Ingegneria delle tecnologie per la salute

Fondamenti d anatomia e istologia

Sistema nervoso

lezion

e data argomento

1 28-set introduzione del corso. introduzione all’anatomia: terminologia.

2 29-set cenni di biologia

3 05-ott cenni di embriologia

4 06-ott apparato cardiocircolatorio: cuore + istologia miocardio/vasi, endotelio

5 12-ott apparato cardiocircolatorio: circolazione polmonare, vasi principali, linfatici, milza

6 13-ott apparato respiratorio+laringe e fonazione

7 19-ott SNC: cranio e morfologia encefalo. Istologia tessuto nervoso

8 20-ott SNC: tronco cerebrale e midollo spinale, le vie

9 26-ott SNC: sistema nervoso autonomo. Nervi cranici

10 27-ott SNC: occhio ed orecchio

11 02-nov locomotore: istologia. Classificazione ossa ed articolazioni.

12 03-nov locomotore: arto superiore, arto inferiore

13 09-nov locomotore: parete addominale, pavimento pelvico, torace

14 10-nov digerente: istologia. Morfologia tubo digerente

15 16-nov digerente: morfologia tubo digerente

16 17-nov digerente: fegato e pancreas.

17 23-nov tegumentario: cute e mammella (lezione JOLLY)

18 24-nov endocrino

19 30-nov urinario

20 01-dic genitale maschile

21 07-dic genitale femminile

22 08-dic sala op/jolly

23 14-dic sala op/jolly

24 15-dic sala op/jolly

hystology

Ectodremic origin

From the neural crest

3 vescicles:

•Prosencephaln

•Mesencephalon

•rhomboencepahlon

Grey matter: neuronal bodies

Whyte matter: axons

Neuro-glia

Supports methabolic and structural function of the

nervous system

•Micro-glia: mesenchimal, macrophages. Immune

response

•Macroglia: ectodermic origin

•Astrocytes: metabolic support, most numerous, form

blood-brain-barrier

•Oligodendrocytes: form myelin and myelin sheat

•Ependimal cells: synthesis and secretion of CSF

•Radial glia: regulates synaptic plasticity, promotes

brain development

csf

Blood brain barrier - BBB

Hyperselective

permeability

Protective function

Oligodendrocyes- myelin sheat

peripheral nerve fibers

A group: Fibers of the A group have a large diameter, are myelinated,

and have the highest conduction velocity of all the nerves in the

body.

The A group consists of four types of nerve fibers (alpha, beta

gamma, delta). afferent and efferent. Aα Ø 13-20 μm 80-120 m/s

B group: Nerve fibers in this group are myelinated with a small

diameter. Generally, they are the preganglionic fibers of the

autonomic nervous system and have a low conduction velocity. B

Ø 1-5 μm 3-15 m/s

C group: The C group fibers are unmyelinated and as the B group

fibers have a small diameter and low conduction velocity. These

fibers include postganglionic fibers of ANS and dorsal root fibers

(teperature, pain, touch, pressure) C Ø 0.2-1.5 μm 0.5-2 m/s

synapsis

Connection between neurons

Elettrochimic signal

Chimic signal

(neurotransmitters)

Elettrochimic signal

neurotrasmitters

Classification of neurons based on nurotransmitter:

•Glutamatergic (Glutamate)

•GABAergic (GABA)

•Adrenergic (Epinephrine)

•Noradrenergic (Norepinephrine)

•Dopaminergic (dopamine)

•Colinergic (acetilcholine)

•Serotoninergic (serotonine)

Different functions: eccitation/inhibition

Metabotropic/ionotropic receptors

nerve

The Skull

and

Vertebral Column

neurocranium

Facial skeleton

(splancnocranium)

twenty two bones:

Eight bones of the neurocranium (occipital bone, 2 temporal bones,

2 parietal bones, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone,frontal bone),

and fourteen bones of the viscerocranium (vomer, 2 conchae, 2 nasal

bones, 2 maxilla, mandible, 2 palatine bones, 2 zygomatic bones, 2 lacrimal

bones)

The skull - Anterior view

The skull - Lateral view

The skull – inner

Vertebral column

33-34 vertebre

•7 cervical

•12 dorsal

•5 lumbar

•5 sacral

•4-5 coccygeal

1 cifosys (skull)

1 lordosys

(cervical)

2 lordosys

(lumbar)

2 cifosys (dorsal)

3 cifosys (sacral)

vertebre

vertebre

meninges

cortex

Epidural space

Subarachnoideal space

subdural space

meninges

Dura mater: adhese to the skull, dense connettive tissue,

fibrous.

Arachnoid: thin trasparent membrane, not follow cortex

convolutions. Flat cells

Subarachnoideal space: trabecolae, contains CSF, brain’s

blood vessels and cranial nerves.

Pia mater: adhese to the brain cortex, follows its

convolutions. Rich in capillaries, very thin. Flat cells

meninges

The brain

Brain’s anatomical regions

Cortex: grey matter

Cortical areas

Basal Ganglia

Pituitary gland

Brainstem

midbrain

medulla

Limpid

60-200 ml

15-20 cmH2O

No proteins

8 cell/mm3 (leucytes)

Same concentration of serum glucose

Product by choroid plexus, 500 ml every day

Contained in lateral ventricles, third and fourth ventricles,

spinal canal and sub-arachnoideal space

Reabsorption by arachnoideal granulation

Cerebro-spinal fluid CSF

Cerebro-spinal fluid CSF

Amortize the brain!

CSF circulation

X2, lushka magendie

vascularization

Middle meningeal

Blood supply from internal carotid artery and

vertebral artery

Anastomosys between these two arteries: Willie’s

circle

After this anastomotic system the circulation is a

TERMINAL CIRCULATION

stroke

Vie nervose

moto

senso

Autonomous nervous system

(ANS)

Sympathetic nervous system Paravertebral ganglia

Pregangliar: Ach (acetilcoline)

Postgangliar: NE (norepinephrine)

Vasoconstriction

Mydriasys

Increase hearth rate

Stop secretions

Ejaculation

Parasympathetic

nervous system

Periferic ganglia

Ach (acetilcoline)

Vasodilatation

Secretion

Myosys

Decrease heart rate

Erection

Cranial nerves

Cranial nerves

Ocular reflexes

VII cranial nerve – facial

Upper third: bilateral

innervation. No palsy

Organi di senso

I cranial nerves

Auditory system

Eardrum

Eardrum

Pars flaccida

Pars tensa

Eardrum

The pars flaccida consists of two layers (skin and mucosa), is relatively

fragile, and is associated with eustachian tube dysfunction

and cholesteatomas.

The larger pars tensa region consists of three layers: skin, fibrous tissue,

and mucosa. It is comparatively robust, and is the region most commonly

associated with perforations.[2]

The pars tensa forms most of the tympanic membrane. Its periphery is

thickened to form a fibrocartilaginous ring called the anulus tympanicus. The

central part of the pars tensa is tented inwards at the level of the tip

of malleus and is called the umbo.

A cone of light can be seen radiating from the tip of the malleus to the

periphery in the antero-inferior quadrant.

Auditory system

Auditory system

perilymph

perilymph

endolymph

Vestibular system

Semicircular canals

Vascularization

The eye

Lacrimal film

In humans, the tear film coating the eye, known as the precorneal film,

has three distinct layers, from the most outer surface

Name Container(s) Secretors Functions

Lipid

layer Oils

Meibomian

glands (or

tarsal

glands)

Coats the aqueous layer, provides

a hydrophobic barrier that envelops

tears and prevents their spilling onto

the cheek. These glands are found

among the tarsal plates. Thus, the tear

fluid deposits between the eye proper

and oil barriers of the lids.[3]

Aqueou

s layer

Water, electrolytes, and

other substances such as

proteins

(e.g., antibodies,[2] lipocali

n,lactoferrin, lysozyme,[4] a

ndlacritin)

Lacrimal

gland

Promotes spreading of the tear film, the

control of infectious agents and osmotic

regulation.

Mucous

layer Mucins

Conjunctiv

algoblet

cells

Coats the cornea, provides a

hydrophilic layer and allows for even

distribution of the tear film.

III

III

III

III

VI

IV

Extrinsic eye muscles

photoreceptors

photoreceptor proteins in the cell absorb photons, triggering a

change in the cell's membrane potential.

Rods Cones

Used for scotopic vision (vision under low light conditions)

Used for photopic vision (vision under high light conditions)

Very light sensitive; sensitive to scattered light

Not very light sensitive; sensitive to only direct light

Loss causes night blindness Loss causes legal blindness

Low visual acuity High visual acuity; better spatial resolution

Not present in fovea Concentrated in fovea

About 120 million rods distributed around the retina[12]

About 6 million cones distributed in each retina[12]

One type of photosensitive pigment Three types of photosensitive pigment in humans

Confer achromatic vision Confer color vision

photoreceptors

Fundus oculi

Macula lutea and

Fovea centralis (high concentration of rodes)

Optic disc

(no receptor)