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    Contents

    Main drivers for CNG/LNG

    Potential market

    LNG technology in EMEA

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    Main drivers for CNG/LNG

    3 are the main reasons of the fast-growing global interest in adopting methane-based

    gas in commercial transport as sustainable alternative to crude oil-based fuels: ENERGY SECURITY: independency from crude oil producers Countries

    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: reduce pollutants emission and noise

    TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP : reduce cost per km

    In the last years, the focus has moved from ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT to TOTAL

    COST OF OWNERSHIP

    REFUSE

    COLLECTION

    DISTRIBUTION and

    FOOD AND

    BEVERAGE

    MEDIUM-LONG

    HAUL

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    Main drivers for CNG/LNG

    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

    LIMITSWHTC - g/kWh

    NOX CO HCNM Particolato CH4Euro VI 0,4 4 0,16 0,01 0,5

    Cursor 8 CNG/LNG Euro VI 0,2 2,44 0,08 0,002 0,18

    According to experimental activities the CO2 reduction is from 2 to 8% according to

    mission

    26

    Mic distance: 7mMic height: 1,5m

    3

    4

    5

    1

    POLLUTANTS

    NOISE dB(A)

    Avg

    71 dB(A)

    Avg

    66 dB(A)

    64

    66

    68

    70

    72

    74

    DIESEL CNG

    1 2 3 4 5 6

    MODEL (DIESEL/ CNG): IVECO 240E25 6x2

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    Main drivers for CNG/LNG

    TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP  – MEDIUM-LONG HAUL

    TCOAT440S36T/P

    DIESEL Euro VI

    AT440S33T/P

    LNG Euro VI

    DEPRECIATION

    New vehicle cost € 67.000 € 92.200

    Cost of capital -€ 7.000 -€ 11.000

    Residual value -€ 13.000 -€ 2.500

    Net vehicle cost € 61.000 € 100.700

    M&R IVECO € 14.500 € 28.200

    FUEL

    Fuel consumption € 205.400 € 127.500

    Urea consumption € 4.000 € 0

    Lubricant cons. € 800 € 800TIRES € 6.000 € 6.000

    TOLLS € 63.000 € 63.000

    TAXES AND

    INSURANCE

    Taxes € 2.200 € 2.200

    Insurance € 25.000 € 25.000

    DRIVER SALARY € 175.000 € 175.000

    TOTAL   € 556.900   € 528.400

    DIFFERENCE -€ 28.500

    Simulation based on (the data shown has to be considered CONFIDENTIAL and not binding for IVECO):

    Market: Italy Mission: regional Mileage: 100,000km / year Period: 5 years

    Interest rate: 5% Diesel: 1,3€ / liter (w/o VAT) LNG: 0,85 € / kg (w/o VAT) Urea: 0,3€ /l Oil: 5€ / liter

    Diesel consumption: 31,6 liter

    / 100km

    LNG consumption: 30kg /

    100km

    Tires life: 200,000km Toll: 0,18 €/km Mission: 70% motorway

    € 175.000 € 175.000

    € 27.200 € 27.200

    € 63.000 € 63.000

    € 6.000 € 6.000

    € 210.200

    € 128.300

    € 14.500

    € 28.200

    € 61.000

    € 100.700

    AT440S36T/P AT440S33T/P - LNG

    DEPRECIATION

    M&R

    FUEL

    TIRES

    TOLLS

    TAXES AND

    INSURANCE

    DRIVER SALARY

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    Main drivers for CNG/LNG

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    TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP

    The economic sustainability for natural gas in the medium-long haul business relays

    dramatically in the difference of cost between diesel (€ / liter) and CNG (€/kg)

    In a medium-long haul mission (100.000km / year, 5 years) a difference in cost of 0,26€ between diesel diesel (€ / liter) and CNG (€/kg) make the 2 technology

    equivalent for the fleet owner

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    Contents

    Main drivers for CNG/LNG

    Potential market

    LNG technology in EMEA

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    Frost & Sullivan

    Source: Strategic Analysis of the Medium- to Heavy-duty Natural Gas Commercial Vehicle Market in Europe – 02/2013

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    Potential Market

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    BIPE

    Source: Heavy Vehicle Powertrain Prospective 2030 – 112013

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    Potential Market

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    IVECO in Europe

    The more conservative figure below reflects the IVECO truck sales forecast n the 5 major

    Markets + Benelux.With a Heavy Truck Market of 250.000 units in 2016-2017, the CNG+LNGMarket is expected between 2 and 5%, with a market share of IVECO around 25-33%.

    While the natural gas application in distribution and refuse collection missions is expected

    steady, the adoption of LNG in medium-long haul missions is expected to boom thanks to

    - homologation and registration for LNG trucks by middle 2014 (amended UNECE R110)

    - increasing confidence of fleet managers in CNG/LNG technology

    - development of the infrastructure

    - cost reductions through economies of scale

    - OEM development of natural gas engines dedicated to medium-long haul applications

    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    1200

    1400

    2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

    RCV

    Distribution

    Regional

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    Modello di valutazione del mercato potenziale e dei relativi impatti  – IVECO CSST

    dOA

    dAD

    Origine dello spostamento

    Destinazione dello

    spostamento

    dOA + dAD < Dautonomia (km)

    dOA

    dAD

    Origine dello spostamento

    dOA + dAD + dDO < Dautonomia (km)

    Destinazione dello

    spostamento

    dDO

    Area 1 di rifornimento LNG

    Area 2 di rifornimento LNG

    Area di rifornimento LNG

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    Modello di valutazione del mercato potenziale e dei relativi impatti  – IVECO CSST

    Trento

    PortogruaroCervignano

    Busto Arsizio

    NovaraMortara

    TorinoRivalta Scrivia

       B  r  e  s  c   i  a

    Verona Padova

    Mantova

    RovigoPiacenza

    Parma

    Bologna

    Vado

    Livorno

    Prato

    Jesi

    Orte

    Pescara

    Bari

    Pomezia

    Marcianise

    Nola

    Catania

       S  a  v  o  n  a

       G  e  n  o  v  a

       L  a   S  p  e  z   i  a

       C  a  r  r  a  r  a

    Livorno

    Piombino

    Civitavecchia

    Fiumicino

    Gaeta

    Napoli

    Salerno

    Gioia Tauro

    Reggio CalabriaTrapani   M  e  s  s   i  n  a

       M   i   l  a  z  z  o

       T  e  r  m   i  n   i   I .

       P  a   l  e  r  m  o

    Gela

    Augusta

    Siracusa

    Taranto

    Brindisi

    Bari

    Ancona

    Ravenna

    ChioggiaVenezia

    Trieste

    Monfalcone

    Ipotesi:

    I punti di rifornimento LNG siano

    localizzati presso i principali Porti e

    Interporti della Rete TEN-T

    Raggio medio area di adduzione d OA =

    20 km / 50 km

    Autonomia del veicolo LNG D

    autonomia = 600 km

    Coppie Origini/Destinazioni “DIRETTE” /

    Coppie Origini/Destinazioni “A/R”

    Fonte: List of nodes of the Core and Comprehensive Network

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    Modello di valutazione del mercato potenziale e dei relativi impatti  – IVECO CSST

    O/DTOTALI

    O/D ATTRATTE

    O/DDIRETTE

    O/D

     A/R

    Spostamenti

    Scenario Attuale

    311.346 - - -

    SpostamentiScenario dOA < 20 km

    - 66.524 17.280 49.244

    Spostamenti

    Scenario dOA < 50 km

    - 190.519 144.333 46.186

    Veicoli * km

    Scenario dOA < 20 km

    - 10.019.130

    (+ 12,98%)

    - -

    Veicoli * km

    Scenario dOA < 50 km

    - 30.880.547

    (+38,90%)

    - -

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    Modello di valutazione del mercato potenziale e dei relativi impatti  – IVECO CSST

    Principali spostamenti O/D potenzialmente interessati all’alimentazione LNG

    (segmento in «area di adduzione»

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    Potential Market

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    Modello di valutazione del mercato potenziale e dei relativi impatti  – IVECO CSST

    Principali spostamenti O/D potenzialmente interessati all’alimentazione LNG

    (segmento in «area di adduzione»

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    Contents

    Main drivers for CNG/LNG

    Potential market

    LNG technology in Europe

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    LNG technology in Europe

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    How it works

    CNG SYSTEM

    (200 bar)

    CRYOGENIC LNG TANK 

    (-120º C, 9 bar) AND

    EVAPORATOR

    3-WAY

    CATALYST

    ENGINE

    CURSOR 8

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    LNG technology in Europe

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    Why LNG for medium-long haul

    TOTAL CNG CAPACITY (liters) CRUISE RANGE (km) (*)

    500 219

    600 262

    700 306

    800 350

    900 393

    1000 437

    1100 481

    1200 5251300 568

    1400 612

    1500 656

    500 liters LNG tank + 280 liters CNG 762

    500 liters LNG tank + 320 liters CNG 780

    (*) calculated with T=25°C, fuel consumption 30kg/100km, 1 liter CNG = 0,13kg CNG

    While on rigids CNG tank combinations up to 1.200 liters are

    technically possible (tanks on the chassis side, above the frame

    upper edge, behind the cab), on standard 4x2 tractors LNG is

    necessary to achieve the requested mileage

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    LNG technology in Europe

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    Main technologies

    19

    SPARK IGNITED

    MONO-FUEL METHANE

    DUAL FUEL

    DIESEL-METHANE

    (PORT INJECTED)

    HPDI - DUAL FUEL

    DIESEL-METHANE

    (DIRECT INJECTED)

    BENEFITS

    Cost-effective method to usenatural gas

    Compatible with CNG and LNG Low complexity cost (on top very

    simple passive exhaust after-

    treatment, 3-way catalyst) Reduced noise (- 5dB)

    Engine can operate under Dieselor Diesel-gas mode (flexibility)

    Compatible with CNG and LNG Retrofit Opportunities for existing

    Diesel engine (no certification forduration with CNG use)

    Full Diesel torque, cycle efficiencyand compression braking

    High Diesel substitution rate (upto 90-95%)

    Same heat rejection as Diesel

    DRAWBACKS

    Reduced compression braking

    Increased exhaust temperature Mono-fuel system, without limp-

    home recovery mode

    Engine not optimized for naturalgas operation (compromise at lowand high operating loads)

    High sensitivity to fuel quality dueto knock limitations (lowmethane number)

    Lower advantages in TCO due tohigher complexity costs and

    higher fuel costs due tosubstitution rate (CNG/LNG max60-70%)

    Requires full Diesel emissionsafter-treatment (DOC+DPF+SCR)with urea injection for NOxcontrols

    Methane emissions control is achallenge for Euro VI emissionscompliance

    Very high system cost (requiresspecific injectors and highpressure cryogenic pump for LNGfuel)

    Engine can operate only with LNG

    Requires full Diesel emissionsafter-treatment (DOC+DPF+SCR)with urea injection for NOxcontrols

    Limited field experiences forengine reliability

    Engine can’t operate underDiesel mode for limp-home

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    LNG technology in Europe

    SAFETY

    IF YOU ARE POURING WATER IN THE LNG: LNG does not dissolve in water and in contact with it, it

    evaporates without mixing and without leaving any residue.

    LNG IS NOT THE TOXIC: If you spill of LNG in a glass of water, once the water has evaporated gas can be

    safely drunk . It can not pollute the sea or groundwater.

    IN THE EVENT OF A SPILL OF LNG: the LNG is stored at atmospheric pressure in the system: even in the

    unlikely event of spills disperse in the air evaporates without leaving a trace. If LNG is spilled on the ground

    evaporates and leaves no residue to clean.

    LNG CAN CATCH FIRE? The LNG is not flammable if not in very special conditions that can not occur

    inside the regasification or LNG carriers (should be in a closed environment and saturated, mix with an oxygenpercentage of between 10% and 15% and simultaneously be in contact with a source of ignition of the flame)

    LNG MAY EXPLODE ? Also coming in contact with fire, LNG does not explode and does not create flare-

    ups, but it creates a lazy flame that evaporates without creating a shock wave. To confirm this, it is known that in

    1984, during the war between Iran and Iraq, a ship carrying gas at low temperatures, the Gaz Fountain, was hit by

    three missiles and caught fire. The crew managed to extinguish the fire and then to recover 93% of the gas load

    without further incident.

    Thanks to this characteristic of LNG a study by the U.S. Coast Guard is satisfied that:“LNG is one of the less

    dangerous substances among the many normally carried by sea and discharged in coastal deposits such as chemical /

    petrochemical / fuels. During over 33,000 trips in the world of gas tankers in the last 20 years there have been no major

    accidents” 

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