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1/17

REGLAS DE PLURALIZACIN

Existen dos clases de sustantivos en Ingls. Sustantivos regulares, que son aquellos que siguen reglas

para cambiar del singular al plural. Y sustantivos irregulares, que son los que cambian sin seguir ninguna

regla, los cuales debemos memorizar.

Vamos a estudiar las reglas para pluralizar los sustantivos regulares.

REGLA No. 1 Cuando un sustantivo singular termina en O, S, SS, SH, CH o Xse agrega ES para formar su plural

Example:

A tomato Some tomatoes A kiss Some kisses

A bus Some buses A watch Some watches

A fox Some foxes A witch Some witches


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Exepciones: Son excepciones de la regla, las palabras: Piano, Radio, Soprano, Banjo, Photo, Epoch y Stomach, en cuyo

caso para formar el plural, nicamente agregamos una s al final de la palabra.

REGLA No. 2 Cuando un sustantivo singular termina en F o FE, estas sereemplazan por VES para formar su plural

Example:

A knife Some knives A wolf Some wolves

A wife Some wives A thief Some thieves

Excepciones: Son excepciones de la regla, las palabras: Roof, Giraffe, Belief, Handkerchief, Chef, Chief y Cuff, en cuyo

caso para formar el plural, nicamente agregamos una s al final de la palabra.

REGLA No. 3 Cuando un sustantivo singular termina en Y, antecedida por unaConsonante, la Y se reemplaza por IES para formar su plural

Example:

A secretary Some secretaries A baby Some babies

A library Some libraries A butterfly Some butterflies

Esta regla no tiene excepciones.

REGLA No. 4 En todos los dems casos, simplemente se agrega una S alfinal de la palabra, para formar su plural.


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Example:

A banana Some bananas A house Some houses

An apple Some apples A dog Some dogs

No hay excepciones para esta regla.

PLURAL DE LOS SUSTANTIVOS IRREGULARES:

Dado que los sustantivos irregulares no siguen ninguna regla para cambiar, debemos memorizar su

forma plural. Estos son bien pocos, y son:

Man Men Woman Women

Child Children Person People

Foot Feet Tooth Teeth

Mouse Mice Goose Geese

Ox Oxen Sheep Sheep

Offspring Offspring Cactus Cacti

Deer Deer Phenomenon Phenomena


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EXERCISE 1

1. Find 2 examples for every rule.

Select 5 irregular nouns and make sentences using them.

HOW MUCH - HOW MANY

Para preguntar por la cantidad de elementos u objetos, existen 2 palabras en Ingls: How much que es

usado con sustantivos no-contables, y How many que es usado con sustantivos contables.

Existen dos tipos de estructura para formular preguntas con estas palabras:

Para preguntar por la cantidad de elementos que existen o que hay en un lugar.

How much + elemento + To Be +There + Complemento?

How many

Nota: Recuerde que el verbo TO BE se debe usar en singular (is) si sepregunta por un sustantivo no-contable, o en plural (are) si se refiere

a un sustantivo contable.

Example: How much milk is there in the refrigerator? There is 1 liter

How many apples are there in the refrigerator? There are 5


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EXERCISE 2

Complete the following questions using How much or How many and the

appropriate form of the To Be verb.

________________ sugar ______ there in the bowl?

________________ eggs ______ there in the basket?

________________ coffee ______ there in the cup?

________________ pounds of chicken _____ there in the refrigerator?

________________ money _______ there in the piggy bank?


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Cheese.

Uncountable.

There is some

cheese. A piece of cheese.


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Icecream.

Countable.

There are three

icecreams.

There are some

icecreams.


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Sausage.

Countable.

A sausage.

There is a sausage. Two sausages.

There are some

sausages.

There is a hot dog.

Two hot dogs.


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Biscuit.

Countable.

A biscuit.

Two biscuits. There is a biscuit.

There are some ginger

biscuits.

There arent any

chocolate biscuits.


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Chair.

Countable.

A chair.

There is a chair. There are some chairs

in this class.


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Sofa.

Countable.

A sofa.

Two sofas. There is a sofa in my

house.

There arent any sofas

in this class.


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Banana.

Countable.

There is a banana.

There are somebananas.

There are two

bananas.


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Strawberry.

Countable.

There is a strawberry.

Three strawberries.There are three

strawberies.

There are some

strawberries. There isnt any cream.


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Lemon, orange and tomato.

All are countable.

A lemon, an orange a

tomato.

Two or three lemons,oranges and tomatoes.

There are some lemons

and some tomatoes and

some oranges but therearent any carrots.


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A, an, some and any.

We use A with countable nouns: a pear, a peach,a tomato, a sofa.

We use ANwhen the words starts with a vowel:

an orange, an umbrella. We use SOME with countable and uncountable

nouns ( without specifying the exact number)inaffirmative sentences: some milk, some potatoes,

some sugar, some books, some cds. We use ANY with countable and uncountable

nouns in negative and interrogative sentences:any coffee, any chairs, any furniture.


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Read the following examples.

There are some tomatoes.

There are some melons.

There some cucumbers.

There are some oranges

There arent any onions.

There isnt any milk in

the greengrocers.

There isnt any sugar in

the greengrocers.


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Make sentences about the picture using the

following words: pan, fridge, table, kitchen cloth,

spoon, milk, salad, window, oven, girl...

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