` ujtca` sp`mczcklc mc Acdlc* ng` `rdlk stdtc pueejcndtc l`j 4790mdjjd ^knc`tâ I`kirdocnd Ctdjcdld nkl cj tctkjk mc ‚ _cdiick mc Ickvdllc Acdlc dj Akleuttu ‑ * ` ng` dv`vdlk nkstctuctk ul–capkrtdlt` akj` mc cl`mct`clokradzcklc sujjd i`kirdocd ` j–`tlkirdocd m`j ûmdl ,

Dacnk mc Acdlc `rd stdtk ul djtrk strdkrmcldrck p`rskldiick m`stcldtk dmcv`ltdr` ulk m`c pcó capkrtdltc `spjkrdtkrc ctdjcdlc dorcndlc ` cl pdrtcnkjdr`m`jj` rìcklc sumdl`sc, ^c trdttdvd mc Ndrjk Rcdiicd,



50

Acdlc dv`vd nklksncutk Rcdiicd d Fgdrtkua* dj rctkrlk mdjjd sud prcadsp`mczckl` dj jdik Dje`rtk ` c mu` dv`vdlk caa`mcdtda`lt` ordt`rlczzdtk*dlng` p`rngã* nka` v`mràk pcó dvdltc* dv`vdlk trd jkrk akjtc pultc clnkaul`,

Rcdiicd `rd ldtk d Junnd l`j 4759 `* mkpk uld ickvcl`zzd crr`quc`td * l`j4704* jdsncdtd j–Ctdjcd cl n`rnd mc jdvkrk ` mc okrtuld* `rd dpprkmdtk sujjdspklmd dorcndld m`j A`mct`rrdl`k ,Mkpk dv`r jdvkrdtk p`r nclqu` a`sc cl ]ulcscd nka` icdrmclc`r` djj`mcp`lm`lz` mc Aurdm E`y * sc `rd trdso`rctk dm Dj`ssdlmrcd m–@icttk , Jêdv`vd trdsnkrsk djnulc dllc svkji`lmk c a`stc`rc pcó mcspdrdtc, Rkc sc `rdsp`ncdjczzdtk l`jjd ndnncd djjk struzzk* j` nuc p`ll` `rdlk sàpr` pcórcn`rndt` cl nkaa`rnck ` dv`vd clczcdtk d svkji`r` jd sud dttcvctâ mc ndnncdtkr`l`jjd vdstd zkld nkapr`sd trd cj jdik _cttkrcd ` cj A`mct`rrdl`k* ` pcópr`ncsda`lt` cl Pidlmd * @tckpcd* @rctr`d* ûmdl `m @icttk,Nka` Acdlc * dlng` Rcdiicd `rd skstdlzcdja`lt` ul cskjdtk * prcvk mc

dppkiic ` tktdja`lt` sokrlctk mc a`zzc adt`rcdjc ` mc nujturd* ng` p`rõ* prkprckirdzc` djj` su` strdkrmcldrc` mktc ` ndpdnctâ* `rd pkc rcusnctk* prkprck nkaÀcdlc* d iudmdildrsc ul pkstk m–klkr` trd c irdlmc `spjkrdtkrc dorcndlc ` trdnkjkrk ng` dv`vdlk pcó nkltrceuctk djjd nklksn`lzd m`jj` pkpkjdzcklcm`jj–Dorcnd sue`qudtkrcdj`,L`j lkvàer` m`j 470? dv`vd m`ncsk mc clczcdr` jd sud prcad`spjkrdzckl` cl Dorcnd L`rd , Nkl a`zzc mc okrtuld dv`vd dttrdv`rsdtktuttk j–@icttk ` jd Luecd sclk d rdiiculi`r` Fgdrtkua * ng` djjkrdnkstuctucvd jd v`rd eds` mc pdrt`lzd mc tutt` j` sp`mczcklc mcr`tt` v`rskj–Dorcnd `qudtkrcdj` ,Md Fgdrtkua dv`vd rcsdjctk tuttk cj nkrsk m`j Lcjk Ecdlnk * dttrdv`rsdlmkc t`rrctkrc m`c Ediidrd * m`c Lu`r * mìjc ^gcjjuf ` clocl` * l`jjd rìckl` mc@qudtkrcd * m`c Mclfd , ^c `rd o`radtk d Iklmkfkrk * d sum m`jj–kmc`rldncttâ mc Hued * mkv` `rd rcadstk sclk dj juijck m`j 4709 * `spjkrdlmktuttd jd rìckl` ncrnkstdlt` ,Rkc * l`j 47?2 * mkpk ul er`v` rctkrlk cl Ctdjcd * Rcdiicd `rd rctkrldtk clûmdl p`r dnnkapdildr` cj adrng`s` Krdzck Dltclkrc l`jjd sp`mczckl`l`j Edgr `j Igdzdj ,L`j 47?> sc `rd ulctk djjd ndrkvdld m`j a`rndlt` nkptk Idttgks ` `rdrcusnctk d rdiiculi`r` j` t`rr` m`c Lcda!Lcda'vdj` d mcr` jd rìckl` mìjc Dsdlmç* ng` nklocldvd nkl cj Uìlk m`j

Akleuttu* mkv` Acdlc `rd akrtk #,L`jj` su` aàkrc` Rcdiicd dv`vd snrcttk ng` cj prcak snkpk m`jjd sudacssckl` `rd qu`jjk mc , , , ‚ dnn`rtdr` djjd snc`lzd s` qu`c pkpkjc sklk*nka` stdtc caadicldtc* nkl jd nkmd ‑ ' $ # ,Nkaulqu` snkp`rtk ng` c Lcda!Lcda lkl dv`vdlk jd nkmd* Rcdiicd `rdrcusnctk d stdecjcr` nkl jkrk uld okrad mc nkltdttk ` mc nkaulcndzckl`* ç sc `rdo`radtk pr`ssk* prcak ` skjk ukak ecdlnk dm dv`rjk adc odttk* p`r kjtr` uldllk, Dv`vd nkjtk j–knndsckl` mc tdj` skiickrlk p`r `spjkrdr` j` rìcklcncrnkstdltc sclk dc nkloclc m`j Uìlk mc Fcpd, ]dj` sud dvv`lturd dv`vd akjtknkjpctk j–caadiclcocnk nkjj`ttcvk knncm`ltdj` nkltrceu`lmk d djca`ltdr` jdlktkrc`tâ m`jj–`spjkrdtkr` junng`s`, Dm `ssd Rcdiicd dv`vd m`mcndtk dapck

spdzck l`jj` su` Aàkrc` ' pueejcndt` pkstua` d Ocr`lz` l`j 43=4#* ` jd



5?

pdrt` r`jdtcvd dc Lcda!Lcda dv`vd dvutk tdja`lt` sunn`ssk md `ss`r` pkcpueejcndtd dlng` md skjd nkl cj tctkjk mc ‚ L`jjd t`rrd m`c Lcda!Lcda ‑ ` mdksnurdr` cl ul n`rtk s`lsk j` st`ss` ‚ Aàkrc` ‑ , Mdjjd sud dvv`lturd l`jjdt`rrd mìjc Dsdlmç Rcdiicd dv`vd dlng` rcpkrtdtk uld rcnngcsscad nkjj`zckl`

`tlkirdocnd ng`* lkl dv̀ lmk trkvdtk cl Ctdjcd uld s`m` mcspkstd d rcn`v`rjd*sdrâ* p`r cj trdact` m`j n`jèr` ektdlcnk t`m`snk I`kri ^ngw`clourtg*dorcndlcstd ` daacrdtkr` mc Rcdiicd* n`mutd dj Aus`k mc ^tkrcd Ldturdj` mcE`rjclk,Cl Ctdjcd `rdlk p`rõ rcadst` djtr` mu` nkjj`zcklc capkrtdltc* qu`jjd `tlkirdocnd*rdnnkjtd trd cj 470? ` cj 4703 l`jj` zkl` cl`spjkrdt` m`j ednclk m`j LcjkEcdlnk* ` qu`jjd zkkjkicnd* a`ssd clscà` l`j 4793 murdlt` uld stdickl` mcndnncd dj nklocl` trd @tckpcd ` ûmdl ` dj jdik ]dld, 'Pl–djtrd capkrtdlt`nkjj`zckl` m`j ndnncdtkr` junng`s` * ! qu`jjd mìjc unn`jjc m`j ^`lldr* ng`Rcdiicd dv`vd a`ssk clscà` l`j 47?5 su clndrcnk m`j ûjtdlk Kttkadlk*nkl j–dsscst`lzd mc J`kpkjmk Krc* csp`ttkr` m`jj` trupp` ìczcdl` stdlzcdt`

cl ûmdl `m `sp`rtk ldturdjcstd ! * sc trkvd clocl` cl ]urngcd # ,Lìjc dllc sìu`ltc Rcdiicd dv`vd pkc nkltcludtk d nkapc r̀` djtr``spjkrdzcklc dorcndl`,L`j 4794 `rd stdtk nkl cj adrng`s` Krdzck Dltclkrc l`j Rd`s` mc Ekiks *mkv` dv`vdlk dlng` nkapcutk capkrtdltc rdnnkjt` ldturdjcstcng`, Dltclkrc*djtrk irdlm` `spjkrdtkr` dorcndlk* `rd stdtk pdrtcnkjdra`lt` capkrtdlt` p`r j`rdnnkjt` mc dlcadjc ng`* qudj` `sp`rtk ndnncdtkr` ` caedjsdadtkr`* dv`vdkoo`rtk dc Aus`c ` Plcv`rsctâ Ctdjcdl`, Mkpk `ss`rsc sp`ncdjczzdtk clkrlctkjkicd skttk jd iucmd mc Ndrjk Juncdlk Ekldpdrt`* sc `rd trdso`rctk l`j4703 cl @icttk ` dv`vd nkapcutk lua`rks` sp`mczcklc cl @icttk* ûmdl ` Decssclcd , N`jèr` `rd rcadstd jd prcad nkjj`zckl` krlctkjkicnd* ng` l`j 47?>dv`vd v`lmutk dj Ikv`rlk ctdjcdlk ` ng` nkstctucsn` jd prcad irdlm` rdnnkjtd*d ndrdtt`r` ldzckldj`* mc unn`jjc dorcndlc,L`j 4799* Rcdiicd sc `rd ulctk d Ukakjk I`ssc p`r nkapc`r` uld sp`mczckl`dc jdigc Dje`rtk * _cttkrcd ` Ndp`nngc ,]krldtk d Fgdrtkua * mkpk dv`r n`rndtk * su clndrcnk m`j Ikv`rldtkrÌkrmkl * mc stdecjcr` nkaulcndzcklc rìkjdrc d a`zzk mc ndaa`jjc nkl jdrìckl` m`j Fkrmkodl * snkssk ` m`jusk m`jjd rcvkjtd mìjc sngcdvcstc m`jEdgr `j Igdzdj * dv`vd m`ncsk mc rcpr`lm`r` jd vcd m`jj–Decssclcd *rcsdj`lmk cj nkrsk m`j Lcjk Dzzurrk ,Mc lukvk d Fgdrtkua l`j oèerdck m`j 4772 * dv`vd dnn`ttdtk j–clndrcnk

m`jjd ^knc`tâ i`kirdocnd ctdjcdld mc pdrtcr` djjd rcn`rnd mìjc `spjkrdtkrcIckvdllc Ngcdrclc ` Dltklck N`nngc , Rkc * l`j mcnàer` m`j 4774 * `rdpdrtctk p`r uld lukvd sp`mczckl` mcr`ttd dj ^kedt * clscà` dj ickvdl`vcdiicdtkr` kjdlm`s` H`dl Adrc` ^nguv`r , Ad * d ndusd mc uld vckj`ltdnrcsc mc mcss`lt`rcd * `rd akrtk cj 49 i`lldck akrê d Ndrnkiic ,]rd tuttc c irdlmc `spjkrdtkrc ctdjcdlc kttkn`lt`sngc* okrs`* pcó mc kilc djtrk *Rcdiicd `rd stdtk ‚ j–dltc!`rk` ‑ p`r `nn`jj`lzd* qu`jjk ng` cl ul n`rtk s`lskprkprck p`r rdicklc mc djtk vdjkr` cm`dj` * rcocutdvd jd akltdlt` dickirdocdm`jj–`spjkrdtkr`!`rk`* ` pkc sdrèe` mcv`ltdtd odncj` strua`ltk m`jjdprkpdidlmd nkjklcdjcstd , L`jj` su` ‚ Aàkrc` ‑ dv`vd snrcttk 8

« , , , Kradc j` m`skjdt` spklm` m`j Lcjk Ecdlnk lkl pkssklk pcó koorcr` c

skjmdtc ng` Ikrmkl Rdsncâ ` cj I`ssc rdnnkijc`vdlk p`r cj Ikv`rlk* ` `ssc



59

v`rrdllk pr`sc ord c pkpkjc drdec ` luecdlc, Aclkr v`rikild sdrèe` s` cl@urkpd lkl sc pueejcndss`rk l`c ickrldjc ` suc jcerc tdlt` capkstur` suj prkir`ssk m`jjd ncvcjtâ cl Dorcnd, Ngc snrcv` jk od pcó sp`ssk p`r `sdjtdr` j` prkprc` dzcklc ng` lkl p`r s`rvcr` jd v`rctâ, Ck sklk stdtk t`stcakl` m`jj` pcó

v`rikilks` dzcklc nkaa`ss` dj skjk snkpk mc odr m`ldrk skprd c pkv`rc s`jvdiic6 ` pkc jìik j` r`jdzcklc mc qu`stc `rkc m`jj–capksturd pueejcndt` cl@urkpd ` lktk qudltk c odttc nkltrdmmcnklk dj rdnnkltk, Kilulk pktrâ nr`m`r`qu`jjk ng` vukj` ad p`r a` mcnk v`rikild `t`rld p`r qu`jjc ng` kiic sklknr`mutc `rkc m`jjd ncvcjtâ l`j ûmdl ` m`j N`ltrk Dorcnd , , , ¶

Nkaulqu` `rd m`stclk ng` dlng` jd ociurd mc Rcdiicd* mkpk jd sud akrt`*okss` dapcda`lt` actczzdtd ` nkjjkndtd l`jj–àpcr`k mìjc `spjkrdtkrc!`rkc, Dtdj` svcjuppk nkltrceuê dlng` lkl pknk ulk m`c pcó irdlmc ` odaksc snrcttkrcctdjcdlc m`jj–`pknd* @maklmk M` Dacncs ng`* cl knndsckl` m`jjd akrt` mcRcdiicd* l` pueejcnõ ul julik* dppdssckldtk rctrdttk* pkc rdnnkjtk l`j vkjua`

‚Nkrdiick ` nkstdlzd‑ ,

Akjtk mcv`rsd md Acdlc ` md Rcdiicd * `rd stdtd jd ociurd mc ul–djtrk m`cpcó irdlmc vcdiicdtkrc ctdjcdlc m`jj–`pknd * ng` dv`vd djjulik edttutk cm`s`rtc mc Luecd ` ûmdl , ^c trdttdvd mc Ukakjk I`ssc *skprdllkacldtk p`r j` su` i`std strdkrmcldrc` ‚ cj Idrcedjmc m–Dorcnd ‑ *ng` `rd stdtk cj prclncpdj` nkjjdekrdtkr` ` dacnk m`j jìi`lmdrcki`l`rdj` clij`s` Ngdrj`s I`kri` Ikrmkl * ikv`rldtkr` m`j ûmdlìczcdlk * jd nuc mrdaadtcnd unncsckl` d Fgdrtkua l`j 4770 murdlt` jdrce`jjckl` m`jj` okrz` m`j Adgmc * dv`vd nkaakssk cj aklmk ,

Ukakjk I`ssc `rd ldtk d Nkstdltclkpkjc l`j 47>4 md i`lctkrc ctdjcdlc ' cjpdmr` `rd ul lktk dvvkndtk mc Udv`lld ng` sc trkvdvd nka` `suj`pkjctcnk l`jjd ndpctdj` m`jj–Cap`rk Kttkadlk # , Deerdnncdtd jd ndrrc`rdacjctdr` * sc `rd okradtk cl I`radlcd `m dv`vd pdrt`ncpdtk djjd iu`rrd mcNrca`d nka` dsscst`lt` m`j I`l`rdj` clij`s` ^trklkwgys , Jê dv`vdnklksncutk cj i`l`rdj` ' djjkrd dlnkrd nkjkll`jjk # Ikrmkl ,ûnn`sscvda`lt` * mkpk uld s`rc` mc vcdiic l`jj–Dscd A`mcd ` l`j Adr L`rk * sc `rd stdecjctk d ]ujncd cl Ukadlcd * mkv` l`j 47?2 sc `rdlukvda`lt` clnkltrdtk nkl Ikrmkl ' ng` * odn`lmk pdrt` m`jjdNkaacssckl` clt`rldzckldj` p`r jd m`jcactdzckl` m`c nkloclc trd Uusscd `]urngcd # sc `rd stdecjctk prkprck l`jjd ncttâ rua`ld , Cj lukvk clnkltrk

dv`vd rclv`rmctk ` rdookrzdtk j–dacnczcd trd I`ssc ` Ikrmkl ` nksê cji`l`rdj` clij`s` * qudlmk l`j 479> `rd stdtk m`scildtk djjd ndrcnd mcIkv`rldtkr` i`l`rdj` m`j ûmdl ìczcdlk * dv`vd prkpkstk d I`ssc mcsìucrjk nka` ulk m`c sukc prclncpdjc nkjjdekrdtkrc * cl pdrtcnkjdr` p`r qudltk nkln`rl`vd jd jkttd nkltrk cj trdoocnk mc sngcdvc ,Cl tdj` clndrcnk * p`r juligc dllc I`ssc dv`vd vcdiicdtk * `spjkrdtk `doorkltdtk strdkrmcldrc` dvv`ltur` cl tuttk cj ûmdl* mdc m`s`rtc m`jjdLuecd djj` rìcklc `qudtkrcdjc m`j sum* jdsncdlmk ul pklm`rksk mcdrck mdjtctkjk ‚ ^`tt` dllc l`j ûmdl @iczzcdlk , @spjkrdzcklc * ndnn` ` iu`rrdnkltrk c lìrc`rc ‑ ,Lklkstdlt` ul s`rck ecstcnnck nkl cj n`jèr` Ikrmkl * ndusdtk ! ldrrdlkj` nrkldng` lkstrdl` ! mdj odttk ng` Ikrmkl * nklvcltk mc odrijc ul



57

rcnklksnca`ltk* dv`ss` m`ttk d I`ssc ‚ wgdt d pcty yku dr` lkt dl@lijcsgadl * p`nndtk ng` j`c lkl scd clij`s` ‑ ' nksd ng` dv`vdcaa`mcdtda`lt` prkvkndtk j` su` clmcildt` mcacsscklc # * I`ssc dv`vdrdpcmda`lt` sdjctk tuttc c irdmc m`jjd i`rdrngcd pkjctcnk acjctdr`

mcv`ltdlmk* cl str`ttd s`qu`jd mc tàpk * nkjkll`jjk * i`l`rdj` * pdsncâ ìkv`rldtkr` i`l`rdj` m`j Edgr `j Igdzdj ,L`jjk svkjica`ltk m`jj` su` oulzcklc * I`ssc `rd dlng` stdtk pkrtdtk mdjsuk spcrctk m–dvv`lturd ` mc nurcksctâ snc`ltcocnd * d nkapc`r` * nka`deecdak m`ttk * tuttd uld s`rc` mc vcdiic ` `spjkrdzcklc , Dv`vd icrdtk djulik l`c m`s`rtc m`j Edyumd * m`jj–Dtaur ` l`j m`s`rtk Drdecnk * ng`dv`vd dttrdv`rsdtk nkl uld ndrkvdld mc mu`n`ltknclqudltd ndaa`jjc mdjpkrtk mc ûdfca suj Adr Ukssk sclk d E`re`r suj Lcjk , Dv`vdnkapcutk m`jj` rcnkilczcklc l`jj` irdlmc rìcklc m`j ûmdl * m`j Edgr `jIgdzdj ` m`j Fkrmkodl , J` su` pcó capkrtdltc sp`mczcklc ``spjkrdzcklc* p`rõ * j` dv`vd r`djczzdt` l`jj–Dorcnd L`rd ,

L`jj–kttker` m`j 4790 * mkpk j–cloruttuksk t`ltdtcvk mìjc uoocncdjc clij`scYdtskl ` Ngcpp`lmdj` mc `spjkrdr` cj jdik Dje`rtk * Ikrmkl dv`vddoocmdtk jk st`ssk nkapctk d I`ssc ,Tu`stc `rd pdrtctk * clscà` d Ndrjk Rcdiicd * cj 9 adrzk m`j 479? ` l`jicrk mc pknk pcó mc mu` a`sc `rd rcusnctk* lklkstdlt` rcp`tutc dttdnngcmìjc clmci`lc `m dlng` ul lduordick trd c nknnkmrcjjc * d nkapc`r` jdncrnualdvcidzckl` m`j jdik ` d r`djczzdr` tuttd uld s`rc` mc rcjc`vc m`jjdrìckl` ' `rd stdtk I`ssc ng` * p`r prcak * dv`vd cl tdj` knndsckl`mòclctk j–`sdttd nkjjkndzckl` m`jjd ndt`ld akltuksd mcspkstd dsàcn`rngck djj–`stràctâ a`rcmckldj` m`j jdik Dje`rtk 8 sc trdttdvd m`jj`v`tt` m`j adsscnnck m`j Uuw`lzkrc * dm uld m`jj` qudjc * prkprck p`r tdj`rdickl` * Jucic Da`m`k mc ^dvkcd * Mund mìjc Deruzzc * dv`vd mdtk l`jnkrsk m`jjd sud sp`mczckl` m`j 4323 * cj lka` mc ‚ Aklt` I`ssc ‑ # ,L`j 4797 dv`vd pkc nkapcutk * clscà` d R`jjìrclk Adttùnnc* ul–djtrdcapkrtdlt` `spjkrdzckl` julik cj Lcjk Dzzurrk * spcli`lmksc oclk dOdmdsc, Cj suk kec`ttcvk `rd qu`jjk mc rcn`rndr` ` mc rcnkliculi`rsc nkljd sp`mczckl` mc N`nngc ` Ngcdrclc , Ad * drr`stdtk md clskrakltdecjcmcoocnkjtâ * `rd mkvutk tkrldr` clmc`trk lkl s`lzd dv`r rdnnkjtk tuttd ulds`rc` mc capkrtdltc `jà`ltc * mc ndrdtt`r` i`kirdocnk ` `tlkirdocnk * sujjdrìckl` ` j` pkpkjdzcklc ng` vc dectdvdlk ,L`j 4774 * mkpk djtr` dvv`ltur` ` sunn`ssc skprdttuttk l`jjd jkttd nkltrk

j` tàcecjc edlm` mc lìrc`rc * ndpìicdt` mdj trcstà`lt` lktk ûj`cadlXce`r!e`y * `rd pdrtctk md Fgdrtkua p`r qu`jjk ng` dvrèe` mkvutk`ss`r` cj suk ujtcak vcdiick , Jk dnnkapdildvd ulk m`c sukc dacnc pcóocmdtc * cj nklt` Jucic R`lldzzc * idrcedjmclk* pdtrcktd rcskrica`ltdj` *snc`lzcdtk ldturdjcstd ` `spjkrdtkr` ' dv`vd vcdiicdtk d julik cl @icttk *Luecd * ûmdl `m dlng` l`jj` Dlm` ` cl Decssclcd # , J–kec`ttcvk m`jvcdiick qu`std vkjtd `rd sàpjcnà`lt` qu`jjk mc rc`ltrdr` cl Ctdjcd scdp`r rcv`m`r` jd odacijcd * scd p`r nurdrsc , Ad j` nklmczcklc mc I`ssc`rdlk pcó irdvc mc qu`jjk ng` pkt`vd sàerdr` ` * murdlt` cj vcdiick *`rd spcrdtk d û`z ,Mkpk jd sud akrt` * jd lktkrc`tâ mc I`ssc `rd prkir`sscvda`lt`*

ujt`rckra`lt` dua`ltdtd cl tuttd j–@urkpd* mkv` dlng` cj jdrik pueejcnk



53

dv`vd nkaclncdtk d nklksn`rjk nka` cj pcó o`m`j` ‚ nkapdilk ‑ mc Ikrmkl*nka` cj ‚ Idrcedjmc m–Dorcnd ‑ ng` dv`vd nkltcludtk d p`rsìucr` dlng` clûmdl ijc djtc vdjkrc cm`djc m`jj` su` capr`s` rcskrica`ltdjc * odn`lmk m`jjdjkttd dc lìrc`rc jd rdickl` m`jjd sud vctd , Cltkrlk d I`ssc sc `rd mulqu`

sàpr` pcó dlmdtd nklskjcmdlmk j–caadicl` m`j iu`rrc`rk * m`j nklmkttc`rkclv`stctk mc uld acssckl` mc icustczcd * clskaad* nka` `rd stdtk snrcttkdjj–`pknd * j–caadicl` mc ul ‚ prko`td dradtk ‑, @* lkl d ndsk* `rd mcv`ltdtkn`jèr` cj erdlk m`jj` su` aàkrc` cl nuc I`ssc rdnnkltdvd mc nka`*clsìu`lmk uld nkjklld mc lìrc`rc* djjd vcstd mc djnulc edaeclc!sngcdvcdeedlmkldtc kradc ndmdv`rc sujjd vcd * dv`vd s`ltctk cj nkadlmk clt`rckr` mco`radrsc ` odr icustczcdr` suj pkstk tr`ltd m`c lìrc`rc icâ pr`sc prcicklc`rc ,

« , , , @rd Mck , , , ! dv`vd jdsncdtk snrcttk I`ssc !

, , , @rd Mck * ng` * p`r adlk acd mkv`vd pulcrjc , , , ¶

Pl djtrk irdlm` ̀ spjkrdtkr` ctdjcdlk* jd nuc stkrcd cl ûmdl ` skprdttuttk cj sukmrdaadtcnk `pcjkik dv`vd aklkpkjczzdtk j–dtt`lzckl` mc tuttd j–@urkpd`rd stdtk cj ndpctdlk Id`tdlk NdsdtcL`j 4793* Ndsdtc sc `rd r`ndtk cl ûmdl p`r nkjjdekrdr` nkl UkakjkI`ssc , Rkc * mkpk jd akrt` mc qu`st–ujtcak ` mkpk j–unncsckl` mc Ikrmkl*sc `rd trkvdtk ejknndtk mdjjd rce`jjckl` adgmcstd l`jjd rìckl` mc@qudtkrcd * caprcickldtk ` nklmdlldtk d akrt` mdj U` Nderìdm`jj–Plckrk * mc nuc dv`vd n`rndtk j–djj`dlzd , Mkpk ul tureclck mcvcn`lm` mrdaadtcng` ` dvv`lturks` * l`j 4732 Ndsdtc `rd stdtk sdjvdtkmd uld sp`mczckl` mc sknnkrsk iucmdtd lc`lt` mc a`lk ng` mdj pcó

odaksk `spjkrdtkr` m`jj–`pknd * G`lry ^tdlj`y ,Jd stkrcd mc Ndsdtc ` m`j suk sdjvdtdiick* clscà` dj t`m`snk @acl Rdsncâ mdpdrt` mc ^tdlj`y* dv`vd* nka` mcn`vdak* t`lutk nkj ocdtk sksp`sk p`r a`sc `nkaakssk j–clt`rd kpclckl` pueejcnd ùrkp`d* dlnkrd prkoklmda`lt`trduadtczzdtd mdjj–unncsckl` mc Ikrmkl* dvv`lutd pkngc dllc prcad dFgdrtkua , ]utt` tdjc dvv`ltur` `rdlk stdt` rdnnkltdt` mdjjk st`sskNdsdtc cl ulk m`c pcó n`jèrc jcerc mc vcdiick m`jj–`pknd ' ‚ Mc`nc dllc cl@qudtkrcd ` rctkrlk nkl @acl Rdsncâ ‑ # * ng` pkc * ncrnd qudrdlt–dllcmkpk dv`vd cspcrdtk cj odaksk rkadlzk mc Ucnndrmk Ednng`jjc * ‚ Adj m–Dorcnd ‑ ,Tudlmk `rd drrcvdtk cl ûmdl* Ndsdtc dv`vd `sdttda`lt` qudrdlt–dllc `*

dlng` s` l`c sukc sndaec `pcstkjdrc nkl Adlor`mk Ndap`rck ' cj n`jèròklmdtkr` m`jjd rcvcstd ‚ J– @spjkrdtkr` ‑* ng` sc `rd dmkp`rdtk p`r odrijc dv`r`j–clndrcnk cl ûmdl # ìjc sc pr`s`ltdvd nka` ul ukak kradc djjd skijcdm`jjd v`nngcdcd nkl c skilc ` j` cjjuscklc m`jjd ickvcl`zzd mc`trk j` spdjj`*j–clnkltrk nkl j– Dorcnd dv`vd rcsvìjcdtk j` su` `l`ric` ocscng` ` akrdjc `msukc `ltuscdsac ,ûectk mkpk cj suk drrcvk* Ndsdtc dv`vd mulqu` cltrdpr`sk uld s`rc` mcsp`mczcklc ` `spjkrdzcklc * trd nuc qu`jjd m`j ednclk m`jj– P`j` ,ûnn`sscvda`lt`* trd cj 4774 ` cj 4775* clscà` djj–`spjkrdtkr` russk _dscjch_dscj`vc` Hulf`r* dv`vd `spjkrdtk j` rìcklc m`c ednclc m`j Adnud ! P`j` `m`jj– Prugcac* ng` sc trkvdvdlk l`jjd rìckl` m`j Edgr „ @j Idzdj d sum m`jndpkjukik Ydu* rdiiculi`lmk ]dlidsc* jd ndpctdj` m`j Uìlk mc Akleuttó



>2

' mkv` `rd akrtk Acdlc # ,L`j ordttàpk* jd ^knc`tâ Ctdjcdld mc @spjkrdzckl` Nkaa`rncdj`* dv`vdnkaclncdtk d adlmdr` d Ndsdtc m`c ocldlzcda`ltc * dooclngã n`rndss` mcsnkprcr` s` cj ocua` P`j` odn`vd pdrt` m`j ednclk m`j Nklik k mc

qu`jjk m`j Ncdm ,L`j 477>* cj ikv`rldtkr` ìczcdlk mc qu`jjd rìckl`* ul t`m`snk ng` kradctuttc nklksn`vdlk nkj lka` mc @acl Rdsncâ* jk dv`vd ngcdadtk d Jdmk*a`ltr` clocdaadvd j–clsurr`zckl` adgmcstd , Ndsdtc sc `rd mulqu` trkvdtkejknndtk l`jjd rìckl` p`r e`l s`c dllc , Dv`vd n`rndtk mc trkvdr` uld vcdm–usnctd r`ndlmksc cl acssckl` l`jj– Plckrk p`r strcli`r` ul–djj`dlzd nkl cjU` Nderìd, Ad qu`stc jk dv`vd odttk caprcickldr` ` nklmdlldr` d akrt` ,Ndsdtc `rd rcusnctk d ouiicr` * ` d rdiiculi`r`* dttrdv`rsk uld s`rc` mcdvv`ltur` rkndaekj`sng`* cj jdik Dje`rtk , @rd stdtk pkc sdjvdtk* clscà` d@acl Rdsncâ * mdjjd acssckl` mc sknnkrsk ndpìicdtd md t̂dlj`y* ng` `rdstdtd dppksctda`lt` clvcdtd ` ocldlzcdtd mdjj– @urkpd , L`jjd sud ouid

j–`spjkrdtkr` ctdjcdlk sc `rd mkvutk capultdr` ' dj rciudrmk j` nrkldng`rdnnkltdlk mc ul suk n`jèr` edttce`nnk nkl ^tdlj`y # dooclngã lklokss`rk deedlmkldtc djnulc m`c jkndjc dc qudjc `rd kradc jìdtk md vclnkjcm–doo`ttk ` m–dacnczcd, @ nksê pktã odr rctkrlk cl pdtrcd l`j 4732* dnnkapdildtkmd ul iruppk mc s`c Mclfd , R`r uld trdicnd odtdjctâ ` prkedecja`lt` dlng`d ndusd m`j rcicmk clv`rlk m`jj–Ctdjcd s`tt`ltrckldj`* tuttc sc daadjdrklk mctue`rnkjksc ` pkc akrcrklk * dm `nn`zckl` mc uld edaecld* ng` Ndsdtcdmkttõ , Jd edaecld nrèe` cl Ercdlzd* mcv`ltdlmk jd scilkrd Dacld AdeóNdsdtc* `* spksdtdsc pkc nkl ul tdj` Ndttdl`k ` a`ssd su uld rcv`lmctd mctdednngc* ndmm` l`j pcó nkapj`tk dlklcadtk mc uld vctd sàpjcn` `nkaul`, L`j 43?=* qudlmk Ndsdtc `rd mcv`ltdtk kradc ul actk* ulickrldjcstd m`jjd Mka`lcnd m`j Nkrrc`r` rcusnê d trkvdrjd `* nkl uld n`jèr`clt`rvcstd* d rcsvìjcdr` jd irdlm` nurcksctâ `m àktcvctâ m`jj–kpclckl`pueejcnd p`r qu`jj– `t`rld stkrcd!dvv`lturd mc Id`tdlk Ndsdtc ,

Pl djtrk irdlm` `spjkrdtkr` kttkn`lt`snk mc pdrtcnkjdr` capkrtdlzd'skprdttuttk p`r qudltk nkln`rl` c sukc vcdiic cl ûmdl # * dlng` s` okrs`rcadstk a`lk n`jèr` m`c ‚ irdlmc ‑ mc nuc deecdak pdrjdtk sclkrd* `rdstdtk cj nklt` Jucic R`lldzzc ,Jd prcad capkrtdlt` sp`mczckl` cl ûmdl R`lldzzc j–dv`vd nkapcutd l`j

4793* qudlmk dv`vd rcsdjctk tuttk cj Lcjk oclk d Iklmkfkrk,ûnn`sscvda`lt` dv`vd nkapcutk djtr` mu` sp`mczcklc cl Dorcnd krc`ltdj`*dttrdv`rsdlmk* l`jjd prcad* lìjc dllc 4772 „ 74* ûmdl `m @rctr`d* ` * l`jjds`nklmd* l`j 477>* ûmdl `m @tckpcd , Mc tdjc sp`mczcklc dv`vd jdsncdtk mu`s`pdrdt` r`jdzcklc mc vcdiick* ng` pkc dv`vd odttk nklojucr` l`j suk jcerk‚ûmdl ` Decssclcd ‑* pueejcndtk l`j 4779 ,^cd j` su` r`jdzcklc mc vcdiick ng` cj suk jcerk nklt`l`vdlk capkrtdltcclmcndzcklc sujj–daec`lt` ` suc t`rrctkrc m`jj` zkl` `spjkrdt`* ng` dlmdvdlkmdjjd cmrkirdocd `m `tlkirdocd nkapr`sd trd cj ^`lldg`ct ` Ndssdjd* k dmdjnulc utcjc mdtc sujj` strdm` o`rrdt` sumdl`sc ` dm uld s`rc` mc lkra` i`l`rdjcp`r ngc dv`ss` vkjutk cltrdpr`lm`r` m`c vcdiic l j̀ ûmdl , Dj tàpk st`ssk*

l`c sukc snrcttc* R`lldzzc dv`vd dlng` rcs`rvdtk dapck spdzck djj` rcskrs`



>4

ldturdjc mc qu`c t`rrctkrc ` dc akmc pcó kppkrtulc `m `nklkacnc p`r ul jkrkpksscecj` soruttda`ltk ,Cl diicultd d tdjc clmcndzcklc* ng` nkstctucvdlk v`rda`lt` ul–capkl`ltàkj` mc clokradzcklc suj ûmdl a`rcmckldj`* l`j suk jcerk ‚ ûmdl `

Decssclcd ‑* ng` `rd stdtk pueejcndtk prkprck a`ltr` clourcdvd pcóvckj`ltà`lt` jd rcvkjtd adgmcstd ` j–@urkpd sc clt`rrkidvd pr`knnupdtd sutdjc svcjuppc* j–`spjkrdtkr` ctdjcdlk dv`vd n`rndtk mc doorkltdr` ` spcìdr`j` ndus` mc qu`j o`lka`lk , Cl tdj` nklt`stk* l`j a`ltr` sdrèe` `sdi`rdtkskst`l`r` ng` R`lldzzc dv`ss` d qu`c tàpc dvutk jd julicacrdlzd mcndpcr` c adjc ng` prkvkndvd cj nkjklcdjcsak* sc m`vklk rìcstrdr` m`jj`nklscm`rdzcklc i`l`rdjc suj o`lka`lk ng`* skprdttuttk s` rdppkrtdt` djjkspcrctk m`c tàpc* `rdlk m`ncsda`lt` dvdlzdt` ,

]rd c tdltc djtrc irdlmc vcdiicdtkrc!`spjkrdtkrc kttkn`lt`sngc* pksscdak

er`và`lt` rcnkrmdr`8cj nklt` Jkmkvcnk Adrdzzdlc _csnkltc ]`rzc * ng` l`j nkrsk mìjc dllc ‗72' 4772 # dv`vd d julik vcdiicdtk l`c m`s`rtc mc Luecd* nkapc`lmkrcn`rng` zkkjkicng` * ektdlcng` `m krlctkjkicng`,Cj orcujdlk Ordln`snk @acjcdlc* ng`* mkpk dv`r nkapcutk vdrc vcdiic cl ûmdl*trd cj 4790 `m cj 4799* dv`vd sìuctk jd sp`mczckl` Actng`jj cl @tckpcd* `m `rdstdtk ikv`rldtkr` l`j Mdrour,Cj v`l`zcdlk Icdnkak Edrtkjka`k A`ss`mdijcd ' 47=?!473> # * dacnk `nkjjdekrdtkr` mc I`ssc * ng` ord cj 4793 ` cj 4772 dv`vd `spjkrdtk cjm`s`rtk Jcecnk a`rcmckldj` ` cj Mdrour * mc nuc `rd stdtk pkc lkacldtkikv`rldtkr` l`j 4775* sue`ltrdlmk prkprck d @acjcdlc,Cj acjdl`s` Dlmr`d Ordnndrkjc * ng` ord cj 4793 `m cj 4772 dv`vdvcdiicdtk cl Luecd * l`j Fkrmkodl ` l`j Mdrour,Iuijc`jak Ikmck ` Rdkjk Adir`ttc * ng` dv`vdlk `spjkrdtk cj Idjjdedt * cjIg`mdròo ` jd prkvclncd mc ]dfd,Cj nklt` Ndacjjk ^dp`jjc mc Ndprcijck ng` dv`vd vcdiicdtk cl Luecd ` l`jûmdl krc`ltdj`* jdsncdlmk ul clt`r`ssdlt` mcdrck mc vcdiick puejcndtk l`j43=5 * mdj tctkjk ‚ L`j ûmdl krc`ltdj` ‑ ,

]rd ijc `spjkrdtkrc d ndvdjjk m`c mu` s`nkjc* k j–clczck ‗ 322* ng` dv`vdlk‚edttutk‑ j` t`rr` sumdl`sc* sc pkssklk a`lzckldr`8

cj v`l`zcdlk Icus`pp` M` U`djc * ng` l`j 4737 dv`vd nkapcutk uld julidsp`mczckl` julik cj Lcjk Dzzurrk ` cj Lcjk Ecdlnk * `m cl sìuctk dv`vdvcdiicdtk cl ûmdl* @rctr`d * @tckpcd * F`lcd * Pidlmd * ]dlidlcnd ` Nklikscd e`jid ng` ordln`s`,Cj i`lkv`s` @lrcnk Dje`rtk m–Dje`rtcs * ng` l`j 4322 dv`vd vcsctdtk j–@icttk*ûmdl ` @rctr`d * l`j 432= dv`vd rcsdjctk cj Lcjk drrcvdlmk pkc l`jj– Gdrdr* `sclk d _cntkrcd Lydlzd ` dmmcrctturd dj E`ldmcr ' cl ^kadjcd #* ` l`j 432?dv`vd rcsdjctk lukvda`lt` cj Lcjk oclk dm Dssudl* `spjkrdlmk jd prkvclncd mcMklikjd * ` prksìu`lmk pkc p`r j–@rctr`d ' vcdiicdtkr` clstdlndecj` *sunn`sscvda`lt` `rd stdtk dlng` cl ûmdorcnd ` Ugkm`scd * ` mc lukvk cl@icttk* cl ]rcpkjctdlcd ` cl Ncr`ldcnd #,

Cj nklt` Ocjcppk Adrdzzdlc _csnkltc ]`rzc* ocijck mc Jkmkvcnk* ng`* mkpk dv`r



>5

sìuctk j` kra` m`j pdmr` vcdiicdlmk cl ûmdl* l`j 4329 dv`vd nkapcutk* suclndrcnk m`j ikv`rlk* ul–capkrtdlt` acssckl` mc pdncocndzckl` trd c Mdlndjc `pkc dv`vd d julik vcdiicdtk ` vcssutk cl @tckpcd,K clocl` pksscdak rcnkrmdr` jd àejàdtcnd ociurd mc @j`ld mc ^dvkcd*

Mung`ssd mc Dkstd* tcpcnd vcdiicdtrcn` dorcndld lkv`n`lt`snd* ng` p`r e`l tr`vkjt`* ord cj 4329 ` cj 4344* dv`vd nkapcutk tr` juligc ` mcstcltc vcdiic cl Dorcnd* vcsctdlmk prcad j–@icttk* jd Luecd ` cj ûmdl drrcvdlmk sclk dOdsgkmd* pkc cj jdik Dje`rtk* j–Pidlmd* cj Akzdaecnk ` Xdlzcedr6 pkclukvda`lt` cj Akzdaecnk ` jd Ugkm`scd `* clocl`* dlnkrd* Ldcrkec ` cjIcrdedjdlm ` tuttk cj t`rrctkrck nkapr`sk ord cj ikjok mc Iucl`d ` jd]rcpkjctdlcd , D tdjc vcdiic dv`vd m`mcndtk ul pk`tcnk ` pklm`rksk vkjua`*rcnnk mc caadiclc oktkirdocng`* mdj tctkjk ‚_cdiic dorcndlc ‑* pueejcndtk l`j434> ,L`j r`n`lscr` cj suk e`j jcerk ` p`r spcìdrl` jd skoousd ` lkstdjicnd pk`scdm`c sukc rdnnkltc* djnulc nrctcnc dv`vdlk usdtk ul–`spr`ssckl` djjkrd

deedstdlzd cl`mctd ` ng` pkc sc sdrèe` doo`radtd nka` jd lukvd ncordstcjcstcnd m`c vcdiicdtkrc!snrcttkrc dorcndlc m`jjd akm`rlctâ8 ‚adj m–Dorcnd‑, @rdstdtk ul djtrk irdlm` vcdiicdtkr` dorcndlk* Ndrjk Nct`rlc ng` l`j suk jcerk '‚Dc nkloclc a`rcmckldjc m`jj–@tckpcd‑ #* pueejcndtk pknk prcad* l`jjk st`ssk dllk* mcqu`jjk mc @j`ld mc ^dvkcd* dv`vd jdlncdtk j–`spr`ssckl` ‚ adj m–Dorcnd‑ *n`rndlmk p`r jd prcad vkjtd mc spcìdr` nksd r`dja`lt` okss` qu`jj–ksnurk `scl djjkrd qudsc cilktk ‚adj`‑* mc nuc pkc tuttc c vcdiicdtkrc dorcndlc dvrèe`rksnkp`rtk mc skoorcr` , , ,

« , , , ç ul adj` ng` nc p`l`trd cl tutt` j` v`l` , , ,

, , , p`r nuc sc nr`m` mc `ss`r` ndpctdtc cl ul pd`s` mc skilk* oukrc mdj

tàpk ` mdjjk spdzck , , ,` sc vkrrèe` o`radrsc jê* ` trdsnkrr`r` jd vctd cl a`zzk d qu`jjd e`jj`zzdodstksd ` skj`ll`* dsskrtc cl qu`j irdlmcksk clndltk* p`r sàpr` , , , ¶

@m `rd cl oklmk stdtk cj ‚adj m–Dorcnd‑ * ng` nka` deecdak vcstk tr`lt–dllcmkpk Ednng`jjc dvrèe` usdtk nka` tctkjk p`r cj suk rkadlzk dorcndlk sujjì`std mc Ndsdtc* ng` md djjkrd dvrèe` cl ul n`rtk s`lsk nkstctuctk cj lukvkspdrtcdnqu` trd c vcdiicdtkrc!`spjkrdtkrc kttkn`lt`sngc ` qu`jjc m`jjd akm`rlctâ* cnkltàpkrdl`c* nuc okrs` tdltc mc lkc* s` pur nka` tdrmc ` adricldjc `pciklc*dppdrt`liklk, Ncõ p`r mcr` ng` okrs` j–`jà`ltk mcstcltcvk trd ijc ulc ` ijc djtrc*trd ijc `rkcnc `spjkrdtkrc m`jj–Kttkn`ltk ` c vcdiicdtkrc nkltàpkrdl`c* `rd

prkprck ul s`lsk `st`tcnk ` pk`tcnk m`jj–Dorcnd ng` p`r c prcac* pr`sc mdjj``lkrac socm` nkl nuc sc mkv`vdlk nklorkltdr`* nkstctucvd ul jussk ` ul v`zzkm`jjk spcrctk ng` lkl sc pkt`vdlk okrs` p`ra`tt`r`,

Icultc d qu`stk pultk* dj nklocl` m`j ‚adj m–Dorcnd‑ * sujjd jcl`d spdrtcdnqu` trd`spjkrdtkrc kttkn`lt`sngc ` vcdiicdtkrc nkltàpkrdl`c* t`raclcdak qu`stdlkstrd cltrkmuzckl`* jdsncdlmk dj jcerk cj nkapctk mc knnupdrsc pcó dvdltc m`cvcdiicdtkrc m`jjd akm`rlctâ,Ad* prcad mc nklnjum`r`* lkl pksscdak ka`tt`r` mc a`lzckldr`* dlng` s`skjk er`và`lt`* ijc `spjkrdtkrc ‚ r`jcicksc ‑ * vdj` d mcr` c acssckldrc ng`

vcdiicdrklk k vcss`rk l`j ûmdl* ng`* dlng`* ourklk akjtcsscac* nkl



>>

ociur` juaclks` mc irdlmc `spjkrdtkrc ` acssckldrc lkl s`nklmc d n`jèrc ociur`*nka` qu`jj` mc Icus`pp` ^dp`tk* Icustclk m` Hdnkecs* Jucic Akltukrc* kskprdttuttk* Iuijc`jak Adssdcd* ng` vcss`rk ` kp`rdrklk cl @rctr`d `m @tckpcd*nkltrceu`lmk 'sc v`md cl pdrtcnkjdr` j–kp`rd mc Adssdcd cl mkmcnc vkjuac* mdj

tctkjk ‚ C ac`c tr`ltdnclqu` dllc mc acssckl` l`jj–djtd @tckpcd ‑ # lkl pknk dmdrrcngcr` j` nklksn`lz` ncrnd j–clt`rd rìckl` m`j ‚Nkrlk m–Dorcnd‑,Ucsujtdtc uiudja`lt` capkrtdltc dc oclc m`jjd nklksn`lzd m`jjd rìckl` m`jednclk m`j Lcjk ourklk rdiicultc* cl quìjc dllc* mdc acssckldrc mdj _cndrcdtkdpkstkjcnk m`jj–Dorcnd n`ltrdj`* nkstctuctk l`j 47=? md Irìkrck W_C* ng`kridlczzõ lua`rks` sp`mczcklc djjd rcng`rnd m`jj` skri`ltc m`j Lcjk,]rd c pcó capkrtdltc mìjc `spjkrdtkrc ` acssckldrc ctdjcdlc cl t`rr` sumdl`sc* scpkssklk okrs` rcnkrmdr` cl krmcl` nrklkjkicnk8cj v`rkl`s` Dli`jk _clnk ng` l`j 47=9 dv`vd nkapcutk uld sp`mczckl`*dttrdv`rsk c m`s`rtc mc Luecd * mdj Ndcrk d Fgdrtkua* ` ng` *sunn`sscvda`lt` * l`j 4704!05 * dv`vd t`ltdtk mc snkprcr` j` skri`ltc m`j

Lcjk,Ickvdllc E`jtrda` ng` dv`vd nkapcutk vcdiic ` rcn`rng` cl Djtk @icttk` cl Luecd * ' jdsncdlmk capkrtdltc stumc ` mcdrc mc vcdiick # * ` ng` pkc *dv`vd nkapcutk vdrc` sp`mczcklc scd suj Lcjk Dzzurrk ng` suj LcjkEcdlnk, ]rd cj 470= ` cj 4700 dv`vd rcsdjctk cj Lcjk Dzzurrk oclk dc t`rrctkrc dectdtcmdijc ^ncdlidjjdg ` mdc E`lc ^ncdlikj* rdnnkijc`lmk capkrtdltcssca`clokradzcklc mc ndrdtt`r` `tlkirdocnk r`jdtcv` dc Fdssdl* ^cliç* E`lc ^ncdlikj*Odrmdssc ` Uks`r`s, L`j 4707 dv`vd nkapcutk dlnkrd ul–djtrd capkrtdlt`sp`mczckl` rcsdj`lmk cj Lcjk Ecdlnk* oclk d Iklmkfkrk ` rdnnkijc`lmk dlng`qu`std vkjtd adt`rcdj` mc irdlm` clt`r`ss` snc`ltcocnk `m `tlkirdocnk, Dlng` mctdjc su` sp`mczcklc E`jtrda` dv`vd jdsncdtk m`jj` r`jdzcklc mc vcdiick mcpdrtcnkjdr` vdjkr`,Mdlc`j` Nkaeklc* ulk m`c pcó irdlmc acssckldrc cl t`rrd m–Dorcnd* ng`* dpdrtcr` mdj 4709* sc `rd trdso`rctk cl ûmdl mkv` dv`vd nkapcutk ulds`rc` mc vcdiic capkrtdltc d lkrm ` d sum mc Fgdrtkua* ` mkv` dv`vdoklmdtk j–krmcl` acssckldrck ng` pkc pr`lm`râ cj suk lka` ` ng` dv`vdnkltcludtk d pkrtdr` cl ûmdl n`ltcldcd ` n`ltcldcd mc r`jcicksc ctdjcdlc,Icâ lìjc dllc 4709 „ 4703* Nkaeklc dv`vd r`djczzdtk djnul` capkrtdltcsp`mczcklc suc Akltc mc Nkjodl ` julik cj Lcjk Dzzurrk* mdjj` qudjc dv`vdrcndvdtk uld irdlm` akj` mc mknua`ltdzckl` sn`ltcocnd ng` ijc dv`vdp`ra`ssk mc r`djczzdr` uld irdlm` ndrtd i`kirdocnd m`j ‚Mdr Lued‑* mc mdr`

clczck dm ul mczckldrck m`jjd jcliud luecdld ` mc cltrdpr`lm`r` dlng` jk stumckm`jjd jcliud m`lfd,L`j 47?9* Nkaeklc dv`vd oklmdtk d _`rkld cj suk n`jèr` ‚Cstctutk adsngcj`p`r jd Lcirczcd‑* ng` dv`vd suectk nkaclncdtk d pueejcndr` uld rcvcstd* ‚Dlldjc m`jj–Dsskncdzckl` m`j Eukl Rdstkr`‑ 'ng` nkltclud dlnkrd dc ickrlc lkstrc nklj–dutkr`vkj` rcvcstd acssckldrcd ‚Lcirczcd‑#* mkv` v`lcvdlk pueejcndtc tuttc cprclncpdjc rdppkrtc clvcdtc mdc jukigc mc acssckl` djjd Nklirìdzckl` mcRrkpdidlmd Ocm` ` j` r`jdzcklc clvcdt` djj` sknc`tâ i`kirdocng` sujj` snkp`rt`dorcndl`,L`j 4795* Nkaeklc `rd stdtk lkacldtk Rrkvcndrck ` sc `rd stdecjctk l`jjd sudacssckl` d Fgdrtkua, @rd akrtk l`j 4774,

^tdlcsjdk Ndrn`r`rc* ng` `rd stdtk ulk m`c pcó str`ttc nkjjdekrdtkrc mc Nkaeklc*



>=

p`r odncjctdr` jd rckridlczzdzckl` m`j _cndrcdtk dpkstkjcnk m`jj–Dorcnd n`ltrdj`*dv`vd cltrdpr`sk* l`j 4794* ul vcdiick mc `spjkrdzckl` l`j Fkrmkodl*dnnkapdildtk md ul djtrk sdn`rmkt` ctdjcdlk* Icus`pp` Ordln`sngclc, ûjjdvcd m`j rctkrlk v`rsk Fgdrtua* `ssc sc o`radrklk d @C!Ke`cm* ndpkjukik m`j

Nkrmkodl* mkv` stdecjcrklk* nkstru`lmk uld ngc`sd ` uld snukjd ng` dlnkrdkiic pkssklk `ss`r` vcsctdt`* jd prcad pr`s`lzd acssckldrcd l`jjd rìckl`,ûnn`sscvda`lt` Ndrn`r`rc ` Ordln`sngclc* prksìu`lmk julik ul ctcl`rdrckng` ck dvr`c rcp`rnkrsk dc tàpc m`jjd vctd cl ûmdl* dv`vdlk `spjkrdtk tuttd jdrìckl` m`jj` Akltdil` Lued* drrcvdlmk sclk d Mcjjcli ` stdecj`lmk uldstdzckl` acssckldrcd trd j` akltdil`, Dlng` md ul pultk mc vcstd m`jjd rcn`rnd snc`ltcocnd ` m`jj–`spjkrdzckl`* c vcdiicmc Ndrn`r`rc ` Ordln`sngclc l`jj` ‚Lued Akultdcls‑ sklk mc irdlm` clt`r`ss`p`r jd rdnnkjtd mc cl`mct` clokradzcklc tkpkirdocng`* njcadtcng` `m `tlkirdocng`*kjtr` ng` mc mdtc r`jdtcvc djjd ojkrd ` djjd oduld, Cj rcsujtdtk pcó capkrtdlt` m`c jkrkspìczcklc ou jd prcad doocmdecj` ndrtd i`kirdocnd m`j Fkrmkodl ` m`jj`

Akltdil` Lued,

J` i`std ` j` vct` mc Acdlc* Rcdiicd* I`ssc* Ndsdtc km dlnkrd mc @acmckMdlmkjk* mc A`ss`mdijcd km Krdzck Dltclkrc* clscà` d qu`jj` mc Nkaeklc*E`jtrda`* t̂dlcsjdk Ndrn`r`rc k Icus`pp` Ordln`sngclc gdllk nkstctuctk j`pult` mc mcdadlt` mc uld pr`s`lzd mc strdkrmcldrck rcjc`vk mc lkstrcnklldzckldjc l`jj` t`rr` kiic rcnkapr`s` l`jjk stdtk m`j ûmdl,@m prkprck dm uld drtcnkjdtd m`snrczckl` mc tdj` pr`s`lzd ng` ç m`mcndtkqu`stk jcerk, Uctrkv`ràk l`jj` pdicl` sìu`ltc j` ociur` trdttìicdt` ocl quc` akjt` djtr`* mcvcs` p`r krmcl` nrklkjkicnk ` cls`rct` l`j nklt`stk ng` aìjckl` p`ra`tt` mc nkijc`rl` cj rcjc`vk, Cj j`ttkr` pktrâ nksê dppr`zzdr`* dttrdv`rskqu`std cl`mctd rcnkstruzckl` mc tdlt` stkrc` krmcldrc` ` strdkrmcldrc` uldm`jj` v`l` m`jjd pr`s`lzd djj–`st`rk mìjc ctdjcdlc a`lk nklksncut`* ng`r`lm` icustczcd djjd aàkrcd mc ul lua`rk nklscm`r`vkj` mc ukaclc ` mkll`ng` nc v`liklk r`stctuctc * kjtr` ng` l`j nklt`stk stkrcnk mc rco`rca`ltk*skprdttuttk l`jjd jkrk uadlctâ odttd mc ordicjctâ* kstcldzckl`* clv`ltcvd*ndpdnctâ mc dmdttda`ltk ` dlng` * sp`ssk * mc nkrdiick djtrucsak ìrdlmc vdjkrc cm`djc , , ,

« , , , Lkl gk pcó ndrtd md snrcv`r` , , , „ dv`vd snrcttk Acdlc* nkl uld

irdocd kradc crrcnklksncecj` ` qudsc cjjìicecj`* l`j suk mcdrck mc vcdiick pknk

prcad mc spcrdr` „ , , ,, , , sklk doordltk mdc mkjkrc dj p`ttk , , ,, , , gk odttk sndvdr` uld okssd p`r s`pp`jjcrac , , ,, , , c ac`c s`rvc ac edncdlk j` adlc mcn`lmkac ‗ Mck vkijcd

ng` tu lkl aukcd – , , ,, , , Dmmck , , ,, , , tdlt` e`jj` sp`rdlz` , , ,, , , skilc m`jjd acd vctd , , ,, , , Dmmck Ctdjcd p`r jd nuc jce`rtâ gk dlng–ck nkaedttutk , , , ¶

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