IT6 Topics in Modern Italian Culture Postmodern Italian Literature and Culture

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IT6 Topics in Modern Italian Culture Postmodern Italian Literature and Culture

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IT6 Topics in Modern Italian Culture Postmodern Italian Literature and Culture. Texts * The "classic" postmodern *I. Calvino, Se una notte d'inverno un viaggiatore (1979) *U. Eco, Il nome della rosa (1980) *G. Vattimo, La società trasparente (1989) * Fine Young Cannibals - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of IT6 Topics in Modern Italian Culture Postmodern Italian Literature and Culture

Page 1: IT6 Topics in Modern  Italian Culture Postmodern Italian Literature and Culture

IT6Topics in Modern Italian Culture

Postmodern Italian Literature and Culture

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Texts

* The "classic" postmodern * I. Calvino, Se una notte d'inverno un viaggiatore (1979) * U. Eco, Il nome della rosa (1980) * G. Vattimo, La società trasparente (1989)

* Fine Young Cannibals * A. Nove, Superwoobinda (1997)* Bernini, Bosonetto, Fiotti, Fubini, Galiazzo, Scarpa, Scianna, Vinci, Anticorpi. Racconti e forme di esperienza inquieta (1997); selection of short stories. * C. Lucarelli, Almost blue (1997) * M. Carlotto, Nessuna cortesia all'uscita (1999) * Maurizio Cattelan (pictures and installations)

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Postmodern vs Postmodernity

Postmodernity / Late capitalism / Hypermodernity/ Supermodernity /

Reflexive Modernity

- historical phase

Postmodernism- philosophical and epistemological position- style

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Caratteristiche storico-culturali

caduta delle ideologie

espansione del capitalismo

scetticismo nei confronti della scienza

coscienza della complessità dei processi sociali e economici che non riescono ad essere ridotti a delle formule prestabilite

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Jean-Francois LyotardThe Postmodern Condition (1979)

postmodernity as incredulity towards grand-narratives

small narratives, fragments

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Modernity

Modernity is based on the idea of progressive change.

Modernity expresses the convinction that the future has already begun: It is the epoch that lives for the future, that opens itself up to the novelty of the future’ (Jürgen Habermas)

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Grand narratives and modernity

•The grand narratives that set up the links between different narratives produce the idea of progress that is the basis of history for modernity. Grand narratives tie everything together under a scheme that sets out to explain the world and people’s place in it. One example of a grand narrative might be found in the Christian Bible, which sets out a version of the history of the world and predicts a future for humanity. […] Not only does this grand narrative give a history of the world, it provides a series of premises for interpreting events and sets out rules for behaviour that differentiate good from evil. In other words, it sets up the subject’s place in the world, providing a system of beliefs and knowledges that will interpret anything that might happen. Other grand narratives include not only different religious systems, but political discourses from Marxism to liberalism or even fascism, and systems of ideas from Enlightenment philosophy to Darwinian evolution. Each of these produces a grand narrative according to which all other narratives can be interpreted and evaluated.Simon Malpas, Postmodern Debates, Palgrave, 2001.

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Il soggetto debole

• Italo Calvino:

“Come scriverei bene se non ci fossi”;

“Magari fosse possible costruire un’opera al di fuori del self”.

Se una notte d’inverno un viaggiatore (1979)

• Gianni Vattimo

Al di là del soggetto (1981)

Il pensiero debole (1985)

La fine della modernità (1985)

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L'idea è che non esiste alcuna possibilità, da parte del pensiero, di affermare o raggiungere una qualsiasi verità stabile o definitiva.

il nuovo senso della filosofia, non è la ricerca della verità assoluta, ma è invece l'adeguarsi alla verità che esistono diverse verità (per cui non esiste verità assoluta, ma solo una pluralità di verità relative),

Il pensiero debole (contrapposto alla forma di pensiero forte che ha monopolizzato in passato il cammino della conoscenza) è in sostanza una forma di pensiero che si adegua al mutamento incessante delle condizioni della realtà, un pensiero morbido, che è in grado di accettare la pluralità dei punti di vista senza imporre alcun punto di vista come l'assoluto e incontrovertibile.

Il pensiero forte, secondo i pensatori deboli è quella forma di pensiero che intende imporsi sulle altre escludendo di fatto ogni differenza e accorpando il senso e il significato del mondo in un unico e monolitico principio al quale ogni cosa deve adeguarsi (si veda la filosofia di Levinas).

I critici del pensiero forte sostengono che questa tendenza a fondare morali e ideologie forti è una forma di violenza che impedisce il riconoscimento della realtà caotica e imprevedibile. Di conseguenza, i fautori del pensiero forte, strumentalizzano le ideologie per imporre un sistema di dominio sugli uomini, in virtù di una gerarchizzazione degli aspetti della realtà, per cui alcuni sono migliori di altri.

•Il pensiero debole

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L’ironista

• G. Vattimo, La società trasparente: la modernizzazione non avviene attraverso l’abbandono della tradizione ma attraverso la sua distorsione ironica (p. 59).

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I shall define an “ironist” as someone who fulfills three conditions. (1) She has radical and continuing doubts about the final vocabulary she currently uses, because she has been impressed by other vocabularies, vocabularies taken as final by peopk or books she has encountered; (2) she realizes that argument phrased in her present vocabulary can neither underwrite nor dissolve these doubts; (3) insofar as she philosophizes about her situation, she does not think that her vocabulary is closer to reality than others, that it is in touch with a power not herself Ironists who are inclined to philosophize see the choice between vocabularies as made neither within a neutral and universal metavocabulary nor by an attempt to fight one ‘s way past appearances to the real, but simply by playing the new off against the old.

•Richard Rorty

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I call people of this sort “ironists” because their realization that anything can be made to look good or bad by being redescribed, and their renunciation of the attempt to formulate criteria of choice between final vocabularies, puts them in the position which Sartre called “meta-stable”: never quite able to take themselves seriously because always aware that the terms in which they describe themselves are subject to change, always aware of the contingency and fragility of their final vocabularies, and thus of their selves. (...)The ironist, […], is a minimalist and a historicist. She thinks nothing has an intrinsic nature, a real essence. So she thinks that the occurrence of a term like “just” or “scientific”’ or “rational” in the final vocabulary of the day is no reason to think that Socratic inquiry into the essence of justice or science or rationality will take one much beyond the language games of one’s time.

(R. Rorty, Contingency, irony and solidarity, p. 73-75)

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Style

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Umberto Eco

Arriva il momento che l’avanguardia (il moderno) non può più andare oltre, perché ha ormai prodotto un metalinguaggio che parla dei suoi impossibili testi (l’arte concettuale). La risposta postmoderna al moderno consiste nel riconoscere che il passato, visto che non può essere distrutto, perché la sua distruzione porta al silenzio, deve essere rivisitato: con ironia, in modo non innocente. Penso all’atteggiamento post-moderno come a quello di chi ami una donna, molto colta, e che sappia che non può dire “ti amo disperatamente”, perché lui sa che lei sa (e che lei sa che lui sa) che queste frasi le ha già scritte Liala. Tuttavia c’è una soluzione. Potrà dire: «Come direbbe Liala, ti amo disperatamente». A questo punto, avendo evitata la falsa innocenza, avendo detto chiaramente che non si può più parlare in modo innocente, costui avrà però detto alla donna ciò che voleva dirle: che la ama, ma che la ama in un’epoca di innocenza perduta. Se la donna stà al gioco, avrà ricevuto una dichiarazione d’amore, ugualmente. Nessuno dei due interlocutori si sentirà innocente, entrambi avranno accettato la sfida del passato, del già detto che non si può eliminare, entrambi giocheranno coscientemente e con piacere al gioco dell’ironia … Ma entrambi saranno riusciti ancora una volta a parlare d’amore.

Ironia, gioco metalinguistico, enunciazione al quadrato. Per cui se, col moderno, chi non capisce il gioco non può che rifiutarlo, col post-moderno è anche possibile non capire il gioco e prendere le cose sui serio. Che è poi la qualità (il rischio) dell’ironia.

(U. Eco, Postille a Il nome della Rosa)

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Pomo architecture

Charles Jencks  "The Language of Postmodern Architecture" (1977/1991).

What pomo architecture does is called by Jencks "double coding."  For Jencks buildings signify and they can be read like a book.  When a building has double coding (says two or more things simultaneously that are contradictory, and even mocks or refers back to itself paradoxically) then this is pomo architecture.

pluralism, double coding, flying butresses and high ceilings, irony and paradox, contextualism.

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Charles Moore, Piazza d’Italia, New Orleans

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Ricardo Legorreta, San Antonio Public Library, Texas

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The Judge Institute for Management Studies, Cambridge

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Irony, parody

The ironic consciousness implies a double vision, for every utterance produces both a literal, surface meaning and a contrasting, underlying meaning. Parody, too, engages in dialogue, but, in a schema following Kristeva’s model of intertextuality, the dialogue is doubled—the reader engages in a dialogue with the parody text while the parody text engages in a dialogue with the original text (Rose 26). Since both irony and parody, however, so often produce a similar mocking effect, perhaps the clearest way to distinguish between the two is formally, by stating that irony is a trope while parody is a genre (Hutcheon 56). Parody is, then, a literary form which involves quotation of other literary sources by means of an ironic voice. Because the ironic voice is a by-product of an ironic consciousness, such a consciousness will naturally be drawn to the genre which best reflects its double vision— parody.

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Maurizio Cattelan

Mini-me (1999)

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M. Cattelan, Untitled, 1996L. Fontana, Concetto spaziale, 1960

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Hollywood (2001)

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Untitled, 1999

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A perfect day (1999)

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Stadium, 1999

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Fredric JamesonPostmodernism or the cultural logic of late capitalism (1991)

Postmodernism is not just another word for the description of a particular style. It is also […] a periodizing concept whose function is to correlate the emergence of new formal features in culture with the emergence of a new type of social life and a new economic order — what it is euphemistically called modernization, postindustrial and consumers society, the society of the media or the spectacle, or multinational capitalism (expression of a new wave of American military and economic domination throughout the world)Erosion of the older distinction between high-culture and mass or popular culture

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U. Eco, Apocalittici e integrati (1964)

Rivalutazione della cultura di massa e dei suoi prodotti

(fumetto, canzonette, B movies, TV, moda)

Rivalutazione dei generi (noir, SF, romance, spy-stories)

Perdita di distinzione fra stili High-brow and low-brow.

Consumption, media, mass-culture

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Pastiche

One of the most significant features or practices in postmodernity today is pastiche. […] Both pastiche and parody involve the imitation or, better still, the mimicry of other styles and particularly of the mannerism and stylistic twitches of other styles. […] Parody capitalizes on the uniqueness of these styles and seizes on their idiosycrasies and eccentricities to produce an imitation which mocks the original. […] Pastiche is, like parody, the imitation of a peculiar or

unique style, the wearing of a stylistic mask, speech in a dead language: but it is but it is a neutral practice of such mimicry, without parody’s ulterior motive, without the satyrical impulse […] Pastiche is blank parody, parody that has lost its sense of humor. (F. Jameson, Postmodernism or the cultural logic of late-capitalism)

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Lady Snowblood (1973), Japanese revenge film

François Truffaut's The Bride Wore Black (1968)

They Call Her One Eye (1974) Swedish Thriller

Spaghetti western

Blaxploitation

Chinese "wuxia”

Japanese martial arts films

Kung fu movies of the '60s and '70s

Manga

George Romero’s zombi movies

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Politics

Every position in postmodernism in culture — whether apologia or stigmatization — is also at one and the same time, and necessarily, an implicit or explicitly

political stance of multinational capitalism today.

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