Heartline IRCCS S. Martino Genova Cardiology meeting 14-15 novembre 2014.
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Transcript of Heartline IRCCS S. Martino Genova Cardiology meeting 14-15 novembre 2014.
EPIDEMIOLOGIA ED EZIOPATOLOGIA DELLE
VALVULOPATIE AORTICHE
G. CARUSOANATOMIA PATOLOGICA
UNIVERSITA ‘ DI BARI
Heartline
IRCCS S. Martino
Genova
Cardiology meeting
14-15 novembre 2014
MALATTIE VALVOLARI AORTICHE
STENOSI INSUFFICIENZA
FORME MISTE Prevalente
stenosi Prevalente
insufficienza
•Secondo le stime più recenti, questa affezione colpisce il 4,6% della popolazione oltre i 75 anni, un quinto dei quali deve essere operato nel giro di 2-3 anni di anni, altrimenti non può sopravvivere. Nonostante la gravità, questa per gli esperti è una malattia sottovalutata e spesso non trattata in maniera appropriata
•Da una ricerca dell’istituto britannico Opinion Matters su un campione rappresentativo della popolazione italiana over 60 è emerso che solo il 7,7% delle persone è preoccupata per le valvole cardiache. Sono i tumori (24,6%) e il morbo di Alzheimer (20%) le malattie che spaventano di più.
The Huffington Post
LA STENOSI AORTICA È LA PIÙ DIFFUSA MALATTIA DELLE VALVOLE CARDIACHE
EZIOPATOLOGIA DELLE VALVULOPATIE AORTICHE
CongeniteValvola uni/bicuspide
AcquisiteDisplasia senile fibro-calcificaMalattia reumatica
VALVULOPATIE AORTICHE: ACQUISIZIONI RECENTI
Congenite Valvola uni/bicuspide
patologia di per sé?
Acquisite Displasia senile fibro-
calcifica malattia aterosclerotica?
Malattia reumatica simile patogenesi?
Altre rare patologie Patologie acquisite su base
congenita?Fibrosi e calcificazione su
valvole tricuspidi/bicuspidi asimmetriche?
ANATOMIA vs PATOLOGIA
Abbiamo in mente un aspetto “ideale” di una valvola cardiaca
Più ci si allontana da questo ideale più aumenta il rischio di patologia acquisita
Varianti anatomiche Senilitàsono perfetti substrati per
vere patologie
VARIANTI ANATOMICHE/PATOLOGIE CONGENITE
• Anomalo numero delle cuspidi
• Unicuspide
• Bicuspide
• Quadricuspide
• Atresia
• Anomala proporzione fra le cuspidi
• Anomala struttura• Cuspidi displastiche
Quadricuspid valve
AO valve atresia
MODIFICAZIONI SENILI DELLA VALVOLA AORTICA
Accentuazione delle lunule
Fenestrazioni
Vegetazioni marantiche escrescenze di Lambl
formazioni trombotiche con evoluzione fibrotica
Ho S Y Eur J Echocardiogr 2009;10:i3-i10
(A)Bicuspid and dysplastic valve with both coronary arteries arising from the anterior facing sinus.
(B) Bicuspid valve with the leaflets and sinuses arranged in left–right fashion. A raphe is present in the right leaflet
(C) A valve with three thickened leaflets. One of the leaflets is considerably larger than the other two.
(D) This valve with three leaflets has been cut longitudinally to show the thick and gelatinous looking leaflets.
(E) There are abundant calcific nodules in this severely stenotic valve from an elderly patient.
(F)This unicommisural and unifoliate valve has a tiny eccentric orifice.
NUMEROSE VARIANTI PATOLOGICHE
QUADRO ANATOMO-PATOLOGICO DELLA VALVOLA E CHIRUGIA
Lo stato della valvola riguarda il cardiochirurgo? Opzione chirurgica
Solo la valvola Valvola e radice aortica Solo radice aortica
Morfologia della valvola Numbero delle cuspidi Fibrosi/calcificazione
Patologie associate Coronarie Bulbo/Aorta ascendente
Sinutubular junctionImmediately above the three aortic sinuses
Ascending aortaFrom the bulbus up to the first bifurcation of the aortic arch
Aortic bulbus• The enlarged part where the
cusps are situated• Diameter 1.5 superior in respect
to proximal ascending aorta
BULBO E AORTA ASCENDENTE
VALVOLA AORTICA BICUSPIDE 1 –2 % della popolazione
maschio/femmina 3:1
Familiarità Cuspidi spesso asimmetriche
Ostio di aspetto semilunare
Cuspidi: “antero-posteriore” 60-
70% 2 coronarie nel seno anteriore
“lato a lato” 30-40% 1 coronaria per seno
Presenza variabile di un rafe o falsa commissura
36-59%
Distribuzione coronarica a dominanza sinistra 4 volte piu comune
origine sovracommissurale dell’ostio cor. sin. 2 volte più comune
AORTIC VALVE DISEASE AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Aortic valve disease is one of the most common congenital cardiac defects, occurring in 5% of all children with heart disease.
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital cardiac malformation, affecting 1-2% of the population, with strong male predominance.
Individuals may have a normally functioning BAV, and may be unaware of its presence and the potential risk of impending complications.
They may typically remain asymptomatic until the third or fourth decade of life, when the valve becomes dysfunctional.
BAV is associated with both valve disease and aortic disease, thereby leading to increased morbidity and mortality, including other cardiovascular malformations
coronary anomalies, coartaction etc. aortic valve disorders aortic wall abnormalities endocarditis
Bicuspid aortic valve phenotype and aortic disease: a magnetic resonance study
David W Fitz*, James C Carr and Edwin Wu J Cardiovasc MR 2011
CLASSIFICATION OF BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE Four valve morphologies on 217 cases:
type 1, fusion of the right and left cusps (n=152); type 2, fusion of the right and non-coronary cusps
(n=48); type 3, fusion of the left and non-coronary cusps
(n=9); and unicuspid, two fusions (n=8).
further characterized by the number of sinuses, two or three, and the presence or absence of a raphe.
Conclusion Type 1 BAV is the most frequent phenotype. Two sinus valves are more common among
type 2 and type 3 phenotypes.
Type 2 is associated with moderate to severe aortic stenosis a larger mid-ascending aortic diameter.
Bicuspid aortic valve phenotype and aortic disease: a magnetic resonance study
David W Fitz*, James C Carr and Edwin Wu J Cardiovasc MR 2011
Type 1
Type 2
BAV AND ASCENDING AORTA PATHOLOGY
Anatomo-Clinical demonstration of progressive aortic dilatation
Abnormalities in components of the extracellular matrix or aberrant vascular matrix remodeling might contribute to abnormal valvulogenesis and a structurally weakened aortic root.
Other studies supports the concept of an independent aortic remodeling process
throughout childhood among patients with a bicuspid aortic valve
may precede frank aneurysm formation.
COMPLICATIONS OF THE BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE Fibrosis Calcification Thrombosis Infections Hemolisis DISSECTION Sudden death?
Fibrosis and Calcification
BAV VS TAVASCENDING AORTIC DILATATION IS RARELY ASSOCIATED WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE REGARDLESS OF AORTIC VALVE MORPHOLOGY
Differences in clinical presentation between patients with tricuspid aortic valves (TAVs) or bicuspid aortic valves (BAVs) and aortic valve disease are evident.
METHODS: 702 patients with aortic valve and/or ascending aortic pathology; 202
also had concomitant coronary artery disease.
RESULTS: A BAV was commonly found in patients with
isolated valve disease (BAV 47%, TAV 53%) and frequently associated with ascending aortic dilatation (BAV 80%, TAV 20%).
In patients with coronary artery disease, a TAV was commonly found (TAV 84%, BAV 16%).
The combination of ascending aortic dilatation and coronary artery disease was markedly rare regardless of valve morphology (TAV, 7 out of 38; BAV, 6 out of 127).
The distribution of valve pathology and clinical parameters was similar in patients with TAV and BAV with coronary artery disease (P ≥ .12).
Without coronary artery disease, parameters associated with cardiovascular risks were more often seen in patients with TAV than in patients with BAV (P ≤ .0001).
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014 Aug 17. pii: S0022-5223(14)01114-3. doi:
Jackson V1, Eriksson MJ2, Caidahl K2, Eriksson P3, Franco-Cereceda A4
ASCENDING AORTIC DILATATION IS RARELY ASSOCIATED WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE REGARDLESS OF AORTIC VALVE MORPHOLOGY (2)
CONCLUSIONS: Coronary artery disease is uncommon in
surgical patients with BAV, but it is associated with TAV, advanced age, and male gender.
Coronary artery disease and ascending aortic dilatation rarely coexist, regardless of valve phenotype.
Differences in the prevalence of coronary artery disease or ascending aortic dilatation between patients with TAV and BAV are not explained by differences in cardiovascular risks or the distribution of valve pathology.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014 Aug 17. pii: S0022-5223(14)01114-3. doi:
Jackson V1, Eriksson MJ2, Caidahl K2, Eriksson P3, Franco-Cereceda A4.
STENOSI VALVOLARE SENILE CALCIFICA NON PATOLOGIA DISPLASTICA- PATOGENESI SIMIL-ATEROSCLEROTICA
FATTORI ATEROGENI/GENETICI
VALVOLA AORTICA CALCIFICA The process of valve disease is believed to be initiated with the
development of atherosclerosis along the aortic surface of the valve which, subsequent to aortic valvular osteoblast differentiation, calcifies.
Early in the disease process, the thickened aortic valve is said to be sclerotic; that is, although thickening of the valves is present, there is not yet obstruction of the valve orifice.
Later in the disease process, as the thickening of the valve progresses and the valve orifice becomes significantly obstructed, the valve is said to be frankly calcific.
Comparsa di elementi infiammatori-Ruolo patogenetico?-Secondaria alla fibrosi?
MALATTIA REUMATICA In rheumatic fever,
antistreptococcal antibodies produced by B lymphocytes cross-react with host-tissue epitopes, producing inflammation in a number of organ systems, including the heart and its mitral and aortic valves. Any or all 4 valves may be involved.
Inflammation induces angiogenesis in the normally avascular valve layers; over a period of months or years, thickening of the valve develops as inflamed elastic tissue becomes replaced by irregular masses of collagen fibers.
Recurrent episodes of rheumatic fever produce progressive damage to the host’s valves.
CAUSE RARE DI STENOSI VALVOLARE AORTICA
renal failure, familial hypercholesterolemia, Paget disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, ochronosis with alkaptonuria, Radiation left ventricular noncompaction
systemic lupus erythematosus
IgG4-related disease of the aortic valve: a report of two cases and review of the literature.Cardiovasc Pathol. 2014 Sep 28. pii: S1054-8807(14)00085-4. doi: 10.1016/j.carpath.2014.08.001. Maleszewski JJ1, Tazelaar HD2, Horcher HM3, Hinkamp TJ4, Conte JV5, Porterfield JK6, Halushka MK7.
A case of aortic and mitral valve involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis.Cardiovasc Pathol. 2014 Aug 4. Espitia O1, Droy L2, Pattier S3, Naudin F4, Mugniot A5, Cavailles A4, Hamidou M6, Bruneval P7, Agard C6, Toquet C2.
Aortic valve replacement in systemic sclerosis.J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2014 Mar 12. Ferrari G1, Pratali S, Pucci A, Bortolotti U.
CAUSE RARE E NUOVE DI STENOSI VALVOLARE AORTICA
VALVULOPATIE AORTICHE DIVERSE
Patogenesi simile? Forme infiammatorie
Fusione delle cuspidi Calcificazione
Inizia dal margine aortico
Forme diverse all’inizio
Alla fine si somigliano tutte
PATOLOGIE VALVOLARI AORTICHE ED ETA’
Bicuspidia Associazione con lesioni aortiche
Post-infiammatorie Possibili recidive, quadri sistemici
Forme senili Progressivo aumento