D.BRUCIAFREDDO - Collasso Progressivo

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    www.lofd`nrugokhrfll`.g`j

    Kcy qufsto`c l`c't efsotktf t` g`ctkgt jf! Fcm`y rfklocd!

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    G`rs` lo Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^F

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F

    G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=

    W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    D^VQQ@ ;

    Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@

    Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O

    Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    Vcovfrsot lfdbo Wtulo Jflotfrrkcfk

    Lo ^fddo` Gkbknrok

    HKG@B\K LO OCDFDCF^OK

    G`rs` lo Bkurfk Wpfgokbostogk oc

    Ocdfdcfrok Govobf Qr`dfttkzo`cf Wtrutturkbf

    KCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115 - >11?

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    OCLOGF

    ;. OC\^@LV]O@CF .......................................................................... Qkd. ;

    ;.; Lfhocozo`cf lo G`bbkss` Qr`drfssov`.. .............................................. Qkd. ;

    ;.> ^fp`rt lo gr`bbo gef l`gujfctkc` ob g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`................ Qkd. ;

    ;.7 [uklr` c`rjktov`, duolf tfgcogef f kppr`ggo pfr bk roluzo`cf

    lfb rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`.. ................................................. Qkd. >

    ;.7

    >.> Kckboso stktogk bocfkrf sfg`cl` DWK.. .............................................. Qkd. >.7 Kbtrk top`b`dof lo kckboso sfg`cl` DWK.. .......................................... Qkd. >4

    7. BOCFF DVOLK VHG .................................................................... Qkd. >5

    7.; G`bbkss` Qr`drfssov` sfg`cl` VHG.. ............................................... Qkd. >5

    7.> Kckboso stktogk bocfkrf sfg`cl` VHG.. .............................................. Qkd. >?

    7.7 Kckboso stktogk c`c bocfkrf sfg`cl` VHG.. ....................................... Qkd. 711?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    ;

    GKQO\@B@ ;

    OC\^@LV]O@CF

    ;.; Lfhocozo`cf lo G`bbkss` Qr`drfssov`

    G`c bfsprfsso`cf g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` so lfsgrovf qufb hfc`jfc`

    oc guo uck r`tturk b`gkbf so pr`pkdk oc jkcofrk kckb`dk k uck rfkzo`cf k

    gktfck, gkuskcl` ob g`bbkss` t`tkbf ` pkrzokbf lfbbflohogo`.

    BKWGF 4-16 lfhocosgf ob g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` g`jf bk

    pr`pkdkzo`cf, trk dbo fbfjfcto strutturkbo, lo uck r`tturk ocozokbf b`gkbf gef

    pr`v`gk, fvfctukbjfctf, ob g`bbkss` lfbboctfrk strutturk ` lo uck pkrtf

    spr`p`rzo`cktk lfbbk stfssk. Wo trkttk quoclo lo uc gr`bb` lo top`

    ocgrfjfctkbf.

    Dfcfrkbjfctf, bk gkusk sgktfckctf ob gr`bb` sg`c`sgoutk, dfcfrktk

    lk kzo`co kc`jkbf, c`c prfvflonobo f c`c prfvostf cfbbk pr`dfttkzo`cf= `clf

    lo prfsso`cf gkusktf lk fspb`so`co, ojpktto lo vfog`bo, kfr`pbkco, `ddftto oc

    gklutk, ocgfclo, gogb`co, frr`ro lo pr`dfttkzo`cf f/` g`struzo`cf.

    ;.> ^fp`rt lo gr`bbo gef l`gujfctkc` ob g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`

    Bkttfczo`cf cfo g`chr`cto lfb rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`

    kclktk grfsgfcl` oc sfduot` kbbk lohhuso`cf lo gr`bbo loskstr`so= ^`ckc Q`oct

    (B`clrk, ;?85), Jurrke Hflfrkb Nuoblocd (@ibke`jk, ;??6), ob T`rbl \rklf

    Gfctfr lo Cfw _`ri cfb >11;, s`b` pfr gotkrcf kbguco.

    Oc Otkbok ob g`jp`rtkjfct` loskstr`s` oc hksf p`st-g`bbkss` lo flohogo

    oc g.k. ojpr`vvoskjfctf gr`bbkto cfbbkrg` lo p`geo kcco (k Qkbfrj`,

    b';;/17/;???9 k H`ddok, oc vokbf Do`tt`, b';; c`vfjnrf ;???9 k ^`jk, oc vok

    Xodck Mkg`noco, ob ;6/;>/;???9 k Ckp`bo, oc vok Wkcsfvfroc`, kbb'Krfcfbbk, ob

    >6 doudc` >11;) ek rogeokjkt` b'kttfczo`cf lfbbk g`jucot tfgcog`-

    sgofctohogk subbk qufsto`cf lfbbk p`ssonobot lo fvotkrf g`bbksso pr`drfssovo

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    >

    g`csfdufcto k gflojfcto kcgef lo fbfjfcto strutturkbo ojp`rtkcto, jk

    ocozokbjfctf b`gkbozzkto f gorg`sgrotto.

    Cfbbk projk jft lfdbo kcco '41 cfdbo Wtkto Vcoto (fl kcg`r projk oc

    Gkcklk) hur`c` ostotuotf vkrof g`jjosso`co lo stulo`. Lkbbk kckboso lfb

    gfcsojfct` lfo gr`bbo kvvfcuto cfdbo kcco ojjfloktkjfctf prfgflfcto fjfrsf

    gef uck fbfvktk pfrgfctukbf kvfvk kvut` gkrkttfrostogef topogef lfb g`bbkss`

    pr`drfssov`. Cfb ;?47 Kbbfc f Wgerofvfr rkgg`bsfr` o lkto (losp`conobo k

    pkrtorf lkb ;?85) lfbb'Fcdocffrocd Cfws-^fg`rl suo gr`bbo kvvfcuto cfdbo

    VWK fl oc Gkcklk. @nofttov` lfbb` stulo` frk procgopkbjfctf

    bolfctohogkzo`cf sok lfbbf gkusf lo occfsg` lfb hfc`jfc`, sok lfbbf gkusf lo

    qufbbf j`lkbot lo fv`buzo`cf lfb g`bbkss`, gef kvfvkc` p`o p`rtkt` lkbbkr`tturk b`gkbf kb gr`bb` pkrzokbf ` t`tkbf lfbb'flohogo`.

    Vckbtrk qufsto`cf svobuppktk lko luf stulo`so hu ob gfcsojfct` lfo

    gr`bbo oc huczo`cf lfbbf j`lkbot lfb b`r` svobupp`, g`c boclovolukzo`cf lo

    qufbbo cfo qukbo so p`tfvkc` rog`c`sgfrf bf gkrkttfrostogef pr`prof lo uc

    g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Go g`jp`rtkvk, ckturkbjfctf, lo stknoborf projk qukbo

    gkrkttfrostogef l`vfssf prfsfctkrf uc gr`bb` pfrge p`tfssf lfhocorso

    pr`drfssov`. Dbo Kut`ro pr`p`cfvkc` g`s lo g`cvfcorf gef b'kspftt`olfctohogktov` l`vfssf rog`c`sgfrso cfb cujfr` (kbjfc` 7) lo fbfjfcto

    strutturkbo sodcohogktovo g`ocv`bto cfb gr`bb` oc g`csfdufczk lorfttk lo uck

    r`tturk b`gkbf.

    ;.7 [uklr` c`rjktov`, duolf tfgcogef f kppr`ggo pfr bk

    roluzo`cf lfb rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`

    Kttukbjfctf p`ssonobf hkrf rohfrojfct` ko sfdufcto l`gujfcto pfr b`stulo` lfb hfc`jfc` lfb g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`.

    KWGF 4-16= tkbf duolk tfgcogk lfhocosgf luf kppr`ggo pfr bk

    roluzo`cf lfb rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Ob proj` ob Lorfgt Lfsodc

    sfg`cl` ob qukbf lfvf fssfrf kckbozzktk oc jkcofrk fspbogotk bk rfsostfczk kb

    g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` lurkctf botfr lo pr`dfttkzo`cf. [ufst` kppr`ggo`

    ocgbulf bKbtfrcktf Qkte (KQ) jfte`l (jft`l` lfb pfrg`rs` kbtfrcktov` lfo

    gkrogeo), pfr ob qukbf `dco strutturk lfvf fssfrf oc drkl` lo hkrf p`ctf kb lo

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    7

    s`prk lo uc fbfjfct` strutturkbf g`bbksskt`,f b` Wpfgohog B`gkb ^fsostkcgf

    (WB^) jfte`l (jft`l` lfbbk rfsostfczk b`gkbf spfgohogk)= bflohogo` (` bf suf

    pkrto) lfvf kvfrf suhhogofctf rfsostfczk pfr s`prkvvovfrf kl uck spfgohogk

    kzo`cf jockggok.

    G`c ob sfg`cl` jft`l`, lftt` Oclorfgt Lfsodc, bk rfsostfczk kb

    g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` dkrkctotk ojpbogotkjfctf kttrkvfrs` bk h`rcoturk lo

    bovfbbo jocojo lo rfsostfczk, g`ctocuot f luttobot. BKWGF 4-16 h`rcosgf

    kbtrfs bocff duolk f suddfrojfcto pfr ob jodbo`rkjfct` lfb g`jp`rtkjfct`

    strutturkbf, kcgef sf vk s`tt`bocfkt` gef bk c`rjktovk kjfrogkck so bojotk k

    h`rcorf oclogkzo`co qukbotktovf. \kbo oclogkzo`co vfcd`c` kppr`h`clotf f

    trkttktf qukctotktovkjfctf oc kbtro luf l`gujfcto, `vvfr` bf Qr`drfssovf

    G`bbkpsf Duolfbocfslfbbk DWK(V.W. Dfcfrkb Wfrvogfs Kljocostrkto`c) f

    cfbbf Vcohofl Hkgobotofs Grotfrok (VHG) Lfsodc `h nuoblocds t` rfsost

    pr`drfssovf g bbkpsf Lfpkrtfjfct `h Lfhfcsf.

    O Nrotose Wtkclkrls, kbbk strfduk lfo luf l`gujfcto kppfck s`prk

    fbfcgkto, prfvfl`c` o sfdufcto kppr`ggo= \of H`rgfs (\H), Kbtfrcktf Qkte

    (KQ), Wpfgohog B`gkb ^fsostkcgf (WB^).

    \H (kppr`ggo` lo top` Oclorfgt Lfsodc)= jodbo`rk bk g`ctocuot, bkluttobot f bk rol`clkczk strutturkbf jflokctf ob huczo`ckjfct` k gktfckrok

    lfdbo ojpkbgkto (tofs) gef ocgktfckc` bflohogo` oc prfsfczk lo kzo`co

    kc`jkbf.

    KQ (kppr`ggo` lo top` Lorfgt Lfsodc)= rogeoflf kb pr`dfttostk lo

    dkrkctorf gef bk strutturk sok gkpkgf lo hkr p`ctf s`prk uc fbfjfct`

    strutturkbf roj`ss` f gef ob lkccfddokjfct` c`c supfro o bojoto hosskto lkb

    g`logf stfss`.WB^ (kppr`ggo` lo top` Lorfgt Lfsodc)= so rogeoflf gef `dco fbfjfct`

    strutturkbf kb lo s`prk lfb qukbf bflohogo` c`c sok po oc drkl` lo hkr p`ctf sok

    pr`dfttkt` g`jf uc fbfjfct` geokvf (ify fbfjfct), `vvfr` sok oc drkl` lo

    s`pp`rtkrf uck prfsso`cf stktogk lo 7< iC/j>.

    BVCO FC ;??1, gef h`rcosgf bf nkso lfbbk pr`dfttkzo`cf strutturkbf

    vkbolf pfr tutto dbo Fur`g`logo, lk oclogkzo`co j`bt` dfcfrkbo oc jfrot` kbbf

    kzo`co fggfzo`ckbo prfsgrovfcl` gef uck strutturk sok pr`dfttktk f rfkbozzktk

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    kb pkr. ?.;1 \yocd systfjs

    prfsgrovf gef bf strutturf c`c pr`dfttktf pfr rfsostfrf kl kzo`co fggfzo`ckbo

    lfnnkc` kvfrf uc sostfjk lo ocgktfckjfct` ol`cf` pfr prfvfcorf ob g`bbkss`

    k gktfck jflokctf bk grfkzo`cf lo pfrg`rso kbtfrcktovo lfbbf h`rzf octfrcf

    l`p` uc lkcc` b`gkbf f prfsgrovf kbgucf top`b`dof lo ocgktfckjfcto, `btrf klkbgucf rfd`bf lo lfttkdbo` pfr ob lojfcso`ckjfct` lo tkbo fbfjfcto. \kbo

    oclogkzo`co prktogkjfctf g`ocgol`c` g`c qufbbf rop`rtktf lkbbf VHG

    kjfrogkcf prfgflfctfjfctf octr`l`ttf.

    Bf C`rjf \fgcogef pfr bf G`struzo`co (>115) h`rcosg`c`

    oclogkzo`co dfcfrkbo, f c`c lo lfttkdbo`, rfbktovf kl uck pr`dfttkzo`cf jorktk

    k rolurrf ob rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Bf c`rjf octr`lug`c` ob g`cgftt`

    lo r`nustfzzk cfo g`chr`cto lo kzo`co fggfzo`ckbo (gkpkgot lo fvotkrf lkcco

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    6

    spr`p`rzo`ckto rospftt` kbbfctot lfbbf gkusf occfsgkcto qukbo ocgfclo`,

    fspb`so`co, urto).

    Oc jfrot` kbbk r`nustfzzk bf C\G rop`rtkc` kb pkrkdrkh` 7.;.; Oc

    hksf lo pr`dftt`, bk r`nustfzzk lfbb`pfrk lfvf fssfrf vfrohogktk ojp`cfcl`

    kzo`co c`jockbo g`cvfczo`ckbo, oc kddouctk kbbf kbtrf kzo`co fspbogotf (c`c

    sosjogef f lk vfct`), kppbogktf sfg`cl` luf lorfzo`co `rozz`ctkbo `rt`d`ckbo

    f g`csostfcto oc uck hrkzo`cf lfo gkrogeo pkro kbb;%, kb hocf lo vfrohogkrf ob

    g`jp`rtkjfct` g`jpbfssov`.

    Oc jkcofrk sfjprf lfb tutt` dfcfrkbf kb gkpot`b` 7.8 Kzo`co

    fggfzo`ckbo, bf c`rjf rfgotkc` g`s= Bf kzo`co fggfzo`ckbo s`c` qufbbf gef

    so prfsfctkc` oc `ggkso`cf lo fvfcto qukbo ocgfclo, fspb`so`co fl

    urto.[ukcl` c`c so fhhfttukc` vfrohogef spfgohogef cfo g`chr`cto lfbbf

    kzo`co fggfzo`ckbo, qukbo fspb`so`co, urto, fgg., bk g`cgfzo`cf strutturkbf, o

    lfttkdbo g`struttovo fl o jktfrokbo uskto l`vrkcc` fssfrf tkbo lk fvotkrf gef bk

    strutturk p`ssk fssfrf lkccfddoktk oc josurk spr`p`rzo`cktk rospftt` kbbk

    gkusk.

    ;.

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    8

    j`l` gef ob lkcc` dfcfrkt` rfsto b`gkbozzkt` f sf cf sg`cdouro

    quoclo uck suk pr`pkdkzo`cf.

    >. ^fsostfczk b`gkbf spfgohogk Wpfgohog B`gkb ^fsostkcgf

    (WB^), ob qukbf rogeoflf gef bflohogo`, ` kbgucf pkrto lo fss`,

    p`ssoflkc` suhhogofctf rfsostfczk pfr rfsostfrf kbb` spfgohog`

    gkrog` gef p`trfnnf dfcfrkrf ob g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`.

    Geokrkjfctf qufstubtojk vok c`c pu fssfrf sfduotk qukcl` bf

    kzo`co oc do`g` s`c` kc`jkbf fl fggfzo`ckbo, pr`pro` k gkusk

    lfbboclftfrjocktfzzk lfo gkrogeo lk kssujfrf k nksf lo pr`dftt`.

    Ob jft`l` lfo pfrg`rso kbtfrcktovo lo gkrogeo lk pfr sg`ctkt` ocvfgfgef sok stktk do voctk bk rfsostfczk b`gkbf lfdbo fbfjfcto lorfttkjfctf

    s`ddftto kbbkzo`cf fggfzo`ckbf f gef quoclo lfnnk fssfrf ob rfst` lfbbf

    strutturk k hr`ctfddokrf tkbo kzo`co f g`csfctorcf bk rolostronuzo`cf cfbbf

    rfdo`co c`c lkccfddoktf trkjotf o pr`pro rfquosoto lo g`ctocuot, opfrstktogot,

    rol`clkczk f luttobot. [ufstkppr`ggo` prfsgoclf quoclo lkbbfvfct` gef ek

    pr`l`tt` ob lkccfddokjfct` ` bfbojockzo`cf lo uc lftfrjockt` fbfjfct`

    strutturkbf, f so bojotk k stulokrf ob g`jp`rtkjfct` lfbbflohogo` oc sfduot` klfss`.

    Bkppr`ggo` oclorftt` g`csolfrk bk rfsostfczk kb g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`

    ojpbogotkjfctf kttrkvfrs` bk h`rcoturk lo bovfbbo jocojo lo rfsostfczk,

    g`ctocuot f luttobot. Bf KWGF 4 h`rcosg`c` lfbbf bocff duolk dfcfrkbo f

    suddfrojfcto pfr jodbo`rkrf boctfdrot strutturkbf, jk c`c lkcc` rfquosoto

    qukctotktovo pfr bk pr`dfttkzo`cf sok lorfttk gef oclorfttk cfo g`chr`cto lfb

    g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Q`ss`c` fssfrf g`s rokssuctf tkbo oclogkzo`co=

    ;) Nu`ck rdkcozzkzo`cf lfbbk pokctk

    >) Wostfjk octfdrkt` lo torkcto (fhhftt` gktfckrok)

    7) ^ot`rc` lfo gkrogeo suo juro p`rtkcto

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    4

    4) ^kddo` lkzo`cf lfo juro p`rtkcto

    5) ^ol`clkczk lfo sostfjo strutturkbo

    ?) Luttobot

    ;1)

    ^och`rzo kllozo`ckbo pfr fspb`so`cf ` bocvfrso`cf lfb

    gkrog`

    ;;) G`struzo`cf g`c g`jpkrtojfcto stkdco

    ;.).

    Bk g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` lfb s`bko` pfr ob gkbg`b` lfbbk tof h`rgf

    cfgfsskrok bk sfdufctf=

    wH: ;.>L + 1.6B

    l`vf=

    wH: gkrog` sub s`bko`L : gkrogeo pfrjkcfcto

    B : gkrogeo vkroknobo

    Cfb gks` oc guo kbgucf pkrto lfbbk strutturk sokc` s`ddfttf k gkrogeo lo

    jkddo`rf fctot so sfduf bk pr`gflurk ocsfrotk cfbbk c`rjk pfr ob gkbg`b`

    lfbbf kzo`co rosubtkcto.

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    5

    Hodurk ;. Kzo`cf rolostronuotk pfr vok gktfckrok

    Hodurk >. Cu`v` kppr`ggo` \of h`rgf oc uck strutturk octfbkoktk

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    ?

    Hodurk 7. Xfggeo` kppr`ggo` \of h`rgf oc uck strutturk octfbkoktk

    ;. ol`clkczk

    Bf strutturf lfv`c` fssfrf pr`dfttktf oc j`l` gef lo hr`ctf kbbk pfrlotk lokbguco fbfjfcto, go sokc` lfo pfrg`rso lo gkrog` kbtfrcktovo gef fvotoc` ob

    g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Wf ob sostfjk rol`clkctf, bk pfrlotk lo uc` ` po

    fbfjfcto procgopkbo c`c l`vrfnnf gkuskrf ob g`bbkss` p`oge o gkrogeo gef

    projk frkc` s`pp`rtkto lkbbfbfjfct` lkccfddokt` p`ss`c` fssfrf trkshfroto

    kdbo kbtro fbfjfcto lfbbk strutturk.

    Cfb gks` lfb T`rbl \rklf Gfctfr ; (T\G;) so pu vflfrf uc sostfjk

    rftog`bkrf p`st` subbk g`pfrturk lfbbk t`rrf (hodurk 7.;) gef h`rcosgf lfo

    pfrg`rso lo gkrog` kbtfrcktovo cfb gks` lfbbk pfrlotk lo fbfjfcto procgopkbo lo

    supp`rt` YNyhofbl >114Z.

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    ;1

    Hodurk 7.;. Wfzo`cf lfb T\G; l`vf so vflf uc sostfjk oc g`pfrturk gef grfk pfrg`rso lo gkrog`

    kbtfrcktovo

    Oc`btrf, bk rol`clkczk kbbk strutturk pu fssfrf h`rcotk kcgef k bovfbb` b`gkbf

    g`c bkujfct` lfbbk rfsostfczk lfdbo fbfjfcto po vubcfrknobo, gef p`ss`c`

    fssfrf g`bpoto lk kzo`co kggolfctkbo, g`c bfvolfctf lohhog`bt lo p`tfr stknoborf

    qukbo s`c` qufsto fbfjfcto f s`prkttutt` bkzo`cf gef p`tr ocvfstorbo YCkor

    >117Z.

    Lk qukct` lftt` so lflugf gef bk pr`dfttkzo`cf lfbbf strutturf gef p`ss`c`

    fssfrf s`tt`p`stf k gkrogeo fggfzo`ckbo lo lohhogobf prfvoso`cf lfvf p`ssflfrf

    uc fbfvkt` bovfbb` lo rol`clkczk gef pr`vvflk k h`rcorf uc klfdukt`

    jfggkcosj` (pfrg`rso lo gkrog` kbtfrcktovo) pfr fvotkrf ob g`bbkss`

    pr`drfssov`.

    Cfbbk sfdufctf hodurk so p`ss`c` vflfrf luf sostfjo g`struttovo. Ob proj` ekuc fbfvkt` bovfbb` lo rol`clkczk, jfctrf ob sfg`cl` ek uc nkss` bovfbb` lo

    rol`clkczk.

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    ;;

    Hodurk7=\`rro g`c uc kbt` bovfbb` lo rol`clkczk (;) f g`c uc nkss` bovfbb` lo rol`clkczk (>)

    YNyhofbl >114Z

    ;.

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    ;>

    Oc`btrf bk rol`clkczk hkv`rosgf bkrrov` lfb gkrog` jkssoj` lo

    scfrvkjfct` oc lovfrsf p`sozo`co subbk strutturk, kujfctkcl` g`s bk

    p`ssonobot gef ob lkcc` rfsto gorg`sgrott`.

    n)

    Vs` lo fbfjfcto f lfttkdbo strutturkbo luttobo= sf dbo fbfjfcto

    strutturkbo spfrojfctkc` do ob supfrkjfct` lfb bojotf fbkstog` oc hksf lo

    fsfrgozo` sfczk jko kvfr spfrojfctkt` ob g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`, go

    tr`vokj` oc uck p`sozo`cf kbqukct` grotogk. Ochktto, dbo fbfjfcto strutturkbo

    lfv`c` spfrojfctkrf ob supfrkjfct` lfb bojotf fbkstog` s`b` cfb gks` lo

    fvfcto fggfzo`ckbo. Wupfrkt` ob bojotf fbkstog`, g`csodboknobf hkr us` lo

    fbfjfcto kbtkjfctf luttobo gef pfrjftt`c` lo kvfrf bk rolostronuzo`cf lo

    gkrogeo fggfzo`ckbo subbk strutturk.g) Gkpkgot lo rfsostfrf k gkrogeo ocvfrso= bk gkpkgot lo rfsostfrf

    k gkrogeo ocvfrso j`bt` ojp`rtkctf qukcl` sokj` oc prfsfczk lfbbk

    pfrlotk lo uc fbfjfct` strutturkbf procgopkbf. Bk pr`dfttkzo`cf, oc qufst`

    gks`, pu rogfvfrf uc kout` lkbbf tfgcogef lo pr`dfttkzo`cf sosjogk.

    l) Gkpkgot lo rfsostfrf kbb` sefkr hkoburf (r`tturk pfr tkdbo`)=

    dbo fbfjfcto strutturkbo lfv`c` g`csfrvkrf uck suhhogofctf rfsostfczk f

    luttobot s`tt` fvfcto lo gkrog` fggfzo`ckbo pfr p`tfr g`ctrkstkrf uc` sefkrhkoburf. Wf bk gkpkgot lo tkdbo` vofcf supfrktk projk lfbbk gkpkgot

    hbfsso`ckbf, so kvr uck r`tturk ojpr`vvosk (bf r`tturf pfr tkdbo` s`c`

    ojpr`vvosf f hrkdobo), kczoge uck r`tturk luttobf. Go ek kbtf pr`nknobot

    lo p`rtkrf bk strutturk kb g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`.

    Bk YDWKZ h`rcosgf bf sfdufcto prfsgrozo`co lk g`csolfrkrf lurkctf bk

    hksf lo pr`dfttkzo`cf lfdbo flohogo=G`csolfrkzo`co sub g`jp`rtkjfct` b`gkbf=

    k) G`ctocuot trk trkvo lovfrsf= Qr`vvflfrf kbbk g`ctocuot trk

    trkvo lohhfrfcto cfb pr`dftt` lo uck g`ccfsso`cf cfbbf strutturf oc kggoko`

    g`csolfrkt` h`clkjfctkbf pfr p`tfr knnksskrf ob p`tfczokbf lo g`bbkss`

    pr`drfssov`. g`jpot` lfbbocdfdcfrf strutturkbf loj`strkrf gef ob

    sostfjk lo g`ccfsso`cf trkvf-g`b`cck-trkvf kl`ttkt` sok oc drkl` lo

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    ;7

    rolostronuorf o gkrogeo pfr lovfrsf g`clozo`co (kl fsfjpo` bk roj`zo`cf

    lfbbk g`b`cck).

    n)^fsobofczk lfbbf g`ccfsso`co= ^osubtk kbqukct` cfgfsskro` gef

    bf g`ccfsso`co sokc` oc p`ssfss` lo rfsobofczk pfr p`tfr knnksskrf ob

    p`tfczokbf lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. [ufstk pr`proft sfrvf pfr g`ctrkstkrf

    bk pfrlotk ostkctkcfk lo uc supp`rt` vfrtogkbf.

    g) ^ol`clkczk lfbbf g`ccfsso`co= Kvfrf uck rol`clkczk lfbbf

    g`ccfsso`co g`csfctf pfrg`rso lo gkrog` lohhfrfcto cfb gks` oc guo go sok bk

    pfrlotk lo uc fbfjfct` strutturkbf. Vc fsfjpo` lo g`ccfsso`cf lfttk

    trklozo`ckbf j`strktk oc hodurk 7.7 l`vf vofcf ocgbusk bk

    rkpprfsfctkzo`cf lfbbf lfh`rjktf hbfsso`ckbo s`tt` bochbufczk lfo s`bogkrogeo drkvotkzo`ckbo. G`jf so pu vflfrf oc hodurk 7.< qukcl` ob

    sostfjk s`ddftt` kbbk roj`zo`cf lfbbk g`b`cck, bk bugf lfbbk trkvf

    lovfctk l`ppok. ^ojkcf g`s ob lunno` gef bk g`chodurkzo`cf `rodockrok

    sok oc drkl` lo s`stfcfrf bk cu`vk rolostronuzo`cf lfo gkrogeo l`vutk kbbk

    pfrlotk lfbbk g`b`cck. Go lopfclf sok lkb top` lo g`ccfsso`cf trkvf-

    g`b`cck-trkvf kb gfctr`, gef lkb top` lo g`ccfsso`cf trkvf-g`b`cck kbbf

    fstrfjot.

    Hodurk117Z

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    ;117Z

    l) Gkpkgot r`tkzo`ckbf lfbbf g`ccfsso`co= W`btkct` bf

    g`ccfsso`co trkvf-g`b`cck pfr bf qukbo stktk kggfrtktk bk b`r` qukbot

    kttrkvfrs` lfo tfst fsfduoto su sgkbk rfkbf gef ekcc` vfrohogkt` ob b`r`

    bovfbb` lo gkpkgot r`tkzo`ckbf, l`vrfnnfr` fssfrf usktf cfbbk g`struzo`cf

    lfo cu`vo flohogo pfr kttfcukrf ob p`tfczokbf lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`.

    drkzof kbbk luttobot lfbbf g`ccfsso`co gef o sostfjo lo trkvo oc uck

    strutturk oc kggoko` so p`ss`c` klkttkrf k lovfrsf g`clozo`co lo gkrog`

    l`vutf kbbk pfrlotk lo uck g`b`cck. Bk rogfrgk ek j`strkt` gef oc j`bto

    gkso, khhocge vfcdk rkddouct` ob suggfss` lo uck g`ccfsso`cf trkvf-

    g`b`cck oc uck g`chodurkzo`cf g`c ob l`ppo` lfbbk bugf ocozokbf, c`c

    nkstk gef fssk knnok kbtf gkpkgot lo krrovkrf kbbk g`clozo`cf lo gfrcofrk

    pbkstogk jk so lfvf jkctfcfrf uck suhhogofctf gkpkgot lo p`rtkrf gkrogeo

    kssokbo sok lk pkrtf lfbbk trkvf gef lfbbk g`ccfsso`cf l`vf vofcf roj`ssk

    bk g`b`cck.

    f) Lftfrjockzo cf lfbbk rogeofstk lo rfsostfczk lfbbf

    g`ccfsso`co= Ochocf, pfr g`jpbftkrf ob pr`dftt` ` boclkdocf su uc lkt`

    top` lo g`ccfsso`cf trkvf-g`b`cck (pfr fsfjpo` bk gkbonrkturk lfo poktto,

    lfo nubb`co, lfbbf skblkturf gef grfkc` bk g`ccfsso`cf), nos`dck

    lftfrjockrf bk rfsostfczk rogeofstk k tkdbo` f hbfsso`cf pfr `dco sfzo`cf

    grotogk. @dco g`ccfsso`cf p`trfnnf kvfrf lfbbf sfzo`co grotogef lohhfrfcto

    pfr bf qukbo bk s`bbfgotkzo`cf l`vrfnnf fssfrf gkbg`bktk, k gkusk lfbbf

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    ;6

    lohhfrfctf df`jftrof f/` jktfrokbo ojpofdkto. Bk rogeofstk lo rfsostfczk

    lfbbf g`ccfsso`co pfr bf sfzo`co grotogef p`trfnnf fssfrf gkbg`bktk g`c bk

    lftfrjockzo`cf lfb puct` oc guo so h`rjkc` bf gfrcofrf pbkstogef. \r`vktk

    bk p`sozo`cf so lftfrjock bk drkclfzzk lfb j`jfct` oc qufst` puct` lfb

    lokdrkjjk gef pkro kb j`jfct` pbkstog` lfbbk sfzo`cf Jpb: Tpby (bk

    p`sozo`cf lfbbf gfrcofrf pbkstogef pu fssfrf tr`vktk kttrkvfrs` lfo tfst

    gogbogo k sgkbk rfkbf gef s`c` dfcfrkbjfctf uskto pfr qukctohogkrf bk

    gkpkgot r`tkzo`ckbf lfbbf g`ccfsso`co). Ob pkss` suggfssov` qufbb` lo

    trkggokrf ob lokdrkjjk lfb j`jfct` lfbbk trkvf pfr bk g`clozo`cf oc guo

    bk bugf lfbbk trkvf rkll`ppoktk g`jf j`strkt` oc hodurk 7.6.

    W`vrkpp`cfcl` ob puct` lo gfrcofrk pbkstogk c`t` sub lokdrkjjk lfbj`jfct`, pkrtfcl` lkb puct` lo h`rjkzo`cf lfb j`jfct` pbkstog` f

    g`ctocukc` vfrs` bkssf lfbbk g`b`cck roj`ssk, p`trfnnf fssfrf

    hkgobjfctf lftfrjockt` bocgrfjfct` lfbbk l`jkclk lo rfsostfczk pfr

    `dco g`ccfsso`cf.

    Hodurk 8= Lokdrkjjk lfb j`jfct` l`vut` kbbk roj`kzo`cf lfbbk g`b`cck pfr

    lftrjockrf bk rogeofstk lo rfsostfczk lfbbf g`ccfsso`co pfr `dco fbfjfct` lo g`ccfsso`cf YDWK

    >117Z

    G`csolfrkzo`co sub g`jp`rtkjfct` db`nkbf=

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    ;8

    ^ol`clkczk lfbbk strutturk db`nkbf= Bus` lo uc sostfjk strutturkbf lo

    rfsostfczk gef sok rol`clkctf oc lorfzo`cf vfrtogkbf f oc lorfzo`cf `rozz`ctkbf

    h`rtfjfctf ocg`rkddokt` qukcl` so pkrbk lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Vck

    sostfjk db`nkbf rol`clkctf tfclf k h`rcorf bk strutturk lo uck jkddo`rf

    r`nustfzzk strutturkbf gef koutk kl kssogurkrf lfo pfrg`rso kbtfrcktovo lo

    gkrog` pfrg`rronobo cfb gks` oc guo go sok uck kzo`cf kc`jkbk gef p`ssk

    pr`v`gkrf bk pfrlotk lo uc fbfjfct` strutturkbf procgopkbf. Oc po, bk

    rol`clkczk strutturkbf pr`vvflf k losb`gkrf oc lovfrso pucto lfbbk strutturk b`

    scfrvkjfct` lfdbo fbfjfcto, gef ocgrfjfctk bk p`ssonobot gef ob lkcc`

    rojkcdk gorg`sgrott`.

    ;.

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    ;4

    Kcgef bkbtfzzk hrk o pokco l`vrfnnf fssfrf rog`cl`ttk

    k bovfbbo kggfttknobo f g`jucquf c`c supfro`rf ko

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    ;5

    Hodurk4=Wgefjklfbb'flohog ksfduot lfbbkpfrlotkloucpobkstr pfrojftrkbf

    Hodurk5=Q`tfczokbfjfggkcosj`lonypksskbbflfhogofczkstrutturkbf

    Bfbojockzo`cf lfbbk g`b`cck j`lohogk botocfrkro` gef o gkrogeo

    sfdu`c` oc g`clozo`co stktogef f dfcfrk lfbbf h`rzf `rozz`ctkbo g`jf so pu

    octuorf lk g`clozo`co lo fquobonro` lfb c`l`. \kbo kzo`co s`jodbokc` oc

    qukbgef j`l` k qufbbf dfcfrktf lk uc sosjk jk b`gkbozzktf f lo fbfvktk

    octfcsot.

    Cfb gks` oc guo so supfrkssf bk rfsostfczk lfbbf tkjp`ckturf k gkusk

    lfbbfbfvkt` vkb`rf lo lfh`rjkzo`cf rkddouct` lkbbf jkdbof, dbo ucogo

    fbfjfcto oc drkl` lo p`rtkrf o gkrogeo ko pobkstro klokgfcto skrkcc` bf trkvo.

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    ;?

    Hodurk?=Khholkjfct lfogkrogeos`pp`rtktokbbfs`bftrkvog`cvfrdfctoocucc`l`

    Khhocge uck strutturk sok oc drkl` lo kttovkrf qufsto jfggkcosjo lo

    trkshfrojfct` ` ny-pkss lfbbf kzo`co l`vutf kb lkccfddokjfct` lo uck lfbbf

    g`b`ccf cfgfsskro` gef dbo fbfjfcto gef b` g`jp`cd`c` sok klfduktkjfctf

    lojfcso`ckto f jutukjfctf g`ccfsso hrk lo b`r`. Qr`pro` bk r`tturk lo uc` lo

    qufsto fbfjfcto pu pr`v`gkrf boctfrruzo`cf lfb ny-pkss f

    g`csfdufctfjfctf uc loskstr`s` g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Cfdbo sgefjo s`prk

    pr`p`sto p`ssonobf octuorf qukbo sokc` bf g`jp`cfcto lfb sostfjk strutturkbf

    jkddo`rjfctf ojpfdcktf oc qufst` hfc`jfc`=

    - Bk pobkstrktk oc guo so op`tozzkt` ob g`bbkss`, gef p`trfnnf fssfrf

    s`ddfttk k trkzo`cf

    - Bf trkvo fl o s`bko gef rogfv`c` bf spoctf `rozz`ctkbo

    - Bf jurkturf g`ocv`btf cfo pfrg`rso `nboquo

    - Bf luf pobkstrktf g`ctoduf k qufbbk oc guo g`bbkssktk bk g`b`cck (

    qufsto fbfjfcto s`c` g`strftto k p`rtkrf ochktto `btrf kb b`r` gkrog`vfrtogkbf, kcgef qufbb` kddouctov` gef projk drkvkvk subbkbtrk

    pobkstrktk)

    - Bf strutturf lo h`clkzo`cf lfbbf luf pobkstrktf s`prk fbfcgktf gef

    rogfvfrkcc` uc ocgrfjfct` lo gkrog`

    - Ob tfrrfc` lo h`clkzo`cf s`tt`stkctf bf luf pobkstrktf

    - O c`lo trkvf-g`b`cck

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    >1

    Wf uc` lo qufsto fbfjfcto l`vfssf gflfrf, bf kzo`co gfrgefrfnnfr` uc

    cu`v` pfrg`rs` gef sogurkjfctf rogeoflfrfnnf vkb`ro jkddo`ro lo

    lfh`rjkzo`cf s`prkttutt` k gkrog` lfbbf trkvo, gef sf c`c oc p`ssfss` lo

    fbfvkto vkb`ro lo luttobot g`bbkssfrfnnfr` pr`drfssovkjfctf.

    Vc kbtr` p`ssonobf fl fhhogkgf jfggkcosj` lo ny-pkss lfo gkrogeo

    qufbb` gef so nksk sub huczo`ckjfct` k gktfckrok lfdbo ojpkbgkto, `vvfr`

    ob \of H`rgfs (\H). \kbf huczo`ckjfct` rogeoflf gef bf krjkturf `rozz`ctkbo

    lfdbo ojpkbgkto sokc` pr`dfttktf fl `rdkcozzktf oc j`l` lk p`tfr rogfvfrf

    robfvkcto kzo`co `rozz`ctkbo lo trkzo`cf gef so dfcfrkc` lurkctf ob hfc`jfc`

    lfb g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Oc qufstk sotukzo`cf o s`bko` skrfnnfr` geokjkto k

    bkv`rkrf g`jf uck jfjnrkck vocg`bktk bucd` o n`rlo kdbo sp`stkjfcto`rozz`ctkbo f vfrtogkbo. [ufsto pkccfbbo ochktto, l`p` uck projk hksf oc guo

    jkcohfstkc` uc g`jp`rtkjfct` hbfsso`ckbf, oc sfduot` kbbk r`tturk lfbbf z`cf

    grotogef, kttovkc` uc jfggkcosj` k gktfckrok gef geokrkjfctf bfdkt` k

    lfh`rjkzo`co robfvkcto. Oc huczo`cf lfbb`rloturk lfo s`bko qufstk jfjnrkck

    p`tr fssfrf uco ` nolorfzo`ckbf.

    Hodurk;1=Jfggkcosjolo\ofH`rgfpfrobtrkshfrojfct lfogkrogeo

    Ojp`rtkczk lfgosovk cfbbkttovkzo`cf lo tkbf jfggkcosj` do`gktk lk

    uck g`rrfttk losp`sozo`cf lfo lfttkdbo lo kcg`rkddo` f lo douczo`cf lfbbf

    nkrrf gef hucd`c` lk gktfcf `btrf kbbocsfrojfct` lo stkhhf cfo c`lo. F

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    >;

    cfgfsskro` ochktto, khhocge ob huczo`ckjfct` k gktfckrok sok kttovknobf, gef ob

    rfst` lfbbk strutturk p`ssk fquobonrkrf ob tor` kbbfstrfjot lfbbk gktfckrok

    stfssk.

    Qfr qukct` rodukrlk o s`bko ucolorfzo`ckbo h`clkjfctkbf gef vo sok

    g`ctocuot hrk bf nkrrf lo krjkturk ochfro`ro lk p`rtkrso kttrkvfrs` uc c`l`.

    Oc hodurk p`ssonobf vflfrf ob jfggkcosj` lo rfsostfczk gef so pu

    ocstkurkrf oc uc sostfjk gef s`ddftt` kbbk roj`zo`cf lo uck g`b`cck

    g`csolfrkcl` qukbotktovkjfctf s`b` ob g`ctronut` lfbbf trkvo.

    Hodurk;;=Jfggkcosj` lo rfsostfczk l`p` bk roj`zo`cf lo uck g`b`cck YEkjnurdfr >117Z

    Bk jkddo`r pkrtf lfo pr`dftto trksgurkc` bk p`ssonobot gef so p`ssk

    svobuppkrf uc jfggkcosj` lo rfsostfczk pfr vok gktfckrok f so khholkc`

    ojpbogotkjfctf kb sostfjk lo rfsostfczk hbfsso`ckbf.

    Cfo sostfjo oc guo bf g`ccfsso`co s`c` k pkrzokbf roprostoc` lfbbf

    s`bbfgotkzo`co, bk rolostronuzo`cf lfbbf kzo`co cfb gks` lfbbk pfrlotk lfbbk

    g`b`cck pu kvvfcorf kttrkvfrs` bkzo`cf gktfckrok.

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    GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    >>

    Qfr p`tfr kvfrf uck kzo`cf gktfckrok bf g`ccfsso`co trkvf-g`b`cck f

    trkvf-g`b`cck-trkvf cfb puct` oc guo vofcf roj`ssk bk g`b`cck, lfv`c`

    p`ssflfrf uck klfduktk luttobot f rfsostfczk kbbk trkzo`cf YNyhofbl &

    Qkrkjkvoskc >114Z.

    Hocge bf g`ccfsso`co ekcc` uck `ttojk rfsostfczk kdbo sh`rzo lo

    trkzo`cf, oc j`l` tkbf lk p`tfr kttukrf uc g`jp`rtkjfct` gktfckro`, c`c

    cfgfsskro` gef go sok bk jkssojk rfsostfczk kbbf kzo`co hbfsso`ckbo cfb pokc`

    YEkjnurdfr >117Z.

    Hodurk ;>=Fquobonro` gktfckro` lfbbf h`rzf pfr r`tkzo`co lovfrsf

    Fhhfttukcl` uck kckboso lfbbfquobonro` kbbkzo`cf gktfckrok pfr luf

    g`chodurkzo`co s`tt`p`stf kbbk stfssk h`rzk jk g`c r`tkzo`co lovfrsf, so c`tk

    gef bk s`bbfgotkzo`cf lo trkzo`cf lojocuosgf kbbkujfctkrf lfbbkcd`b` lo

    r`tkzo`cf .

    Cfb gks` oc guo so ocstkuro uc jfggkcosj` gktfckro`, bkujfct` lfbbf

    gkpkgot r`tkzo`ckbo lfbbf g`ccfsso`co, g`jp`rtk uck lojocuzo`cf lfbb`

    sh`rz` lo trkzo`cf subbk trkvf f subbk g`ccfsso`cf stfssk rolugfcl` g`s ob

    rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`.

    Bf gkpkgot r`tkzo`ckbo ocfbkstogef lfbbf g`ccfsso`co rkpprfsfctkc`

    quoclo, uc pkrkjftr` h`clkjfctkbf pfr g`ctr`bbkrf o jfggkcosjo lo top`

    gktfckro`.

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    GKQO\@B@>BOCFF DVOLK DWK G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    >7

    GKQO\@B@ >

    BOCFF DVOLK DWK

    Qr`drfssovf g`bbkpsf os k sotukto`c wefrf b`gkb

    hkoburf `h k projkry strugturkb g`jp`cfct bfkls t` tef

    g`bbkpsf `h klm`ococd jfjnfrs weoge, oc turc, bfkls t`

    klloto`ckb g`bbkpsf. Efcgf, tef t`tkb lkjkdf os

    lospr`p`rto`cktf t` tef `rodockb gkusf.

    >.; G`bbkss` Qr`drfssov` sfg`cl` DWK

    Bk V.W Dfcfrkb Wfrvogf Kljocostrkto`c (DWK) ek svobuppkt`=

    Qr`drfssovf G`bbkpsf Kckbysos kcl Lfsodc Duolfbocfs h`r Cfw Hflfrkb

    @hhogf Nuoblocds kcl Jkm`r J`lfrcozkto`c Qr`mfgts, g`c b`nnofttov` lo

    rolurrf dbo fhhftto lfb g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` cfdbo flohogo g`bpoto lk kzo`co

    lockturk fggfzo`ckbf, dfcfrkbjfctf c`c prfvostf oc hksf pr`dfttukbf lko

    g`logo c`rjktovo. Ob bkv`r` ocozokt` cfb ;???, ek h`rcot` ob proj` tfst` cfb

    >111 f bk vfrso`cf lfhocotovk cfb >117.

    Cfb tfst` vfcd`c` h`rcoto o grotfro lo pr`dfttkzo`cf pfr dbo flohogo

    fsp`sto kb rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` f bf jft`l`b`dof lo kckboso pfr

    vfrohogkrf sf tkbo flohogo sokc` oc drkl` ` jfc` lo sunorf lkcco spr`p`sotkto

    rospftt` kbbk gkusk sgktfckctf.

    B` sg`p` procgopkbf lfbbk DWK qufbb` lo h`rcorf ko pr`dfttosto dbo

    strujfcto cfgfsskro pfr bk roluzo`cf lfb rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` cfbbf

    strutturf lo cu`vk pr`dfttkzo`cf f o jft`lo lo kckboso pfr bk vkbutkzo`cf lfb

    rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` cfbbf strutturf fsostfcto.

    Bk c`rjk c`c spfgohogk qukbo s`c` bf kzo`co fggfzo`ckbo g`ctr` bf

    qukbo bk strutturk lfvf rfsostfrf (o.f. kttkggeo tfrr`rostogo lockjotkrlo), nfcs so

    g`cgfctrk subbk r`nustcfss gef `dco strutturk lfvf p`ssflfrf pfr p`tfr

    g`ctrkstkrf o hfc`jfco lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`.

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    GKQO\@B@>BOCFF DVOLK DWK G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    >.> Kckboso stktogk bocfkrf sfg`cl` DWK

    Bk DWK prfvflf gef bkckboso strutturkbf vfcdk fhhfttuktk kttrkvfrs`

    bkckboso stktogk bocfkrf kb pkss` lfb j`lfbb` g`c kddo`rckjfct` jkcukbf

    lfbbk jktrogf lo rodolfzzk lfbbk strutturk.

    Bk g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` kbbk qukbf so s`tt`p`cf boctfrk strutturk

    g`s lfhocotk=

    B`kl : > ( LB + 1,>6 BB )

    l`vf=

    LB : gkrogeo pfrjkcfcto

    BB : gkrogeo vkroknobo

    jfctrf ob hktt`rf > rkpprfsfctk ob hktt`rf lo ocgrfjfct` lockjog` lfb

    gkrog` lfrovkctf lkbbkppbogkzo`cf lo uc gkrog` ojpubsov` kbbk strutturk.

    Qksso lk sfduorf pfr bkckboso=

    so gkrogk bk strutturk g`jf vost` prfgflfctfjfctf

    so pr`gflf kbbk roj`zo`cf ostkctkcfk lo uc fbfjfct` lo

    supp`rt` vfrtogkbf kb proj` pokc` g`jf j`strkt` oc hodurk (so fbojock

    uck g`b`cck kbbk v`btk bucd` o luf bkto lfbbk strutturk, cfbbkcd`b` f kb

    gfctr`).

    Hodurk ;. Kppr`ggo` g`rftt` fl ocg`rrftt` pfr bk roj`zo`cf lfbbf g`b`ccf

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    GKQO\@B@>BOCFF DVOLK DWK G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    >6

    Hodurk >. ]`cf lo roj`zo`cf lfdbo fbfjfcto lo supp`rt` vfrtogkbf

    so fhhfttuk bkckboso lfbbk strutturk

    so vfrohogk qukbo fbfjfcto strutturkbo fggfl`c` ob LG^ f so j`lohogk bk

    jktrogf lo rodolfzzk lfbbk strutturk g`s g`jf spofdkt` lo sfduot`=

    sf ob LG^ lo uc fbfjfct` supfrk ob vkb`rf jkssoj` k gkusk lo

    s`bbfgotkzo`co tkdbokcto bfbfjfct` vofcf g`csolfrkt` hkbbot`9 sf ob LG^

    vofcf supfrkt` k gkusk lo s`bbfgotkzo`co hbfsso`ckbo so ocsfrosgf uck

    gfrcofrk f vofcf kppbogktk uck g`ppok lo j`jfcto pkro k qufbb` rfsostfctf

    lfbbfbfjfct`

    Wo robkcgok bkckboso hoc` k gef cfssuc fbfjfct` c`c fggflf ob LG^.

    Ob rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` vofcf fhhfttukt` vkbutkcl` bf lojfcso`co

    lfbbf pkrto lfbbk strutturk gef c`c ekcc` rfsostot` kbbk roj`zo`cf ostkctkcfk lo

    uc fbfjfct` lo supp`rt` vfrtogkbf. Bk strutturk so tr`vk cfbbk g`clozo`cf lo

    nkss` rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` sf ob lkcc` strutturkbf c`c fggflf

    lftfrjocktf lojfcso`co h`rcotf lkbbk c`rjk g`jf j`strkt` oc hodurk=

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    GKQO\@B@>BOCFF DVOLK DWK G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    >8

    Hodurk 7. Lojfcso`co jkssojf lfbbf krff gef p`ss`c` lkccfddokrso k sfduot` lfbbk roj`zo`cf lo

    uck g`b`cck

    Bk vkbutkzo`cf lfbbf gkpkgot rfsostfcto lfdbo fbfjfcto strutturkbo vofcf

    fhhfttuktk jflokctf ob LG^ (Lfjkcl Gkpkgoty ^kto`) gef rkpprfsfctk ob

    rkpp`rt` trk bk rfsostfczk rogeofstk f qufbbk gef bfbfjfct` strutturkbf pu

    h`rcorf.

    Kttrkvfrs` ob LG^ so vkbutk sf uc fbfjfct` strutturkbf pu g`csolfrkrsooctfdr`, hkbbot` ` pkrzokbjfctf hkbbot`. Vc fbfjfct` vofcf g`csolfrkt` c`c

    oc drkl` lo kss`bvfrf kbbk suk huczo`cf qukcl` fggflf ob vkb`rf lo LG^

    h`rcot` lkbbk c`rjk.

    Ob vkb`rf lo LG^ vkrok oc nksf kb top` lo strutturk (g.k. ` kggoko`) fl oc nksf

    kb top` lo fbfjfct` strutturkbf.

    Cfb gks` lo g.k. ob LG^ vkbf > pfr bf strutturf gef p`ss`c` fssfrf g`csolfrktf

    topogef jfctrf vkbf ;,6 pfr bf strutturf gef c`c p`ss`c` fssfrf g`csolfrktf

    g`jf topogef.

    Cfb gks` lfbbkggoko` ob LG^ vkrok oc huczo`cf lfb top` lo fbfjfct`

    strutturkbf gef vofcf fskjockt`, kssujfcl` vkb`ro fbfvkto pfr fbfjfcto

    s`tt`p`sto kl kzo`co hbfsso`ckbo f vkb`ro po nksso pfr fbfjfcto s`tt`p`sto k

    prfss`-hbfsso`cf. Xkb`ro po lfttkdbokto s`c` rop`rtkto kbboctfrc` lo uck

    tknfbbk prfsfctf kbboctfrc` lfbbk c`rjk f gef stktk rflkttk oc nksf kbbf

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    GKQO\@B@>BOCFF DVOLK DWK G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    >4

    oclogkzo`co gef s`c` prfsfcto cfbbf procgopkbo c`rjf f g`jjfctkro

    kjfrogkco.

    >.7 Kbtrk top`b`dof lo kckboso sfg`cl` DWK

    Bk c`rjk c`c prfgbulf kbtrf top`b`dof lo kckboso g`jf bkckboso stktogk

    c`c bocfkrf f bkckboso lockjogk bocfkrf f c`c bocfkrf gef pfrjftt`c` lo

    g`dbofrf oc jkcofrk lfgoskjfctf jodbo`rf dbo kspftto pfgubokro gkrkttfrozzkcto

    bf strutturf s`tt`p`stf kl kzo`co lo top` lockjog`.

    \uttkvok g`csodbokt` bus` lo qufstf kckboso s`b` ko pr`dfttosto po

    fspfrto gef sokc` oc drkl` lo c`c ocg`rrfrf oc frr`ro lo j`lfbbkzo`cf.

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    GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    >5

    GKQO\@B@ 7

    BOCFF DVOLK VHG

    Qr`drfssovf g`bbkpsf os k rfbktovfby rkrf fvfct, oc tef Vcotfl Wtktfs kcl `tefr

    Tfstfrc ckto`cs, ks ot rfquorfs n`te kc knc`rjkb b`klocd t` ocotoktf tef b`gkb

    lkjkdf kcl k strugturf tekt bkgis klfquktf g`ctocuoty, lugtoboty, kcl

    rfluclkcgy t` rfsost tef sprfkl h lkjkdf. E`wfvfr, sodcohogkct gksukbtofs gkc

    rfsubt wefc g`bbkpsf `ggurs. \eos os obbustrktfl ny tef Kprob ;?, ;??6 n`jnocd

    `h tef Kbhrfl Q. Jurrke nuoblocd oc @ibke`jk Goty, oc weoge tef jkm`roty `h

    tef ;85 hktkbotofs wfrf luf t` tef pkrtokb g`bbkpsf `h tef strugturf kcl c`t t`

    lorfgt nbkst fhhfgts. \ef rfgfct fsgkbkto`c `h tef l`jfstog kcl octfrckto`ckb

    tfrr`rost terfkt eks ocgrfksfl tef pr`nknoboty tekt `tefr VW d`vfrcjfct

    strugturfs wobb nf kttkgifl wote fxpb`sovfs r tefr vo`bfct jfkcs.

    tef sprfkl h kc ocotokb b`gkb hkoburf hr`j fbfjfct t` fbfjfct, fvfctukbby

    rfsubtocd oc tef g`bbkpsf h kc fctorf strugturf r k lospr`p`rto`cktfby bkrdf

    pkrt `h ot.

    7.; G`bbkss` Qr`drfssov` sfg`cl` VHG

    Ob l`gujfct` po rfgfctf pfr qukct` rodukrlk bk pr`dfttkzo`cf g`ctr`

    ob rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` f b` VHG 7-17 punnbogkt` ob ;< Budbo`

    >11? f rfvoso`ckt` ob >4 Dfccko` >1;1. \kbf l`gujfct` h`rcosgf bf bocff

    duolk pfr uck pr`dfttkzo`cf jorktk k jocojozzkrf ob rosgeo` lo g`bbkss`

    pr`drfssov` cfbbf strutturf gef p`ss`c` fssfrf s`ddfttf kl kzo`co lo ckturk

    fggfzo`ckbf. \kbf l`gujfct` pu fssfrf kppbogkt` cfbbk pr`dfttkzo`cf lfbbf

    cu`vf g`struzo`co f pfr bklfdukjfct` lo flohogo fsostfcto gef rosubtkssfr`

    fssfrf k rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Bf bocff duolk pu fssfrf kppbogktk

    kbbf strutturf oc gfjfct` krjkt`, oc kggoko`, oc jurkturk fl oc bfdc`,

    h`rcfcl` lfdbo fsfjpo kppbogktovo cfbbf kppfclogo hockbo.

    Cfb tfst` vfcd`c` h`rcoto o grotfro lo pr`dfttkzo`cf pfr dbo flohogo

    fsp`sto kb rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` f bf jft`l`b`dof lo kckboso pfr

    vfrohogkrf sf tkbo flohogo sokc` oc drkl` ` jfc` lo sunorf lkcco spr`p`sotkto

    rospftt` kbbk gkusk sgktfckctf.

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    GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    >?

    7.> Kckboso stktogk bocfkrf sfg`cl` VHG

    Bk c`rjk prfvflf bus` lfbbkckboso stktogk bocfkrf pfr tuttf bf strutturf gef

    p`ss`c` fssfrf g`csolfrktf g`jf rfd`bkro sfczk bk cfgfssot lo gkbg`bkrf ob

    LG^. Cfb gks` oc guo bk strutturk rosubtkssf orrfd`bkrf lfvf fssfrf gkbg`bkt` ob

    LG^ pfr `dco sfzo`cf f vfrohogkrf gef fss` c`c sok supfro`rf k >. Cfb gks`

    oc guo uck s`bk sfzo`cf supfrk ob vkb`rf lo LG^ prfstknobot`, bkckboso stktogk

    bocfkrf c`c pu fssfrf usktk.

    LG^

    Qfr ob gkbg`b` lfb LG^ so grfk uc j`lfbb` trolojfcso`ckbf lfbbk strutturk, so

    fhhfttuk bkckboso stktogk bocfkrf f so gkbg`bkc` o vkb`ro lo LG^ pfr `dco

    socd`b` fbfjfct`=

    LG^ : [VLBoj/[GF

    l`vf=

    [GF: bk rfsostfczk lfbbfbfjfct`

    [VLBoj : bkzo`cf cfbbffbfjfct` l`vutk ko gkrogeo

    GK^OGEO

    Bk strutturk lfvf fssfrf vfrohogktk oc luf g`clozo`co lo gkrog` lohhfrfcto= ;)

    g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` k g`ctr`bb` lo lfh`rjkzo`cf9 >) g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` k

    g`ctr`bb` lo h`rzf.

    Cfb gks` lo g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` k g`ctr`bb` lo lfh`rjkzo`cf bk

    g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` bk sfdufctf=

    Qfr bf krff vogoc` bfbfjfct` lo supp`rt` vfrtogkbf roj`ss` f qufbbf kb lo

    s`prk lo fssf so ek=

    DBL: BLY(1.? ` ;.>) L + (1.6 B ` 1.> W)Z

    L`vf=

    DBL: gkrogeo drkvotkzo`ckbo ocgrfjfctkto pfr bkckboso stktogk bocfkrf

    k g`ctr`bb` lo

    lfh`rjkzo`co

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    GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    71

    L : gkrogeo pfrjkcfcto

    B : gkrogeo vkroknobo

    W : gkrog` lk cfvf

    BL : hktt`rf lo ocgrfjfct` lockjog` pfr bkckboso stktogk bocfkrf k

    g`ctr`bb` lo lfh`rjkzo`co

    Qfr bf rfstkcto pkrto lfbbk strutturk bk g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` bk sfdufctf=

    D : (1.? ` ;.>) L + (1.6 B ` 1.> W)

    l`vf D : gkrogeo drkvotkzo`ckbo

    Cfb gks` lo g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` k g`ctr`bb` lo h`rzf bk g`clozo`cf logkrog` bk sfdufctf=

    Qfr bf krff vogoc` bfbfjfct` lo supp`rt` vfrtogkbf roj`ss` f qufbbf kb lo

    s`prk lo fssf so ek=

    DBH: BHY(1.? ` ;.>) L + (1.6 B ` 1.> W)Z

    L`vf=

    DBH: gkrogeo drkvotkzo`ckbo ocgrfjfctkto pfr bkckboso stktogk bocfkrf k

    g`ctr`bb` lo h`rzf

    L : gkrogeo pfrjkcfcto

    B : gkrogeo vkroknobo

    W : gkrog` lk cfvf

    BH : hktt`rf lo ocgrfjfct` lockjog` pfr bkckboso stktogk bocfkrf k

    g`ctr`bb` lo h`rzf

    Qfr bf rfstkcto pkrto lfbbk strutturk bk g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` bk sfdufctf=

    D : (1.? ` ;.>) L + (1.6 B ` 1.> W)

    l`vf D : gkrogeo drkvotkzo`ckbo

    Qfr tfcfrf oc g`ct` bk stknobot cfo g`chr`cto lfo gkrogeo bktfrkbo f dbo fhhftto Q-

    oc fctrkjno o gkso so kppbogk kl `dco hkggoktk lfbbflohogo`, pfr `dco

    lorfzo`cf procgopkbf (uck pfr v`btk), bk sfdufctf qukctot=

    1.11>

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    GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    7;

    L`vf=

    -BBK\gkrogeo bktfrkbo

    -Q W`jjk lfo gkrogeo vfrtogkbo (Lfkl f Bovf) kdfcto kl `dco pokc`, kb cftt`

    lfb LOH.

    HK\\@^F LO OCG^FJFC\@ LFB GK^OG@

    Ob hktt`rf lo ocgrfjfct` lockjog` lfb gkrog` h`rcot` lkbbk c`rjk kttrkvfrs`

    bk sfdufctf tknfbbk=

    L`vf jboh ob joc`rf lfdbo j lfbboctfrk strutturk. Dbo j s`c` gkbg`bkto

    kttrkvfrs` bk tknfbbk sfdufctf=

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    GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    77

    [GF: rfsostfczk lfbbfbfjfct`

    Qfr ob sostfjk k g`ctr`bb` lo h`rzf so lfvf vfrohogkrf gef=

    [GB[VH

    L`vf=

    [VH: kzo`cf lfrovkctf lkbbkckboso stktogk bocfkrf

    [GB: rfsostfczk lfbbfbfjfct`

    : hktt`rf lo roluzo`cf lfbbk rfsostfczk lfb jktfrokbf

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    GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    7

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    GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    76

    W`prkttutt` oc qufst` kjnot`, qufbb` lfo gkrogeo lo ckturk fggfzo`ckbf,

    lovfctk ojp`rtkctf vkbutkrf fl oclkdkrf qukbo sokc` bf fhhfttovf ros`rsf lfbbk

    strutturk pfr hkr hr`ctf kl kzo`co lo ckturk kc`jkbk, ros`rsf gef c`c p`ss`c`

    fssfrf jfssf oc bugf lk uck kckboso fbkstogk bk qukbf c`c p`tfczokbjfctf oc

    drkl` lo sfduorf bfv`buzo`cf lfb g`jp`rtkjfct` f bk g`csfdufctf

    rolostronuzo`cf lfo gkrogeo.

    7.7.; J`lfbb` Kckbotog`

    Qfr j`lfbbkrf,kckbozzkrf f vkbutkrf uc flohogo`, cfgfsskro`

    utobozzkrf uc j`lfbb` trolojfcso`ckbf, c`c s`c` ochktto pfrjfsso j`lfbbo

    pokco. Bkckboso pu fssfrf sv`btk trksgurkcl` ob g`ctronut` lfdbo fbfjfcto

    sfg`clkro, tuttkvok kclr vfrohogkt` k p`stfro`ro bk g`jpktonobot lfbbk

    rogeofstk lfh`rjktovk lfdbo stfsso.

    7.7.> G`jnockzo`co lo gkrog`

    Bkckboso vofcf fhhfttuktk sfg`cl` bf sfdufcto g`jnockzo`co lo gkrog`=

    Gkrogeo vfrtogkbo ocgrfjfctkto pfr bf krff lo pokc` kb lo s`prk lfbbf g`b`ccf

    roj`ssf ` lfbbf pkrftoBkrfk k guo khhfrosg`c` tuttf bf gkjpktf ojjfloktkjfctf klokgfcto

    kbbfbfjfct` roj`ss` f bf g`rrosp`clfcto ko pokco suggfssovo lfv`c` fssfrf

    gkrogkto g`c uc vkb`rf jkddo`rkt` lfo gkrogeo fsprfss` lkbbk sfdufctf=

    C1.? ` ;.> L 1.6 B ` 1.> W

    L`vf=

    DCvkb`rf ocgrfjfctkt` lfo gkrogeo vfrtogkbo pfr bkckboso stktogk c`c bocfkrf

    L pfs` pr`pro` lfdbo fbfjfcto strutturkbo ocgbus` ob s`vrkggkrog` pfrjkcfctf

    B gkrog` vkroknobf

    W gkrog` lk cfvf

    C Lyckjog Ocgrfksf Hkgt`r (LOH) hktt`rf lo ocgrfjfct` lfb gkrog` pfr

    tfcfrf g`ct` lfdbo fhhftto lockjogo gef sfdu`c` kbbk roj`zo`cf lo uc

    fbfjfct` p`rtkctf f kgg`jpkdckc` ob rokrrkcdokjfct` strutturkbf.

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    GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    78

    Gkrogeo vfrtogkbo pfr bf z`cf b`ctkcf lkbbk g`b`cck ` pkrftf roj`ssk

    \uttf bf gkjpktf, kl `dco pokc`, c`c ojjfloktkjfctf klokgfcto kbbfbfjfct`

    roj`ss` lfv`c` fssfrf gkrogktf g`c uck g`jnockzo`cf lo gkrogeo vfrtogkbo D

    pkro k=

    1.? ` ;.> L 1.6 B ` 1.> W

    Oc guo ob sodcohogkt` lfo tfrjoco kckb`d` k qukct` fsp`st` oc prfgflfczk.

    B` sgefjk lo gkrog` vofcf jfss` oc fvolfczk lkbb` sgefjk sfdufctf trktt`

    lkbbVHG >1;1

    Hodurk;=Wgefjklogkrog`rfbktov`kbbkroj`zo`cf(octfjposfpkrkto)louckg`b`cckgfctrkbfflo

    uckpfrojftrkbf

    Gkrogeo Bktfrkbo Kppbogkto kbbk strutturk.

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    GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    74

    Qfr tfcfrf oc g`ct` bk stknobot cfo g`chr`cto lfo gkrogeo bktfrkbo f dbo fhhftto Q-

    so kppbogk kl `dco hkggoktk lfbbflohogo`, pfr `dco lorfzo`cf procgopkbf

    (uck pfr v`btk), bk sfdufctf qukctot=

    1.11>

    L`vf=

    -BBK\gkrogeo bktfrkbo

    -Q W`jjk lfo gkrogeo vfrtogkbo (Lfkl f Bovf) kdfcto kl `dco pokc`, kb cftt`

    lfb LOH.

    Qr`gflurk lo gkrog`

    O gkrogeo lftfrjockto lfv`c` fssfrf kppbogkto uskcl` uck st`rok lo gkrog` kl

    ocgrfjfcto g`stkcto oc cujfr` jocoj` pkro k ;1. Kl `dco pkss` ob s`htwkrf

    kckbozzkt` lfvf fssfrf oc drkl` lo tr`vkrf bk g`cvfrdfczk trk stkt`

    lfh`rjktov` fl fquobonro` g`o gkrogeo fstfrco.

    7.7.7 Hktt`rf lo ocgrfjfct` lockjog` (LOH)

    Ob hktt`rf lo ocgrfjfct` lockjog` tofcf oc g`ct` lfdbo fhhftto l`vuto

    kbbkppbogkzo`cf ostkctkcfk lfb gkrog` g`csfdufctf bk roj`zo`cf lo uc

    fbfjfct` p`rtkctf. \kbf gkrog` pr`prokjfctf qufbb` gef g`jpftfvk oc

    g`clozo`co `rlockrof kbbfbfjfct` roj`ss`.

    Oc jfrot` k go bk vfrso`cf >116 lfbbVHG f bf DWK >117 lkvkc` uc

    vkb`rf lo C pkro k >. Cfbbk vfrso`cf VHG >1;1 vfcd`c` hkttf lfbbf

    g`csolfrkzo`co rospftt` k qufst` vkb`rf f kbbockppr`proktfzzk lo rotfcfrb`

    g`stkctf rospftt` kb top` lo strutturk f lo kckboso.

    Fskttkjfctf cf vfcd`c` fsp`stf trf cfb G-8.5, gef so rop`rtkc` oc sfduot`=

    ;. B` stfss` j`btopbogkt`rf > c`c pu fssfrf uskt` sok pfr bkckboso stktogk

    bocfkrf sok pfr bkckboso stktogk c`c bocfkrf, oc qukct` bkckboso stktogk c`c

    bocfkrf ocg`rp`rk bf c`c bocfkrot9

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    GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    75

    >. Vc LOH pkro k > c`c kppr`prokt` pfr bk jkddo`r pkrtf lfbbf kckboso. Ob

    jkssoj` sp`stkjfct` `ttfcut` oc gkjp` lockjog` l`vut` kbbkppbogkzo`cf

    lo uc gkrog` rfttkcd`bkrf l`ppo` lfbb` sp`stkjfct` gef so `ttofcf sf ob

    gkrog` kppbogkt` oc jkcofrk qukso stktogk, f g`csfdufctfjfctf so rfdostrk

    uck s`bbfgotkzo`cf jkssojk l`ppok rospftt` k qufbbk s`bbfgotkctf. Cf sfduf

    gef sf bk strutturk rfstkssf oc gkjp` fbkstog` bk sgfbtk lo uc LOH pkro k >

    p`trfnnf rotfcfrso kppr`proktk . \uttkvok, oc sotukzo`co lo gkrog` fstrfjf

    g`jf qufbbf op`tozzktf, bk strutturk topogkjfctf skr ojpfdcktk, f vfrr lo

    g`csfdufczk pr`dfttktk, pfr rosp`clfrf oc gkjp` c`c bocfkrf.

    [uoclo ob LOH, g`fhhogofctf gef vofcf utobozzkt` pfr kppr`ssojkrf bk rosp`stk

    fhhfttovk gef so `ttfrrfnnf g`c uckckboso lockjogk c`c bocfkrf, topogkjfctfjoc`rf lo >. Lkbtrk pkrtf ob hktt`rf lo kjpbohogkzo`cf lfb gkrog` BOH pfr uc

    kckboso stktogk bocfkrf lfvf fssfrf po drkclf lo >, pfr bk prfsfczk lo fhhftto

    lockjogo f c`c bocfkro.

    7. Ob hktt`rf kjpbohogktov` lfb gkrog` frk oclopfclfctf lkbbf pfrh`jkcgfs

    lfbbflohogo`, `vvfr` rfstkvk ob jflfsoj` sok sf ob drkl` lo lkccfddokjfct`

    frk kbt` sok sf lo j`lfstk fctot.

    Qfr bk lftfrjockzo`cf lfb LOH lk uskrf cfbbf kckboso cfgfsskro` vkbutkrf bk

    gkpkgot r`tkzo`ckbf fsprfssk g`jf ^:(u-y)/y. Ob po pogg`b` rkpp`rt` trk

    tutto dbo fbfjfcto projkro (kl fsgbuso`cf lfbbf g`b`ccf) ob pkrkjftr`

    jflokctf ob qukbf lftfrjockrf ob LOH sfg`cl` lfbbf fsprfsso`co rop`rtktf oc

    tknfbbk=

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    GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    7?

    Hodurk>=\knfbbfVHGpfrbklftfrjockzo`cflfbLOH

    Hodurk7=LokdrkjjklfbLOHochuczo`cflfbbkr`tkzo`cfpbkstogksuqufbbkkscfrvkjfct

    7.7.1;1 qufsto grotfro s`c` stkto roj`sso f s`stotuoto

    lk uc` po spfgohog`, `vvfr` gef tutto dbo fbfjfcto lfv`c` fssfrf pr`dfttkto

    pfr c`c g`bbksskrf.

    Ob rfquosot` pu rotfcfrso s`lloshktt` sf so `ttfcd`c` vkb`ro

    g`jpktonobo g`c bk gkpkgot lfh`rjktovk ubtojk lfdbo fbfjfcto. [ufstk

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    GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    W)

    L`vf=

    DCL: gkrogeo drkvotkzo`ckbf pfr bkckboso lockjogk c`c bocfkrf

    L : gkrogeo pfrjkcfcto

    B : gkrogeo vkroknobo

    W : gkrog` lk cfvf

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    GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?

    Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

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    GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    GKQO\@B@ .7 (l`gujfct` lo rohfrojfct` pfr bVHG)

    g`jf ob vkb`rf lo tkdbo` lfrovkt` lkbbocvobupp` lfbbf s`bbfgotkzo`co lfbbf

    g`jnockzo`co lo gkrog` sosjogef f drkvotkzo`ckbo. ^ospftt` k tkbf vkb`rf bk

    sfzo`cf so pr`dfttk g`csolfrkcl` luf g`ctronuto Xg(l`vut` kb gkbgfstruzz`) f

    Xs(l`vut` kbbf stkhhf). Ob rkpp`rt` trk Xs/X uc` lfo pkrkjftro gef sfrvf pfr

    vkbutkrf sf uck sfzo`cf G (G`ch`rjf) ` CG (C`c G`ch`rjf) g`c

    g`csfdufctf s`stkczokbf lohhfrfczk lfo pkrkjftro lfbbk gfrcofrk pbkstogk.

    Bk pr`dfttkzo`cf lfbbflohogo` oc fskjf stktk fhhfttuktk utobozzkcl`

    ob grotfro` lo dfrkrgeok lfbbf rfsostfczf pfr ob qukbf ob tkdbo` lo pr`dftt` lfrovk

    lorfttkjfctf lkdbo sh`rzo hktto pfr provobfdokrf bf r`tturf luttobo (pfr hbfsso`cf)

    rospftt` k qufbbf hrkdobo (pfr tkdbo`) fl s`b` oclorfttkjfctf oc rfbkzo`cf g`c

    bfhhfttov` tkdbo` kdfctf9 so kddoucdf oc`btrf gef bk rfsostfczk k tkdbo` lo uck

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    GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    1;1 s`c` tkrkto su gkrkttfrostogef jfggkcogef f

    pr`vf spfrojfctkbo su jktfrokbo lohhfrfcto lk qufbbf oc us` cfb c`str` pkfsf.

    [ufst` p`trfnnf lfrovkrf kcgef lk stkclkrl lovfrso pfr bk pr`luzo`cf lfdbo

    stfsso, g`c g`csfdufctf lovfrs` g`jp`rtkjfct` rf`b`dog` kttfs`. K tot`b` lo

    fsfjpo` so p`trfnnf pfcskrf gef dbo stkclkrl lo pr`luzo`cf lfb gkbgfstruzz`

    f rfbktovo grotfro lo kggfttknobot,rohbfsso lko c`stro vkb`ro lo gkbg`b` rospftt` k

    qufbbo gkrkttfrostogo, sokc` lohhfrfcto.

    \frzk g`csolfrkzo`cf

    Ob vkb`rf lfb LOH (Lyckjog Ocgrfksf Hkgt`r) pr`p`st` lkbbVHG,

    lfrovk lk octfrp`bkzo`co lo rosubtkto lo kckboso lockjogef c`c bocfkro pfr bf

    qukbo ek s`b` ojp`rtkczk bk h`rjk lfb lokdrkjjk j`jfct`-r`tkzo`cf (J-).

    Ob j`lfbb` lo gfrcofrk pbkstogk C\G15 rogkbgk o pucto gkrkttfrostogo lo qufbbf

    gurvf. Lo g`csfdufczk, so rotofcf gef butobozz` lo uck gfrcofrk pbkstogk top`

    C\G15 c`c p`ssk ochbufczkrf ob vkb`rf lfb LOH. Qfr ocgos` so spfgohogk gef

    kcgef qufstk uc op`tfso, sfppur supp`rtktk lk uc pfcsofr` rkzo`ckbf, gef

    kclrfnnf vkbolktk g`c lfbbf kckboso spfgohogef.

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    GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    .11 j lkbb` spoggkt` lfbbf

    h`clkzo`co hoc` kbbfstrkl`ss` lfbbubtoj` s`bko`. Bkbtfzzk lo octfrpokc` lo

    7.81 j, fggftt` ob proj` bovfbb` gef prfsfctk uckbtfzzk lo

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    GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    =pr`spftt bkt`g`rt`

    Hodurk7=Qr`spftt`bkt`bucd`

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    GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    Z

    Q:L+;.>B

    YIC/j>Z

    BBo:;/8*1.11>Q

    YICZ

    Bovfbb`; ;7.5?

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    GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    >

    sy vkb`rf lo scfrvkjfct` lfbbkggoko`

    e kbtfzzk utobf lfbbk sfzo`cf

    g g`pro hfrr`

    Bvbugf lo tkdbo` gef so p`cf pkro k jft bugf lfbbk trkvf

    lnlokjftr` jflo` lfbbf nkrrf b`cdotulockbo

    Qfr ob gkbg`b` lfbbk r`tkzo`cf ubtojk so utobozzk bk h`rjubk lo `rodocf

    spfrojfctkbf rop`rtktk cfbbk G5K.8 =

    L`vf=

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    GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

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    GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

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    GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    6;

    Hodurk6=Lfh`rjktklfbtfbko ;;kbj`jfct lfbg`bbkss`

    Fbojockzo`cf g`b`cck >=

    Hodurk8=Lfh`rjktklfbtfbko`KKkbj`jfct lfbg`bbkss`

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    GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    6>

    Hodurk4=Lfh`rjktktfbko`>>kbj`jfct`lfbg`bbkss`

    Fbojockzo`cf g`b`cck 7=

    Hodurk5=Lfh`rjktklfbtfbko`KKkbj`jfct lfbg`bbkss`

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    GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    67

    Hodurk?=Lfh`rjktklfbtfbko ;;kbj`jfct lfbg`bbkss`

    Fbojockzo`cf g`b`cck 4=

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    GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    6>kbb`stfphockbf(c`cg`bbksskt`)

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    GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    66

    Fbojockzo`cf g`b`cck 5=

    Hodurk;>=Lfh`rjktklfbtfbko`NNkbj`jfct lfbg`bbkss`

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    GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    68

    Hodurk;7=Lfh`rjktklfbtfbko`>>kbj`jfct lfbg`bbkss`

    Fbojockzo`cf g`b`cck ?=

    Hodurk;

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    GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    64

    Hodurk;6=Lfh`rjktklfbtfbko`>>kbj`jfct lfbg`bbkss`

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    GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    65

    j`tovkzo`co procgopkbo gef p`rtkc` kbbk groso bk strutturk p`ss`c` fssfrf g`s

    rokssuctf=

    ;) Bfbojockzo`cf lfbbf g`b`ccf p`rtk kbbk h`rjkzo`cf lo

    gkjpktf g`c bugo lo gorgk ;< j g`c g`csfdufctf fbfvkt` ocgrfjfct`

    lfbbf s`bbfgotkzo`co hbfsso`ckbo cfbbf sfzo`co lo fstrfjot.

    >) Bk g`clozo`cf lo l`ppok bugf p`rtk kbbocvfrso`cf lfb

    lokdrkjjk lfb j`jfct` oc g`rrosp`clfczk lfb c`l` l`vf stktk

    fbojocktk bk g`b`cck. Q`oge bf trkvo s`c` krjktf oc jkcofrk c`c

    sojjftrogk, c`c p`ssofl`c` ros`rsf suhhogofcto pfr g`ctrkstkrf

    bocvfrso`cf lfbbk s`bbfgotkzo`cf hbfsso`ckbf vfcutkso k grfkrf.

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    GKQO\@B@ 6KLFDVKJFC\@ G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    6?

    GKQO\@B@ 6

    OQ@\FWO LO KLFDVKJFC\@

    6.; G`csolfrkzo`co prfbojockro

    Qfr s`ppfrorf kbbk jkcgkczk lo ros`rsf rfsostfcto lfdbo fbfjfcto struttrkbo

    s`ddftto k g`bbkss` so pfcskt` lo rfkbozzkrf uck trkvkturk rftog`bkrf spkzokbf,

    p`stk subbk g`pfrturk, oc drkl` lo rflostronuorf oc jkcofrk po `j`dfcfk o

    gkrogeo gef cksg`c` oc sfduot` kbbk pfrlotk ostkctkcfk lo uc fbfjfct` lo

    supp`rt` vfrtogkbf. Bk sgfbtk lo tkbf s`buzo`cf cksgf lkbbf sfdufcto

    g`csolfrkzo`co=

    ;) Ob sostfjk pr`dfttkt` c`c kbtfrk sodcohogktovkjfctf bf gkrkttfrostogef

    lockjogef lfbbk strutturk. Ochktto, bflohogo`, c`c sunosgf vkrokzo`co lo

    rodolfzzk bktfrkbf jk s`b` vfrtogkbf. \kbf g`clozo`cf j`lohogk oc

    jkcofrk g`jucquf trksgurknobf o pfro`lo lfo j`lo h`clkjfctkbo lo

    vonrkzo`cf k gkusk lfbbkujfct` lo jkssk. Lo sfduot` so rop`rtkc` o

    rosubtkto lfbbkckboso j`lkbf fhhfttuk oc fctrkjnf bf g`chodurkzo`co

    (g`c f sfczk strutturk rftog`bkrf).

    Qfro`l`sfczk

    rftog`bkrf

    Qfro`l`g`c

    rftog`bkrf Lohhfrfczk

    Ocgrfjfct

    pfrgfctukbf

    Wfg Wfg Wfg %

    ; 1,5571 1,5?;< 1,115< 1,?6%

    > 1,545< 1,55>5 1,115%

    4 1,;5;6 1,;571 1,11;< 1,45%

    5 1,;4>< 1,;47< 1,11;1 1,68%

    ? 1,;87> 1,;86> 1,11>1 ;,>6%

    ;1 1,;>;> 1,;>;8 1,111< 1,78%

    ;; 1,;;84 1,;;4; 1,1117 1,>8%

    ;> 1,;;;1 1,;;>1 1,11;1 1,?7%

    J`l`

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    GKQO\@B@ 6KLFDVKJFC\@ G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    81

    >) Fssfcl` bk g`pfrturk c`c prktogknobf, tkbf octfrvfct` c`c kpp`rtk

    g`csostfcto j`lohogef huczo`ckbo kbbflohogo`.

    7)

    C`c so rosg`ctrkc` pkrtog`bkro pr`nbfjktogef pfr qukct` rodukrlkbocstkbbkzo`cf lfb sostfjk rftog`bkrf gef rogeoflf s`b` ob j`ctkddo`

    lo pokstrf lo kcg`rkddo` oc g`rrosp`clfczk lfo c`lo lo g`pfrturk.

    Lfsgrozo`cf lfbbk trkvkturk rftog`bkrf spkzokbf

    Bk s`vrkstrutturk rfkbozzktk jflokctf kstf tun`bkro oc kggoko`

    g`bbfdktf jflokctf doucto shfrogo k gfrcofrk oc kggoko` n`cohogkt` kb CoGrJ`

    rogkvkto jflokctf pr`gflojfct` lo stkjpkddo` k gkbl` f kstf tun`bkro

    hobfttktf oc kggoko` kbbf guo fstrfjot s`c` kvvotkto tfrjockbo k tfstk shfrogk.

    Hodurk;= C`l`pfrtrkvkturfrftog`bkrolfbbkXFW\^V\

    Ob douct` g`stotuot` lk trf fbfjfcto gorg`bkro, luf gkb`ttf fl uck

    pokstrk gfctrkbf gef bf rkggeoulf, ucoto ocsofjf lk ucucogk votf= bf luf

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    GKQO\@B@ 6KLFDVKJFC\@ G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    8;

    gkb`ttf sojjftrogef s`c` l`tktf lo hfssurf fl kbb`ddokjfcto cfo qukbo so

    p`sozo`ckc` o tfrjockbo lfbbf kstf lurkctf ob j`ctkddo`. O tfrjockbo k tfstk

    shfrogk s`c` hosskto lk uc g`ctr`lkl` f kvvotkto lorfttkjfctf subbf kstf

    rkstrfjktf, oc j`l` lfstr`rs` lk uc bkt`, f socostr`rs` lkbbkbtr`.

    Hodurk>=Qkrtog`bkrfc`l`XFW\^V\

    Ob douct` shfrog` XFW\^V\ lkb puct` lo vostk stktog` f tfgc`b`dog`,

    uck gfrcofrk. L`p` ob nb`ggkddo`, tuttf bf kstf g`cvfrdfcto cfb c`l` ekcc` bk

    p`ssonobot lo ru`tkrf oc uc pokc` lfbb` spkzo`. Bk gkrkttfrostogk h`clkjfctkbf

    lfb sostfjk XFW\^V\ g`csostf cfb rfkbozzkrf bk gfrcofrk ucolorfzo`ckbf cfb

    douct` lo g`cvfrdfczk lfbbf kstf. \kbf pkrtog`bkrot h`clkjfctkbf cfbbf

    op`tfso lo vfrohogk stktogk lfbb' octfrk strutturk rftog`bkrf spkzokbf. Ochktto, oc

    sflf lo gkbg`b` strutturkbf, o c`lo lo g`cvfrdfczk lfbbf kstf lfb rftog`b`

    spkzokbf s`c` op`tozzkto g`jf gfrcofrf pfrhfttf, kb hocf lo bojotkrf bf

    gkrkttfrostogef lo s`bbfgotkzo`cf lfbbf kstf kb s`b` sh`rz` c`rjkbf. Oc gks`

    g`ctrkro` cfbbop`tfso lo c`lo ocgkstro, so vfrohogefrfnnfr` gkrkttfrostogeflfbbk s`bbfgotkzo`cf kddouctovf cfbbf kstf l`vuto k tkdbo` f j`jfct`

    lurkctf dbo knnksskjfcto lfbbk strutturk pfr fhhftt` lfo gkrogeo kggolfctkbo.

    \kbf ocg`cvfcofctf kvvofcf qukso oc tutto dbo kbtro g`bbfdkjfcto

    trolojfcso`ckbo fsostfcto, oc qukct` fsso s`stkczokbjfctf rkpprfsfctkc` lkb

    puct` lo vostk tfgc`b`dog` lfdbo ocgkstro.

    Cfb sostfjk XFW\^V\ tuttf bf kstf s`c` s`tt`p`stf fsgbusovkjfctf

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    GKQO\@B@ 6KLFDVKJFC\@ G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    8>

    kb s`b` sh`rz` c`rjkbf oc qukbsokso g`clozo`cf lo gkrog`.

    Hodurk7=Fspb`s`kss`c`jftrog

    \uttf bf kstf s`c` rfd`bknobo projk, lurkctf f l`p` kvfr fhhfttukt` ob

    j`ctkddo`, sfczk kbtfrkrf bf tfcso`co kbboctfrc` lfbbk strutturk.

    Drkzof kbbk gkrkttfrostogk lfb c`l` gfrcofrk p`ssonobf fhhfttukrf rfd`bkzo`co

    lfbbf kstf sok projk lfb j`ctkddo` gef l`p` bk p`sk oc `pfrk lfbbk strutturk.

    O tfrjockbo kvvotkto kbbf kstf ekcc` uck hobfttkturk lfstr`rsk lk uc bkt` f

    socostr`rsk lkbbkbtr`. Bk rfd`bkzo`cf kvvofcf quoclo jflokctf bk r`tkzo`cf

    lfbbf kstf oct`rc` kb pr`pro` kssf l`p` kvfrbf ocsfrotf cfb c`l`. \kbo

    rfd`bkzo`co ekcc` b` sg`p` lo= g`rrfddfrf fvfctukbo lohftto lojfcso`ckbo

    lfbbf kstf, grfkrf supfrhogo gurvf, rfkbozzkrf g`ctr`hrfggf cfbbk strutturk,

    fhhfttukrf gfctrkddo oc g`rrosp`clfczk lfdbo kpp`ddo.

    g`csfctot` bkvvotkddo` g`ctfjp`rkcf` cfb c`l` lo jkssoj` ;> kstf

    utobozzkcl` ucucogk votf.

    W`c` fsgbusf skblkturf pfr bk rfkbozzkzo`cf lo tutto o g`bbfdkjfcto trk o

    g`jp`cfcto lfb sostfjk.

    Dbo kssfjnbkddo lo tutto o g`jp`cfcto lfb sostfjk XFW\^V\ kvvfcd`c`

    sfczk bus` lo skblkturf= ob g`bbfdkjfct` lfb tfrjockbf kbbkstk kvvofcf

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    GKQO\@B@ 6KLFDVKJFC\@ G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    87

    jflokctf kvvotkddo` sok lorfttkjfctf sub tun` rkstrfjkt` k gkbl`, sok

    kttrkvfrs` uc tkpp` hobfttkt` kvvotkt` kb tun`.

    6.7 J`lfbbkzo`cf lfbbk trkvkturk rftog`bkrf

    Bk trkvkturk rftog`bkrf stktk j`lfbbktk kb WKQ jflokctf fbfjfcto

    nofbbf. O pr`hobo sgfbto pfr bk strutturk s`c` k sfzo`cf gorg`bkrf gkvk. Bk

    trkvkturk ek uckbtfzzk pkro k qufbbk lo octfrpokc` (7,8 j). Oc`btrf, kcgef ob

    g`bbfdkjfct` trk bk trkvkturk f bk strutturk fsostfctf pu fssfrf kssojobkt` k

    qufbb` lo uck gfrcofrk. Wo rop`rtk oc hodurk uck vostk kss`c`jftrogk lfbbk

    trkvkturk f locsofjf lfbbk strutturk.

    Hodurk

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    GKQO\@B@ 6KLFDVKJFC\@ G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF

    G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    876 g`c bf gkrkttfrostogef rop`rtktf

    cfbbk sfdufctf tknfbbk=

    Kggokobkjockto

    C`rjkftop`lo

    kggoko`

    Wpfss`rfc`jockbflfbbkjfjnrkturk

    t hyYC/jj>Z huYC/jj

    >Z hyYC/jj

    >Z huYC/jj

    >Z

    W>76 >76 781 >;6 781

    Bk trkvkturk g`jp`stk lk pr`hobkto gkvo gorg`bkro h`rjkto k gkbl`

    g`c bf sfdufcto gkrkttfrostogef=

    L

    (jj)

    s

    (jj)

    j

    (id/j)

    K

    (gj>)

    O

    (gj115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@

    86

    Qfr bk vfrohogk lfdbo fbfjfcto g`jprfsso so g`csolfrktk uck

    bucdefzzk bonfrk lochbfsso`cf pkro kbbk lostkczk hrk bf gfrcofrf.

    6.6 ^osubtkto lfbbf kckboso

    W`c` stktf fhhfttuktf 8 kckboso subbk strutturk, uck pfr `dco g`b`cck

    fbojocktk. W`c` stkto gkbg`bkto o jkssojk vkb`ro lfbbf s`bbfgotkzo`co sudbo

    fbfjfcto strutturkbo utobozzkto suggfssovkjfctf pfr fhhfttukrf bf vfrohogef sok

    subbk trkvkturk rftog`bkrf gef subbk strutturk oc gfjfct` krjkt`. Bk

    g`clozo`cf lftfrjockctf pfr ob lojfcso`ckjfct` lfbbk trkvkturk qufbbk pfr

    bk qukbf vofcf k jkcgkrf ob pobkstr` >.

    Lo sfduot` so rop`rtkc` o jkssojo vkb`ro lo sh`rz` c`rjkbf f lo

    knnksskjfct` oc g`rrosp`clfczk lfbbk g`b`cck roj`ssk rosg`ctrkto cfbbf 8

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    G`jnockzo`co ; > 7 4 5 ?

    Cjkx(trkzo`cf)YiCZ ?8 ;;85 ;>8< >8> 617 6

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    drkv`sk so ek pfr bfbojockzo`cf lfbbk g`b`cck >. Lo sfduot` vfcd`c`

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    bovfbb` lo qufstk pbkstogozzkzo`cf c`c krrovk jko k g`jpr`jfttfrf butobozz`

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    stktf sv`btf pfr kssogurkrso gef bf krjkturf f dbo kcg`rkddo lfbbf nkrrf lfbbf

    g`b`ccf tfsf sokc` oc drkl` lo p`rtkrf tkbo sh`rzo. Oc pkrtog`bkrf, fssfcl` dbokcg`rkddo pr`dfttkto oc j`l` tkbf gef bk r`tturk kvvfcdk sfjprf pfr trkzo`cf

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