Index

Abe no Nakamaro 阿倍仲麻呂, 277, 293

Abe Nobuyuki 阿部信行, 232–33 Abe Shintarō 安倍晋太郎, 354 Acton, Lord, 1 Africa, 2n3, 274, 277, 282, 284, 297,

298 Agriculture, 159, 169–70, 324 Aichi Kiichi 愛知揆一, 381 Alison, John, 198 All Japan Buddhist Association

全日本仏教会, 349 All Japan War Dead Memorial

Service 全国戦没者追悼式, 350 Allied Council for Japan, 374 Anglo-Japanese alliances, 68, 70 Anti-Comintern Pact, 224 Anti-Communism, 227, 330n61, 413;

and Nanjing peace negotiations, 223–26; of Wang Jingwei, 212, 216, 217, 221

Anti-Japanese Committee to Aid Overseas Chinese 反日援僑 大会, 86, 107, 117

Anti-Japanese movement (National-ist China), 82, 84–98, 412; boy-cotts in, 76, 84, 86, 89, 90, 91,

93, 96, 101–6, 113, 117–18; and Guangdong government, 110; and Japanese diplomacy, 98–108, 114; suppression of, 96, 98–99, 102, 104–5, 107, 118

APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), 314

Archival hegemony, 428–31 Ariga Nagao 有賀長雄, 76 Arita Hachirō 有田八郎, 130 Arrow War (1856–60), 56n1 Asia: concept of, 39–46, 54; and his-

torical perceptions, 413, 439–40; history of, 261, 273–74, 418, 419, 421–24, 428–31; and Japanese imperialism, 129, 239, 251, 424; and pan-Asianism, 54, 69, 109; in textbooks, 282, 284, 286, 297, 298; and the West, 39, 42, 52, 58, 429

Atarashii rekishi kyōkasho (New His-tory Textbook; Tsukuru kai) 新しい歴史教科書, 256–61, 264, 265, 272

Atomic bomb, 271 Atrocities, 7, 11, 16, 192, 262. See also

Nanjing Massacre

Index 444

Australia, 241

Bai Chongxi 白崇禧, 227 Balkans, 2 Ballantine, Joseph W., 145 Ban Bin 半宾, 141 Banno Junji 坂野潤治, 44 Banno Masataka 坂野正高, 22 Barkan, Elazar, 2 Bataan Death March, 193 Battle for Asia (Snow), 125, 146 The Battle for China (film), 126 Beijing Protocol (1901) 北京議定書,

67, 76, 79 Beijing Treaty (1860), 56n1, 59n4 Beiyang Navy, 45–46, 61 Bereaved Families Association

(BFA; Japan) 日本遺族会, 347–50, 353, 357, 360, 361, 366

Bereaved Families Welfare Federa-tion ( Japan) 日本遺族厚生連盟, 344, 347

Biological weapons, 180, 397–98, 408

Boshin War (1868–69) 戊辰戦争, 342

Boxer Rebellion (1900), 24, 65–67, 73, 79, 192n17; reparations for, 374; in textbooks, 290, 294

Boycotts: anti-American, 69; anti-Japanese, 76, 84, 86, 89, 90, 91, 93, 96, 101–6, 113, 117–18

Britain: and Allied Occupation, 374; archives in, 429; and China, 77, 101, 116, 233, 234, 378, 379; and Chinese-Japanese relations, 25, 58; and extraterritoriality, 64; and Hong Kong, 56n1; and Tanaka Memorial, 127, 129; in textbooks, 289, 297; and war reparations,

375, 376. See also Japanese-British relations

Buddhism, 73, 289 Burma, 239, 295, 375

Cai Dejin 蔡德金, 216, 217 Cai Peihuo (Chhoa Poe-hoe)

蔡培火, 301, 336 Cai Zhikan 蔡智堪, 133, 134, 136,

138–42, 144, 146 Cairo Declaration (1943), 374 Capitalism, 150, 318; in Chinese text-

books, 283, 284, 297; in Japanese textbooks, 249, 250, 251

Capra, Frank, 126, 146 Carr, E. H., 181 Chang, Iris, 126, 428 Changsha Incident (1927), 115 Chaoxian ce lüe 朝鮮策略. See

A Strategy for Korea Chemical weapons, 180, 280, 295,

403, 408 Chen Bijun 陈璧君, 212 Chen Fengxiang 陈丰祥, 141 Chen Gongbo 陈公博, 234 Chen Jitang 陈济棠, 109 Chen Pengren 陈鹏仁, 141 Chen Qin 陈钦, 27 Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁, 311, 335, 337 Chen Yaodong 陈耀东, 198 Chen Youren 陈友仁, 109, 110, 111,

112, 118–20 Chen Yufeng 程玉凤, 138, 140, 141–

42 Chen Yuguan 陈裕光, 198 Chen Zaijun 陈在俊, 141 Cheng Lin 成林, 26 Chiang Ching-kuo 蔣經國, 335 Chiang Kai-shek ( Jiang Jieshi)

蔣介石: and anti-Japanese movement, 98–99; in Chongqing,

Index 445

219–20, 234; death of, 335; and foreign advisors, 227; and Guangdong government, 109, 112; and Japan, 98, 111, 206–7, 393; and Japan-ROC treaty, 379, 390, 404; and Japanese military, 219–21; in Japanese textbooks, 290, 291, 293; and Nanjing Massacre, 180, 198; opposition to, 96, 423n4; and peace faction, 223; and reparations, 385, 396; in Taiwan, 376; and Tanaka Memo-rial, 133, 136; and Wang Jingwei, 112, 208, 209, 211, 212, 217, 233; and warlords, 100, 160–61

Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery for the Unknown War Dead 千鳥ヶ淵戦没者墓苑, 342, 350, 354, 364, 370

Children and Textbooks Japan Network 子ども教科書ネットワーク, 21, 256

China: center vs. provinces in, 73, 121, 145; as civilized vs. uncivilized nation, 15, 44–45, 46, 47, 52, 54–55, 66, 78, 412; Japanese terms for, 77–78; and joint history pro-jects, 4, 5; modern concept of, 14. See also Qing dynasty

China, Nationalist (1912–49): and Britain, 77, 101, 116, 233, 234; and Chinese-Japanese relations, 15; Chongqing government of, 206–11, 219–22, 229–30, 232, 233, 234, 238–39; diplomacy of, 81–120; and extraterritoriality, 164; found-ing of, 79; Guangdong anti-Chiang government of, 82, 108–13, 114, 118–20, 218; Guomin-dang-Communist civil war in, 273, 281, 290, 300, 301, 302, 304,

318, 376, 412; historiography of, 425; Japanese in, 99; and Man-zhouguo, 148–49, 160–62, 173–75; migration from, 146; in Nan-jing, 303; and Potsdam Declara-tion, 374; recognition of, 75; sov-ereignty of, 82, 100; and Tanaka Memorial, 135, 145; in textbooks, 273, 294, 295; and Twenty-One Demands, 76–77; and Wang Jingwei, 16–17, 211, 219, 238–39; and war reparations, 375, 376. See also Chiang Kai-shek; Guomin-dang; Japanese-Nationalist rela-tions; Nanjing Nationalist government; Sino-Japanese War (second)

China, People’s Republic of (PRC) 中华人民共和国: and Britain, 378; and Cold War, 413; demon-strations in, 261, 424, 435, 437; economic development in, 10, 273, 435; historical perspective of, 11–12; historiography in, 5, 230–31; history education in, 275–76; and Japan-ROC Treaty, 380, 381–82, 388, 404; and Japanese-ROC relations, 378–81, 387, 388; public access to archives in, 429–31; Re-form and Openness policy in, 10, 11, 403, 425; and reparations, 18, 372–73, 376, 381–97; and Taiwan, 304, 309, 310n20, 311–14, 321, 337–39; and Tanaka Memorial, 8, 15, 16; and textbooks issue, 17, 241, 251–52, 253, 256–58, 264, 273, 281, 288, 290; and Wang Jingwei, 209, 216–17, 218. See also Japanese-PRC relations

China, Republic of (ROC; Taiwan) 中華民國: and Britain, 379; de-

Index 446

mocratization of, 18, 303–16, 329, 337, 423n4; elections in, 310n20; February 28 Incident in, 303, 326, 335, 423n4; Guomindang control of, 299, 302–4, 309, 318, 326, 376, 422, 423n4; independence faction in, 324–25, 327–33, 338; legitimacy of, 379; mainlanders in, 301, 303, 313; martial law in, 303–4, 308, 335; and PRC, 304, 309, 310n20, 311–14, 321, 381–97; pub-lic access to archives in, 429, 430; and reparations, 384, 410; and San Francisco Peace Treaty, 378; unification faction in, 330–31, 332; unification with mainland of, 304, 305, 313, 315, 317, 335. See also Japan-ROC Treaty; Japanese-ROC relations; Taiwan

China and Japan over the Last Sixty Years (Wang Yunsheng) 六十年来中国与日本 (王芸生), 23–24

China Central Television (CCTV), 313

China-Japan Friendship Association 中日友好協会, 384–85, 388

China-Japan Joint Historical Research project 中日歴史共同

研究, 4 Chinese Communist Party (CCP):

and civil war, 273, 281, 290, 300, 301, 302, 304, 318, 376, 412; and historiography, 425; and Nanjing Massacre, 180; and reparations, 376, 396, 402; and Taiwan, 302, 317, 318; and textbooks, 273, 276, 278, 290, 295; and Wang Jingwei, 210, 217

Chinese-Japanese relations: binary stereotypes in, 14, 21–25, 46, 47,

55; and concept of Asia, 42–46; contemporary, 435–36; friendship in, 9, 27, 54, 60, 71–73; and inva-sion vs. resistance, 23–24, 44; and joint history projects, 431–33; in postwar period, 9–10; and the West, 26, 27–28. See also Japa-nese-Nationalist relations; Japanese-PRC relations; Japanese-ROC relations

Chinese-Korean relations: “auton-omy for the dependency” in, 35–36, 37, 38, 39; and Chinese-Japanese relations, 50–51; and concept of Asia, 42, 43; and Japanese-Korean relations, 21–25, 34–39, 42, 43, 46; and modernity vs. tradition, 34–39; suzerain-tributary, 21–22, 25, 35. See also Korea; North Korea;South Korea

Chinese language, 276; in Man-zhouguo, 159; in Taiwan, 302–3, 422

Chinese people: and Chinese nation-ality, 300, 312–13, 319–20; Han, 300–301, 305, 306n9, 307, 319–20; Japanese attitudes towards, 192, 262, 270; in Korea, 84–86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 117; in Man-zhouguo, 153–55, 162, 169–70, 174; and Nanjing Massacre, 180, 181–82, 183–84; overseas, 51, 72, 75, 218, 219, 236, 426, 428; and reparations, 372, 397–404; in Taiwan, 300–301, 305, 306n9, 307; and Wang Jingwei, 208. See also Taiwanese people

Chō Isamu 長勇, 194 Chong Hou 崇厚, 40 Chōshū faction 長州閥, 122

Index 447

Chūō kōron (magazine) 中央公論, 259

Citizens’ Federation for the Pro-tection of the Constitution ( Japan) 憲法擁護国民連合, 349

Cixi, Empress Dowager 慈禧太后, 293; New Policies of, 59, 65–67, 72, 74, 79, 425

Class struggle, 316, 318, 319–20 Clinton, Bill, 315 Cohen, Paul, 57, 195–96 Cold War: and Chinese-Japanese

relations, 9; and historiography, 2, 427; and Japan, 345, 361, 413–14; and reparations, 375, 377, 404; and textbooks issue, 240, 249, 290, 298

Collaboration, 7, 17, 234, 302, 322, 423. See also hanjian; Wang Jing-wei

Colonialism: historiography of, 421; and modernization, 63, 330, 332, 423, 426

Colonialism, Japanese: apologies for, 362; and assimilation, 318, 325; vs. Chinese, 326; and Chinese-Japanese relations, 85, 435–36; historical perceptions of, 413–14, 437; in Korea, 12, 71, 79, 80, 286; in Manzhouguo, 149, 150, 163–64; and modernization, 18, 322, 324–25, 423; and public access to archives, 431; in Taiwan, 18, 63–64, 299–339, 422; in textbooks, 270, 271, 278; vs. Western, 326, 428

Colonialism, Western: vs. Japanese, 326, 428; and Manzhouguo, 150, 161–62; in Taiwan, 63, 307, 320, 337; in textbooks, 270, 294

Comfort women ( jūgun ianfu) 従軍慰安婦, 180, 361, 438; and pri-vate reparation claims, 397, 398, 403, 408; in textbooks, 253–54, 259, 264

Comintern, 217 Communism, 206, 318, 423n4. See

also Anti-Communism Communist Party: in Japan, 324, 328;

in Taiwan, 317. See also Chinese Communist Party

Conference Addressing the Princi-ples for the Adjustment of Sino-Japanese Diplomatic Relations (1939), 222–26, 234

Confucianism, 73, 289, 306n9 Confucius, 291 Constitution, Taiwanese, 331 Constitutionalists, 67, 71–72, 74, 75 Constitutions, Chinese, 69, 74, 75,

76 Constitutions, Japanese, 342; and

textbooks, 250, 264; and Yasu-kuni Shrine, 18, 340, 341, 345, 347, 349–51, 354, 355–56, 357, 361, 363, 366, 367

Contemplations in India (Hotta Yoshie) インドで考えたこと(堀田善衛), 129

Corporations, Japanese, 372, 418; and private reparation claims, 398–404, 406–7, 408

Courses of Study ( Japan) 学習指導要領, 248–49, 265, 268–69, 270, 271, 288

Coxinga 郑成功, 306n9 Culture: Chinese, 36, 215, 320; in

Chinese-Japanese relations, 54, 59–60; in Chinese textbooks, 277, 281, 283, 285, 294, 297; Chi-nese vs. Japanese, 55, 73; Chinese

Index 448

vs. Western, 314n26; of hanjian (traitors), 214–15; in Japanese textbooks, 284, 289; literati, 55, 59–60, 215; and PRC-Taiwan re-lations, 312–14; Taiwanese, 307, 337–38; Western, 309, 314n26

Dai Guohui 戴国煇, 305n7 Daini Tatsumaru Incident (1908)

第二辰丸事件, 72 Dalian 大连, 94, 114 “Datsuaron” 脱亜論 (On Leaving

Asia; Fukuzawa Yukichi 福沢 諭吉), 44–45, 52

Democracy: and economic devel-opment, 315–16; and historical perceptions, 438; and historiog-raphy, 419, 425, 427; and mod-ernization, 322, 324; vs. national-ism, 332–34; in Nationalist China, 76; and nuclear power, 315n27; and Okinawa, 33; in Potsdam Declaration, 374; and PRC-Taiwan relations, 312–14; and pri-vate historical narratives, 426–27; in South Korea, 254; Taishō, 419; in Taiwan, 18, 303–16, 329, 337, 423n4; and textbooks, 241, 242, 248, 251, 253, 260; U.S. empire of, 315, 330; and Wang Jingwei, 212

Ding Mingnan 丁名楠, 317 Diplomacy: and anti-Japanese

movement, 89–108, 114; in Chi-nese-Japanese relations, 7, 15, 18, 54, 90, 91; and Chinese sover-eignty, 93, 96, 98, 113; coopera-tive, 101, 111, 113; domestic vs. foreign, 91; and extraterritoriality, 90, 93, 94, 96, 120; and foreign settlements, 90, 96, 113; and

Guangdong government, 108–13; and Gulf Crisis, 254; and histori-ography, 83–84, 433; and interna-tional relations, 90, 91, 99, 102, 103, 114; and Jinan Incident, 98, 102; and Korean Incident, 91, 96, 97; and League of Nations, 101, 108; and Manchuria, 93, 98–108, 119; and military, 98, 99; modern vs. traditional, 25; and national-ism, 93, 100; official documents vs. dialogue in, 95–98, 103; revo-lutionary, 100–101, 108, 114, 161; and South Manchurian Railway, 93–94, 114; and Tanaka Memo-rial, 135; vs. tribute system, 57; two-track, 7, 89–98, 113; and un-equal treaties, 100–101; and Wanbaoshan Incident, 89, 90, 91, 97; and the West, 102, 111

Diplomatic letter issue, 25, 39 Diplomatic Reminiscences (Shigemitsu

Mamoru) 外交回想録 (重光葵), 116–17

The Disposition of the Ryukyus (Matsuda Michiyuki) 琉球処分 (松田道之), 31

Dooman, Eugene, 145 Dower, John, 126 Duan Qirui 段祺瑞, 77 Dulles, John F., 378, 379 Dutch, in Taiwan, 63, 307, 320, 337 Dutch East Indies, 375 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 127

Eastern Conference (1927) 東方 会議, 122, 123, 131, 132, 135–37, 144, 146, 147

Economy, Chinese: and class strug-gle, 318; and historiography, 425; and Japan, 54, 55, 77, 373; and

Index 449

Nanjing government, 75; in PRC, 10, 273, 405, 413, 435; and repa-rations, 384, 405, 413; in Taiwan, 312, 314, 315–16; and textbooks, 251, 258, 298; and tolerance, 427n6

Economy, international, 258–59, 427, 436

Economy, Japanese, 11; and China, 54, 55, 64; in Potsdam Declara-tion, 374; recession in, 254; and reparations, 374–75, 377, 382; and textbooks, 251, 283–84, 285, 298

Economy, South Korean, 251, 435 Edo period ( Japan) 江戸時代, 26,

269, 283 Education: and Chinese-Japanese re-

lations, 15, 286–87, 397; and his-toriography, 263; history in, 17, 242–43, 267–98, 414, 419–20; in Taiwan, 301, 307, 309, 311, 322, 423n4. See also textbooks

Education, Chinese: anti-Japanese, 82, 359, 411, 412, 423n4; history in, 275–76, 284, 285–86, 414, 419–20; vs. Japanese, 284–86; on Nanjing Massacre, 180; reforms of, 66, 276, 288; supplementary materials for, 261; world history in, 275, 276, 284, 286, 287, 419

Education, Japanese: Asian history in, 419; vs. Chinese, 284–86; citi-zen’s faction on, 329; guidelines for, 265; history in, 242–43, 246, 248–49, 255, 265, 268–69, 273–75, 284–86, 414, 419–20; and in-ternational relations, 249; laws on, 249, 264, 268, 273, 301; ob-jectives of, 248–49; peace, 17; supplementary materials for, 261;

in Taiwan, 301, 309, 322; world history in, 273–75, 284, 286, 287

Education, South Korean, 261 Education Order ( Japan; 1872), 268,

273 Eguchi Keiichi 江口圭一, 134, 141 1898 Reform Movement (China)

戊戌変法, 59, 64–65, 66, 79 Elites, 59, 215; local, 74, 158; in

Taiwan, 309 Emperor, Japanese, 153, 180, 194–

95, 353, 360. See also Shōwa Em-peror

Enola Gay exhibit (U.S.), 361 Ethnic groups, 2; in Chinese edu-

cation, 276, 293; and Chinese nationality, 77, 300, 319–20; in Manzhouguo, 150, 151, 162–63, 164, 166, 167

Eurocentrism, 274 Examinations, Chinese civil service,

66, 215, 306n9; abolition of, 69, 72

Extraterritoriality, 58n4; in China, 66, 81, 90, 93, 94, 96; and first Sino-Japanese War, 61, 62; in Japan, 64, 120; in Manzhouguo, 164, 165, 166, 171, 175–77; and the West, 97

Falungong 法轮功, 67 Far Eastern Commission, 374, 375,

376 Far Eastern Front (Snow), 125 February 28 Incident (Taiwan; 1947),

303, 326, 335, 423n4 Feng Yuxiang 冯玉祥, 161 “The Final Juncture” (Wang Jingwei)

最后关头 (汪精卫), 219, 234–35 Foreign Ministry (China) 外交部:

access to archives in, 429; and

Index 450

anti-Japanese movement, 87, 96; and private reparation claims, 402–3; and Tanaka Memorial, 135, 142, 144, 145, 146

Foreign Ministry ( Japan) 外務省, 31; access to archives in, 429; and anti-Japanese movement, 108, 114; and Guangdong government, 111–13; and Japanese diplomacy, 103; and military, 83, 98, 99, 107; and Nationalist China, 82–83, 223; and Navy, 104–6, 107; and Ta-naka Memorial, 123–24, 125, 132, 144, 145; and textbooks, 261. See also diplomacy; international rela-tions

Foreigners, 59n4, 192, 261, 429, 430, 432; and Nanjing Massacre, 178, 182, 184, 185, 187, 195, 201

“Forum of Young Historians of Japan and China” 日中若手 歴史研究者フォーラム, 13

France, 25, 37, 58, 79, 116, 227; in Chinese textbooks, 293, 297

Franco-Japanese Accord, 70–71 Freedom and Popular Rights

Movement ( Japan), 43 Fujinami Takao 藤波孝生, 356,

358, 361 Fujioka Nobukatsu 藤岡信勝,

255 Fujiwara Akira 藤原彰, 133, 190 Fujiyama Aiichirō 藤山愛一郎,

128, 386 Fukuda Takeo 福田赳夫, 354, 371 Fukuda Yasuo 福田康夫, 364 Fukuzawa Yukichi 福沢諭吉, 44–

45, 52 Furumi Tadayuki 古海忠之, 150,

167

Ganghwa Island Incident (1875) 江華島事件, 35

Ganjin ( Jianzhen) 鑑真, 269, 277, 290, 293

Gao Dianfang 高殿芳, 138–39, 141 Geming wenxian (Documents on the

Revolution) 革命文献, 140 General Affairs Board (Man-

zhouguo) 総務庁, 152–58, 171, 172

Genghis Khan, 277n11, 291, 292 Germany, 76, 77, 79, 116, 224, 227,

233, 284; in Chinese textbooks, 283, 294, 297, 298; Historiker-streit in, 181; WWI reparations from, 345, 374, 385

Globalization, 58, 403, 427, 435 Gong Debo 龚德伯, 136 Gotōda Masaharu 後藤田正晴, 361 Grant, Ulysses, 32 Great Depression, 128, 283 Great Kantō Earthquake 関東大震

災, 270, 290 Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity

Sphere 大東亜共栄圏, 129, 424 Greater East Asian Conference

(1943) 大東亜会議, 234 Greater East Asian War 大東亜戦

争, 239, 251. See also World War II Gu Weijun 顾维钧. See Koo, V. K.

Wellington Guandong Army 关东军. See Kwan-

tung Army Guangxu Emperor (China) 光绪帝,

59, 79 Guardian Shrines of the State

( Japan) 護国神社, 343 Gulf Crisis (1990), 254, 264 Guomindang (Kuomintang; KMT)

中國國民黨: and anti-Japanese movement, 85–87, 102; vs. CCP,

Index 451

210; central vs. local offices of, 85–87, 89; and civil war, 273, 281, 290, 300, 301, 302, 304, 318, 376, 412; and Guangdong gov-ernment, 109, 110, 112; and Nan-jing Massacre, 185; in Taiwan, 299, 302–4, 309, 318, 326, 376, 422, 423n4; in textbooks, 273, 290, 295; and Wang Jingwei, 210, 216, 217; in War of Resistance, 10; and warlords, 160–61

Hague Convention (Convention Re-

specting the Laws and Customs of War on Land), 400–401

Hakka language, 422 Hamashita Takeshi 浜下武志, 57 Han dynasty (China) 汉朝, 277, 289,

293 Hanaoka Incident (1945) 花岡事件,

398, 408 Hanaya Tadashi 花谷正, 295 Hanjian (traitors) 汉奸, 216–17, 218,

230, 418, 423n4; culture of, 214–15

Hara Kei 原敬, 325 Hashikawa Bunzō 橋川文三, 133 Hashimoto Hiroshi 橋本恕, 389 Hashimoto Ryūtarō 橋本龍太郎,

362, 371 Hashimoto Toranosuke 橋本

虎之助, 172–73 Hata Ikuhiko 秦郁彦, 136, 189, 357 Hayashi Keizō 林敬三, 356 Hayashi Senjūrō 林銑十郎, 145 Hayashide Kenjirō 林出賢次郎,

116 He Ruzhang 何如璋, 40, 41, 43 Heroic Spirits Remembrance Com-

mittee ( Japan) 英霊にこたえる

会, 354

Higashikuni Naruhiko 東久邇宮 稔彦, 370

Hirajima Toshio 平嶋敏夫, 150 Hirohito, Emperor 裕仁天皇.

See Shōwa Emperor Hirose Keiichi 広瀬経一, 228, 237 Hirota Kōki 広田弘毅, 179 Historical perceptions 歴史認識,

411–33; and access to archives, 430–31; and Asian relations, 439–40; and Chinese-Japanese rela-tions, 57, 62, 68, 287, 394–95, 404, 435–36; of Japanese aggres-sion, 438; and Japanese-Korean relations, 437; and joint projects, 431–33; and Lytton Commission, 70; of Manzhouguo, 150–51, 168–69; of Nanjing Massacre, 179, 189–97, 438; of 1911 revolu-tion, 73–75; of 1945 vs. 1911, 11–13; and private memories, 414–15; of second Sino-Japanese War, 373, 434–35; of Taiwan, 63, 299–334; of Tanaka Memorial, 121–22, 123–24, 133, 142–43; and text-book issue, 262–63, 267, 279– 80, 284–87; of Twenty-One Demands, 290, 294; and Wang Jingwei, 210–11, 231–33; and war reparations, 372, 399, 405–6, 426n5; and Yasukuni Shrine, 340, 360–62

Historiography: of Asia, 421–24; of Boxer Rebellion, 67; of Chinese-Japanese relations, 6–7, 57–60, 286–87, 418; of Chinese national-ity, 319–20; of Chinese students in Japan, 72–73; and democracy, 419, 425, 427; dichotomies in, 14, 21–25; and diplomacy, 83–84, 433; of 1898 Reform Movement,

Index 452

64–65; empirical, 196–97, 306, 415–17, 422, 425, 428; factions in, 185–86, 323–33; and historical perceptions, 412, 415–24; of imperialism, 57, 59, 297, 426; internationalization of, 197, 426–28; joint projects in, 2–6, 13–14, 420–21, 426, 431–33; local, 67, 417, 421–22, 423, 427; of Man-zhouguo, 148–77; modernity vs. tradition in, 56–57; of moderniza-tion, 59, 230, 323–25, 327, 329, 425; modes of narration in, 20–52; of Nanjing Massacre, 181, 182–84, 185–86; and nation-state, 2, 12, 59, 333, 416–17, 418, 419, 427, 428; of 1911 Revolution, 74; objectivity in, 1–2; oral, 197, 430; and politics, 181, 196–97, 262– 63, 333, 361–63, 424–25, 433; positivism vs. relativism in, 1–2; of postwar period, 7, 11–12, 24; and preservation of documents, 428–31; private narratives in, 19, 426–27, 428; and public access, 429–31, 432; revolutionary, 58, 67, 74, 327; of Russo-Japanese War, 69–70; of Ryukyu, 33; of Sino-Japanese wars, 60, 418; and social change, 13; subjectivity in, 195–96, 209; of Taiwan, 63–64, 230, 299, 306–7, 311, 312–14, 322–32, 334, 337–39, 421, 422, 423, 433; of Tanaka Memorial, 121–22, 125–44; of Wang Jingwei, 208–19, 421, 422; of Yasukuni Shrine issue, 369

Historiography, Asian, 418, 428–31 Historiography, Chinese: hanjian in,

214–15; vs. Japanese, 53–54, 56–57, 233, 418–21; modern, 424–28;

of Nanjing Massacre, 186, 189, 194, 195, 196; postmodernism in, 417, 425; in PRC, 5, 10, 11, 230–31; and preservation of docu-ments, 428–31; of Taiwan, 299, 307–8, 332, 334, 337–39; of Tanaka Memorial, 137–44; of Wang Jingwei, 213–19

Historiography, Japanese: vs. Chi-nese, 53–54, 56–57, 233, 418–21; of Chinese history, 268–75; con-servative vs. citizen factions in, 323–33; limits on, 426, 428; of Nanjing Massacre, 178, 179, 182–83, 185, 186, 189, 196; and pres-ervation of documents, 428–31; on puppet regimes, 231–32; of Taiwan, 299, 322–32, 334, 422; of Tanaka Memorial, 130–37, 142–44; of Wang Jingwei, 211–13

Historiography, Taiwanese, 332, 334, 422

History of the Taiwanese Revolution 台湾

革命史, 317 Honda Katsuichi 本多勝一, 134 Hong Kong 香港, 56n1, 410, 418 Hongwu Emperor (Ming dynasty)

洪武帝, 215 Honjō Shigeru 本庄繁, 153, 157,

171 Hora Tomio 洞富雄, 190n15 Horiba Kazuo 堀場一雄, 228 Hoshino Naoki 星野直樹, 150,

155 Hotta Yoshie 堀田善衛, 129, 186 Hu Jintao 胡锦涛, 403–4, 435 Hu Shi 胡适, 223, 314, 315 Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦, 359, 361 Huang Jixian 黄继先, 279 Huang Meizhen 黄美真, 216

Index 453

Huang Zunxian 黄遵宪, 40–42, 51, 59, 61, 62, 64

Ichiki Kitokurō 一木喜徳郎, 123, 147

Ie, Prince 伊江王子, 30 Ienaga Saburō 家永三郎 lawsuits of,

242, 250, 251, 253, 255, 256, 264 Iinuma Mamoru 飯沼守, 194 Ikeda Hayato 池田勇人, 350, 370 Imai Seiichi 今井清一, 133 Imai Takashi 今井敬, 364 Imai Takeo 今井武夫, 221 Imperial Rescript on Education

( Japan) 教育勅語, 301 Imperialism, historiography of, 57,

59, 297, 426. See also colonialism Imperialism, Japanese, 70, 84, 150,

190, 254, 319; in Asia, 129, 239, 251, 424; and Tanaka Memorial, 127, 128, 143–44

Imperialism, Western, 67, 319 Inō Tentarō 稲生典太郎, 131–32,

134, 136, 144 Independence faction (Taiwan), 338;

and citizen’s faction, 329–30; and Japan, 324–25, 327–28, 331, 332, 333

India, 15, 129, 239 Industrialization, 60–61, 64, 74,

270, 374 Inoue Kaoru 井上馨, 29, 30, 31, 33,

34, 48 Institute of Pacific Relations confer-

ence, 144, 145 International law: in Chinese-Korean

relations, 34, 50; and Japanese aggression, 38, 39, 56, 63, 78; and reparations, 399–401, 405; and ROC, 379; and Ryukyu, 31; and Shandong, 77; and suzerain-tributary relations, 21–22, 42

International relations: diplomacy in, 90, 91, 99, 102, 103, 114; of Japan, 90, 91, 99, 102, 128, 249; of PRC, 10; of Qing dynasty, 62, 64, 66; and Ryukyu, 33, 36; and suzerain-tributary relations, 22; and Taiwan, 304, 305, 306, 310, 314; and textbooks, 251–53, 254, 258–59, 261, 266, 276, 277, 284; and Wang Jingwei, 208; and Yasukuni Shrine, 340, 341, 367–68

International Safety Zone (Nanjing), 184, 187, 191, 195, 202–3

Internationalism, left-wing ( Japan), 242, 258, 260

Inukai Takeru 犬養健, 223 Inukai Tsuyoshi 犬養毅, 131 Iokibe Makoto 五百旗頭真, 258,

259 Ishibashi Tanzan 石橋湛山, 348 Ishii Ishitarō 石射猪太郎, 130 Ishii Shirō 石井四郎, 295 Ishii unit 石井部隊, 279, 295 Ishiwara Kanji 石原莞爾, 143,

159–60, 161, 162 Islam, 274 Israeli-Palestine relations, 2 Itagaki Seishirō 板垣征四郎, 159–

60, 162, 173–75, 295 Itagaki Tadashi 板垣正, 353n26,

355 Italy, 116, 224, 233, 283, 297, 298 Itō Hirobumi 伊藤博文, 31, 283,

293, 295, 296, 298 Iwabuchi Tatsuo 岩淵辰雄, 130 Iwakura Mission 岩倉使節団, 29 Japan: aggression by, 56, 59–60, 63,

78, 143–44, 190, 278–80, 438; attitudes towards China in, 55–56,

Index 454

60, 62, 69; China policy of, 76, 78, 98, 108, 114; Chinese attitudes towards, 64, 68, 69; Chinese re-formers in, 64–65; Chinese stu-dents in, 55, 66, 68, 71–73, 75, 77, 78; as civilized nation, 15, 44–45, 46, 47, 52, 54–55, 60, 78, 412; Edo period in, 26, 269, 283; gov-ernment of, 153, 398–404, 406–7; and Guangdong government, 108–13; international relations of, 90, 91, 99, 102, 128, 249; and joint history projects, 3–4, 5; Meiji period in, 28–34, 270; as model for China, 64, 66, 76; per-spective of 1945 in, 11–12; prefec-tures in, 158; public access to ar-chives in, 429–31; right wing in, 280, 284, 339; and Russia, 40–42, 58, 289; shogunal missions from, 26; special interests in China of, 90, 93, 97, 99; wartime destruction in, 271; and the West, 54. See also Chinese-Japanese rela-tions; colonialism, Japanese; edu-cation, Japanese; imperialism, Japanese; Occupation of Japan, Allied; Russo-Japanese War; Sino-Japanese War

Japan-China Club (Nikka kurabu) 日華倶楽部, 133, 146

Japan-China Joint Declaration (1998) 日中共同宣言, 403

Japan Christian Association 日本 基督教団, 349

Japan-Korea Joint Historical Research project日韓共同歴史

研究, 3–4 Japan-PRC Joint Communiqué

(1972) 日中共同声明, 251, 266, 372, 373, 388–89; and end of

WWII, 390–91, 392, 405–6; and private reparation claims, 401–3, 406–7; and reparations, 386–87, 394, 395, 396, 405

Japan-ROC Treaty (Treaty of Taipei; 1952) 日華条約, 378–81, 385, 386, 390; and PRC, 380, 381–82, 388, 404; and reparations, 379–80, 393, 395, 404

Japan Socialist Party ( JSP) 日本 社会党, 346, 348, 350, 361, 388

Japan Speaks on the Sino-Japanese Con-flict (Kawakami Kiyoshi), 130–31

Japan’s Policy toward Manchuria-Mongolia as Viewed in China 支那人の観た

日本の滿蒙政策, 133 Japan Teachers’ Union 日本教職員

組合, 250, 251 Japanese-British relations, 25, 58, 62,

68, 70, 101, 289, 374 Japanese Center for Asian Historical

Records アジア歴史資料 センター, 430

The Japanese Informal Empire in China, 1895–1937 (Duus, Myers, and Peattie, eds.), 6–7

Japanese-Korean relations, 28, 56, 59, 420n3; Agreement of Amity in, 39; and China, 21–25, 34–39, 42, 43, 46; and concept of Asia, 40; and diplomatic letter issue, 25, 39; historical perceptions in, 437; and Japanese occupation, 12, 71, 79, 80, 286; and Japanese textbooks, 269, 270, 289, 290; joint history projects on, 3, 432–33; and modernization, 44–45

Japanese language, 302–3, 335, 422 Japanese-Nationalist relations, 79,

81–83, 100; and Chongqing

Index 455

government, 206–7, 219–22, 229–30, 232, 233; and Guangdong government, 108–13, 114, 118–20, 218; and Tanaka Memorial, 122

Japanese people, 382, 383; in China, 72, 75; in Manzhouguo, 162; in Taiwan, 301

Japanese-PRC relations: and end of WWII, 390–91, 392, 393, 405; and historical perceptions, 332–33; and Japan-ROC treaty, 380, 381–82, 388, 404; normalization of, 9–10, 281, 288, 290, 295, 372, 386–97, 404–5; and reparations, 383–84, 386–97; and Taiwan, 312, 314, 333

Japanese-ROC relations, 335, 396, 413, 420n3; and PRC, 378–81, 387, 388

Java, 277n11 Ji Peng-fei 姬鹏飞, 389, 390, 391,

394, 395 Jiandao Treaty (1909) 間島条約,

71 Jiang Jieshi. See Chiang Kai-shek Jiang Weishui 蒋渭水, 336 Jiang Zemin 江泽民, 435 Jikan (Time; Hotta Yoshie) 時間,

186 Jin dynasty (China) 金朝, 277, 293 Jin Xiongbai 金雄白, 232 Jinan Incident (1928) 済南事件, 24,

81, 98, 102, 115, 144; and anti-Japanese movement, 84, 91, 95

Kagesa Sadaaki 影佐禎昭, 220,

223–26, 228, 237–38 Kaikōsha 偕行社, 183 Kajima Corporation 鹿島組, 398,

408 Kajiyama Seiroku 梶山静六, 362

Kamisaka Fuyuko 上坂冬子, 211 Kang Youwei 康有为, 64, 292, 294 Kapsin Coup 甲申政変, 44 Kasahara Tokushi 笠原十九司, 189 Katayama Tetsu 片山哲, 383 Katō Chihiro 加藤千洋, 395n38 Katsura-Taft Accord, 70 Kawada Isao 河田烈, 378–79 Kawakami Kiyoshi 河上清, 130–31 Kayano Nagatomo 萱野長知, 75 Kenkenroku (Mutsu Munemitsu)

蹇々録 (陸奥宗光), 21–22 Khrushchev, Nikita, 127–28 Kido Kōichi 木戸幸一, 175 Kim Hong-chip 金弘集, 41 Kindai Chūgoku seiji gaikōshi (Banno

Masataka) 近代中国政治外交史 (坂野正高), 22

Kishi Nobusuke 岸信介, 128, 150, 370, 381

Kitaoka Shin’ichi 北岡伸一, 137 Kiyosawa Kiyoshi 清沢洌, 130 Know Your Enemy—Japan (film), 126 Kō Bun’yū (Huang Wenxiong)

黄文雄, 325–28 Kōakai (Raise Asia Society) 興亜会,

41, 42 Kobayashi Hideo 小林英夫, 213 Kobayashi Takiji 小林多喜二, 284 Koizumi Jun’ichirō, 340, 363, 364,

365–66, 371; 小泉純一郎 and Yasukuni Shrine, 349, 370

Kokumin no rekishi (The Nation’s History; Nishio Kanji) 国民の 歴史, 255, 256, 257

Komori Yōichi 小森陽一, 257 Kong Zhaoyan 孔昭炎, 136 Konoe Fumimaro 近衛文麿, 175,

224, 295, 296 Konoye, Prince. See Konoe Fumi-

maro

Index 456

Koo, V. K. Wellington (Gu Weijun) 顾维钧, 70, 79–80, 411, 425; and Tanaka Memorial, 121, 130, 133, 146

Korea: and Chinese-Japanese rela-tions, 21–25, 34–39, 42, 43, 46, 50–51; and comfort women, 254n; and first Sino-Japanese War, 60, 61; history of, 418; Japa-nese occupation of, 12, 71, 79, 80, 286; migration from, 146; in text-books, 269, 270, 277n11, 286, 289, 290. See also North Korea; South Korea

Korean Incident (1931), 115; and anti-Japanese movement, 84, 95, 107, 118; attacks on Chinese in, 84–85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91; and Chinese diplomacy, 91, 96, 97

Korean people, 262, 270 Korean War (1950), 283, 376, 413n1 Kuriyama Takakazu 栗山尚一 ,

396 Kutakov, Leonid Nikolaevich, 128 Kwantung Agency 関東庁, 144, 145,

164 Kwantung Army ( Japanese) 関東軍,

88, 114, 161, 171–73, 175; in Man-zhouguo 満洲国, 148–54, 157–59, 162, 163–66

Kwantung Government 関東局, 164, 165

Kwantung Leased Territory 関東州, 93, 94

Labor unions, Japanese, 250, 251,

256, 349 Last Sentiments (Wang Jingwei) 最后

之心情, 213 Latin America, 282, 284, 297, 298 Lat’shev, I., 129

Laws, Japanese: and education, 249, 264, 268, 273, 301; in Man-zhouguo, 152, 153, 159, 166; and private reparation claims, 399–401, 406–7; and textbooks, 242, 243, 246. See also inter-national law

Lawsuits: Ienaga, 242, 250, 251, 253, 255, 256, 264; private, 397–404, 406–10, 414, 426n5; for repara-tions, 372, 397–404, 406–10, 414, 426; and Yasukuni Shrine, 349, 356

League for the Construction of an Independent Taiwanese State 台灣獨立建國聯盟, 325, 331

League of Nations 国際連盟, 101, 102, 103, 108, 130, 411

Lee Teng-hui 李登輝, 310,311, 313, 315, 333, 335, 336–37, 338

Li Hongzhang 李鸿章, 26, 49–51, 79, 230, 425; on Asia, 39–40, 41; and Chinese-Korean relations, 35, 38; and Russia, 62, 64, 68; and Ryukyu, 32; in textbooks, 291, 292

Li Xiuying 李秀英, 183, 199–200, 409

Li Zhaoxing 李肇星, 420n3 Li Zongren 李宗仁, 161 Lian Ya-tang 连雅堂, 317n32 Liao Chengzhi 廖承志, 385 Liao dynasty (China) 辽朝, 277, 293 Liao Wenyi 廖文毅, 308 Liaodong Peninsula 辽东半岛, 61,

164, 374 Liaoning People’s Diplomacy Asso-

ciation 辽宁人民外交协会, 131, 144–45

Liberal Democratic Party ( Japan; LDP), 361; and Japan-ROC rela-

Index 457

tions, 387, 388; and Japanese textbooks, 250, 255; and repara-tions, 394, 395; and Yasukuni Shrine, 348, 349, 350–51, 352, 353, 355, 363, 365

Lien Chan (Lian Zhan) 连战, 313 Lin Mingde 林明德, 141, 142 Lin Xiantang 林献堂, 336 Literati, 55, 59–60, 215, 223 Literature, 241, 283, 284, 293, 297 Liu Danian 刘大年, 317 Liu Jianchao 刘建超, 403 Liu Lianren 刘连仁, 279, 408 Liu Mingchuan 刘铭传, 63, 307 Liutiaogou Incident 柳条沟事件,

148, 171. See also Manchurian Incident

London War Crimes Committee, 198

Lu Xun 鲁迅, 71 Lüshun (Port Arthur) 旅顺, 94, 114,

290 Lytton Commission, 70 MacArthur, Douglas, 374, 375 Machimura Nobutaka 町村信孝,

420n3 Maier, Charles, 181 Makino Nobuaki 牧野伸顕, 144 Malaya, 375 Manchuria: and anti-Japanese

movement, 85, 86; and Chinese-Japanese relations, 7, 93, 98–108, 119; and Guangdong government, 110–13; immigrants to, 71, 86; Japanese occupation of, 68–71, 79, 80, 85, 165, 171; Japan’s spe-cial interests in, 90, 93, 94–95, 101, 113; and Russia, 68, 70, 71, 164; and Tanaka Memorial, 122, 123, 128, 130, 146, 147. See also

Manzhouguo; South Manchurian Railway

Manchuria-Mongolia Countrymen Assistance Association 満蒙同胞

援護会, 150 Manchurian Incident (1931) 満洲

事変, 7, 15, 23, 24, 171, 234; and anti-Japanese movement, 84; and diplomacy, 113, 114; and Guang-dong government, 112; Japanese on, 239; and Manzhouguo, 148, 159; and Tanaka Memorial, 125, 130, 139, 143, 145; in textbooks, 271, 278, 281, 286, 290, 294, 411; and Yasukuni Shrine, 359

Manshū jikyoku taisaku yōkō (Prospec-tus of Countermeasures for the Present Situation in Manchuria; Suma Yakichirō) 満洲時局対策

要綱, 112 Manshūkoku shi (A History of Man-

zhouguo) 満洲国史, 150, 151, 167

Mantetsu (South Manchurian Rail-way Co.) 満鉄, 164, 165

Manzhouguo 満洲国, 16, 148–77; access to archives on, 430; agri-culture in, 159, 169–70; central government of, 152–58; Chinese in, 151, 153–55, 159, 162, 169–70, 174; Chinese vs. Japanese officials in, 153–56, 158–59, 162, 166, 168; ethnic groups in, 150, 151, 162–63, 164, 166, 167; government of, 162, 166, 168, 171; historical per-ceptions of, 150–51, 168–69; his-toriography of, 421, 423; as ideal state, 150–51, 159–66, 167, 168, 169; independence of, 163–66, 167, 172; and Japanese prepara-tions for war, 159–60; local gov-

Index 458

ernment of, 151, 154, 158–59; and Nationalist China, 148–49, 160–62, 173–75; as puppet state, 148–50, 151–59, 166, 167–68, 169, 208–9; in textbooks, 290, 295

Manzhouguo Concordia Society 満洲国協和会, 150

Mao Zedong 毛泽东, 11, 12, 376, 406, 423n4; Chinese-Japanese re-lations, 359–60; in Japanese text-books, 290, 293; and reparations, 384, 387, 395

Marco Polo Bridge Incident (1937) 盧溝橋事件, 139, 198, 206, 234, 281, 290, 295

Marshall, George, 126 Maruyama Masao 丸山真男,

194 Marxism, 58, 250, 251, 259 Matsuda Michiyuki 松田道之, 31 Matsudaira Nagayoshi 松平永芳,

357, 358, 360 Matsui Iwane 松井石根, 179, 182,

191, 193, 198, 206 Matsumoto Seichō 松本清張,

132 Matsumoto Shigeharu 松本重治,

212 Matsuoka Yōsuke 松岡洋右, 70, 79,

101, 121, 130, 146, 411 May Fourth Movement (1919), 67,

76, 81, 290, 294 McCallum, James H., 202–3 McCoy, Frank R., 376 Media, 15, 427; Chinese, 84, 123, 134,

145, 258, 414, 426n5; Japanese, 101, 134, 259, 261; Korean, 258; and Tanaka Memorial, 123, 134, 145

Mei Siping 梅思平, 223, 225

Meiji period ( Japan) 明治期, 28–34, 270

Meiji Restoration (1868) 明治維新, 58, 59, 64; in textbooks, 269, 283, 285, 297

Mein Kampf (Hitler), 126 MEXT. See Ministry of Education,

Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

Miki Takeo 三木武夫, 353–54, 370, 371

Militarism, Japanese: and anti-Japanese movement, 85; apolo-gies for, 362; and Chinese-Japanese relations, 433; Chinese view of, 11, 280, 384, 392, 396, 405, 418; Japanese view of, 271, 418; and Nanjing Massacre, 180, 193; and reparations, 383; and Yasukuni Shrine, 341, 343, 349, 358, 359, 360, 367

Military, Chinese, 206, 212, 225; Japanese advisors to, 227–28, 238; and Nanjing Massacre, 180, 185, 188–89, 195, 196; and Wang Jingwei, 220, 237–38; and war-lords, 160, 161

Military, Japanese: and anti-Japanese movement, 103–6; and Chiang Kai-shek, 219–21; in Chinese textbooks, 284; discipline of, 191–93; and Foreign Ministry, 83, 98, 99, 107; and Manchuria, 101, 114; and Nanjing Massacre, 190–91; negotiations for withdrawal of, 223–26; Self-Defense Force, 353, 435; Special Attack Corps, 258; in Taiwan, 321, 335; and U.S. military, 261, 435. See also Kwan-tung Army

Military, U.S., 261, 283, 315, 330

Index 459

Ming dynasty (China) 明朝, 277, 289, 293, 320

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology ( Japan) 文部科学省, 243–45, 248–50, 252, 255, 257, 260, 264, 266, 268

Ministry of Health, Labor, and Wel-fare ( Japan) 厚生労働省, 350, 357, 358

Mitsubishi Mining 三菱鉱業, 409 Miyajima Seiichirō 宮島誠一郎, 41 Miyazawa Kiichi 宮沢喜一, 264,

266, 353n26, 355, 356 Modernity, 328, 412, 440; colonial,

63, 330; Japanese, 59, 72, 333 Modernity vs. tradition, 14, 22, 25;

in Chinese-Japanese relations, 43–46, 46–47, 54–56; in Chi-nese-Korean relations, 34–39; and historiography, 56–57; and Ryukyu, 28–34; and Sino-Japanese wars, 23–24

Modernization: and colonialism, 18, 63, 322, 324–25, 330, 332, 423, 426; and first Sino-Japanese War, 60–61; historiography of, 59, 230, 323–25, 327, 329, 425; Japa-nese, 55, 75, 285; and Japanese-Korean relations, 44–45; in Na-tionalist China, 69, 71, 75, 76; in PRC, 11–12; in Qing China, 64, 66, 67; and social Darwinism, 22; in Taiwan, 18, 63, 302, 304, 305, 307, 312–13, 323–29; in textbooks, 285, 290; and the West, 314n26, 324, 332

Mongol invasions, 269, 277, 278, 289. See also Yuan dynasty

Mongolia: and China, 86, 93; and Guangdong government, 110–11;

and Japan, 90, 93, 94–95, 98–108, 114, 224, 228; and Man-zhouguo, 150, 175; and Tanaka Memorial, 15, 122, 123, 129, 130, 146, 147

Mori Arinori 森有礼, 35, 36, 37–38, 39, 49–50

Mori Kaku 森恪, 131, 141 Morishima Morito 森島守人, 136 Morton, William F., 126 Movement to Establish a Taiwanese

Parliament 台湾議会設置運動, 301, 311, 321, 335

Mukden (9.18) Incident. See Man-churian Incident

Murai Kuramatsu 村井倉松, 87, 90, 91, 104–6, 107

Murayama Tomiichi 村山富市, 361–62, 420n3

Muslims, 40 Mutō Nobuyoshi 武藤信義, 158 Mutsu Munemitsu 陸奥宗光, 21–22,

24, 44 Nagasaki 長崎, 25–26 Nagasaki Incident (1886) 長崎事件,

45–46 Nagashima Ginzō 長島銀蔵, 344 Nagura Nobuatsu 名倉信敦, 26 Nakajima Kesago 中島今朝吾, 182,

193, 200–202 Nakasone Yasuhiro 中曽根康弘,

355–61, 363, 370, 371 Name Rectification Movement

(Taiwan; 2003) 正名運動, 331 Nanjing, 187–88, 219, 303; diplo-

matic community in, 116–17; Japanese occupation of, 205, 234

Nanjing Massacre 南京大屠杀, 南京大虐殺, 南京事件, 16, 178–204, 206; causes of, 189–95; and

Index 460

Chinese military, 180, 185, 188–89, 195, 196; Chinese views of, 10, 179, 186, 189, 194, 195, 196, 278, 279, 280, 295; and collective symbols, 180–81, 186, 189; dura-tion of, 187; evidence for, 184–85, 193; foreigners in, 178, 182, 184, 185, 187, 195, 201; historical per-ceptions of, 179, 189–97, 438; historiography of, 181, 182–84; Japanese views of, 178, 179, 182–83, 185, 186, 189, 196, 272, 280, 290; personal experiences of, 181–82, 183–84, 197; and private reparation claims, 408, 409; rapes in, 178, 183, 184–85, 191, 199–200, 409; sources on, 182–83; and Tanaka Memorial, 125; victims of, 183–84, 186–89, 196; and war crimes trials, 179, 180, 186, 189, 196

Nanjing Nationalist government (1940–45) 南京國民政府, 205–39; in Chinese textbooks, 295; vs. Chongqing government, 208–11, 219, 221, 229, 238–39; chronology of, 234; independence of, 222, 237; and Japan, 222–30, 233, 238; as puppet, 226, 230–31

Nation-state, modern: China as, 77–78; vs. democracy, 332–34; and historiography, 333, 416–17, 418, 419, 427, 428; Japanese view of, 249, 273, 333; and Ryukyu, 29, 31

National Convention of Representa-tives of Bereaved Families ( Japan) 全国遺族代表者大会, 344–45

National Convention of War Dead Bereaved Families ( Japan) 全国

戦没者遺族大会, 345, 347–48

National People’s Congress (China) 全国人民代表大会, 397–98, 402, 403

Nationalism: and Chinese-Japanese relations, 15, 331; vs. democracy, 332–34; and historiography, 2, 12, 59, 419, 425, 427; and politics, 181; and textbooks, 3, 249, 259, 260, 280

Nationalism, Chinese: anti-Japanese, 78, 82, 94, 97; and Chinese diplomacy, 93, 98, 100; and his-toriography, 419, 425; and Man-zhouguo, 162–63; and May Fourth Movement, 81; in Nation-alist China, 69, 82, 83, 97; in PRC, 331; and Russia, 68; in Tai-wan, 308, 316; and textbooks, 280; and Twenty-One Demands, 76–77; of Wang Jingwei, 213

Nationalism, Japanese, 12, 98, 328; right-wing, 254, 255–56, 260; and textbooks, 249, 259, 260; and Yasukuni Shrine, 343

Nationality, Chinese (Zhonghua minzu) 中华民族: vs. democracy, 332–34; historiography of, 319–20; PRC view of, 312–13; and re-sistance to Japan, 308, 313, 316–22; in Taiwan, 300, 314, 316, 338; vs. Taiwanese, 308, 309, 310; and unification, 331

Neo-Confucianism, 289 New History Textbook. See Atarashii

rekishi kyōkasho New Japan Religious Groups

Federation 新日本宗教団体 連合会, 349

New Northeast Society (Xin Dong-bei xuehui) 新東北学会, 144, 145

Index 461

New Policies (Empress Dowager Cixi) 新政, 59, 65–67, 72, 74, 79, 425

Newspapers. See media 1911 Revolution (China) 辛亥革命,

11–12, 73–75, 79, 290 Nishihara loans 西原借款, 77 Nishimura Kumao 西村熊雄, 379,

380–81 Nishio Kanji 西尾幹二, 254,

255 Normalization (1972): of Japanese-

PRC relations, 9–10, 281, 288, 290, 295, 372, 386–97, 404–5; textbooks on, 281, 290, 295; of U.S.-PRC relations, 335

North Korea, 3, 15, 129, 413 Northeast Flag Replacement 東北

易幟, 100 Northeastern Society (Dongbei xue-

hui) 東北学会, 144 Northern Expedition (1926–28)

北伐, 109, 160, 161, 205 Northern Taiwan Society (Beishe)

北社, 311, 315, 337 Nuclear power, 315n27

Occupation of Japan, Allied: histori-cal perceptions of, 413, 438; and reparations issue, 373–77, 382; and war dead, 344–46; and Yasu-kuni Shrine, 343–46, 348, 368, 370

Ōeyama Nickel Mine 大江山 ニッケル鉱山, 409

Ōhashi Chūichi 大橋忠一, 150 Ōhira Masayoshi 大平正芳, 358,

371, 389, 390, 391, 393, 394–95, 396

Okabe, Viscount 岡部子爵, 175

Okinawa 沖縄, 25, 31, 33–34, 59, 414, 439. See also Ryukyu, King-dom of

Ōkubo Toshimichi 大久保利通, 29

Ōkuma Shigenobu 大隈重信, 76 Okuno Seisuke 奥野誠亮, 356 “On Public Funerals” (1946) 公葬

等について, 344, 346 “On Reading the Tsukuru kai’s Ata-

rashii rekishi kyōkasho” つくる会

の『新しい歴史教科書』を読む (Iokibe Makoto), 258

“On the Funerals and Festivals of the War Dead” (1951) 戦没者の葬祭などについて, 345–46

Ono Kenji 小野賢二, 183 Ōnuma Yasuaki 大沼保昭, 195 Opium wars (1839–42; 1856–60),

56n1, 289 “The Origins of the Chinese Trans-

lation of Two Japanese Secret Documents” (Wang Jiazhen) 日本两机密文件中译本的来历, 135, 146 ,

Outline of Taiwanese History (Tian Jue) 台湾史綱要, 319

Overseas Development Assistance (ODA; Japan), 373

Pacific War. See World War II Panay Incident (1937), 198 Parallel History Project of the Cold

War (PHP), 2 Paris Peace Conference (1919), 76,

298 Pauley, Edwin W., 375 Peace and Friendship Exchange pro-

ject, 420n3 Peace Conference (The Hague;

1907), 69

Index 462

Peace faction (China), 223, 238–39 Pearl Harbor, attack on (1941),

125 Peng Ruqing 彭如清, 200 Penghu Islands 澎湖, 61 People’s United Front of Resistance

against Japan 抗日人民统一 战争, 278

Philippines, 239, 375, 376, 377 Pingdingshan Incident (1932)

平頂山事件, 408 Politics: and access to archives, 429;

and Chinese culture, 215; of Chi-nese-Japanese relations, 54; and historiography, 181, 196–97, 261, 262–63, 333, 361–63, 424–25, 433; left-right dichotomy in Japanese, 249–51, 256, 258, 260, 341, 367, 368; and Nanjing Massacre, 180–81; of postwar period, 8; and reparations, 405; of Taiwan, 299, 311, 312–14, 332; and textbooks, 240, 241–42, 246, 257, 285–86; and Wang Jingwei, 218–19; of Yasukuni Shrine, 18, 340–71, 341, 366

Port Arthur. See Lüshun Portsmouth Treaty (1905), 71, 164 Potsdam Declaration (1945), 343,

370, 374 POWs (prisoners of war): Allied,

193; Chinese, 187, 189, 191–96, 200–204; European, 192

PRC. See China, People’s Republic of Public opinion, Chinese: anti-

Japanese, 87, 424; and Chinese diplomacy, 90, 93; on Japanese-PRC relations, 397; on Japanese textbooks, 264; on reparations, 403, 406; on Tanaka Memorial, 121, 123–24, 133, 142

Public opinion, international, 95, 102, 103, 114

Public opinion, Japanese: on anti-Japanese movement, 95; and Japanese diplomacy, 98; on Taiwan, 308, 328; on textbooks, 257, 258, 264; on Yasukuni Shrine, 352–53, 362, 363

Public opinion, South Korean, 264

Public opinion, U.S., 308, 315, 316, 330

Puyi, Emperor (China; Manzhou-guo) 溥仪, 148–49, 153–54, 157, 158, 171, 175; in Japanese text-books, 290, 291, 293

Qi Jiguang 戚继光, 278, 293 Qian Qichen 钱其琛, 402 Qin dynasty (China) 秦朝, 277, 289,

293 Qin Hui 秦桧, 215 Qin Shi Huangdi 秦始皇帝, 215,

289 Qing dynasty (China) 清朝: in Chi-

nese textbooks, 282, 293; after 1898 Reform Movement, 65–66; fall of, 59, 73, 210; foreign con-cessions in, 62, 64, 90, 94, 96, 97, 113, 114; and Japan, 59, 60–62, 64–65, 66; and Japanese-Korean relations, 34–39; Japanese terms for, 78; in Japanese text-books, 270; and Korea, 21–22; vs. Meiji Japan, 54–55; and moderni-zation, 64, 66, 67; and Russia, 40–42, 62, 64, 68; and Ryukyu, 28–34, 33, 49; and Taiwan, 63, 300, 305, 306n9, 307, 319, 320, 326, 327; and Wang Jingwei, 217, 219; and the West, 26. See also

Index 463

Cixi, Empress Dowager; 1898 Reform Movement

Rabe, John, 182, 184, 195, 197 Railroads, 73, 94, 100, 144, 146. See

also South Manchurian Railway Ranke, Leopold von, 1 Reform and Openness policy (PRC)

改革开放, 10, 11, 403, 425 “Regarding the Special Directive on

the Pension Law” (1946) 恩給法

の特例に関する件, 344 Regulations for Authorization of

Texts for Educational Use ( Japan; 1977) 教科書用図書 検定規則, 250

Regulations on Overseas Students ( Japan) 留学生取締規則, 72

Rekishi Kyōkasho: nani ga mondai ka (History Textbooks: What Are the Issues) 歴史教科書:何が 問題か, 257

Religion: freedom of, 342, 343, 345, 349; Shinto as, 343; in textbooks, 246; and Yasukuni Shrine, 341, 348, 349, 351–52, 356, 364, 368, 371

Reparations, 372–410; and access to archives, 431; and Chinese-Japanese relations, 8, 402–4, 407; and historical perceptions, 426n5; and Japan-PRC relations, 386–97; and Japan-ROC treaty, 379–80, 393, 395, 404; non-government demands for, 18, 372; origins of issue, 373–81; from prewar period, 400; private claims for, 397–404, 406–10, 414, 426n5; renunciations of, 18, 373, 376, 380, 384, 386–87, 392, 393, 395, 396, 397, 401–2,

404–5, 406; Sino-Japanese War (second; 1937–45), 372–73; and U.S., 374–77, 381, 384, 413

Repose of souls issue, 340, 341 Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors

( Japan) 軍人勅諭, 194–95 Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmeng-

hui) 同盟会, 210, 217, 294 Ribenguo zhi (Treatises on Japan;

Huang Zunxian) 日本国史, 64

Rights Recovery Movement (China) 收回国权运动, 15, 69, 94, 161

Riwei guanxi yanjiu (Research on Rela-tions between Japan and its Pup-pets; Zhang Sheng) 日伪关系 研究 (张生), 230–31

ROC. See China, Republic of Roosevelt, Franklin D., 137, 298 Russia: in Chinese textbooks, 294,

297, 298; and Japan, 40–42, 58, 289; and Korea, 51; and Manchu-ria, 68, 70, 71, 164; and Qing China, 40–42, 62, 64, 68; and Sino-Japanese Amity Agreement, 58; and Tanaka Memorial, 8, 15, 16, 121, 142; and Tripartite Inter-vention, 79. See also Soviet Union

Russian Revolution (1917), 283 Russo-Japanese War (1904), 54, 93,

164, 165, 270; and Chinese-Japanese relations, 68–71, 79; and constitutionalism, 72; historiogra-phy of, 418; and Yasukuni Shrine, 342

Ryukyu, Kingdom of 琉球王国, 56, 61, 80; and concept of Asia, 40, 41; ”disposition” of, 25, 30; dual affiliation of, 28–32, 34, 48–49. See also Okinawa

Index 464

Saburi Sadao 佐分利貞男, 100 Sakamoto Takao 坂本多加雄, 364 Sakamoto Yoshikazu 坂本義和, 257 San Francisco Peace Treaty (1951),

345; and Japanese-PRC relations, 393; and reparations, 376–77, 401–2, 404; and ROC, 378, 379, 380, 390; and Yasukuni Shrine, 341

Sanetō Keishū 実藤恵秀, 59 Sasaki Tōichi 佐々木到一, 190 Satō Eisaku 佐藤栄作, 351, 370, 381 School Education Law ( Japan; 1947)

学校教育法, 249, 264 The Secret Record of Chiang Kaishek

蒋介石秘録, 136 Seiin (Main Office of Council of

State; Japan) 正院, 29–30 Self-Defense Force ( Japan) 自衛隊,

353, 435 Self-Strengthening Movement

(China) 自強運動, 33, 40, 425 Senkaku islands (Diaoyu islands)

尖閣諸島, 435–36 Shandong, 81, 84, 120, 294; Japanese

occupation of, 76, 77, 144 Shang dynasty (China) 商朝, 289 Shanghai, 25–26, 205; anti-Japanese

movement in, 103–6, 117; Japa-nese occupation of, 190, 206, 219, 228, 237; Wang Jingwei in, 208, 221

Shanghai Expedition Army, 198, 206

Shen Guifen 沈桂芬, 35 Shen Yu 沈予, 138, 141 Shidehara Kijūrō 幣原喜重郎, 88,

101, 370; and anti-Japanese movement, 106, 107; and Guangdong government, 110, 111, 112, 114, 118–20; and

Japanese diplomacy, 108, 114; and Yasukuni Shrine, 343

Shigemitsu Mamoru 重光葵, 88–89, 92–98, 115, 229–30, 238; and anti-Japanese movement, 102–3, 106, 107–8, 113–14; in Chinese textbooks, 296, 298; and Man-churia, 99–100, 101, 113; mem-oirs of, 116–17; and Tanaka Me-morial, 123–24, 130, 133, 145

Shimazu Yoshihisa 島津義久, 48 Shimizu Tōzō 清水董三, 223 Shimonoseki, Treaty of (1895) 下関

条約 (马关条约), 79, 290, 293, 299, 300, 335

Shinto 神道, 342–44, 349, 356; as religion, 343; State, 342–43, 358; and Yasukuni Shrine, 351, 357, 370

“Shinto Directive” (1945) 神道 指令, 343–44, 370

Shinto Shrines, Association of 神社

本庁, 344 Shiozawa Kōichi 塩沢幸一,

103–6 Shōwa Emperor (Hirohito) 昭和

天皇: in Chinese textbooks, 296; and Tanaka Memorial, 121, 122, 143; and Yasukuni Shrine, 343, 346, 353, 354

Siberian Expedition, 76, 192n17 Singapore, 239 Sino-French War (1884), 43 Sino-Japanese Amity Agreement

(1871) 日清修好条規, 20, 24, 25–28, 36, 58, 62, 79; as agree-ment vs. treaty, 27–28; and con-cept of Asia, 39; and Japanese-Korean relations, 38; in Japanese textbooks, 290; Mori Arinori on, 49–50; and Ryukyu, 32

Index 465

Sino-Japanese Basic Treaty (1940) 日華基本条約, 232–33, 234

Sino-Japanese War (first; 1894–95) 日清戦争(甲午战争), 20, 54, 79, 192; and Chinese-Japanese rela-tions, 14, 53, 58, 60–64; historical perceptions of, 414; and invasion vs. resistance, 23–24; and moder-nity vs. tradition, 46; reparations following, 374; and Russo-Japanese War, 68; and Taiwan, 47, 61, 63–64, 302; in textbooks, 278, 281, 286, 290, 293; and Yasukuni Shrine, 342

Sino-Japanese War (second; 1937–45) 日中戦争(抗日战争): and Chinese-Japanese relations, 53, 434–40; Chinese view of, 214, 218, 278–80, 298, 418; and first Sino-Japanese War, 60; historical perceptions of, 373, 434–35; Japanese invasion in, 197; Japa-nese view of, 213–14, 239, 270, 272, 290, 418; and Manchuria, 70; and Marco Polo Bridge Inci-dent, 139, 198, 206; peace nego-tiations in, 211, 218–26, 229; and Taiwan, 302; and Tanaka Memo-rial, 125, 143; wartime destruction in, 271. See also Nanjing Massacre; reparations; World War II

Sinocentrism, 57 Slavinsky, Boris, 129 Smirnov, Lev Nikolaevich, 128 Smythe, Lewis S. C., 188 Snow, Edgar, 125, 146 Social Darwinism, 44, 46–47, 64 Socialism, 249, 282, 297, 318 Society for Creating New History

Textbooks 新しい歴史教科書

をつくる会, 17

Soejima Taneomi 副島種臣, 36, 37 Sōka Gakkai 創価学会, 349 Song dynasty (China) 宋朝, 277,

289, 293 Song Jiaoren 宋教仁, 76 Song Zheyuan 宋哲元, 227 South Korea, 2n3; access to archives

in, 429, 430; democratization of, 254; historical perceptions in, 437, 439; and Japan, 12, 413, 435–36; and joint history projects, 3–4, 5; street demonstrations in, 261; and Tanaka Memorial, 15, 129; and textbooks issue, 3, 241, 242, 251–52, 253, 256–59, 264; and Yasukuni Shrine, 360

South Manchurian Railway, 85, 173, 290, 422; access to archives on, 430; and diplomacy, 93–94, 114; and Manchurian Incident, 148

South Manchurian Railway Zone, 164, 165, 166, 175–76

South Vietnam, 377 Southeast Asia, 274, 314, 384 Sovereignty, Chinese, 85, 89, 97,

100, 114; and Chinese diplomacy, 93, 96, 98, 113

Soviet Union (USSR), 159, 374; and Cold War, 375, 404; and Man-zhouguo, 171; and Tanaka Memo-rial, 127–29, 137, 142; in text-books, 242, 298. See also Russia

Spain, 307 Special Attack Corps 特攻隊, 258 Stephan, John, 126 A Strategy for Korea (Huang Zunxian)

朝鲜策略 (黄遵宪), 40–42, 43, 46, 51, 61

Strike and Johnston Commissions, 376

Suga Hikojirō 須賀彦次郎, 223

Index 466

Sugimori Hisahide 杉森久英, 212 Sugita Teiichi 杉田定一, 43 Sui dynasty (China) 隋朝, 277, 283,

289, 293 Suma Yakichirō 須磨弥吉郎, 109,

112 Sun Ge 孙歌, 415 Sun Ke 孙科, 109 Sun Yat-sen 孙逸仙, 孙中山, 孙文,

12, 67, 69, 73, 160, 210; and Guangdong government, 109, 112; and Japan, 72, 75; and Tai-wan, 308; textbooks on, 290, 291, 293, 294; and Wang Jingwei, 217, 218, 232, 233

Sun Zhaiwei 孙宅巍, 189 Suzerain-tributary relations 朝貢

体制, 21–22; autonomy for the dependency in, 35–36, 37, 38, 39, 42; and concept of Asia, 42, 43; modernity vs. tradition in, 34–39, 46

Suzuki Teiichi 鈴木貞一, 141 Suzuki Zenkō 鈴木善幸, 355, 358,

371

Tachibana Nankei 橘南渓, 28 Taiheiyō sensō shi: Manshū jihen (A

History of the Pacific War: The Manchurian Incident) 太平洋 戦争史：満州事変, 131

Taika Reforms ( Japan) 大化の改新, 282–83, 285, 297

Taishō democracy 大正 デモクラシー, 419

Taiwan: anti-Japanese resistance in, 63, 306n9, 307–8, 320–22, 326–27, 329, 332, 336; and Chinese-Japanese relations, 18, 302, 305, 322, 335, 338–39; Chinese lan-guage in, 302–3, 422; and Chinese

nationality, 322; and comfort women, 254n; and concept of Asia, 41; discrimination in, 301, 302–3; Dutch occupation of, 63, 307, 320, 337; and first Sino-Japanese War, 61, 63–64; and historical perceptions, 63, 412, 423n4; historiography of, 63–64, 230, 299, 303–4, 306–7, 311, 312–14, 322–32, 334, 337–39, 418, 421, 422, 423, 433; independence for, 63, 303–6, 308–9, 310n20, 312, 313, 315, 316, 320–22, 337–38; Japanese language in, 302–3, 335, 422; Japanese occupation of, 18, 31, 32, 45, 47, 56, 63–64, 79, 80, 299–339, 422; Japanese residents in, 301; in Japanese textbooks, 272, 290; local history in, 311; modernization of, 18, 63, 302, 304, 305, 307, 312–313, 323–328, 329; as province, 303, 304; and Qing dynasty, 63, 300, 305, 306n9, 307, 319, 320, 326, 327; and Ryukyu, 33; and Tanaka Me-morial, 8, 15, 121, 125, 134, 136, 137, 140–43; and two-states the-ory, 310; unification faction in, 330–31, 332; and Wang Jingwei, 208, 209, 216–17, 218; as war reparation, 374. See also China, Republic of

Taiwan: A History in Anguish (Wang Yüde) 台湾:苦悶する歴史 (王育德), 308

Taiwan, Republic of 臺灣民主國, 300

Taiwan Cultural Association 台湾 文化協会, 311

Taiwan Expedition (1874), 278, 281, 290, 293

Index 467

Taiwan wa Nihonjin ga tsukutta (The Japanese People Made Taiwan; Kō Bun’yū) 台湾は 日本人がつくった (黄文雄), 325–28

Taiwanese people: and Chinese na-tionality, 317, 320, 321, 322; col-lective identity of, 63, 300–305, 309–10; native, 300, 305, 307, 309, 326, 422

Takahashi Den 高橋傳, 346 Takahashi Hisashi 高橋久志, 212 Takakura Tetsuichi 高倉徹一,

133 Takashima Masuo 高島益郎,

393 Takebe Rokuzō 武部六蔵, 165 Takeiri Yoshikatsu 竹入義勝, 386–

87, 388, 389, 392, 393 Takeshima (Dokdo) 竹島 (独島),

435 Takeuchi Yoshimi 竹内好, 133 Tanaka Giichi 田中義一: in Chinese

textbooks, 295, 296, 298; and Japanese aggression, 143–44

Tanaka Kakuei 田中角栄, 371, 386, 389, 392–94, 396, 404–5

Tanaka Letter, 123, 147 Tanaka Memorial 田中奏折, 8, 15,

121–47; Chinese historiography of, 121–22, 137–44; historical per-ceptions of, 121–24, 133, 142–43; Japanese historiography of, 121–22, 130–37, 142–44; and Japanese imperialism, 127, 128, 143–44; and Manchuria, 122, 123, 128, 130, 146, 147; and Manchurian Inci-dent, 125, 130, 139, 143, 145; and Mongolia, 15, 122, 123, 129, 130, 146, 147; and Taiwan, 8, 15, 121, 125, 134, 136, 137, 140–43; and

textbooks, 411; and U.S., 8, 15, 16, 125–26, 142, 146; and USSR, 127–29, 137, 142

Tang dynasty (China) 唐朝, 274, 277, 283, 289, 293, 320

Tang Shaoyi 唐绍仪, 109 Tanggu Ceasefire agreement (1933)

塘沽停战协定, 235 Tani Hisao 谷寿夫, 179 Tao Shangming 陶尚铭, 136 Tao Xisheng 陶希圣, 223, 224, 226,

227 Tawara Yoshifumi 俵義文, 256 Tei Einei 鄭永寧, 36, 49 Television, 241, 313 Textbooks, 17; and Chinese-Japanese

relations, 3, 11, 70, 76, 269, 272–73, 280, 281, 435; and historical perceptions, 262–63, 267, 279–80, 284–87, 411; joint projects on, 3–4, 19, 421

Textbooks, Chinese, 267–98; Africa in, 277, 282, 284, 297, 298; Asia in, 282, 284, 297, 298; on capital-ism, 283, 284; on Chinese history, 267, 276, 294; on Chinese na-tionality, 319–20; vs. Japanese, 284–86, 288; on Japanese aggres-sion, 278–80; Japanese criticism of, 262; on Japanese history, 267, 276–81, 285, 293–95; Japanese names in, 295–96, 298; literature in, 283, 284, 293, 297; on Man-zhouguo, 149; on Mongol in-vasions, 277, 278; on Nanjing Massacre, 278, 279, 280, 295; Russo-Japanese War in, 70; state-sponsored, 241; Taiwan in, 63, 319; on Tanaka Memorial, 139–40; on world history, 281–84, 297–98

Index 468

Textbooks, Japanese, 3, 240–66, 267–98; on capitalism, 249, 250, 251; vs. Chinese, 284–86, 288; on Chinese history, 267, 268–75, 285, 289–90; Chinese names in, 290–93; controversies over, 12, 249, 253–60, 362; guidelines for, 241, 244, 246–49, 257, 266, 268; and history, 362; on Japanese his-tory, 70, 267; on Nanjing Massa-cre, 179, 272, 290; and PRC, 251–52, 253, 256–58, 264, 273, 290; revisions to, 244, 257; selection system for, 241–49, 253, 255–56, 257, 260, 261, 264, 268; state-sponsored, 241; on world history, 268, 271, 272, 273–75, 282, 291–93; and Yasukuni Shrine, 341, 355

Textbooks, Korean, 129, 262 Textbooks, Taiwanese, 311, 331, 335–

36, 423n4 “Theory on the Final World War”

(Ishiwara Kanji) 最終戦争論 (石原莞爾), 159

They Call Me a Traitor: A Biography of Wang Jingwei (Hito ware o kankan to yobu; Sugimori Hisahide) 人、

我を漢奸と呼ぶ (杉森久英), 212

“Three all” anti-guerilla campaign 三光作战, 180

Three People’s Principles 三民主义, 173, 290, 308

Tian Jue 田珏, 319 Tian’anmen Incident (1989) 天安门

事件, 279 Tōgō Shigenori 東郷茂徳, 357 Tōjō Hideki 東条英機, 357 Tokonami Takejirō 床次竹二郎,

136, 138, 144

Tokyo war crimes trials (Interna-tional Military Tribunal for the Far East), 341, 345, 358, 366n57, 367. See also war crimes

Tong Zeng 童增, 397, 398 Tongmenghui (Revolutionary Alli-

ance) 同盟会, 210, 217, 294 Tongzhi Emperor (China) 同治帝,

36 Toyotomi Hideyoshi 豊臣秀吉, 59,

289, 296, 298 Trade: Chinese, 61, 62, 94; and con-

cept of Asia, 42; historiography of, 424; Japanese, 26, 58, 146; in Manzhouguo, 169–70; with Ryukyu, 28; textbooks on, 277, 289, 293; and tribute system, 57

Treaties, 57, 70, 86 Treaties, unequal, 53, 58n4, 76, 289;

and Chinese sovereignty, 114; vs. equal, 60, 61, 62; historical perceptions of, 414; with Japan, 54, 56, 61, 83, 93, 100–101, 102; revisions to, 75; and Western powers, 27–28, 101. See also particular treaties

Treaty of Livadia (1879), 40 Treaty of Peace and Friendship

( Japan-PRC; 1978) 日中和平 友好条约, 273, 288, 373, 388, 403, 405; in Japanese textbooks, 290; and private reparation claims, 406. See also Japan-PRC Joint Communiqué

Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965) 日韓基本条約, 251, 266

Tribute system, 57, 60. See also Suzerain-tributary relations

Tripartite Intervention, 61, 68, 79

Index 469

Trotsky, Leon, 127, 146 Tsukase Susumu 塚瀬進, 169 Tsukuba Fujimaro 筑波藤麿, 357 Tsukuru kai ( Japanese Society for

History Textbook Reform; Atara-shii rekishi kyōkasho o tsukuru kai) つくる会, 254, 255, 271; textbook of, 256–61, 264, 265, 272

Tsutsumi Tsuruyo 堤ツルヨ, 346 Turkish-Armenian relations, 2 Twenty-One Demands 二十一条

要求, 24, 79, 94; and anti-Japanese movement, 84, 412; and Chinese-Japanese relations, 14–15, 53; and Tanaka Memorial, 129; in textbooks, 290, 294; and World War I, 22–23, 76–77

Uchida Yasuya 内田康哉, 85 Ueda Kenkichi 植田謙吉, 177 Uemura Shin’ichi 上村伸一, 116 Uemura Toshimichi 上村利道,

194 Ugaki Kazushige 宇垣一茂, 141 Unification faction (Taiwan), 330–31,

332 Unilateralists ( Japan), 242 Unit 731 七三一部隊, 398, 408 United Front against Japan, 290,

294 United Nations, 199, 281, 435; Secu-

rity Council of, 261, 264; and Taiwan, 314, 335

United States (U.S.): and Asia, 41, 42; in Chinese textbooks, 281, 297, 298; and Cold War, 404; empire of democracy of, 315, 330; historiography in, 57, 426; and joint history projects, 5; and Ko-rea, 37; military of, 261, 283, 315,

330; in Okinawa, 33; and PRC-Taiwan relations, 305, 312, 314–16, 378; public access to archives in, 429; public opinion in, 308, 315, 316, 330; and repara-tions, 381, 384; and Taiwan, 305, 335; textbooks in, 241; and unequal treaties, 101; and World War I, 22

U.S.-Chinese relations: with Nation-alist China, 116, 233, 234; nor-malization of, 335; with PRC, 305, 312, 314–16, 378

U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, 128 U.S.-Japanese relations, 26, 99, 101,

159, 435; and Japan-ROC treaty, 379; and modernization, 324; and Pearl Harbor, 125; and repara-tions, 374–77, 381, 384, 413; and Sino-Japanese Amity Agreement, 58; and Tanaka Memorial, 8, 15, 16, 125–26, 142, 146. See also Occupation of Japan, Allied

Utsunomiya Tokuma 宇都宮徳馬, 385

Victims, 19, 414; of Nanjing Massa-

cre, 183–84, 186–89, 196 Vietnam, 277n11 Vietnam War, 412 Wakatsuki Reijirō 若槻礼次郎,

99 Wakō pirates 倭寇, 277, 278, 281,

289 Wanbaoshan Incident (1931) 万宝山

事件, 87, 88, 98, 103; and anti-Japanese movement, 84–85, 102, 107; and Chinese diplomacy, 89, 90, 91, 97

Wang Gong 王工, 397

Index 470

Wang Jiazhen 王家桢, 138, 139, 142, 144; and Tanaka Memorial, 135, 136, 146

Wang Jingwei (Wang Zhaoming) 汪精卫 (汪兆铭), 16–17, 109, 161, 205–39; and Chiang Kai-shek, 112, 208, 209, 211, 212, 217, 233; defection of, 207–8, 211, 217, 219, 221, 234; historiography of, 208–19, 421, 422, 423; and Japan, 213, 218–30; in Japanese textbooks, 291, 293; as revolutionary, 210, 215; and Shigemitsu Mamoru, 238; and Sino-Japanese Basic Treaty, 232–33; statements by, 219, 234–37; as traitor vs. patriot, 17, 209, 211–19, 231–32, 233

Wang Jingwei pingzhuan (Critical Biography of Wang Jingwei; Cai Dejin) 汪精卫评传 (蔡德金), 216

Wang Ke-wen 王克文, 218 Wang Lusheng 王录生, 397 Wang Pengsheng 王芃生, 136 Wang Wenying 汪文婴, 218–19 Wang Xinzhong 王信忠, 22 Wang Yangming 王阳明, 291,

292 Wang Yüde (Ong Ioktek) 王育德,

308–9, 323 Wang Yunsheng 王芸生, 23–24,

38–39 Wang Zhengting (C. T. Wang)

王正廷, 87, 90, 92–98, 100, 101, 115; and Shigemitsu, 116–17; and Tanaka Memorial, 134–35

War crimes: definition of, 186; in Nanjing Massacre, 197, 198–99; and Potsdam Declaration, 343, 374; and PRC, 382

War crimes trials: in Chinese text-books, 280; and Nanjing Massa-cre, 179, 180, 186, 189, 196; and pensions, 347; Tokyo, 341, 345, 358, 366n57, 367; victor’s justice in, 180, 345

War criminals, 8; pensions for, 346–47; and Yasukuni Shrine, 341, 347, 357, 358, 360, 361, 365–70

War dead, Japanese: aid for families of, 346–48, 351, 366; decorations for, 350

War legacies issue, 372 War of Resistance against Japan

抗日战争, 10, 331, 426; in Chinese textbooks, 285, 288; his-torical perceptions of, 413, 415; and Taiwan, 63, 306n9, 307–8, 310, 313, 317–18, 320–22, 326–27, 329, 332, 336

War of the Central Plains (China) 中原大战, 161

Warlords, 74, 174, 294; Beiyang, 217; and Guangdong government, 109; and Guomindang, 160–61, 205; and Manzhouguo, 160–62, 172; and Taiwan, 300

Washington Conference, 79, 129, 290

Washington Treaty, 131 Western powers: and Asia, 39, 42,

52, 58, 429; and China, 26, 55, 72, 73, 97, 102, 109, 277, 282; and Chinese-Japanese relations, 26, 27–28; colonialism of, 12, 63, 150, 161–62, 270, 294, 307, 320, 326, 337, 428; and extra-territoriality, 164; and Japan, 26, 54, 111, 270, 413; and Korea, 37; and Manzhouguo, 150, 161–62; and modernization, 314n26,

Index 471

324, 332; and nationality, 334; and Taiwan, 63, 307, 320, 337; teach-ing of history of, 273–74; treaties with, 27–28, 101; and World War I, 22. See also particular countries

Westernization movement ( yangwu yundong) 洋务运动, 59, 425

World Health Organization (WHO), 314

World War I, 297, 345; and Japan, 54, 84, 94; and Manchuria, 70; reparations following, 374, 385; and Twenty-One Demands, 22–23, 76–77

World War II: as “China Incident,” 213; in Chinese textbooks, 298; historical perceptions of, 411, 412–13, 415; and Japanese-PRC relations, 390–91, 392, 393, 405; and Manchuria, 70, 150; and peace negotiations, 229; and Tanaka Memorial, 124–25, 126; and Yasukuni Shrine, 353, 367, 368. See also San Francisco Peace Treaty

World Wide Web, 427, 430 Wu, Emperor (Han dynasty)

汉武帝, 215 Wu Jiandong 武建东, 395n39 Wu Sangui 吴三桂, 215 Wu Yuan 武原, 317 Wuchang Uprising (1911) 武昌

起义, 73 Xi Qia 熙洽, 158 Xian Incident (1936) 西安事变, 88 Xiao Ruoxu 肖若虚, 198 Xu Baoguang 徐葆光, 28 Yahagi Nakao 谷萩那華雄, 223, 227

Yamada Brigade 山田旅団, 183, 194

Yamada Masaru 山田賢, 45 Yamagata Aritomo 山縣有朋, 131 Yamaguchi Ichirō 山口一郎, 133 Yamazaki Motoki 山崎元幹, 150 Yan Xishan 阎锡山, 161 Yanagawa Heisuke 柳川平助, 194 Yanagihara Sakimitsu 柳原前光, 25–

26, 27, 36, 39 Yang Bichuan 杨碧川, 305n7 Yang Zhao-jia 杨肇家, 336 Yano Seiki 矢野征記, 223 Yasukuni Shrine 靖国神社, 8, 12, 18,

264, 340–71; and Chinese-Japanese relations, 11, 357–61, 362, 363, 365–67, 370, 436; Chinese views of, 10, 284; enshrinement of war criminals at, 341, 347, 357, 358, 360, 361, 365–70; government committees on, 354, 356, 364; media coverage of, 261; in Meiji period, 342–43; vs. new facility, 350, 362, 364–68, 370; official visits to, 343, 346, 352–68, 370–71; state mainte-nance of, 342–52, 358n38, 366, 368, 369

Yasukuni Shrine Bill 靖国神社法案, 341, 348–52, 353, 355, 358n38, 367, 370, 371

Yasumaru Yoshio 安丸良夫, 257 Yi Xianshi 易显石, 139 Yi Yu-wŏn 李裕元, 41 Ying Baoshi 应宝时, 27 Yoshida Letter, 378, 381 Yoshida Shigeru 吉田茂, 346, 350,

370, 378, 380 Young, James E., 183 Yu Shengwu 余绳武, 317 Yu Xintun 俞辛焞, 137, 141

Index 472

Yuan dynasty (China) 元朝, 269, 277, 289, 320

Yuan Shikai 袁世凯, 61, 64, 73–76, 425; in textbooks, 290, 291, 294

Zang Shiyi 臧式毅, 158 Zeng Guofan 曾国藩, 26, 292,

425 Zhang Bofeng 章伯锋, 135, 141 Zhang Chizhang 张炽章, 23–24 Zhang Chun 张群, 133 Zhang Jinghui 张景惠, 152, 158, 177 Zhang Jingru 张静如, 216 Zhang Qun 张群, 87, 90–91, 104–5,

107 Zhang Sheng 张生, 215, 216, 230–31 Zhang Xueliang 张学良, 100, 158,

161; and anti-Japanese movement, 87–88; in Japanese textbooks, 291, 293; and Tanaka Memorial, 135, 136

Zhang Zhidong 张之洞, 40 Zhang Zuolin 张作霖, 71, 79,

158,160 Zhang Zuoxiang 张作相, 88

Zhao Anbo 赵安博, 384–85 Zhao Zixiu 赵自修, 135 Zheng Chenggong 郑成功, 63 Zheng Xiaoxu 郑孝胥, 152, 158 Zhong Ri jiawu zhanzheng zhi waijiao

beijing (Wang Xinzhong) 中日 甲午战争之外交背景 (王信忠), 22

Zhongshan chuanxinlu (A Record of Reports on Zhongshan; Xu Baoguang) 中山传信录 (徐葆光), 28

Zhou Bin 周斌, 395n38 Zhou dynasty (China) 周朝, 289 Zhou Enlai 周恩来, 294, 406; and

Japan, 386–90, 392–94, 395, 396; in Japanese textbooks, 291, 293; and reparations, 382, 383, 384, 394

Zhou Fohai 周佛海, 223, 226, 232 Zhou Longxiang 周隆庠, 223, 232 Zhu Jianrong 朱建荣, 384,

395n39 Zhu Xi 朱熹, 291, 292 Zhuang Jianong 庄嘉农, 317–18 Zou Youheng 邹有恒, 137