ªπ∞ ¶ƒ√Δ∞™∏ ∞•π√§√°∏™∏™ Δ∏™ ™Àªμ√À§∂ÀΔπ∫∏™ °√¡∂ø¡ ™Δ√ ¶§∞π™π√

Δ∏™ ∂ª¶∂πƒπ∫∏™ Δ∂∫ª∏ƒπø™∏™

∞ÚÈ¿‰ÓË ™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘ ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤ÏÂÈÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢

¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë: ΔÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È Ì ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ô‡˜ ·ÔÙ›-ÌËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢-ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ. ∏ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÂÈÛÎfiËÛË ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ Ú¿Í˘ Ô˘ ÛÙË-Ú›˙ÂÙ·È Û ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË, Ì ›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÔÓ¤-ˆÓ. ¶·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È, Û˘ÓÔÙÈο, ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·fi ‰‡Ô ÌÂϤÙ˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Û˘˙ËÙËıÂ›Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ηıÒ˜Î·È ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·ÙÔ˜. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ÌÂϤÙ˘ ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋÛÂÈ Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó Û ¤Ó· ÂÎ-·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „˘¯Ô·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfiÎ·È ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·Îfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋıËÎÂ Ë Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÎÔ-ÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·fi„ÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ ÁÔÓÂ˚ÎfiÚfiÏÔ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÌÂϤÙË (‰È‰·ÎÙÔÚÈ΋ ‰È·-ÙÚÈ‚‹ π. √˘ÚÊ·Ï› ˘fi ÙËÓ ÂÔÙ›· ∞. ™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘) ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÚÔÛÔÌÂÈÒÛÂÈ˜Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰ÚÈÒÓ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙËı› Ë Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ηÈÌË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘/Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÛÙ· ›‰· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢o̤ÓÔ˘. ∏ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÙˆÓ Â˘ÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂϤ-ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ.

§¤ÍÂȘ ÎÏÂȉȿ: ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË, ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ, ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›·

∂π™∞°ø°∏

™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ··›ÙËÛ˘ ÂÌÂÈÚÈο ÙÂÎÌËÚÈˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ-΋ Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÁηı›‰Ú˘-

¢È‡ı˘ÓÛË: ∞ÚÈ¿‰ÓË ™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘, ΔÌ‹Ì· æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ºÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋ ™¯ÔÏ‹, ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤ÏÂÈÔ ¶·ÓÂ-ÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢, 541 24 £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË. ΔËÏ.: 2310-997347. E-mail: ariadni@psy.auth.gr

Hellenic Journal of Psychology, Vol. 8 (2011), pp. 338-358

ÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ˆ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›-ËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ Î·È "·ÚËÁÔÚÈ¿˜". ∞·Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ÚÔ-¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó, ÌÂٷ͇ ¿Ï-ψÓ, Ë ‰ÈÂÍÔ‰È΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ Ú¿Í˘, ηıÒ˜ ηÈÔÈ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ.

ΔÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ ·˘Ùfi Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÂÙ·È ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ·ÎÚÈ-‚Ô‡˜ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Î·È ÛÙ· ·ÔÙÂϤ-ÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘ Û˘Ì-‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ. ¶·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ·fi ‰‡Ô ¤Ú¢Ó˜, ˆ˜ ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÁÈ·ÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÒÓ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜„˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ¤Ú¢ӷ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔȯ›· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÂÓfi˜ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÂÌÈÓ·Ú›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÁÔÓ›˜, fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ „˘¯Ô·È-‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Î·È ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·Îfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. ™Ùˉ‡ÙÂÚË ¤Ú¢ӷ ÌÂÏÂÙ¿Ù·È Ë Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈ-ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘/Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÛÙ· ›‰· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ¿ÙË.Δ· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÌÈ·˜ÚfiÙ·Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰ÚÈÒÓÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ.

∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋˜ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛ˘

™‹ÌÂÚ·, fiÏÔÈ Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋˜ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈ-ο ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Û·-ʤÛٷٷ ÂÌ›ÙÂÈ Ë Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·. ∏ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË Û˘˙ËÙȤٷÈÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ›Ù ˆ˜ ˙ËÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ÛÙȘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÙˆÓ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁˆÓ ›Ù ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛ-ÌÂÓÔ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜.

™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÂȉÈ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ™˘Ï-ÏfiÁÔ˘, ÂÌÂÈÚÈο ÙÂÎÌËÚȈ̤ÓË Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÛÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ÙË Û‡ÓıÂÛË Ù˘ηχÙÂÚ˘ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌ˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·-ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÛıÂÓÔ‡˜/ÂÏ¿ÙË, Ù˘ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘(APA Task Force, 2006). √ ÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÊÔÚ¿ fiϘ ÙȘ ÂȉÈÎfiÙËÙ˜, fiÏ· Ù· Ï·›ÛÈ·(Û¯ÔÏ›·, ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜), ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ („˘¯ÔıÂڷ›·,ÚfiÏË„Ë, ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î.Ï.).

∞ÎfiÌË Î·È ÚÈÓ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ, Ë ÌÂϤÙË ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡-Û ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, Ì ÙËÓ ·-Ú¿‰ÔÛË Ó· ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ ÂÚ›Ô˘ ·fi ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1950, fiÙ·Ó Ô Eysenck (1957) ‰È·-ÙÂÈÓfiÙ·Ó fiÙÈ Èı·ÓÒ˜ Ë „˘¯ÔıÂڷ›· Ó· ÌËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ „˘¯È-

ªÈ· ÚfiÙ·ÛË ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ 339

΋˜ ˘Á›·˜. √È ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÂÚ-Á·Û›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù˜. ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¯¿ÚË, ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ÛÙ·‰ÈÔ‰ÚÔÌ›·˜, ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÛÂȘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›·ÙÔ˘ 1980 Î·È ¤ÂÈÙ· (Oliver & Spokane, 1988. Whiston, Sexton, & Lasoff, 1998). ∏ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·ıÒ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÊÙ¿-ÛÂÈ ·ÎfiÌË Û ÛËÌ›· ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹˜ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜ ‹ ηıÔÏÈ΋˜ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁ-Ì·, ÂÓÒ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ ÔÏϤ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·-·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÓ-‰Â›ÍÂȘ fiÙÈ Ë ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÛÎÔ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1990 ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ô-ÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ „˘¯ÔıÂڷ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÓ ÏËÚÔ‡Û·Ó ÔÈ-ÔÙÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ·, fiˆ˜ Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÎÚÈÙÒÓ ‹ Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·Ó·-·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Mackay, Barkham, Rees, & Stiles, 2003).

∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Î·È Ë ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË ‰ÂÓ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·-Ï›˙ÂÈ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÙË ÛÈÁÔ˘ÚÈ¿ fiÙÈ Î¿ÓÔ˘Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ÙˆÓ ÂÏ·ÙÒÓ Ì·˜. √ Alan Kazdin (2006) ÌÈÏ¿ÂÈ ÁÈ· "·˘ı·›ÚÂÙ˜ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ" ÛÙÔ ¯Ò-ÚÔ Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. πÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÂÙ·È ÏÔÈfiÓ fiÙÈ, Ù˘Èο ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ, ÔÈ „˘-¯ÔıÂڷ›˜ Î·È ÔÈ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÂÌÂÈ-ÚÈο ÙÂÎÌËÚȈ̤Ó˜ ¿Ó: (·) Ë ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÚÈı› Ì ÌË ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ‹ ¿Ï-ÏÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘, (‚) Ë ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ηχÙÂÚˤ΂·ÛË ·fi ÙË ÌË ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË, Î·È (Á) ÙÂÎÌËÚÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·ӿÏ˄˘ ÙˆÓ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ, fï˜, Ô ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ ÙÔ˘ "ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·ÙÔ˜" ‰ÂÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ› ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·ÏËıÈÓfi ·ÓÙ›ÎÙ˘Ô Ù˘ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Û¿ÙÔÌ· ‹ Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. ΔȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, Ë ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fiÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Î·È fi¯È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÛıÂÓ›˜, ‰›¯ˆ˜ Ó· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ› ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ò˜ Ë ·-ڤ̂·ÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÓÙ›ÎÙ˘Ô ÛÙȘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜ ˙ˆ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›ˆÓ.

¢‡Ô ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ, ηıÒ˜ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡-Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈο ÔÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÌÈ·˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ‰ÂÓÂ›Ó·È ¿ÓÙ· Ù·˘ÙfiÛËÌË Ì ÙȘ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ·Â˘-ı‡ÓÂÙ·È Ë ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË. ∏ ÚÒÙË ÌÂϤÙË ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ηıÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔ-ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÁÈ· ·È‰È¿, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ·Ú·‚·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (McCord,1978). ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÌÂϤÙË ÌÂÙ·¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁË̤Ó˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿Ì-Ì·ÙÔ˜ Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒıËΠÙÔ 1939. ™ÙÔÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ¤Ï·‚·Ó ̤ÚÔ˜ 253 ·ÁfiÚÈ· ËÏÈΛ·˜ 5-13 ÂÙÒÓ (ÔÌ¿‰· ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘), η-ıÒ˜ Î·È 253 ·ÁfiÚÈ· (ÔÌ¿‰· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘), ÂÍÈۈ̤ӷ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ·, ÙËÓ Èı·Ófi-ÙËÙ· ·Ú·‚·ÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ÙÔ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·Îfi ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ Â-ÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ΔÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ‰È‹ÚÎÂÛ ¤ÓÙ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Î·È ÂÚÈÏ¿Ì‚·Ó ÂÈÛΤ„ÂȘÙÔ˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ‰‡Ô ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ Ì‹Ó·. ∞Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘ ÂÍ·ÙÔÌÈ΢-̤Ó˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ ·ÁÔÚÈÒÓ, ÚÔÛÊÂÚfiÙ·Ó ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜, fiˆ˜, .¯.,‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô (50%), È·ÙÚÈΤ˜-„˘¯È·ÙÚÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ (n = 100), ‰È·ÌÔ-

340 ∞. ™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘

Ó‹ Û ηٷÛÎËÓÒÛÂȘ (1/4), ·ʋ Ì ÚÔÛÎfiÔ˘˜, Ã∞¡ Î·È ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈΤ˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒ-ÛÂȘ (›Û¯˘Û ÁÈ· Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·ÁfiÚÈ·).

ΔÔ 1974, 35 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÌÂÙ¿, Ë McCord (1978) ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ ÛÙÔȯ›· ÁÈ· Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘‹Ú·Ó ̤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ηÈ, Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ‚ڋΠÛÙÔȯ›· ÁÈ· 480 ¿ÙÔÌ·. ∞fi ·˘-Ù¿, Ù· 48 (9%) ›¯·Ó ·Ô‚ÈÒÛÂÈ, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ 79% ‰È¤ÌÂÓ ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ÂÚÈÔ¯‹. ∞ÂÛÙ¿-ÏËÛ·Ó ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈ· Û fiÏ· Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Î·È ·¿ÓÙËÛ·Ó 113 ·fi fiÛÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›-¯·Ó ÛÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· (54%) Î·È 122 (60%) ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ (·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ÔÈÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ·fi ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÔÌ¿‰· ‰È¤ÌÂÓ·Ó Û ¿ÏϘ ÔÏÈÙ›˜).

ΔÔ ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛÈ·ÎfiÙÂÚÔ Â‡ÚËÌ·, fiˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 1, Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ fiÏÔÈ Û¯Â-‰fiÓ ÔÈ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛ˘ ·Ú·¤ÌÔ˘Ó Û ÌÈ· Ù¿ÛË Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ó· ›ӷÈÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔṲ̂ÓË Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ú·‚·ÙÈ΋ ·fi fi,ÙÈ Ë ÔÌ¿‰· ·Ú¤Ì-‚·Û˘. ∏ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛ ӷ ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ù· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· Ì ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ÙÚfiÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ Ë Èı·Ó‹ ·›ÛıËÛË ·‰˘Ó·Ì›·˜ ‹ ÔÈ ·˘ÍË̤Ó˜ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ Ô˘ ›-¯·Ó Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ù˘ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ (McCord, 1978), ·ÏÏ¿ ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ ı¤-Ì· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ΔÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı¤Ïˆ Ó· ÛÙ·ıÒ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ù·¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ‹Ú·Ó ̤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ‰‹ÏˆÛ·Ó ·fiÏ˘Ù· ÈηÓÔÔÈË̤ӷ Î·È ıÂ-ÒÚËÛ·Ó fiÙÈ Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ›¯Â ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÂÈ ÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘˜.

∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ÌÂϤÙË, 20 ÂÚ›Ô˘ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÌÂÙ¿, ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ

ªÈ· ÚfiÙ·ÛË ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ 341

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 1. Cambridge Somerville Youth Study (McCord, 1978): ™˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜

·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Î·È ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ηٿ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘*

√ª∞¢∞ ¶∞ƒ∂ªμ∞™∏™ √ª∞¢∞ ∂§∂°Ã√À(¡ = 113. 54%) (¡ = 122. 60%)

¶·Ú·‚·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ˆ˜ ¤ÊË‚ÔÈ N = 72 N = 67¶·Ú·‚·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ˆ˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ N = 168 N = 168∞ÏÎÔÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ 7% 8%æ˘¯È·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË N = 21(ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ N = 21(ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜

„˘¯ÒÛÂȘ) ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜Î·È Ó¢ÚÒÛÂȘ)

∞Ûı¤ÓÂȘ ÏfiÁˆ ÛÙÚ˜ ¶ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ŒÁÁ·ÌÔÈ 61% 68%ŒÁÁ·ÌÔÈ 2Ë ÊÔÚ¿ 15% 10%¶·È‰È¿ 93% 93%ÕÁ·ÌÔÈ 14% 9%∞ÓÂȉ›Î¢ÙÔÈ ∂ÚÁ¿Ù˜ 29% 27%∂·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· ·ÓÒÙÂÚ˘ 29% /ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ 43%ηÙËÁÔÚ›·˜ ÈηÓÔÔÈË̤ÓÔÈ

* √ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Â›Ù ÌfiÓÔ ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ›Ù ÌfiÓÔ Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ›Ó·Î·, ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ¤ÙÛÈ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘ (McCord,1978)

Bickman (1996), Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛ ٷ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ FordBragg. ΔÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ‚·ÛÈ˙fiÙ·Ó ÛÙË ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ù˘ Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰·˜ Î·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›ÛÙËΠÙfiÙ ·fi ÙÔÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ™‡ÏÏÔÁÔ(∞ƒ∞), ˆ˜ "ÙÔ Ï¤ÔÓ ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙ› ¤ˆ˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ¢-¤ÏÈÎÙÔ Î·È ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔṲ̂ÓÔ ÛÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ÂÊ‹‚ˆÓ" (Bickman, 1996,Û. 690). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·, Û ̛· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Û˘ÁÎÚ›ıËÎ·Ó Î·-ıÔÏÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ ÁÈ· ·È‰È¿ Î·È ¤ÊË‚Ô˘˜ Ì ÈÔ ÎÏ·ÛÈΤ˜ ‹ ·-Ú·‰ÔÛȷο ·Ú¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜. ŸÏ˜ ÔÈ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÚÔÛʤÚıËÎ·Ó ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÂÓfi˜Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Û˘Ó¯ԇ˜ ÂÚ›ı·Ï„˘, ÂÓÒ ÚÔÛÂÏ‹ÊıËÛ·Ó ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ¤˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂ-ˆÓ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛÙ› Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Û˘Ó¯ԇ˜ ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰·˜ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Ì ÂÈ-ÛΤ„ÂȘ ÛÙÔ Û›ÙÈ. ™˘ÓÔÏÈο, ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÎfiÛÙÈÛ 80 ÂÎ. ‰ÔÏ¿ÚÈ·, ·Â˘ı‡ÓıËÎÂÂÚ›Ô˘ Û 42.000 ·È‰È¿ Î·È ¤ÊË‚Ô˘˜, ̤ÏË ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎÒÓ, Î·È ‰È‹Ú-ÎÂÛ ٤ÛÛÂÚ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1990. √ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ ‰È·È-ÛÙÒÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ ‰ÂÓ¤‰ÂÈÍ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο ·Ú¯fiÌÂÓˆÓ ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂ-ÛÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ó¤Ô˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ηٿ ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Èη-ÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È ¤ÊË‚ÔÈ ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó Ôχ ˘„ËÏ¿ ›‰· ÈηÓÔ-Ô›ËÛ˘, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó ηÈÓÔÙfiÌ· ÛÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·.

Δ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎ·Ó ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·Ú·¤ÌÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ Ì¤Ûˆ ÎÚÈ-ÙËÚ›ˆÓ Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÎÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ¤Ú·Ó ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ÈηÓÔÔ›Ë-Û˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Ë Û˘˙‹-ÙËÛË ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Û¯Ô-ÏÈ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÔÈ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ,ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋˜ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛ˘.

¶ƒ√°ƒ∞ªª∞Δ∞ ™Àªμ√À§∂ÀΔπ∫∏™ °√¡∂ø¡

Δ· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ‹‰Ë ·fi ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1960Î·È Â›Ó·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈṲ̂ӷ Û Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒ-ÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ (™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘, 2005). √È Û¯ÔϤ˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÔÚ›-˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ Ë Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ηÈÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ·È-‰È¿ (Hoard & Sheppard, 2005). ∞fi ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1970 ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÙÚfi-Ô˜ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÂÍÔÈÎÔÓfiÌËÛ˘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆÓ (Tavormina, 1974). ¶·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘Ô ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÙ·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Î·È Û ÂÈÛÙËÌÔ-ÓÈÎfi ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ›‰Ô, ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο ÔÏϤ˜

342 ∞. ™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘

¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ηÈ, ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈοÙÂÎÌËÚȈ̤ÓË ¤Ú¢ӷ (Carlson & Christenson, 2005). ΔÔ‡ÙÔ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÁÔ-Ó›˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ›, ηıÒ˜ ÔÈ ÎÚ·-ÙÈÎÔ› ÊÔÚ›˜ ‰ÂÓ ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ÙÂÎÌËÚȈ̤ӷ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· (Kumpfer &Alvarado, 2003).

¶ÔÏÏÔ› Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ÙÔ˘˜, Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Ṳ̂ÓÔÈ Ó··ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ ÔÏϷϤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂›Û˘, Â›Ó·È ·Ó¿ÁÎËÓ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· Ó· Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ Î·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂηÈ-‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ (Beauchaine, Webster-Stratton, & Reid, 2005). ™˘Ì-ʈÓÔ‡Ó, ›Û˘, ÛÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓÈÒÓ Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È fi¯È·ÏÒ˜ Ó· ‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË. °ÂÓÈÎÒ˜, Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù·‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó‰ڛ˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË, ›ӷÈÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ - ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÛÂÁÔÓ›˜ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì "Ù¯ÓÈÎÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘" ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ÂȉÈΤ˜ Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰È·Ù·-Ú·¯¤˜ (Shechtman & Gilat, 2005). ∂Ú¢ÓËÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì¤-Ú·ÛÌ· fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο Û ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈ-Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ‹. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ,Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ Î·È fi¯È Û˘Ó-·ÛıÂÓ›˜ (co-clients) (Kazdin & Weisz, 2005).

∂›Ó·È ¿ÁÓˆÛÙ· ·ÎfiÌË Ù· ΛÓËÙÚ· ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÁÁÚ·Ê‹ Û ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·-Ù· Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ. √È Spoth Î·È Redmond (1995) ¤ÏÂÁÍ·Ó ¤Ó· ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ô˘·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ·fi ÚÔ‚ÏÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ÌfiÚʈÛË, Ô ·ÚÈı-Ìfi˜ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ. ∏ ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓfï˜ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚Ô‡ÓÙ·Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÂÓË ÛÔ‚·ÚfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù· ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÂÓ· ÔʤÏË Î·È ÂÌfi‰È· ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÛÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·Ì-Ì·. °ÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ·fi ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÂÓË ÛÔ‚·Úfi-ÙËÙ· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ·ÈÙÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜.∞˘Ùfi Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Î·È Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂıÓÈÎfiÙËÙ˜ (Stogiannidou, 1986. Yeh,Hough, Fakhry, McCabe, Law, & Garland, 2005).

™ÙÔ ÛÂÓ¿ÚÈÔ Ù˘ ÁÂÓÈ΋˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜, ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ú¤ÂÈ ÚÒÙ· Ó··ÓÙÈÏËÊı› fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÎË Î·È Ù·˘ÙÔ¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ Ó· ÈÛÙ¤„ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎËÂ›Ó·È Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ Ô˘ Âȉ¤¯ÂÙ·È ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜. ªÂÙ¿, ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û ·Ó¿-ÁÎË, ·Ó·˙ËÙ¿ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ·fi οÔÈÔ ¿ÏÏÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ì ¤Ó·Ó ¿ÌÂÛÔ ÙÚfiÔ (DePaulo,Brittingham, & Kaiser, 1983) ηÈ, ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˆÊÂÏËı› ·fi ÙË ‚Ô‹-ıÂÈ· Ô˘ ı· ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·¯ı›. ∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ˘fiÎÂÈÙ·È ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ ·fi ÙËÓ ¤Ó·Ú-ÍË Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰˘Û·ÓÂÍ›·˜ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ-΋˜ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜.

ªÈ· ÚfiÙ·ÛË ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ 343

∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘Á›· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÚfiÌÔÈ·,·ÏÏ¿ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÔχÏÔÎË ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÊ·Û›˙Ô˘Ó ÁÈ·ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞˘Ùfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÛı¤ÛÂÈ Î›ÓËÙÚ· Î·È ·ÓË-Û˘¯›Â˜ ÛÙËÓ Â͛ۈÛË, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÓÔ¯‹˜ fiÙÈ ˆ˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ Â›Ó·È Î·-Ù¿ οÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ Êfi‚Ô fiÙțۈ˜ ı· ¿ÚÔ˘Ó ÙË Ï¿ıÔ˜ ·fiÊ·ÛË (Hickson, Clayton, Entman, Miller, Githens, etal., 1994). ŒÙÛÈ, ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÈÔ ‰ÈÛÙ·ÎÙÈÎÔ› ÛÙÔ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·ÁÈ· Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi fiÙÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Ù· ÚÔÛٷ٤„Ô˘Ó.ŒÚ¢Ó˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Â›Ó·È ÈÔ Úfiı˘Ì˜ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó „˘¯ÔÏÔ-ÁÈ΋ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ ÁÈ· Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÂȉ‹ Â›Ó·È ÈÔ Úfiı˘-̘ Ó· ˆÌÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ·Ó ıˆڋÛÔ˘ÓfiÙÈ Ë ıÂڷ›· Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË (Gross & McMullen, 1983. Nadler, 1991).

™¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ-·˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ì ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì ÙȘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ·Ú¿ Ì ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈο ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÈ̘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ. ¶ÈÔ Û˘-ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Û ÌÈ· ÌÂϤÙË (∫Ô˘˚ÌÙ˙‹, 2006) ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ÏfiÁÔÈ ·Ú·ÔÌ‹˜·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ̷ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Û ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜. ™ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ¤Ï·‚·Ó̤ÚÔ˜ 62 ·È‰È¿, Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›ˆÓ Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡, ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜Î·È ÔÈ ‰¿ÛηÏÔ› ÙÔ˘˜, ¯ˆÚÈṲ̂ӷ Û ‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. ∏ ÌÈ· ÔÌ¿‰· Û¯ËÌ·Ù›ÛÙËΠ·fi·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ›¯·Ó ·Ú·ÂÌÊı› ÏfiÁˆ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ ÂͤٷÛË Û‰‡Ô ‰ËÌfiÛȘ ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÓÔÌÔ‡ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢. °È· ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚËÔÌ¿‰· ÂÈϤ¯ÙËÎ·Ó ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó ·Ú·ÂÌÊı›, ÂÍÈۈ̤ӷ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Û¯Ô-Ï›Ô, ÙË ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ›‰ÔÛË Î·È ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ. ∏ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Û ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi‰ÔÎÈ̷ۛ˜ – ∞ıËÓ¿ ÙÂÛÙ ¢È¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ¢˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ª¿ıËÛ˘ (¶·Ú·Û΢fiÔ˘ÏÔ˜,∫·Ï·ÓÙ˙‹-∞˙›˙È, & °È·ÓÓ›ÙÛ·˜, 1999), ˘ÔÎϛ̷Θ WISC-III (°ÂÒÚÁ·˜, ¶·Ú·-Û΢fiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, ªÂ˙‚¤Á΢, & °È·ÓÓ›ÙÛ·˜, 1997), ∂ÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ ¢˘Ó·ÙÔًوÓÎ·È ¢˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ (Goodman, 1997. ª›ÌÔ˘-¡¿ÎÔ˘, ™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘, ∫ÈÔÛ¤ÔÁÏÔ˘, &¶··ÁˆÚÁ›Ô˘, 2002·) – ‰ÂÓ ·Ó¤‰ÂÈÍ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈο ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÈÌÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜. Δ· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ηٷϋÁÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Û˘-̤ڷÛÌ· fiÙÈ Ë ‡·ÚÍË Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ‰Â Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·›˙ÂÈ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈÎfiÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ·fiÊ·ÛË ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· Â-Ú·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË.

™Â ÂfiÌÂÓË ÌÂϤÙË (∫Ô˘˚ÌÙ˙‹ & ™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘, 2009) ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋıËΠ·Ó Ô ÙÚfiԘ̠ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ÌËÙ¤Ú˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ÛÙË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ˙ˆ‹ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·fiÊ·Û‹ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·, fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ ·È‰› ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ›‰ÔÛË Î·È ‰˘-ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ∂ÈÎÔÛȉ‡Ô ÌËÙ¤Ú˜ Ô˘ ˙‹ÙËÛ·Ó ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜, ÏfiÁˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ, Î·È ‰ÂηÙÚ›˜ ÌËÙ¤Ú˜ Ô˘

344 ∞. ™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘

‰Â ˙‹ÙËÛ·Ó ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜ (·Ú¿ ÙȘ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜) Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·ÓÛ ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜ ËÌȉÔÌË̤Ó˜ Û˘ÓÂÓÙ‡ÍÂȘ, Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ‚·Û›ÛÙËΠÛÙË Ê·È-ÓÔÌÂÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô. ∂ÓÙÔ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›-˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÌËÙ¤Ú˜ Ô˘ ˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ÙÔ˘ Úfi-ÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Î·È ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯Ô-ÏÈÎÒÓ Î·ıËÎfiÓÙˆÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘. √ÈÌËÙ¤Ú˜ Ô˘ ‰Â ˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Ó· ηıÔ-Ú›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ô ‰ÈÎfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈÎfi˜.

∂›Û˘ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ, ‰ÈÂÓÂÚÁ‹ıËΠ¤Ú¢ӷ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·Áfi-ÓÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ‹ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ ·fi ·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ (∞˙›˙ÔÁÏÔ˘, ™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘, & ∫ÈÔÛ¤-ÔÁÏÔ˘, 2006). ΔÔ ‰Â›ÁÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ·fi 166 ÁÔÓ›˜ ÂÊ‹‚ˆÓ, Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓÙ¿ÍÂˆÓ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘. √È Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛ·Ó ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈ· Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÚ¢-ÓÔ‡Û·Ó ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂȷ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· (FACES III, OlsonÛÙÔ ª›ÌÔ˘-¡¿ÎÔ˘ et al., 2002·), ÙË ÁÔÓÂ˚΋ ·›ÛıËÛË ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ (Parenting Senseof Competence, ÙˆÓ Johnston & Mash, 1989), ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÏÂÈ-ÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ (∂ÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ ¢˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ¢˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ,Goodman, ÛÙÔ ª›ÌÔ˘-¡¿ÎÔ˘ et al., 2002·) Î·È ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „˘¯È΋˘Á›·. °È· ÙËÓ ÂͤٷÛË Ù˘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›·˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ‹˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÙÔ ∂ÚˆÙËÌ·-ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ æ˘¯È΋ ∞Ûı¤ÓÂÈ· (∂.æ.∞.), ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î·Ù·Û΢¿ÛÙËΠÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔ-Ô‡˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ì ۇÓÙÔÌÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÙȘ·fi„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „˘¯È΋ ·Ûı¤ÓÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· Ù··È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ΔÔ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ‰‡Ô ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜. √ ÚÒÙÔ˜ ·-Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ Ô˘ ÔÓÔÌ¿ÛÙËΠÛÙ›ÁÌ·, ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ·ÓË „˘¯È΋ ·Ûı¤ÓÂÈ· Î·È Ë ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È Ï‹„Ë ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ ·fi οÔÈÔÓ ÂȉÈÎfi „˘¯È-΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ·È‰› ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¤˜ ‹ fi¯È. √ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ·Ú¿-ÁÔÓÙ·˜, Ô˘ ÔÓÔÌ¿ÛÙËΠÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘,·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔ ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÛÙËÚȯıÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈ̘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· „˘¯È΋ ·Ûı¤ÓÂÈ·. ªÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ Â˘ÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ – ÌË ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ – Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜, ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜fiÙÈ fiÛÔÈ/˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ ›¯·Ó ÂÈÛÎÂÊı› οÔÈÔÓ ÂȉÈÎfi „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ ›¯·Ó ÌÂÁ·Ï‡-ÙÂÚË ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË Û ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘.

∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Hoard Î·È Shepard (2005) Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ – ˆ˜ ÁÔÓÂÔÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ÚfiÏË„Ë – Û ÂÈÛÎÔ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. √È ›‰ÈÔÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ·Ó 16 ÚÔÁÚ¿Ì-Ì·Ù· ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÁÈ· ·Ú·‚·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ηٿ¯ÚËÛË Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ, Ì·ıËÛȷο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·-Ù·, ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈ΋ ηÎÔÔ›ËÛË Î.Ï. ™Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·fi ·˘Ù¿ Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÔÓ¤-ˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏ˘ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘. ™Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ìfi-

ªÈ· ÚfiÙ·ÛË ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ 345

ÓÔÓ ÂÙ¿ ÛÙȘ ‰Âη¤ÍÈ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ.™ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜, Ë ¤Î‚·ÛË ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿. ŸÙ·Ó Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜, ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘ Î·È ÙȘ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÂÚ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊ‹˜ Î·È ‰È··È‰·ÁÒÁËÛ˘.

∂ƒ∂À¡∂™ °π∞ Δ∏ ™À™Δ∏ª∞Δπ∫∏ ∞¡πá∂À™∏ ∂¶π¢ƒ∞™∂ø¡ Δø¡ ™Ã√§ø¡ °√¡∂ø¡

™ÙÔÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ, Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ‰ÂηÂÙ›·, ÔÈ "Û¯ÔϤ˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ"·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Û˘Ó‹ıË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂˆÓ ÙÔÈ΋˜ ·˘-ÙÔ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘, Û˘ÏÏfiÁˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ. ∞fifiÛÔ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ, ÔÈ ÌÂϤÙ˜ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ-ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ÁÔÓ›˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜. ∂›Ó·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi Ì ‚¿-ÛË fiÛ· ‹‰Ë ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎ·Ó fiÙÈ Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·ÌËÓ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ fiÛˆÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¿Û¯ÂÈ Û ·˘Ù¿ ‹ ÛÙÔ‚·ıÌfi ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜ Ù˘ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ˘ ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÚfiÏË„Ë Î·È Ë Âη›‰Â˘Ûˤ¯Ô˘Ó ıÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·.

£ÂˆÚÒ fiÙÈ Î¿ÔÈ· ÚÒÙ· ‚‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó›¯Ó¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÈ Û˘Ì‚·›-ÓÂÈ ÛÙȘ Û¯ÔϤ˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ Î·È ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ‹Ù·ÓÙ· ÂÍ‹˜: (·) Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ÚÔ-ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜, (‚) Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿Ú-ÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛˆÓ, Î·È (Á) Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ-ÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ô-Ù›ÌËÛ˘ Â΂¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ (Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ›‰ÔÛË, ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î.¿.). ∏·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›· ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÂÙ·È ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ Î·ÈÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ·fi Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ‚‹Ì·Ù·.

ŒÚ¢ӷ 1: ∏ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ Û ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·

™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋÛÂÈ Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÔÈÔÔ›ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó Û ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÂÌÈÓ·Ú›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „˘¯Ô-·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Î·È ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·Îfi ÂÚÈ‚¿Ï-ÏÔÓ. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋıËÎÂ Ë Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÌÂٷ͇ (·) Ù˘ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÛÂ-ÌÈÓ·Ú›ˆÓ, (‚) ÙˆÓ ·fi„ÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÁÔÓÂ˚Îfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ·È-‰ÈÔ‡ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, Î·È (Á) Ù˘ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·È-‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ-ÙÚÈÒÓ ÓËÈ·ÁˆÁ›Ԣ Î·È ‰Ë-ÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ (fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ Ù¿ÍˆÓ) ÙÔ˘ ȉȈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙËÚ›Ô˘ ¶Úfi-

346 ∞. ™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘

Ù˘· ∂Î·È‰Â˘Ù‹ÚÈ·1 Ù˘ ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ Ù˘ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢. ΔÔ ‰Â›ÁÌ· ·ÔÙÂ-ÏÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ·fi 241 ¿ÙÔÌ·. ∞fi Ù· 235 ¿ÙÔÌ· ÁÈ· Ù· ÔÔ›· ˘‹Ú¯Â Ë Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÏËÚÔ-ÊÔÚ›·, Ù· 213 ‹Ù·Ó ·ÓÙÚÂ̤ӷ (90,6%) Î·È Ù· 22 ‰È·˙¢Á̤ӷ (9,1%). ™ÙË ‰Â‡-ÙÂÚË ÔÌ¿‰·, Ù· ·È‰È¿ ˙Ô‡Û·Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ì ÙË ÌËÙ¤Ú·.

∏ ·˘ÙÔ-·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÁÔÓ¤· Û ı¤Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ì¿-ıËÛË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ıËΠ̤ۈ (·) Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ °ÔÓÂ˚΋ ∞›ÛıËÛË ∞ÔÙÂÏÂ-ÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË μÔ‹ıÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ¶·È‰ÈÒÓ Ó· ∂ÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ ™¯ÔÏÂ›Ô (ParentalSense of Efficacy for Helping Children Succeed in School) ÙˆÓ Hoover-Dempsey,Bassler, Î·È Brissie (1992), Î·È (‚) ÙÔ˘ ∂ÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ ¢˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ¢˘ÛÎÔ-ÏÈÒÓ - ∂¢¢ (Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaire - SDQ) ÙÔ˘ Goodman(Goodman, 1997. ª›ÌÔ˘-¡¿ÎÔ˘ et al., 2002·).

ŒÓ· ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ (n = 75) ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ ٷ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ-ο ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ· Ù· ÔÔ›· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎ·Ó ·Ú·¿Óˆ. Δ· ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ· ·ӷϋÊıËηÓÙÚÂȘ Û˘Ó¯›˜ ¯ÚÔÓȤ˜, Ì οÔÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÛÙË ıÂÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔ-Ú› Ó· Ù· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Î·È ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ·ÎÚÔ·Ù‹ÚÈÔ Â¿Ó ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡ÛÂ. ∏ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÛÙÔÈ-¯Â›ˆÓ ¤ÁÈÓ Ì ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô˘ ·ÎÏÔ˘. μ·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜‹Ù·Ó Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Û ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ·È‰È¿ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ Î·È ‰È·ÌÔÚ-ÊÒıËΠ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏ›˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ. £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛË-ÌÂȈı› Â‰Ò fiÙÈ Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÌfiÓÔÓ ÏËÚÔÊfi-

ªÈ· ÚfiÙ·ÛË ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ 347

1 ∏ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÔÓfiÌ·ÙÔ˜.

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2. ŒÚ¢ӷ 1: ∏ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ Û ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·.

ªÔÚʈÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ

∫·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ¶·Ù¤Ú·˜ ªËÙ¤Ú·n % n %

∫·ıfiÏÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ‹ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfi 2 0.9 0 0°˘ÌÓ¿ÛÈÔ ‹/Î·È Ï‡ÎÂÈÔ 45 19.7 31 13.4∞ÓÒÙÂÚË/Ù¯ÓÈ΋ Û¯ÔÏ‹ 34 14.9 59 25.4∞ÓÒÙ·ÙË Âη›‰Â˘ÛË 147 64.5 142 58.9

™‡ÓÔÏÔ 228 100 235 100

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 3. ŒÚ¢ӷ 1: ∏ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ Û ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·.

∫·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ·Ó¿ Ù¿ÍË

Δ¿ÍË ¡ËÈ·ÁˆÁÂ›Ô ∞ μ ° ¢ ∂ ™Ù ™‡ÓÔÏÔn 44 32 28 30 23 23 42 222% 19.8 14.4 12.6 13.5 10.4 10.4 18.9 100

ÚËÛË ÁÈ· ÔÚı¤˜ ÁÔÓÂ˚Τ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌËÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ì·ÎÚÔ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·ÔÙÂϤ-ÛÌ·Ù· Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο Ì ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ·›ÚÓÔ˘Ó ˘fi„Ë ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ "ÁÔÓÂ˚ÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛ·-Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡", ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔÌ ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ ÁÔÓÂ˚Îfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÎÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›ˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó Ó· Û˘˙ËÙËıÔ‡Ó ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓÙÔ˘˜ ̤۷ Î·È ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. ™ÙȘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚ‹ ÂÈÛ‹ÁËÛËÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Î·È ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Û·Ó ·Û΋ÛÂȘ Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ÙÚfiÔ ÒÛÙ ӷ ›ӷÈÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Î·È Ó· ‰›ÓÂÙ·È Ë Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ Ó· Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù·Ù˘¯fiÓ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ··Û¯ÔÏÔ‡Ó.

ŒÁÈÓ·Ó Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÛÂȘ, ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ, ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓÔ˘ ‹Ú·Ó ̤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÛÂÌÈÓ·Ú›ˆÓ (n = 75) Î·È ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ‰Â Û˘ÌÌÂ-Ù›¯·Ó (n = 241). ∏ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Î·È ÛÙ· ‰‡Ô ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈ·, ÌÂÙ·Í‡ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ·Ó Ù· ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ· Î·È ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ‰Â Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó, ‰ÂÓ¤‰ÂÈÍ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜. ∂›Û˘, ¤ÁÈÓ ÏÔÁ·ÚÈıÌÈ΋ ·ÏÈÓ‰ÚfiÌË-ÛË Ì ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÛÙ· ‰‡Ô ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈ·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ʇÏÔ˘,Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂȷ΋˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Ù˘Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÛÂÌÈÓ·Ú›ˆÓ. √ ÌfiÓÔ˜ ÚÔ‚ÏÂÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜·Ô‰Â›¯ÙËÎÂ Ë ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂȷ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË, Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÚÂ̤ÓÔ˘˜ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÁ·Ï‡-ÙÂÚË Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘ (μ = 2.090, SE =1062, p = .049). √È ÁÔÓ›˜ Ù˘ÔÌ¿‰·˜ Ô˘ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ ÙȘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ¯ˆÚ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó Û ÙÚÂȘ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ·Ó¿-ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙË Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘: ∫·ÙËÁÔÚ›· 1 = 1-6 Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ∫·ÙË-ÁÔÚ›· 2 = 7-9 Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ∫·ÙËÁÔÚ›· 3 = 10 Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜, ÚÔ-ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Ì¤ÛÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ÙˆÓ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÛÙ· ‰‡Ô ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfi-ÁÈ·. Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 4, ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ Ô˘ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Û·Ó Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈÎ¿Û˘¯ÓfiÙÂÚ· (·Ó‹Î·Ó, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÛÙËÓ ÙÚ›ÙË Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›·) ›¯·Ó ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚË ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓË ·˘ÙÔ-·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ÛÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›·.

348 ∞. ™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 4. ŒÚ¢ӷ 1: ∏ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ Û ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·

¢È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ·˘ÙÔ-·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (∫ϛ̷η °ÔÓÂ˚΋ ∞›ÛıËÛË ∞ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË

μÔ‹ıÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ¶·È‰ÈÒÓ Ó· ∂ÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ ™¯ÔÏ›Ô) ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘ ÛÂÌÈÓ·Ú›ˆÓ

™˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘ n °ÔÓÂ˚΋ ∞›ÛıËÛË ∞˘ÙÔ-·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ª.√. Δ.∞.

∫·ÙËÁÔÚ›· 1 21 50.33 1.901-6 Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ∫·ÙËÁÔÚ›· 2 22 48.64 2.27-9 Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ∫·ÙËÁÔÚ›· 3 19 54.84 2.3410 + Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ

™˘ÓÔÙÈο, Î·È Ë ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ Ô˘ ÚԷӷʤÚ-ıËÎ·Ó ·¤Ù˘¯·Ó Ó· ηٷϋÍÔ˘Ó ÛÂ Û˘Ó‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ٷ ΛÓËÙÚ·ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˘ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈο ‹/ηÈÌ·ıËÛȷο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ŒÓ· ÎÔÈÓfi ‡ÚËÌ· ·ÚÎÂÙÒÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë, ÌË ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓË, Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÙÔ˘ ÁÔÓ¤·ÛÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ Î·È Ù˘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˘ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·.∏ ·˘Ù¿ÚÎÂÈ· ·˘Ù‹ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È Â›Ù ˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ó· ÂÈ-ʤÚÂÈ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ›‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ (∫Ô˘˚ÌÙ˙‹ & ™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘,2009), ›Ù ˆ˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË Û ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘(∞˙›˙ÔÁÏÔ˘ et al., 2006), ›Ù ˆ˜ ÁÔÓÂ˚΋ ·›ÛıËÛË ·˘ÙÔ-·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ÛÙËÓÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚı›۷ ÌÂϤÙË. ΔÔ Â‡ÚËÌ· ·˘Ùfi Èı·ÓÒ˜ Ó· ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ ÛÙËÓ·Ó¿ÁÎË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ Ì ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ¯ˆÚÔ‡Ó ¤Ú·ÓÌÔÓԉȿÛÙ·ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ (.¯., ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡,ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈο ÛÙÔȯ›·) ‹ Î·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ηÈÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÔÓ¤·, ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ıÂÒÚËÛ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÏË-ÏÂȉڿÛÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ·›ÛıËÛ˘ ¢ı‡Ó˘ Î·È ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÔÓ¤·Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÚÔÛʤÚÂÙ·È Ë ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·.

ŒÚ¢ӷ 2: ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›·˜

∏ ηٷÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ÔÚ›·˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·-ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘.∏ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ ÔÚ›· Â›Ó·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÌÈ· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÈÌË ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı›· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓÔ˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· Û ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ·. ™ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜Î·È ÂÏ¿Ù˘ ‰Â ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ô ¤Ó·˜ ÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¯Ù›ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ··-Ú·›ÙËÙ· ıÂ̤ÏÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· η-Ù·Ï¿‚ÂÈ Ô/Ë Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ ÙȘ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ¿ÙË Î·È Ó· ͯˆÚ›-ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ·ÚÔ‡Û˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ô˘ ÂÚÓ¿ÂÈ. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Â¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ‰È¿-ÏÔÁÔ Ô˘ ÙÔÓ/ÙËÓ Ô‰ËÁ› Û ηχÙÂÚË Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ¿ÙË Î·È ÙˆÓÂÈı˘ÌÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘. √‰ËÁ› ›Û˘, ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ¿, Û ÌÈ· Û¯¤ÛË Ô˘ ÙËÓ ·Ô‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È Î·ÈÔÈ ‰‡Ô Ï¢ڤ˜, ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ¿ÙË Î·È ıÂÚ·Â˘Ù‹. ™ÙÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÚÔ-ÛˆÔÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Carl Rogers (1965), Ë Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·ÂÚÓ¿ÂÈ ·fi ÛÙ¿‰È·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÍÂÎÈÓÔ‡Ó ·fi ÌÈ· ÂÈÊ·ÓÂȷ΋ Î·È ·ÚfiÛˆË ·-ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ¿ÙË Î·È ÏËÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÚÔ˜ ÌÈ· fiÏÔ Î·È ÌÂ-Á·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÌ‚¿ı˘ÓÛË ‹ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜.

ΔÔ ¤Ó·˘ÛÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚfiÙ·ÛË ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰ÚÈÒÓ Ì ÁÔ-Ó›˜ Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ, ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ÌÈ· ÌÂϤÙË ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Ù˘ Û˘Ì-‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÚ›·˜. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÔÚÈ΋ ‰È·ÙÚÈ‚‹ ÙÔ˘ ΢ڛԢ π. √˘Ú-

ªÈ· ÚfiÙ·ÛË ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ 349

Ê·Ï›, ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˘ ‰È‰¿ÎÙÔÚ· ÙÔ˘ ΔÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ∞.¶.£., Ë ÔÔ›· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂ-Ù·È ÛÙÔ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Î·È ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÂÙ·È ˘fi ÙËÓ ÂÔÙ›· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆ˜. ™ÙË ÌÂ-ϤÙË ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋıËÎÂ Ë Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈ-ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘/ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÛÙ· ›‰· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ¿ÙË,̤ۈ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰ÚÈÒÓ.

ΔÔ ‰Â›ÁÌ· ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ·Ó 20 ¿ÙÔÌ·, ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·ÎÔ› ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜-ÙÚȘ, ‰¤Î· ÛÙÔ∞.¶.£. Î·È ‰¤Î· ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Ù˘ ¢·Ì·ÛÎÔ‡, ÛÙË ™˘Ú›·. ™Â οı ¯ÒÚ·, ¤-ÓÙ ¿ÙÔÌ· (Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Î·È ¤Ó·˜ ¿Ó‰Ú·˜) ·Ó¤Ï·‚·Ó ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘,ÂÓÒ Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ¤ÓÙ ·Ó¤Ï·‚·Ó ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘/˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢Ô̤ÓÔ˘/˘.∫¿ı ˙¢Á¿ÚÈ ‰ÈÂÓ‹ÚÁËÛ ÌÈ· Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ Û˘Ó‰ڛ· Ì ı¤Ì· "ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ Î·È Ë Û¯¤-

ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ·fiÊ·Û˘". ŸÏÔÈ/˜ ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜/Ô˘Û˜ ›¯·Ó ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈÔ 20 ˆÚÒÓ Ì ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙȘ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘C. Rogers (1965) ηıÒ˜ Î·È Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó‰ڛ˜. ŸÏ˜ ÔÈÛ˘Ó‰ڛ˜ ‚ÈÓÙÂÔÛÎÔ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÙڷ› Ë ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î·È Î·ÙËÁÔ-ÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚¿ÓÙˆÓ.

∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Ë ÔÔ›· ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· Ê¿ÛË ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÛÙ¿-‰ÈÔ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ Î‡ÚÈÔ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹, π. √˘ÚÊ·Ï›) ‚·Û›ÛÙËΠÛÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Ù˘ۇӉÂÛ˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘/˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘ (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 5) Î·È ÙˆÓÈı·ÓÒÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ ÛÙ· ›‰· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙÔ˘/˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢Ô̤ÓÔ˘/˘ (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 6).

350 ∞. ™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 5. ŒÚ¢ӷ 2: ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›·˜

∫·ÙËÁÔڛ˜ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘

¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘ñ ∫·Ù·ÓfiËÛËñ ∂ÂÍ‹ÁËÛËñ ÀÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍËñ ¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛËñ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË

μÏÂÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ʋ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘ñ μϤÌÌ· ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÂÏ¿ÙË Ì ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ñ μϤÌÌ· ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÂÏ¿ÙË ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ñ μϤÌÌ· ÚÔ˜ ¿ÏϘ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ

ƒ˘ıÌfi˜ ÔÌÈÏ›·˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘ñ ∞ÚÁfi˜, Ì ‰È·ÎÔ¤˜ñ °Ú‹ÁÔÚÔ˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ‰È·ÎÔ¤˜ñ ™Èˆ‹

∫·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘ñ ¶ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÂÏ¿ÙË, Ì ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘñ ¶ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÂÏ¿ÙË ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘñ ¶ÚÔ˜ ¿ÏÏË Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË

ªÈ· ÚfiÙ·ÛË ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ 351

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 6. ŒÚ¢ӷ 2: ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›·˜

∂›Â‰· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢Ô̤ÓÔ˘/˘

¶ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈο ÛÙ¿‰È· Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ¿ÙË Î·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο (Rogers, 1965)1. ∫·ıfiÏÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÌÂÈÍË 2. ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· Ó· ¯ÚˆÌ·Ù›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰È‹ÁËÛË3. ∏ ‰È‹ÁËÛË Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÙ·È, ·Ú¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÚÔÛˆÈο Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ·ÏÏ¿ ÌfiÓÔ

Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ÙfiÔ Î·È ¯ÚfiÓÔ Ù˘ ‰È‹ÁËÛ˘.4. ∞Ú¯›˙ÂÈ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Î·È ÂÈı˘Ì›· Ó· ·ÔηٷÛÙ·ı› Ë ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋

ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·5. ∞Ú¯›˙ÂÈ Ë ·˘ÙÔ-·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË 6. ∂›Ó·È ÈηÓfi˜/Ë Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ Ù· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ‰›·

ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ ÈÔ ‚·ıÈ¿ Î·È Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË ·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›·. 7. ¶ÚÔ¯ˆÚ¿ ·fi ÙË Ì›· ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÙȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ¿‚ÂÈ ÛÙÔ

ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜. ¢ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÛÙÔ Ó· ‰¤ÛÂÈ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· ÙˆÓÛΤ„ˆÓ, Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘.

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 7. ŒÚ¢ӷ 2: ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘

∑∂À°∞ƒπ 2

∂›. ∂ÈÎ.Å ¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ μϤÌÌ· ƒ˘ıÌfi˜ ∫·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛËÔÌÈÏ›·˜ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜

0 ηٷÓfiËÛË μÏÂÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ʋ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÔ˜ ¶ÚÔ˜ ÂÏ¿Ù˯ˆÚ›˜ ΛÓËÛË ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹

0 ηٷÓfiËÛË μÏÂÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ʋ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÔ˜ ¶ÚÔ˜ ÂÏ¿Ù˯ˆÚ›˜ ΛÓËÛË ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹

+1 ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË μÏÂÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ʋ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÔ˜ ¶ÚÔ˜ ÂÏ¿ÙË ¯ˆÚ›˜ ΛÓËÛË ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹

1 ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË μÏÂÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ʋ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÔ˜ ¶ÚÔ˜ ÂÏ¿Ù˯ˆÚ›˜ ΛÓËÛË ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹

0 ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË μÏÂÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ʋ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÔ˜ ¶ÚÔ˜ ÂÏ¿ÙËÌ ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹

0 ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË μÏÂÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ʋ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÔ˜ ¶ÚÔ˜ ÂÏ¿Ù˯ˆÚ›˜ ΛÓËÛË ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹

1 ηٷÓfiËÛË μÏÂÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ʋ ·ÚÁfi˜ ¶ÚÔ˜ ÂÏ¿Ù˯ˆÚ›˜ ΛÓËÛË Ì ·ÏÏ·Á‹

-1 ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË μÏÂÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ʋ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÔ˜ ¶ÚÔ˜ ÂÏ¿Ù˯ˆÚ›˜ ΛÓËÛË ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹

0 ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË μÏÂÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ʋ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÔ˜ ¶ÚÔ˜ ÂÏ¿ÙËÌ ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹

0 ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË μÏÂÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ʋ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÔ˜ ¶ÚÔ˜ ÂÏ¿Ù˯ˆÚ›˜ ΛÓËÛË ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹

0 ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË μÏÂÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ʋ ÛȈ‹ ¶ÚÔ˜ ¿ÏÏ˯ˆÚ›˜ ΛÓËÛË Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË

Å ™ËÌ›ˆÛË. ∂›. ∂ÈÎ. = ∂›Â‰Ô ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜¢È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ·Ú¯‹˜ Î·È Ù¤ÏÔ˘˜ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ñ 0 = η̛· ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ñ ıÂÙÈÎÔ› ·ÚÈıÌÔ› = ÂÌ‚¿ı˘ÓÛË ñ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎÔ› ·ÚÈıÌÔ› = ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ÛÂÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÈÊ·ÓÂÈ·Îfi ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ

∏ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Ù˘ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Ì ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÂÈÎÔÈ-ÓˆÓ›·˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì ‰‡Ô ÙÚfiÔ˘˜. ∂›Ù Ì ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘ (‚Ï.·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÛÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 7), ›Ù Ì ÙËÓ ÔÌ·‰ÔÔ›ËÛË ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÁÈ· fiÏ· Ù· ˙¢-Á¿ÚÈ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰ÚÈÒÓ (‚Ï. ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÛÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 8).

∞˘Ùfi˜ Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ¤ÙÚ„ ӷ ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋÛÔ˘ÌÂ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο ÙȘ ·ÏÏ·-Á¤˜ ÛÙ· ›‰· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈ-ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘. ∞fi fiÛÔ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ, Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË·Ô˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·, ·Ú¿ ÙË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· Ô˘ ‰›‰ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ

352 ∞. ™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 8. ŒÚ¢ӷ 2: ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›·˜

¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÔÌ·‰È΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Û˘¯ÓÔًوÓ

∂›Â‰Ô ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Å

∑¢Á¿ÚÈ· ∑1 ∑2 ∑3 ∑4 ∑50 8 - 9 5 71 3 3 2 4 22 - 9 - 1 --1 1 - 1 1 3-2 - - - 1 -

¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔηٷÓfiËÛË 3 4 2 10 11‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË 6 6 8 1 1·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË 3 3 2 - -ÂÂÍ‹ÁËÛË - - - 1 -

μϤÌÌ·μÏÂÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ʋ 10 7 10 5 11¯ˆÚ›˜ ΛÓËÛËμÏÂÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ʋ 2 5 1 6 1Ì ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘμϤÌÌ· ÚÔ˜ ¿ÏÏË 0 0 1 1 0ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË

ƒ˘ıÌfi˜ ÔÌÈÏ›·˜ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÔ˜ 10 11 10 5 11·ÚÁfi˜ 1 1 1 6 1ÛȈ‹ 1 0 1 1 0

∫·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜¶ÚÔ˜ ÂÏ¿ÙË ¯ˆÚ›˜ 10 9 9 7 11·ÏÏ·Á‹¶ÚÔ˜ ÂÏ¿ÙË 1 3 2 5 1Ì ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ¶ÚÔ˜ ¿ÏÏË 1 0 1 0 0ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛËÅ ™ËÌ›ˆÛË. ¢È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ·Ú¯‹˜ Î·È Ù¤ÏÔ˘˜ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ñ 0 = η̛· ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ñ ıÂÙÈÎÔ› ·ÚÈıÌÔ› = ÂÌ‚¿ı˘ÓÛË ñ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎÔ› ·ÚÈıÌÔ› = ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ÛÂÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÈÊ·ÓÂÈ·Îfi ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ

ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓÛ˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ. Δ· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ·ÎfiÌËÛÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, Ì ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘.

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√È ‰‡Ô ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈ-ΛÌÂÓÔ ÌÂϤÙ˘ Î·È ÙË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ÎÔÈ-Ófi ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì-‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰ÚÈÒÓ Ô˘ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ÁÔÓ›˜. ∏ ÚÒÙË ¤Ú¢ӷ ·Û¯ÔÏ‹ıË-Π̠ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ÚÔÁÚ¿Ì-Ì·Ù· Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ·Ó¤‰ÂÈÍ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ Ù· Λ-ÓËÙÚ· ·˘Ù¿. £· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÂȈı› fiÙÈ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ÙË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÁÈ·ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÌÂϤÙË: √‰‹ÁËÛ ÛÙËÓ ·fiÊ·ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Î·Ù¿ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛˆÓ, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰Ôı› Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÂηÙÔÈÓ¤˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ÔʤÏÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÎÔÌ›˙Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙȘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ.

√ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÚ›·˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÛÙË ‰Â‡-ÙÂÚË ÌÂϤÙË, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚʈı› ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› Î·È Û ÔÌ·‰ÈΤ˜Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ. ∫‡ÚÈ· ÛËÌ›· Ù· ÔÔ›·¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏÔ‡Ó fiϘ ÙȘ Èı·Ó¤˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔ-Ú¤˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÔÌ·‰È΋˜ Û˘Ó‰ڛ·˜, ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÂÍ‹˜: (·) Ë ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙÔ˘/Ë˜Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘/ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹/ÚÈ·˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÈÏ¿‚ÂÈ Î·È ¿ÏϘ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ fiˆ˜, .¯.,Ì‹Ó˘Ì· ÚÔ˜ ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ ‹ Ì‹Ó˘Ì· Ô˘ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ÚÔ˜ fiÏÔ ÙÔ ·ÎÚÔ·Ù‹ÚÈÔ, (‚)Ë ‰È‡ڢÓÛË ÙˆÓ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂˆÓ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÚÈÏ¿‚Ô˘Ó Èı·Ó¤˜ ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ(.¯., ·fi ÙËÓ ¤‰Ú·, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ ·ÎÚÔ·Ù‹ÚÈÔ Î.¿.), Î·È (Á) Ë ‰È‡ڢÓÛË ÙˆÓ ÏÂ-ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙȉڿÛˆÓ.

ø˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ÛËÌ›Ô, ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙȉڿÛˆÓ, È-ÛÙ‡ˆ ˆ˜ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË Ë ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Stiles (1978). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÛ˘ÁÁڷʤ·, ÔÈ ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Û ·Ôο-Ï˘„Ë, ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË, Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï‹, ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛË, ÂÚÒÙËÛË, ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË, ÂÚÌËÓ›· ηȷÓÙ·Ó¿ÎÏ·ÛË. √È Chang, Yeh, Î·È Krumboltz (2001) ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·È ÂÈϤÔÓ Î·-ÙËÁÔڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÈÔ ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚ‹ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Û ¯Ú‹ÛË Ì ÙȘ ÌË ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ÚfiÏ˄˘, fiˆ˜ ·˘ÙÔ-·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ, ·˘ÙÔ-·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„Ë ÂÌÂÈÚÈÒÓ, η-ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË, ‰È·Ù·Á‹, ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛË-‰È·ÊˆÓ›·, ÌÔ›Ú·ÛÌ·, ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË, ıÂÙÈ΋ ÂÓ›-Û¯˘ÛË, Î·È Â›ÎÚÈÛË.

ªÈ· ÚfiÙ·ÛË ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ 353

§·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ, ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹-Ì·ÙÔ˜ ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙˆÓ "ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ" Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ fiÛˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û ÔÌ·-‰ÈΤ˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ‰›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·ÍÈÔÏfi-ÁËÛ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Èı·ÓÒ˜ Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿Ï-ÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛˆÓ. ™ÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 1 ·Ó·ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÛÙÔÈ-¯Â›· ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ-Â›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·-ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Û ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ.

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Œ¯Ô˘ÌÂ Û˘ÓËı›ÛÂÈ Ó· ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ٷ ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ Û ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ Ì ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙË ÁÔÓÂ˚΋ ·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›·,ηٷÓfiËÛË Î·È ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ ‹ ÛÂ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ. ¶ÚÔÙ›ӈ Ó· ·Ú¯›ÛÔ˘Ì ӷٷ ¯ˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ÙÈ Î¿ÓÔ˘Ì (·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜), Û ÔÈÔ˘˜ ٷοÓÔ˘Ì (Ù· ΛÓËÙÚ·) Î·È ÙÈ ÂÙ˘¯·›ÓÔ˘Ì (Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙË-Ù·˜). £¤Ïˆ Ó· ÈÛÙ‡ˆ fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ˜ ‰ÚfiÌÔ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ.

μπμ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞

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ªÈ· ÚfiÙ·ÛË ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ 357

A PROPOSED METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OFPARENT COUNSELING WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK

OF EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE

Ariadni StogiannidouAristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Abstract: The article deals with issues relating to efforts of accurate evaluation of theelements involved in the process and outcome of counseling activities. The theoretical reviewdeals with the concept of evidence-based practice, focusing on parent counseling programs.Data from two studies are presented in summary, aiming at discussing the need for systematicanalysis of the elements of counseling process as well as of the criteria permitting evaluationof outcome. The aim of the first study was to investigate the characteristics of parentsattending an educational program on psychosocial support of children in the school andhome environment. More specifically, we investigated the relation between attendance of theprogram and their views as to the parental role in supporting children at school as well astheir evaluation of their children’s strengths and difficulties. At the second study (doctoraldissertation by I. Ourfali under the supervision of A. Stogiannidou), simulated counselingsessions were used in order to study the connection between counselor’s verbal andnonverbal behavior and counselee’s level of communication. Discussion focuses on theimplications of the findings for the analysis of counseling processes as well as for the outcomeevaluation of counseling interventions.

Key words: Counseling process, Evaluation, Parental counseling

Address: Ariadni Stogiannidou, School of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, AristotleUniversity of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece. Phone: +30-2310-997347. E-mail:ariadni@psy.auth.gr

358 ∞. ™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘