INFORMATICA UMANISTICA D: LESSICOGRAFIA & COMPUTER Dizionari elettronici WordNet.
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Transcript of INFORMATICA UMANISTICA D: LESSICOGRAFIA & COMPUTER Dizionari elettronici WordNet.
INFORMATICA UMANISTICA D: LESSICOGRAFIA & COMPUTER
Dizionari elettronici
WordNet
Dizionari elettronici
Strumenti informatici usati non piu’ solo per realizzare dizionari cartacei, ma per sviluppare nuovi tipi di dizionari che consentono nuove forme di ricerca
DIZIONARI PER L’INGLESE IN FORMA ELETTRONICA
Oxford English Dictionary, seconda edizione
Oxford Talking Dictionary Concise Oxford Dictionary Learner dictionaries:
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE)
Collins COBUILD English Dictionary
CONCISE OXFORD DICTIONARY
RICERCA: Headword search (con *) Hypertext search Full text search (also of phrases / groups)
FILTRI: etymology, phrasal verbs, suffixes
COLLINS: COBUILD
Disponibile da: http://
www.biblio.unitn.it/BancheDati/BancheDati.asp
DIZIONARI ELETTRONICI PER L’ITALIANO
Il VELI Zanichelli: CD-ROM Multilingue,
Scaffale Elettronico Devoto-Oli Garzanti: IPA `parla’
DEVOTO-OLI
ESEMPIO: DEVOTO-OLI
Ricerca normale Forme di citazione (incrementale)
Hyperlinks Definizione / declinazione Sinonimi / contrari Ricerca avanzata No: pronuncia; citazioni? Limitato: storico
DEVOTO-OLI: SINONIMI E CONTRARI
ESEMPIO:ZINGARELLI INTERATTIVO
MRDS
Distinzione importante: Dizionari consultabili elettronicamente Dizionari MACHINE READABLE Dizionari MACHINE TRACTABLE
Particolarmente utili: dizionari creati per EFL: LDOCE COBUILD
Progetto piu’ ambizioso: ODE in XML
ESEMPIO: ODE su CD-ROM (in XML)
Esempio di database lessicografico in XML (= estremamente machine tractable)
ODE IN XML: OVERVIEW
ODE IN XML: FORMATO DELLE ENTRIES
<se> <cn>815750</cn> - <hg> <hw>stock</hw> </hg> <s1> <ps>noun</ps> - <s2 num="1">- <df>the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a shop or warehouse and available for sale or distribution:</df> <ex>the store has a very low turnover of stock</ex> | </S2> <S2 num=“2”> …… </S2> </S1> <s1> <ps>adjective</ps> …..
ODE IN XML: INFORMAZIONI NLP
- <nlp> <sup>merchandise</sup> <ss>Commerce</ss> - <morph id="01">- <mu sy="NN"> <inf>stock</inf> <ph>stQk</ph> </mu>+ <mu sy="NNS"> <ph>stQks</ph> </mu> </morph> </nlp>
ELDIT
(Elektronisches Lern(er)wörterbuch Deutsch-Italienisch – Dizionario elettronico per apprendenti italiano-tedesco )
Un esempio di dizionario Per apprendimento Nato in forma elettronica
Lezione su ELDIT: il 14/5
WordNet
SEMANTICA & LESSICO: UN RIASSUNTO
“ate”
WORD-FORMS LEXEMES SENSES
EAT-LEX-1eat0600
eat0700
“eat”
“eats”
“eaten”
L’ORGANIZZAZIONE DEL LESSICO
“stock”
WORD-FORMS LEXEMES SENSES
STOCK-LEX-1
STOCK-LEX-2
STOCK-LEX-3
stock0100
stock0200
stock0600
stock0700
stock0900
stock1000
SINONIMIA
“cheap”
WORD-FORMS LEXEMES SENSES
CHEAP-LEX-1
CHEAP-LEX-2
INEXP-LEX-3
cheap0100
….
……
cheapXXXX
inexp0900
inexpYYYY
“inexpensive”
WORDNET
A lexical database created at Princeton Freely available for research from the Princeton site http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/
Information about a variety of SEMANTICAL RELATIONS Three sub-databases (supported by psychological
research as early as (Fillenbaum and Jones, 1965)) NOUNs VERBS ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS
Each database organized around SYNSETS
SYNSETS
Senses (or `lexicalized concepts’) are represented in WordNet by the set of words that can be used in AT LEAST ONE CONTEXT to express that sense / lexicalized concept: the SYNSET
E.g.,
{chump, fish, fool, gull, mark, patsy, fall guy, sucker, shlemiel, soft touch, mug}(gloss: person who is gullible and easy to take advantage of)
IL DATABASE DEI NOMI
About 90,000 forms, 116,000 senses Relations:
hypernym breakfast -> meal
hyponym meal -> lunch
has-member faculty -> professor
member-of copilot -> crew
has-Part table -> leg
part-of course -> meal
antonym leader -> follower
IPERNIMIA2 senses of robin
Sense 1robin, redbreast, robin redbreast, Old World robin, Erithacus rubecola -- (small Old World songbird with a reddish breast) => thrush -- (songbirds characteristically having brownish upper plumage with a spotted breast) => oscine, oscine bird -- (passerine bird having specialized vocal apparatus) => passerine, passeriform bird -- (perching birds mostly small and living near the ground with feet having 4 toes arranged to allow for gripping the perch; most are songbirds; hatchlings are helpless) => bird -- (warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings) => vertebrate, craniate -- (animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium) => chordate -- (any animal of the phylum Chordata having a notochord or spinal column) => animal, animate being, beast, brute, creature, fauna -- (a living organism characterized by voluntary movement) => organism, being -- (a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently) => living thing, animate thing -- (a living (or once living) entity) => object, physical object -- => entity, physical thing --
MERONIMIAwn beak –holon
Holonyms of noun beak
1 of 3 senses of beak
Sense 2
beak, bill, neb, nib
PART OF: bird
VERBI
About 10,000 forms, 20,000 senses Relations between verb meanings:
Hypernym fly-> travel
Troponym Walk -> stroll
Entails Snore -> sleep
Antonym Increase -> decrease
RELAZIONI TRA SIGNIFICATI VERBALI
V1 ENTAILS V2 when Someone V1 (logically) entails Someone V2- e.g., snore entails sleep
TROPONYMY when To do V1 is To do V2 in some manner- e.g., limp is a troponym of walk
AGGETTIVI & AVVERBI
About 20,000 adjective forms, 30,000 senses
4,000 adverbs, 5600 senses Relations:
Antonym (adjective)
Heavy <-> light
Antonym (adverb) Quickly <-> slowly
COME USARLO
Online: http://cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn
Scaricatevelo, poi da command line: Get synonyms:
wn –synsn bank Get hypernyms:
wn –hypen robin (also for adjectives and verbs): get antonyms
wn –antsa right
I LIMITI DI WORDNET
Coverage words not in WordNet
Crocidolite, spinoff (spin-off) Missing information: MERONYMY
Context-dependent senses: slump, crash, bust all synonyms in the WSJ corpus
The structure of WordNet Some information is encoded in complex ways
(room, wall, floor) But: MOVING TARGET!!
MERONIMIA IN WORDNET: UN ESPERIMENTO
100 bridging descriptions in a mereological relation
Ran a script trying to find a direct link in WordNet (1.7) between one of the senses of the BD and one of the senses of any of the previous NPs
Results: in only 6 cases there is in WordNet a direct lexical relation between a BD and one of the CFs
John looked at the HOUSE. The WALL was crumbling.
ARTIFACT
HOUSING BUILDING
HOUSE HOME ROOM
WALL FLOOR
IS-A IS-A
IS-AIS-A PART-OF
PART-OF PART-OF
SOLUZIONE: ACQUISIZIONE LESSICALE
Parziale (aggiungi informazioni a WordNet, specialmente per domini specialistici)
Totale (crei un nuovo lessico a partire da zero)
LETTURE
Jackson, cap. 6.7 Marello, cap. 5.5 C. Fellbaum. WordNet: An electronic
lexical database. MIT Press, 1998 cap. 1