4. Gli Shardana e i popoli del mare e la talassocrazia micenea – il periodo coloniale.- “Il...

7/23/2019 4. Gli Shardana e i popoli del mare e la talassocrazia micenea il periodo coloniale.- Il Popolo Shardana La civil

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Hn Qjqjnj [eb}gblb Nb khvhnw. nb ktnwt}b. nd kjlrth{wd gh Cb}kdnnj Kbm}hjnt Gjct{gdiblb{ dghwj}d H[ML 8?5 55

8?157 1= 1

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; O, Onjwy.Nb khvhnw Dodb. Dhlbtgh. Wj}hlj 2851. q, 7?

7Onjwy.Nb khvhnw Dodb. q, 7?

4Onjwy.Nb khvhnw Dodb. q,7;

6Ob}mhlh. Qjqjnh gdn cb}d. Wb}{h{ d Fhnh{wdh. q,=;6Hn Qjqjnj [eb}gblb Nb khvhnw. nb ktnwt}b. nd kjlrth{wd gh Cb}kdnnj Kbm}hjnt Gjct{gdiblb{ dghwj}d H[ML 8?5 55

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8?157 1= 1

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? Q, Mb}wjnjlh.Ct{dj b}kedjnjohkj kjctlbnd gh [blwBlwhjkj. Kb}nj Gdnfhlj Dghwj}d. [b{{b}h =11?. q,28

5 Q, Md}lb}ghlh.Nd wj}}h. h cdwbnnh. hn cb}d, [wj}hd blwhked gh tlh{jnb cdghwd}}bldb. Kb}nj Gdnfhlj Dghwj}d. [b{{b}h =121. q,7;

8 F, Cbwy. K}dwb Chkdld W}jhb. Q}hcbwj. W}hd{wd 2845. q,;1

21Onjwy.Nb khvhnw Dodb. q,2=2

22Onjwy.Nb khvhnw Dodb. q,271

2=Cbwy. K}dwb Chkdld W}jhb. q, ;2

2;

O, Nhnnht. B}wd d }dnhohjld gdnnb [b}gdolb q}dlt}bohkb, Hgjndwwh. kd}bchked. joodwwh gj}lbcdlwj. Kb}nj Gdnfhlj Dghwj}d. [b{{b}h2888. q, 54

27 I, Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn,HH. [bl{jlh. Fh}dlyd 286=. q,2;1Hn Qjqjnj [eb}gblb Nb khvhnw. nb ktnwt}b. nd kjlrth{wd gh Cb}kdnnj Kbm}hjnt Gjct{gdiblb{ dghwj}d H[ML 8?5 55

8?157 1= 1


3/13


8?157 1= 1

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nj {wtghj }dnbwhvj bnndlj}cd rtblwhw gh cbwd}hbnd dohwwhyyblwd q}d{dlwd ldh kdlw}h t}mblh hl fj}cbyhjld

hl [b}gdolb %Web}}j{. [tn`x. Lj}b. Mhwehb. Lbmth. @b}bnx. [tnkh gd Jyyb{w}b. J}vhb. Kj}}b. Lt}d(. {h

qj{{b hlwth}d rtblwj nb }dwd gh w}bffhkh kjl nDohwwj fj{{d kjl{hgd}dvjnd, Nhlwdl{hw gh rtd{wh }bqqj}wh qbnqbmhnd bww}bvd}{j h kj{hgdwwh fj{{hnh othgb rtbnh {kb}bmdh28. wbvjndwwd vjwhvd kjl w}hbgh ghvhld.

m}bkkhbnh gdkj}bwh b o}bltnbyhjld. {b}kjfboeh. bldnnh=1. vb{h kbljqh d ndjlh. j cdonhj gh}d {fhloh, Wtwwh

24 N,], Qbncd}.Chljhkh d chkdldh. Dhlbtgh. Wj}hlj 2868. qq,=4? d {doo,

26Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. q,278

2?Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. q,272

25K, W}jlkedwwh.Nd wjcmd d onh d}jh, Kjl{hgd}byhjlh {tnnb {wbwtb}hb lt}bohkb gh Cjlwd Q}bcb. hl Qbjnj Md}lb}ghlh. ]bhcjlgj Ytkkb%b kt}b gh(.Hn Cdghwd}}bldj gh Ed}b nd{. ]jcb =114. qq, 274#26?

28 D, Bkrtb}j.B}wd d ktnwt}b qtlhkb hl [b}gdolb. Kb}nj Gdnfhlj Dghwj}d. [b{{b}h 2857. q,?4. fho,56

=1Q,V,Qjgghoed.Bwnblwhgd [b}gdolb. Bwnb,lt,cd. =116. q,251Hn Qjqjnj [eb}gblb Nb khvhnw. nb ktnwt}b. nd kjlrth{wd gh Cb}kdnnj Kbm}hjnt Gjct{gdiblb{ dghwj}d H[ML 8?5 55

8?157 1= 1


4/13


8?157 1= 1

rtd{wh dndcdlwh vdg}dmmd}j fhlbncdlwd tlb ltjvb d kj}}dwwb hlrtbg}bwt}b {wj}hkb hl rtblwj. hl qb{{bwj

bffdwwh gb qd{blwh d}}j}h hlwd}q}dwbwhvh d q}dkdgdlwdcdlwd rtbnhfhkbwh kjcd fdlhkh j qdoohj blkj}b

qtlhkh=2%VHHH VH {dk, b,K,(. cj{w}blj wtwwj}b d{knt{hvbcdlwd kb}whonh == gh {jv}blh kjcq}d{h w}b nb UHH

%2882 2?54 b,K,(=; d nb UVHHH ghlb{whb %244= 2=84 b,K(=7, Qd} h cbwd}hbnh bqqdlb khwbwh kh {h }hfd}hwh

bonh dndcdlwh }hlvdltwh ldh kdlw}h qj}wtbnh j t}mblh hl odld}d. oh bwwhvh kjcd hl{dghbcdlwj. h rtbnh

o}byhd bnnb nj}j kjnnjkbyhjld hl q}j{{hchw gh b}dd chld}b}hd j qtlwh gh nbvj}byhjld gdh cdwbnnh.{tmh}jlj tl fdljcdlj gh qd}ht}mblhyybyhjld d gh kjlkdlw}bcdlwj gh mdlh dg bwwhvhw q}jgtwwhvd, Tlb

vjnwb blbnhyybwh rtd{wh q}d{tqqj{wh. }dnbwhvh b hcqj}wblwh ndobch kjccd}khbnh d bonh {qj{wbcdlwh gh mdlh

w}b Ndvblwhlj d Cdghwd}}bldj Jkkhgdlwbnd. ljl {b}dmmd gh kd}wj d}}bwj kjl{hgd}b}d ked tlb Ndob gdh

Qjqjnh gdn Cb}d w}b khvhnw gdn Cdghwd}}bldj oh d{h{wd{{d d jqd}b{{d w}b hn UV d hn UHV {dk, b,K,,

Rtd{wb kjl{hgd}byhjld kjcqnd{{b d gdnhkbwb vhdld kj}}jmj}bwb gbnnblbnh{h gh bnw}h bvvdlhcdlwh rtbnh

rtdnnh }hqj}wbwh gh {dothwj, Vd}{j hn 2711 b,K nb qjwdlyb chljhkb dmmd fhld b kbt{b gh tl gh{b{w}j

o}blghj{j rtblwj hcq}jvvh{j, [h wd{whcjlhb. bww}bvd}{j nd k}jlbked. ked b K}dwb ohtl{d tlb ltjvb

qjqjnbyhjld. nb rtbnd q}jmbmhncdlwd qj}w ltjvh wjqjlhch {tnnH{jnb d {jq}bwwtwwj w}b{fj}c

nb}kehwdwwt}b ftld}b}hb w}bchwd ndghfhkbyhjld gh wjcmd b wejnj{ d kbcd}d }tqd{w}h =4, Nb {wd{{b jlgbwb

gh{w}twwhvb. bkkjcqbolbwb gb {bkkedoohj. kjnq Fd{wj. Ebohb W}hbgb. Whnh{{j. Bclh{j. Qbndjkb{w}j d

Yb`}j{=6. d cdlw}d {h kjl{tcbvb rtd{wb hlvb{hjld. tlb gdndobyhjld dohyhb qj}wbvb b Chkdld tlj{kb}bmdj gdnnb }dohlb Wdid kjl tl b{{j}whcdlwj gh kd}bchked }dkblwh hn kb}whonhj gh Bcdljqeh{ HHH

%2;81 2;6? b,K,(, [hctnwbldbcdlwd bnnb ch{{hjld ghqnjcbwhkb hlw}bq}d{b hn fb}bjld {h vhgd

gd{whlbwb}hj b {tb vjnwb gh kd}bchked d j}h jffd}wh hl gjlj=? gbnnb Ndob, D gjvd}j{j b rtd{wj qtlwj

fb} }hfndwwd}d hn ndwwj}d {tn fbwwj ked nb khvhnw chkdldb }ht{k bg dlw}b}d ldh w}bffhkh hlwd}lbyhjlbnh

{jnbcdlwd gjqj nb gh{w}tyhjld gh K}dwb d hn }dbnwhvj k}jnnj gdnnb {tb dodcjlhb ldh w}bffhkh gdnnb yjlb,

Rthlgh {j}od {qjlwbldj kjl{hgd}b}d ked gbnnd{h{wdlwd Ndob. {t kth kd}wbcdlwd {h }hfndwwd}jlj h

vblwbooh gdnnjqd}byhjld. qb}w nj}ghld gh gh{w}tyhjld gh K}dwb=5, Onh d{dktwj}h cbwd}hbnh gdnnd

jqd}byhjlh {h qj{{jlj hlghvhgtb}d ldh [eb}gblb. h rtbnh dmmd}j. hl kbcmhj gdnnd q}d{wbyhjlh mdnnhked. nb

kjlkd{{hjld gh dghfhkb}d gdh ltjvh kdlw}h {tnnH{jnb %d{9 Ot}lhb d Qjnhjkelh =8(. hlghvhgtbmhnh o}byhd bnnd

kb}bwwd}h{whked {w}twwt}d bmhwbwhvd jvbnh d w}bcdyybwd %Kebcbhyh(;1, Bnnd{d}khwj [eb}gblb vdlld

kjlkd{{j gh qj{{dgd}d nd h{jnd gh Ndclj %gdwwb nb ftcj{b. fj}{d kjcd Vhnnbljvbfj}}t ftcb}b cb

ljl fbh}h qblh( d gh Hcm}j. jnw}dke gh fjlgb}d ltjvh {mjkkeh kjccd}khbnh. cdlw}d hn kjlw}jnnj gdh

w}bffhkh cb}hlh {b}dmmd }hcb{wj bg bqqbllboohj gdonh B`bb{eb %Bkedh(, NDohwwj gjvdwwd bvd}

hlwdlwbwj tljqqj{hyhjld }jmt{wb b wbnh q}jodwwh gh dnhchlbyhjld gdn q}hlkhqbnd qb}wld} kjccd}khbnd.

cb rtd{wb k}jnn rtb{h {tmhwj qd} gtd cjwhvh fjlgbcdlwbnh9 nb chlbkkhb gh tlb hlvb{hjld kjl nd

}dnbwhvd kjl{dotdlyd d. kjcd oh khwbwj hl q}dkdgdlyb tlhlwdl{b bwwhvhw ghqnjcbwhkb, B

kjcqndwbcdlwj gh rtd{wb bwwhvhw ghqnjcbwhkb gb qb}wd gdnnb Ndob vdlld}j q}jqj{wh bnnDohwwj ltjvh

=2Mb}wjnjlh.Ct{dj b}kedjnjohkj kjctlbnd gh [blw Blwhjkj. q,55. fho,45

== [, Cj{kbwh.Fdlhkh d Kb}wbohld{h hl [b}gdolb. hl Qhd}j Mb}wjnjlh %b kt}b gh(. HNH[[J Dghyhjlh. Ltj}j 2865. q,=?2. fjw,22=

=; I, Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn, HH. [bl{jlh. Fh}dlyd 286=. qq,6;#64

=7 L, O}hcbn. [wj}hb gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. Nbwd}yb. ]jcb 2855. q,612

=4Onjwy.Nb khvhnw Dodb. q,77

=6], _, Etwkehl{jl.NBlwhkb khvhnw k}dwd{d. Dhlbtgh. Wj}hlj 28?6. qq,=64 d {doo,

=?Onjwy.Nb khvhnw Dodb. q, 256

=5 _,_jnf.Hn cjlgj gdonh Dohyh. Kjnnblb Nd o}blgh khvhnw gdn qb{{bwj. Dg Q}hcbwj. ]jcb 2845. q,24;

=8Cbwy. K}dwb Chkdld W}jhb. wbv 26

;1Etwkehl{jl.NBlwhkb khvhnw k}dwd{d. q,27;0 Onjwy.Nb khvhnw dodb. q,2=1Hn Qjqjnj [eb}gblb Nb khvhnw. nb ktnwt}b. nd kjlrth{wd gh Cb}kdnnj Kbm}hjnt Gjct{gdiblb{ dghwj}d H[ML 8?5 55

8?157 1= 1


5/13


8?157 1= 1

{kbcmh kjccd}khbnh d {tqqj}wh chnhwb}h hl kbcmhj gh kjlvhvdlyb qbkhfhkb d {f}twwbcdlwj gdn Gdnwb gdn

Lhnj, Q}jmbmhncdlwd nb Ndob kjlvhl{d hn Fb}bjld {tn fbwwj ked fj{{d qh kjlvdlhdlwd bn q}jq}hj

hlwd}d{{d qjnhwhkj d kjccd}khbnd fb} b cdlj gdh @dfwh %bmhwblwh gdnnH{jnb gh K}dwb( d w}bwwb}d

gh}dwwbcdlwd kjl h Qjqjnh gdn Kd}kehj;2, Nd qd}qnd{{hw dohyhd vdlld}j vhlwd rtblgj vdlld kjlkd{{j b

ltcd}j{h o}tqqh gh Nhmjt d gh [eb}gblb. gh {wblyhb}{h ldn Gdnwb gdn Lhnj d ldnnb f}jlwhd}b j}hdlwbnd.

gblgj nj}j nb qj{{hmhnhw gh hcqj}wb}d wdkljnjohd kjl tlb kjl{dotdlwd vdlwbwb gh mdld{{d}ddkjljchkj, Nd oh mdl ljwd d }hljcbwd kbqbkhw dghnh gdh lt}bohkh. cdcj}hd gh {d}vhyh }d{h b Wtwcj{h{

HHH;=. vdlld}j cd{{d b gh{qj{hyhjld gh Bcdljqeh{ HHH ldnnb }d{b gdnnb wjcmb WW 42 gh T{d}ebw, Cb

{jq}bwwtwwj. kjl nb q}d{dlyb gdh [eb}gblb hl Dohwwj. vdlld}j bqd}wd bn }d ltjvd qj{{hmhnhw gh

b}}tjnbcdlwj # gh kth fdkd nb}oj t{j # gdh otd}}hd}h kj}byybwh [eb}gblb;;;7, [hctnwbldbcdlwd b rtd{wj

bvvdlhcdlwj. gbn Gdnwb gdn Lhnj. ntjoj gh hl{dghbcdlwj gdh Nhmjt d gdh [eb}gblb. qb}w tlb }hfj}cb bn

{h{wdcb cjldwb}hj dohyhj bwwtbwb bww}bvd}{j h gdmdlw d h `dgdlw9 b}odlwh gdn qd{j gh ?.= o}bcch

tlhfj}cbwh bnnb cjldwbyhjld qbnd{whld{d d cd{jqjwbchkb, Bvvdlld hl{jccb nb {j{whwtyhjld gdnnb

cjldwbyhjld hl j}j kjl rtdnnb gh mb{d b}odlwbwb. hlghyhj gdnnhlfntdlyb gjchlblwd gdn kjccd}khj

hlwd}lbyhjlbnd {tnnb vhwb dkjljchkb gdn Gdnwb;4, D jqqj}wtlj }hfndwwd}d {tn fbwwj ked hl Dohwwj ljl vh

b}odlwj. rthlgh {d wbnd cdwbnnj vdlld bccd{{j kjcd mb{d gh {kbcmhj ft qd} vhb gdh w}bffhkh

hlwd}lbyhjlbnh d qd} nb q}d{dlyb. ldnnb fjkd gdn Lhnj d ldn Ndvblwhlj. gdh [eb}gblb {f}twwbwj}h gdnnd}hkkeh{{hcd chlhd}d {b}gd, Hn q}d{j qj{{d{{j gb qb}wd gdh [b}gh gdnnd h{jnd gh @dfwht %K}dwb( d Khq}j.

hl{hdcd bh }dnbwhvh mdldfhkh ojgtwh hl Dohwwj. j}b bqq}dyybmhnd o}byhd bnnd wd{whcjlhblyd }d{d gbh

ghqhlwh qj{wh ldnnhqjodj gh ]dkech}d;6. Vh{h} gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj, Bww}bvd}{j nd }bffhot}byhjlh khwbwd {h

qj{{jlj hlghvhgtb}d gdonh hlvhbwh q}jvdlhdlwh gb @dfwht. vd}j{hchncdlwd {jchonhblwh bh [b}gh d b}cbwh

gh {qbgd [eb}gblb;?. }dkblwh gdh mdlh q}dyhj{h rtbnh h nhlojwwh gh }bcd;5 b qdnnd gh mtd, Gbnnd fjlwh {k}hwwd

vhdld wd{whcjlhbwj ked nDohwwj d hn {tj Fb}bjld kjccd}khbvblj kjl h Qjqjnh gdn Cb}d ltcd}j{h

q}jgjwwh w}b h rtbnh bqqtlwj onh ju#ehgd hlojw{. ljlj{wblwd nj}ojonhj fb}bjlhkj qj}wh nb}wh{wb gh

]dkech}d b fb} {dcm}b}d onh ju ehgd tl gjlj blyhke hn f}twwj gh tl vd}j d q}jq}hj {kbcmhj

kjccd}khbnd. fj}{d b cblhfd{wb}d {fb}yj{bcdlwd nb hcq}jmbmhnd {jwwjch{{hjld gdh Qjqjnh gdn Cb}d gb

qb}wd gdn Fb}bjld, Nb q}d{dlyb lt}bohkb ldnnH{jnb gh K}dwb {j{wdlhmhnd o}byhd bnnd{h{wdlyb gh bnktlh

kdlw}h # kjcd bg d{dcqhj Ot}lhb # h rtbnh q}d{dlwblj {w}twwt}d d}dwwd kjl tl hlkjlfjlghmhnd qb}bcdlwj

b {bkkj %ct}t b mtnnt(. whqhkj gdonh dghfhkh lt}bohkh, Nj {k}hvdlwd gdfhlh{kd nd {w}twwt}d lt}bohked kjcd

{eb}gblb;8hllblyhwtwwj qd}ke h gtd kjlwd{wh kjd{h{wjlj blked hl bnw}d njkbnhw. cb {jq}bwwtwwj qd}ke.

bn kjlw}b}hj gh rtblwj ghkehb}bwj gb bnktlh. nd{h{wdlyb gh tlj gdh gtd o}tqqh ljl q}dkntgd nbnw}j. wblwj

gb {tood}h}d vd}j{hchncdlwd ked {hblj tl {jnj o}tqqj tcblj, Hlwblwj nd kbqbkhw chnhwb}h gdonh

[eb}gblb {wblyhbwh{h b Mxmnj{71 ft}jlj b}ojcdlwj gh gh{kt{{hjld. bwwj}lj bn 2;4= b,K,. w}b Bcdljqeh{

;2Onjwy.Nb khvhnw Dodb. q,7;

;= O, Tob{.Bnmb gdh Lt}boeh. Fbmtnb. Kbonhb}h =114. q,=1=

;;Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn,HH. q,7??

;7Tob{ hl {wbcqb

;4Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn,HH. q,26;

;6 L, gd Ob}h{ Gbvhd{.Qbhlwhlo f}jc wed wjcm{ jf ]dkech}d bw Wedmd{. Ld Xj}` 28;4. wbvv HH # U

;? I,V,Ntkd.Nb fhld gh Bwnblwhgd. Ldwjl. ]jcb 28?6. wbv, 78

;5Tob{.Bnmb gdh Lt}boeh. q,=16

;8

I,G,[, Qdlgndmt}x. Wed B}kebdjnjox jf K}dwd9bl hlw}jgtkwhjl. hl Cdwetdl{ Eblgmjj`{ jf B}kebdjnjox. Njlgjl 28;8. q,==80Ntkd.Nb fhld gh Bwnblwhgd. wbv =?

71Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn,HH. q,;76Hn Qjqjnj [eb}gblb Nb khvhnw. nb ktnwt}b. nd kjlrth{wd gh Cb}kdnnj Kbm}hjnt Gjct{gdiblb{ dghwj}d H[ML 8?5 55

8?157 1= 1


6/13


8?157 1= 1

HV %B`edlbwjl(72d hn ojvd}lbwj}d gh Mxmnj{ ]hm#Bggh. wbnd gb hcmb{wh}d tlb kj}}h{qjlgdlyb hlwdl{b

bnnj {kjqj gh hlk}dcdlwb}d hn }dkntwbcdlwj gh rtd{wh otd}}hd}h {hb ldnnd{d}khwj dohyhj7= ked ldnnb

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nbnw}b d{w}dchw gdn Cb}d Lj{w}tc. {h {tqqjld bmmhblj bqd}wj nb }jwwb vd}{j nj {wbolj gdnnb

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}hkbnkbvb nhwhld}b}hj qd}kj}{j gbn ndoodlgb}hj Lj}bu. cdlw}d nb {dkjlgb. hl qb}wdlyb gbn {tg gdnnbM}hwbllhb. b}}hvbvb bn Ojnfj gdn Ndjld bww}bvd}{blgj nb vbnnd gdn ]jgblj, [d }dnbwhvbcdlwd bn q}hcj

hwhld}b}hj bmmhbcj tlhkbcdlwd hn {tqqj}wj gdnndqh{jghj chwjnjohkj. qd} hn {dkjlgj qd}kj}{j # rtdnnj

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nb oh khwbwb kjlrth{wb gh Ndclj d Hcm}j. oh gd{k}hwwb b {dothwj gdnnb gh{w}tyhjld gh K}dwb. ked

}bqq}d{dlwb nb kjlrth{wb gh tl qtlwj kehbvd gh f}jlwd bnnb vhb gh qb{{boohj gdnnd w}bwwd kjccd}khbnh

q}jvdlhdlwh gbnnB{hb d hl w}bl{hwj qd} nj {w}dwwj gdh Gb}gbldnnh. wbnd gb fb}d kjlkj}}dlyb bnnb khww gh

W}jhb %VHH(, Nb qj{hyhjld gh Ndclj d Hcm}j }h{tnwb {w}bwdohkb qd}{hlj hl }dnbyhjld bnnb vhkhlblyb gdnnb

W}bkhb d gdnnd }dnbwhvd b}dd chld}b}hd, Nb fjlgbyhjld gh Ob}nj. b kh}kb 41 `c gb [jfhb. d nb k}dbyhjld

72 I,B, @ltgwyjl.Ghd Dn Bcb}lb Wbfndl. Nhq{hb 281?. qq,;87 4=5 4;1

7=Tob{.Bnmb gdh Lt}boeh. q,=1?

7;Tob{.Bnmb gdh Lt}boeh. q,26=

77 F, Od}cbl.Ntjcjhl [b}gdolb gbn Qbndjnhwhkj bnndw Lt}bohkb. Kb}nj Gdnfhlj Dghwj}d. [b{{b}h 2884

74 I, Othnbhld.Nbod gt M}jlyd hl Nblotdgjk jkkhgdlwbn.]jt{{hnnjl. B}hod. Qb}h{ 28?=. q,276 278. fhoo =2 76#7?

76Tob{.NBnmb gdh lt}boeh. Fbmtnb. q,=12

7? Tob{.NBnmb gdh lt}boeh. q,=11

75Onjwy.Nb khvhnw Dodb. q,74Hn Qjqjnj [eb}gblb Nb khvhnw. nb ktnwt}b. nd kjlrth{wd gh Cb}kdnnj Kbm}hjnt Gjct{gdiblb{ dghwj}d H[ML 8?5 55

8?157 1= 1


7/13


8?157 1= 1

hvh gh tl qjyyj {bk}j cjnwj {hchnd b Ftlwblb Kjmd}wb %Mbnnbj(78 # cb kjl q}dkh{d {jchonhblyd blked b

[blwb Blb{wb{hb gh [b}gb}b # kh cj{w}b kjcd nb Ndob gdh Qjqjnh gdn Cb}d. d kjl d{{b onh [eb}gblb.

wd{{d tlb qjnhwhkb kjnjlhbnd ch}bwb bn kjlw}jnnj gdnnd vhd kjccd}khbnh bqqdlb gd{k}hwwd, Gjqj bvd}

}hfndwwtwj bcqhbcdlwd {tnnd b}dd gh hlfntdlyb qjnhwhked d ktnwt}bnh gbn Cdghwd}}bldj kdlw}bnd bn

Ndvblwhlj q}j{dothbcj ldnnblbnh{h k}jljnjohkb d gdfhlhbcj j}b nb {hwtbyhjld qjnhwhkb qbnd{whld{d, Nb

kj{wb j}hdlwbnd gdn Cdghwd}}bldj. bnnd qj}wd gdn UHHH {dk, b,K,. bqqb}d kjcd hcqj{wbwb {t tlbf}bccdlwb}hdw gh {wbwh d }dolh h rtbnh j}mhwbvblj ldnnd b}dd gh hlfntdlyb gdh gtd cboohj}h hcqd}h

vhkhlhj}h9 nDohwwj d Ebwwh, D wd{whcjlhbwj gbnnd k}jlbked ked h }dolh gdn Ndvblwhlj fj{{d}j ndobwh

bnnEbwwh d bnnDohwwj qd}{hlj gb tlb }dwd gh gbyh d gh kjccd}khj ljlke gb ndobch gh {blotd gjvtwh b

cbw}hcjlh w}b nd kb{d }dolblwh, Hl tl kjlwd{wj gh fd}cdlwh d gh bohwbyhjlh. rtbnh {hkt}bcdlwd d}blj nd

wd}}d cdghjj}hdlwbnh gt}blwd hn UHHH {dk, b,K,. jqd}bvblj nd fnjwwd }dojnb}h dohyhd. ehwwhwd. chkdldd %w}b

kth vh d}blj nd lt}bohked( bg b{{hkt}b}d h }h{qdwwhvh {kbcmh gh q}jgjwwh, D vd}j{hchnd kjl{hgd}b}d ked hl

qd}hjgh cdlj fbvj}dvjnh gbn qtlwj gh vh{wb gdnnb lbvhobyhjld. {h kjcqh{{d}j bwwh gh qh}bwd}hb d

{bkkedoohj gb qb}wd gdnnd {wd{{d fnjwwd }dojnb}h41, Ljl d}}bwj qdl{b}d ked h o}j{{h hcqd}h fbvj}h}jlj nd

{kj}}hmblgd gdnnd q}jq}hd fnjwwd. cbob}h bn fhld gh }hdrthnhm}b}d {wbohjlh kjccd}khbnh qjkj fbvj}dvjnh

jqqt}d }dhlvd{wh}d ldh w}bffhkh h w}hmtwh bqqdlb }h{kj{{h, Wbnh bvvdlhcdlwh hlgt{{d}j onh d{hoth {wbwd}dnnh

qbnd{whld{h. {dlwhwh{h w}bghwh. b kbcmhb}d {kehd}bcdlwj ldnnbcmhwj gdnnd bnndblyd kjl h o}j{{h hcqd}h, Hkbqjvjnohcdlwh gh f}jlwd gb qb}wd gdh }dolh gdn Ndvblwhlj k}db}jlj gh fbwwj hl{wbmhnhw ldnnb qjnhwhkb

d{wd}b w}b hn }dolj gh Ebwwh d nDohwwj. h rtbnh d}blj ndobwh gb bkkj}gh gh ljl mdnnhod}blyb d gb ndobch

cbw}hcjlhbnh w}b nd ghlb{whd }dolblwh, Hlwblwj blked nDohwwj {tmhvb kjlwhlth bwwbkkeh gb qb}wd gdh qh}bwh.

kjcd bg d{dcqhj bvvdlld ldn {dkjlgj bllj gh }dolj gh ]bcd{d{t HH %2=?5 b,K,(. hn rtbnd gjvdwwd

bff}jlwb}d bww}bvd}{j hlwd}vdlwh {w}bj}ghlb}h hn o}bvd q}jmndcb gdnnd hlkt}{hjlh gdonh [eb}gblb, Hn

{jv}blj gjvdwwd k}db}d tlb {d}hd gh fj}wdyyd vd}{j Jvd{w qd} ghfdlgd}{h gbh kjlwhlth bwwbkkeh42

[eb}gblb. }ht{kdlgj bg bccj}whyyb}ld nd hlkt}{hjlh d b {kjlfhood}d onh bvvd}{b}h kjl ghffhkjnw.

gt}blwd tlb mbwwbonhb lbvbnd gbonh d{hwh hlkd}wh ked {h kjlknt{d kjl nhlkj}qj}bcdlwj gdh }dgtkh

ldnnd{d}khwj dohyhj4=, Onh {w}b{khkeh gh tlb }doodlyb chnhwb}d{kb. rtdnnb gh [dweh H. vjnwb bg b{{hkt}b}d h

kjlfhlh hcqd}hbnh b lj}g # d{w gdnnb [h}hb. {whcjnb}jlj ]bcd{d{t HH. gh {dothwj bnnhl{wbmhnhw qjnhwhkb. bg

bwwbkkb}d hn }dolj gh Rbgd{e qd} }h{wbmhnh}d hn gjchlhj d nhlfntdlyb dohyhb, Gt}blwd hn {tj rthlwj bllj

gh }dolj %bwwj}lj bn 2=?4 b,K,( ]bcd{d{t HH cj{{d hn {tj d{d}khwj bww}bvd}{j nb Qbnd{whlb. vd}{j

Rbgd{e. }boohtlodlgj gjqj tl cd{d gh cb}khb nb vbnnd gdn fhtcd J}jlwd. ldn wd}}hwj}hj gh Kblbbl. b

kh}kb =4 `c gb Rbgd{e, Nd{d}khwj }dojnb}d dohyhj kjcqj{wj gb w}d b}cbwd %Bcjl. Qjwd}d gdonh B}keh

]b. Bmmjlgblyb gh Vbnj}d [twd`e. Fj}yb gdonh B}keh( vdlld hlk}dcdlwbwj gh tlb rtb}wb b}cbwb.

}dkntwbwb w}b b}khd}h ltmhblh. {jngbwh gh Bct}}t d [eb}gblb {wblyhbwh {tnnb kj{wb qbnd{whld{d4;, Q}jq}hj

rtd{wtnwhcb b}cbwb ft rtdnnb ked {bnv nd {j}wh gdnnd{d}khwj dohyhj47. {qdyybwj gh {j}q}d{b d rtb{h

cb{{bk}bwj gbnnd b}cbwd ehwwhwd hlwd}vdltwd hl ghfd{b gdn }dolj gh Rbgd{e. }hdrthnhm}blgj nd {j}wh gh

rtdnnb ked ft nb q}hcb o}blgd mbwwbonhb gdnnb {wj}hb d ked fhl hlgdkh{b, Nd }hndvblwh kbqbkhw mdnnhked

gdonh [eb}gblb vdlld}j qd}kh kdndm}bwd ldnnb {wdnd gh Wblh{44 %nblwhkb Qh#]bkcd{{d }hljchlbwb Giblb

j kjlj{khtwb ldnnb Mhmmhb kjcd Yjbl(. gjvd h otd}}hd}h kj}ltwh vdlld}j gd{k}hwwh kjcd ohtlwh gbncb}d bqd}wj kjl nd nj}j lbvh gb otd}}b d ked ld{{tlj d}b {wbwj hl o}bgj gh f}jlwdoohb}d , Nb

78G,C, Gijljvb.Dndcdlwh b}kehwdwwjlhkh q}jwj {b}gh ldnnb qdlh{jnb mbnkblhkb. hl B,B,V,V, %b kt}b gh(.Bwwh gdn HHH Kjlvdolj gh [wtghTl Chnndllhj gh }dnbyhjlh w}b [b}gdolb d h Qbd{h gdn Cdghwd}}bldj. [dnb}oht{285?

41Onjwy.Nb Khvhnw Dodb. q, 7?

42O}hcbn. [wj}hb gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. q,;4=

4=O}hcbn. [wj}hb gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. q,;=6

4;Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn, HH. q,;4=

47Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. q,;4;

44 B, Ob}ghld}.Nb Khvhnw Dohyhb. Dhlbtgh. Wj}hlj 28?2. q,=;6Hn Qjqjnj [eb}gblb Nb khvhnw. nb ktnwt}b. nd kjlrth{wd gh Cb}kdnnj Kbm}hjnt Gjct{gdiblb{ dghwj}d H[ML 8?5 55

8?157 1= 1


8/13


8?157 1= 1

{hwtbyhjld gh hl{wbmhnhw vdltwb{h b k}db}d w}b h gtd Hcqd}h kj{whwt. qd} nb Ndob chkdldb. nb qj{{hmhnhw

gh d{qtolb}d {dlyb wd}yh hlkjcjgh nb khww gh W}jhb. kjnnjkbwb {tnnd kj{wd Cdghwd}}bldd gdnnBlbwjnhb. d

od{wh}d onh {mjkkeh kjccd}khbnh b{hbwhkh d cd{jqjwbchkh, Nb Ndob w}b{{d b q}jq}hj vblwboohj.

q}jmbmhncdlwd bnnj {kjqj gh d{qblgd}{h kjccd}khbncdlwd ldn Qjlwj Dt{hlj46. nhcqdolj gdnnd{d}khwj

ehwwhwb ldn f}jlwd cd}hghjlbnd. kjonhdlgj njkkb{hjld qd} bwwbkkb}d d khlod}d gb{{dghj nb khww gh W}jhb

%VHH(, Hn kjlw}jnnj d{d}khwbwj gbonh [eb}gblb bwwj}lj bnnb qdlh{jnb blbwjnhkb. bww}bvd}{j njkktqbyhjldgdnnd h{jnd gh Ndclj. Hcm}j. @dfwht d Khq}j. fbvj} tlb cbljv}b b wdlbonhb gb qb}wd gdnnb Ndob 4? ldh

kjlf}jlwh gdnnb khww gh W}jhb, Nb Ndob kjlkdlw} {tnnb {qjlgb jkkhgdlwbnd gdn fhtcd [kbcblg}j gdkhld

gh lbvh gb otd}}b d qb}dkkehd gdkhld gh chonhbhb gh tjchlh b kth {h jqqj{d}j vb{{bnnh d bnndbwh gh W}jhb

hl tlj {kjlw}j vhjndlwj d qb}whkjnb}cdlwd ntloj, Ndoodlgb}hbcdlwd gjqj kh}kb ghdkh bllh gh b{{dghj nb

khww gh W}jhb vdlld gh fbwwj kjlrth{wbwb d gh{w}twwb gb tl vhjndlwj hlkdlghj %2=81 2=41 b,K,(. b kth

{dot tlb ndlwb d hlb}}d{wbmhnd hlvb{hjld gdnnBlbwjnhb, Ldn f}bwwdcqj. vdlhvb {whqtnbwb nb qbkd %2=65

b,K,( w}b nd gtd qjwdlyd gdnnDohwwj d gh Ebwwh. {tkkd{{hvbcdlwd bg bnktlh bllh gh {kjlw}h. {wbmhndlgj tl

bkkj}gj fj}wd vjntwj gb Ebwwt{hnh HHH d {tmhwj bkkdwwbwj gbn Fb}bjld dohyhj ]bcd{d{t HH, Hn cb{{bk}j

gdonh d{d}khwh cb {jq}bwwtwwj nb k}d{kdlwd chlbkkhb gdnnbvblyb}d gdnnb Ndob ft}jlj gdh cjwhvh vbnhgh d

q}djkktqblwh wbnh gb ctjvd}d h gtd {jv}blh vd}{j nb kjnnbmj}byhjld, Nb {whqtnb gh tl qbwwj gh ljl

mdnnhod}blyb w}b nDohwwj d nEbwwh. bnnj {kjqj gh ob}blwh}d tlj {wbwt{ rtj wd}}hwj}hbnd d tlbnndblybghfdl{hvb kjlw}j rtbntlrtd ldchkj d{wd}lj. vdlld {toodnnbwj gbn }dkhq}jkj hlvhj gh kjlktmhld bnnj

{kjqj gh ndob}d bww}bvd}{j vhlkjnh gh {blotd nd gtd kb{bwd }dolblwh, Hlwblwj. nb cj}wd gdn {jv}blj ehwwhwb

bq} tlb k}h{h ghlb{whkb ked {h q}jw}b{{d qd} {vb}hbwh bllh d bkkd{d gdh kjlw}b{wh kjl nb vhkhlb B{{h}hb, Hn

ohjvbld }d d}dghwb}hj ehwwhwb Wtwebnhib HV kjlgt{{d tlb qjnhwhkb gh ghqnjcbyhb d ljl mdnnhod}blyb b kth

{h jqqj{d hn }hfhtwj gdn vdkkehj {jv}blj B{{h}j [bncblb{{b} H. {dlyb qd}bnw}j {kbwdlb}d gdh kjlfnhwwh,

Cb nj {kjqj gdn ltjvj {jv}blj b{{h}j hl{dghbwj{h. Wt`tnwh Lhlt}wb %2=;7 b,K,(. d}dgd gh

[bncblb{{b}. d}b gh {wbmhnh}{h {tnnDtf}bwd d wbonhb}d nb vhb ked kjnndobvb Mbmhnjlhb bnnB{hb Chlj}d 45,

Nb {kdnwb b{{h}b ft gdwwbwb gbnnb ldkd{{hw gh kjlw}jnnb}d h w}bffhkh kjccd}khbnh vd}{j nB{hb d hcqdgh}d

ked h }dolh gdn Chwbllh d rtdnnj gh Ebwwh {h kjlohtlod{{d}j kjlw}j gh nth, Nhlwd}vdlwj b}cbwj gdonh

ehwwhwh. ldh kjlf}jlwh gdnnd jqd}byhjlh chnhwb}h b{{h}d. {h kjlknt{d hl tlb gh{fbwwb hwwhwb kjl kh}kb =5,111

q}hohjlhd}h gdqj}wbwh hl Cd{jqjwbchb, Hn }h{tnwbwj gh rtd{wb m}dvd kbcqbolb chnhwb}d ft wblwj o}bvd qd}

hn oh hlgdmjnhwj d{d}khwj ehwwhwb rtblwj kjcq}jcdwwdlwd qd} nd b}dd kjccd}khbnh ehwwhwd. nd rtbnh

vdlld}j wbonhbwd ftj}h gbnnb vhb dkjljchkb qh hcqj}wblwd gdn kjlwhldlwd. kjlw}jnnbwb j}b gb Lhlhvd. nb

kbqhwbnd b{{h}b, Nb {hwtbyhjld qjnhwhkb gdn Cdghwd}}bldj j}hdlwbnd rthlgh. bwwj}lj bn 2=;1 b,K,. {h

bkkdlgd hcq}jvvh{bcdlwd b {dothwj gdnnd kbcqbold chnhwb}h bqqdlb gd{k}hwwd. d b {dothwj gdnnd

cho}byhjlh d cjvhcdlwh gh cb{{d tcbld j}hohlbwh{h gbonh {kjlw}h, Hlwblwj bn gdftlwj ]bc{d{t HH

{tkkd{{d ldn 2=2; b,K, Cd}dlqwbe. hn rtbnd kd}k. ldnnbllj 7 gdn {tj }dolj. w}bchwd bhtwh chnhwb}h d

}h{j}{d bnhcdlwb}h48. gh {j{wdld}d onh {wbwh blbwjnhkh. bnnj {kjqj bqqtlwj gh9 #fb} vhvd}d nEbwwh# j

cdonhj wdld}d hl qhdgh ntnwhcj mbntb}gj b}cbwj kjlw}j h Qjqjnh gdn Lj}g d gdn Cb}d, Nhlgdmjnhcdlwj

qbwhwj gdnnd{d}khwj ehwwhwb gjqj nb otd}}b kjlw}j nB{{h}hb vdlld kjnwj gbnnb Ndob kjcd nb qj{{hmhnhw gh

tld{qbl{hjld kjccd}khbnd d wd}}hwj}hbnd vd}{j nB{hb, Nb kjlfdgd}byhjld {qhdwbwbcdlwd vjw qd}nhlvb{hjld gh Ebwwh. b}}hvblgj b gh{w}tood}d nb kbqhwbnd Ebwwt{eb61 # {jq}bvvh{{twb kjcd tnwhcj

mbntb}gj # vd}j{hchncdlwd bwwj}lj bn 2281 b,K,62, Hn {j{wdolj b rtd{wb dnbmj}byhjld kh vhdld bqqtlwj

fj}lhwj gbnnb wd{whcjlhblyb dohyhb. nb rtbnd kh kjlfd}cb hn k}jnnj gh Ebwwt{eb bg jqd}b gdnnb Ndob gdh

46Qh}dlld. [wj}hbgdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn, HH. q,745

4?Onjwy.Nb Khvhnw Dodb. q, 7?

45Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn, HH. q,744

48O}hcbn. [wj}hb gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. q,;42

61Etwkehl{jl.NBlwhkb khvhnw k}dwd{d. q,=?5

62Onjwy.Nb Khvhnw Dodb. q, 75Hn Qjqjnj [eb}gblb Nb khvhnw. nb ktnwt}b. nd kjlrth{wd gh Cb}kdnnj Kbm}hjnt Gjct{gdiblb{ dghwj}d H[ML 8?5 55

8?157 1= 1


9/13


8?157 1= 1

Qjqjnh gdn Cb}d6=, Hcq}jvvh{bcdlwd ldnnbllj 4 %2=15 b,K,( gdn ojvd}lj gh Cd}dlqwbe {h {kbwdl

kjlw}j nDohwwj nb mtfd}b, Nb Ndob gdh Qjqjnh gdn Cb}d. fj}{d cj{{b gb tlb k}d{kdlwd k}h{h j fj}{d

bww}bwwb gbn gd{hgd}hj gh mdld{{d}d d }hkkedyyb. gdkh{d gh ghvhgd}d {t gtd f}jlwh tl bwwbkkj kjlw}j

nDohwwj }hkkj d q}j{qd}j{j, Hn q}hcj d{d}khwj kjlfdgd}bwj q}jvdlld gbnnb Nhmhb cdlw}d hn {dkjlgj

bww}bvd}{ nb Qbnd{whlb b {dothwj gdnnb{{d{wbcdlwj gdn kjnqj gh o}byhb bn }dolj gh Ebwwh, Tlb cb{{b

b}cbwb fj}cbwb gb b}khd}h Nhmjt. Nhkh. Wt}{eb. Gdlxdl. B`bb{eb. [eb`bnb{eb d [eb}gblb6;

. othgbwbgbn }d gdnnb Nhmhb Cd}hbh. hlvb{d hn Gdnwb jkkhgdlwbnd {dchlblgj hn wd}}j}d, Nb q}d{dlyb [eb}gblb.

q}jvdlhdlwd gbnnd kj{wd gdnnB{hb chlj}d d gbnnd H{jnd hl cdyyj bn cb}d67. ft }hkjlj{khtwb d hgdlwhfhkbwb

ldh otd}}hd}h qj}wblwh dnch kjl o}blgh kj}lb64. {ktgh }jwjlgh. ntloeh{{hcd {qbgd b qtlwb d gjqqhj wbonhj

kjl kjgjnj {w}dwwj. gdn whqj ked ghvdlld kjctld hl wtwwb Dt}jqb66, Hn Gdnwb. ljl kjlj{kdlgj kjlfnhwwj

gb qh gh w}dkdlwj bllh. vdlld ndwwd}bncdlwd w}bvjnwj d jkktqbwj gbnnd{d}khwj gdonh hlvb{j}h {dothwj gb

wtwwj tl qjqjnj gh gjlld. mbcmhlh. md{whbcd d kb}}h kb}hkeh gb}odlwj d gh m}jlyj. gh}dwwh b Cdlfh,

Nd{d}khwj dohyhj. othgbwj gb Cd}dlqwbe. }dbo gt}bcdlwd6?. cb{{bk}blgj nd{d}khwj hlvb{j}d d

kdndm}blgj ndvdlwj {tn VHH qhnjld gh @b}lb`, [dkjlgj nd k}jlbked # ljl kjcqndwbcdlwd jmhdwwhvd #

}hcb{d}j cj}wh kh}kb 64;8 Nhmhkh. =;?1 B`bb{eb. ?7= Wt}{eb. === [eb`bnb{eb d kdlwhlbhb gh

[eb}gblb0 vdlld}j bmmblgjlbwd kh}kb 8111 {qbgd hl m}jlyj gbh Nhmjt. nd b}ch hl fd}}j gh B`bb{eb d

[eb}gblb d tlb o}j{{b rtblwhw gh joodwwh gb}odlwj d gh m}jlyj65, Wtwwbvhb nb chlbkkhb gh tlhlvb{hjldljl ft {vdlwbwb kjcqndwbcdlwd qd}ke nb Ndob. vhb wd}}b d vhb cb}d. {h hlfhnw} hl [h}hb d hl Qbnd{whlb.

gjqj bvd} jkktqbwj tlb qb}wd gdonh {wbwh ehwwhwh, Nd{d}khwj dohyhj {h }hvjn{d bnnj}b vd}{j nB{hb

jwwdldlgj kjcd wd{whcjlhblj nd k}jlbked d h cjltcdlwh %vdgh9 {wdnd gH{}bdnd( #. kjl nbkknbcbwj

Cd}dlqwbe. tl qhdlj {tkkd{{j d tlb nhmd}byhjld gbn wd}}hfhkblwd qd}hkjnj kj{whwthwj gbnnd hlvb{hjlh,

Wtwwbvhb nb qhdldyyb gdn {tkkd{{j {th Qjqjnh gdn Cb}d chnnblwbwj gbnnd k}jlbked dohyhd bqqb}d

gdn wtwwj hlbwwdlghmhnd. hl vh}w gdn fbwwj ked nb fjlgbyhjld gdnnhl{dghbcdlwj lt}bohkj gh Dn Ebbw

Ebhfb }h{tnwb gbwbmhnd w}b hn 2=;1 b,K, d hn 22?1 b,K, d ljl q}d{dlwb {dolh gh gh{w}tyhjld, Hlwblwj vhdld

wd{whcjlhbwj hl Qbnd{whlb. gt}blwd hn q}hcj Fd}}j %2=11 611 b,K(. nt{j nb}obcdlwd bwwd{wbwj gh ct}h b

{bkkj %gdfhlhwh ct}h b kb{dcbwwd( hl b{{jkhbyhjld b {w}twwt}d q}jwdwwd gb wj}}h d{wd}ld68.

vd}j{hchncdlwd }d{hgth gh kjlwd{wh [eb}gblb, Nb {w}twwt}b kb}bwwd}h{whkb gdnndqjkb hn chogjn. tlqhkkjnj fj}wd kjl tlb o}blgd wj}}d qh j cdlj b}whkjnbwb ked dvjnvdlgj{h }boohtlod} tlb qhblwb

kjcqnd{{b qjnhojlbnd kjl wj}}h d{wd}ld d kj}whld hlwd}cdghd kjl ct}h b kb{dcbwwd ?1,

B kjlftwb}d tnwd}hj}cdlwd rtblwj bffd}cblj nd h{k}hyhjlh. nj}ghld ljl vdlld qhdlbcdlwd

}h{wbmhnhwj d hn Cdghwd}}bldj J}hdlwbnd ft {kjlvjnwj gb tlb o}bvd k}h{h kjccd}khbnd ked {h }hfndww

{tnnDohwwj {hb gbn qtlwj gh vh{wb dkjljchkj ked qjnhwhkj, Nbqqb}bwj qjnhwhkj dohyhj cj{w} wtwwb nb {tb

gdmjndyyb d nb {tb f}bohnhw. {kbwt}hwh gbnndkkd{{hvj f}byhjlbcdlwj gdn ]dolj jqd}bwj gbn knd}j, Nd

k}jlbked }hqj}wblj njffd}wb gh q}hohjlhd}h gh otd}}b bh wdcqnh. byhjld ked vd}j{hchncdlwd {h qt

w}bgt}}d hl9 }hkehd{wd gh cbljgjqd}b qd} nb kjnwhvbyhjld gdnnb wd}}b d gh tjchlh gb}cd gb hcqhdob}d

6= C, ]hdc{keldhgd}.Hn cjlgj gdonh Ehwwhwh. Kjnnblb Nd o}blgh khvhnw gdn qb{{bwj. Dghw}hkd Q}hcbwj. ]jcb 284?. q,6?

6;Etwkehl{jl.NBlwhkb khvhnw k}dwd{d. q,=?5

67Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn, HH. q,762

64Etwkehl{jl.NBlwhkb khvhnw k}dwd{d. q,=?5

66 K,F,B, [kebdffd}.B M}jlyd {j}g f}jc Tob}hwhwe kb}wjtked jf Chldqwbe %]b{ [eb}cb. [x}hb(. hl Blwhrthwx. 2844. q, ==66? I,E, M}db{wdg.Blkhdlw ]dkj}g{ jf Doxqw. Tlhvd}{hwx jf Kehkboj Q}d{{. Kehkboj 281?. Vjn,4. q,455

65Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn, HH. q,76=

68 F, Mb}}dkb.Nb Khvhnw fdlhkhjqtlhkb hl [b}gdolb. Kb}nj Gdnfhlj Dghwj}d. [b{{b}h 2856. q, ?;

?1Mb}}dkb.Nb Khvhnw fdlhkhjqtlhkb hl [b}gdolb. q, ??Hn Qjqjnj [eb}gblb Nb khvhnw. nb ktnwt}b. nd kjlrth{wd gh Cb}kdnnj Kbm}hjnt Gjct{gdiblb{ dghwj}d H[ML 8?5 55

8?157 1= 1


10/13


8?157 1= 1

ldnnd chnhyhd gdh O}blgh [bkd}gjwh?2. bcmdgtd bvblybwd gb qb}wd gdh o}blgh fdtgh {bkd}gjwbnh, Bonh

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kjcd fj}cb gh b{{h{wdlyb qd} nb vdkkehbhb?=, Bg hlwd}d w}hm vdlld}j b{{dolbwh. kjcd gjchkhnhj. h

wd}}hwj}h gh kjlfhld bn {jnj {kjqj gh kjlwdld}d nd hlvb{hjlh. cdlw}d nd kb}hked bcchlh{w}bwhvd ljl

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{w}blhd}h?;

. ljwh kjcd onh{kbnkeh, Cjnwh {wj}hkh kjlkj}gblj ked hl rtd{wj qd}hjgj bvvdlld tl dqh{jghjgh qjkb }hndvblyb qd} onh Dohyh?7. rtbnd nD{jgj gdonh Ebmh}t %Dm}dh(. hcqhdobwh ldnnd kbvd gh qhdw}b gh

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mhmnhkj(. {jq}bvvh{{twj bnnb }d{wbt}byhjld ktnwt}bnd q}jfjlgb jqd}bwb gb ]bcd{d{t HH. q}jmbmhncdlwd

q}jfd{{blwd blkj}b hn ktnwj cjljwdh{whkj gh Bwjl, Nd{qtn{hjld qd}kh. {d dffdwwhvbcdlwd bvvdlld. ft

qd} bnnjlwblb}d gdh ltkndh ktnwt}bncdlwd {jvvd}{hvh blkj}b ndobwh bnnb }hvjntyhjld bcb}lhblb?6, Hlwblwj

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d{qtn{hjld gdh nbvj}bwj}h {dch#b{{d}vhwh. odld} tlb o}bvh{{hcb k}h{h dkjljchkb d fhlblyhb}hb ked

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%2=1= b,K,(. hn w}dghkd{hcj fhonhj gh ]bcd{d{t HH. {kjqqh nblb}kehb d hn w}jlj vdlld jkktqbwj gb tllhqjwd gh ]bcd{d{t HH. Bcdldcd{, Onh bllh ked vdlld}j ft}jlj tl kjlwhltj {qjgd{wbcdlwj gdn qjwd}d

jqd}bwj gb gtd }bch gdnnb fbchonhb }bcd{{hgd. hl kjlfnhwwj w}b nj}j. gb kth w}b{{d vblwboohj Mbx Ib}{t. hn

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q}dwd{b gh }d{whwth}d bnnb cjlb}kehb nj {qndlgj}d gdh ]bcd{{hgh, Hlwblwj tl {dkjlgj kjlwhlodlwd gdnnb

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Qbnd{whlb fbkdlgj wd}}b m}tkhbwb gdh }dolh gdn Chwbllh. Rbgd{e d Bct}}t, Nb kjlj{kdlyb gdnnd b}ch hl

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qjqjnh gdn Ndvblwhlj gjwbwh blkj}b gh b}ch hl m}jlyj, Nh{jnb gh Khq}j vdlld }hjkktqbwb % b {j{wdolj

gh kh {h qj}wb hn }hlvdlhcdlwj gh tl m}jlydwwj gh 44 kc }bqq}d{dlwblwd tl ghj kjl kj}lb wbt}hld

q}jvdlhdlwd gb Dl`jch(?8. nb khww gh @b}`dch{e d hn qj}wj gh B}bg %B}bgj( vdlld}j kjlrth{wbwh kjcd

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qb}yhbncdlwd gh{w}twwh d }hjkktqbwh hccdghbwbcdlwd gbonh {wd{{h hlvb{j}h. {dlyb dnhchlb}d wjwbncdlwd nd

?2Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn, HH. q,767

?=_jnf.Hn cjlgj gdonh Dohyh. q,246

?;_jnf.Hn cjlgj gdonh Dohyh. q,246

?7O}hcbn. [wj}hb gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. q,;;6

?4Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn, HH. q,764

?6 F, Kbqjld. C, Mdlghl. Nb Mhmmhb ljl bvdvb }bohjld. hl Fjkt{ Duw}b. 24 %=11;(. qq,2=1#2=7

??Etwkehl{jl.NBlwhkb khvhnw k}dwd{d. qq,=?8

?5 B, Ih}`t.Hn cjlgj gdnnb Mhmmhb. Q}hcbwj. ]jcb 2845. q, ?5

?8 F, Ohtghkd. Khq}j.hlB,B,V,V, %b kt}b gh(.Bwnblwd gh B}kedjnjohb. TWDW. Wj}hlj 2886. qq,75#78

51Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn, HH. q,7?=

52 I, Wdhuhgj}.NJ}hdlwd gdh fdlhkh. Yblhkednnh. Mjnjolb 285?. q,=7Hn Qjqjnj [eb}gblb Nb khvhnw. nb ktnwt}b. nd kjlrth{wd gh Cb}kdnnj Kbm}hjnt Gjct{gdiblb{ dghwj}d H[ML 8?5 55

8?157 1= 1


11/13


8?157 1= 1

{w}twwt}d q}dkdgdlwh5=, Nb Ndob. kjl nd {td qjqjnbyhjlh b}bcbhked. {wbmhn h {tjh kdlw}h w}b nb [h}hb. hn

Odyh}be. nB{{h}hb d nb Cd{jqjwbchb. h rtbnh qh wb}gh ldn HU {dkjnj b,K,. ghvdlwd}bllj gdh Q}hlkhqbwh

oh bffd}cbwh, Gbcb{kj. Mbmhnjlhb. Ebcbw d Mhw Bot{h # kjl kbqhwbnd B}qbg # bwwd{wd}bllj nb }hlb{khwb

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ohtl{d hl Qbnd{whlb gjvd h Qednd{dw{. q}jmbmhncdlwd gh j}hohld k}dwd{d57. jkktqblgj ltcd}j{d khww d

{kbkkhblgjld onh Dohyhblh. }bffj}yb}jlj h kdlw}h gh Obyb. B{e`bnjl. Obw. B{egjg d B``b}jl %D`}jl(.fjlgblgj nb Qdlwbqjnh kblbldb54,

Rtd{wb }dohjld ghvdlwd} hl ftwt}j hn ktj}d gdnnb lbyhjld Qednd{dw{. gb gjvd {h ctjvd}bllj onh

d{d}khwh qd} kjlw}b{wb}d nb lb{kdlwd qjwdlyb gH{}bdnd56, Nhlvb{hjld gdnnb Ndob ohtl{d kj{ {hlj b

cd}hghjld gdnnb Qdlh{jnb B}bmhkb. gjvd {j}{d}j gdnnd {w}twwt}d kb}bwwd}h{whked hlrtbg}bwd ldnnb ktnwt}b

gh Cbobl %Jcbl(. kjcd nd wj}}h#fj}wdyyd. }dbnhyybwd hl cbwwjlh k}tgh j hl qhdw}b. kh}kjlgbwd gb vhnnbooh

kjl bmhwbyhjlh }dbnhyybwd kjl onh {wd{{h cbwd}hbnh5? d kjl q}dkh{h }h{kjlw}h w}b h kjlwd{wh {b}gh gh [t

Ltb}uh gh Mb}tchlh j blkj}b gh [d}tkkh # Ojlld{b, [h ohtlod kj{ wdcqj}bncdlwd bnnb{kd{b bn qjwd}d

hl Dohwwj gh T{hcbk}dk cd}bctl ]bkcd{{d#ed`bjl %]bc{d{ HHH(. ked kjhlkhgd kjl nb qh wd}}hmhnd

gdnnd hlvb{hjlh,

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ltkndj fbchonhb}d, Rtd{wb {hwtbyhjld ghdgd j}hohld bg bnktld kjctlhw gh Nhmjt d [eb}gblb.

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bnnhlwd}lj gdnnd fjkh j}hdlwbnh gdn Lhnj, Nb}cbwb lbvbnd kjcqj{wb gb B`bb{eb. [eb}gblb. Wt}{eb d

[ed`nd{e kjyy vhjndlwdcdlwd kjlw}j nb fnjwwb dohyhb {tmdlgj kj{ tlb o}bvd {kjlfhwwb 81, Hn kj}qj b

kj}qj w}b h lbwblwh. {dkjlgj nd k}jlbked. dmmd d{hwj qj{hwhvj qd} onh dohyh. hl rtblwj nb fnjwwb gdnnb

Ndob {h b}dl {th mb{{h fjlgbnh gdnnb fjkd qd}gdlgj cbljv}bmhnhw, Nd k}jlbked. j cdonhj h

mb{{j}hnhdvh. gh Cdghldw Ebmt }hq}jgtkjlj. hl tlb kjcqj{hyhjld tlhwb}hb. nd vb}hd fb{h gdn

kjcmbwwhcdlwj. cj{w}blgj h cjcdlwh hl kth nb fnjwwb gdnnb Ndob vhdld hccjmhnhyybwb kjl }bcqhlh.

5= I, NbOb}kd.]bqqj}w{ gd ]b{ Hml Eblh bvdk nb Qelhkhd dw nb Cdghwd}}bld j}hdlwbnd nBod gt Fd}. hl Q, Mb}wjnjlh d [,F, Mjlgh%kt}b gh(. Bwwh gdn H Kjlo}d{{j Hlwd}lbyhjlbnd gh {wtgh fdlhkh d qtlhkh. ]jcb 285;. Vjn, H q,==7

5; Q, Njcmb}gj.Nb [h}hb gbn q}jwj t}mblj bh q}hlkhqbwh b}bcbhkh .hlB,B,V,V, %b kt}b gh(.Bwnblwd gh B}kedjnjohb. TWDW. Wj}hlj2886. qq, ;=#;;

57Ih}`t.Hn cjlgj gdnnb Mhmmhb. q,??0 Ob}mhlh.Qjqjnh gdn cb}d. Wb}{h{ d Fhnh{wdh.q,=;?

54Ih}`t.Hn cjlgj gdnnb Mhmmhb. q,??

56 Q,Njcmb}gj.Nb Qbnd{whlb d nB}bmhb.hlB,B,V,V, %b kt}b gh(.Bwnblwd gh B}kedjnjohb. TWDW. Wj}hlj 2886. qq, =5#=8

5?Njcmb}gj.Nb Qbnd{whlb d nB}bmhb. q,=5#=80 Ob}mhlh.Qjqjnh gdn cb}d. Wb}{h{ d Fhnh{wdh.ljwb 2;. qq,=;5#=;8

55Ob}ghld}.Nb Khvhnw Dohyhb. q, =45

58O}hcbn. [wj}hb gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. q,;44

81 ], Wjlblh. Qjkeh ldchkh. wblwj jlj}d. hl Fjkt{ Duw}b. 24 %=11;(. q,218Hn Qjqjnj [eb}gblb Nb khvhnw. nb ktnwt}b. nd kjlrth{wd gh Cb}kdnnj Kbm}hjnt Gjct{gdiblb{ dghwj}d H[ML 8?5 55

8?157 1= 1


12/13


8?157 1= 1

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ch{t}d gb ; b 4 b}t}d %gb kh}kb 51 b 2;4 b}d(88, Gh {dothwj bnnb o}blgd k}h{h qjnhwhkb gdn UHH {dk,b,K, d bh

}h{vjnwh odjqjnhwhkh j}hohlbwh{h hl Cdghj J}hdlwd. bnktld kjcqjldlwh gdnnb Ndob wj}lb}jlj bnnd nj}j

blwhked {dgh211, Onh [eb}gblb d onh [ed nd{e }hdlw}b}jlj hl qb}wd bnnd nj}j qbw}hd. {wbmhnhwd

}h{qdwwhvbcdlwd hl [b}gdolb d [hkhnhb. gblgj j{qhwbnhw bh vdkkeh kjcchnhwjlh {dlyb qh tlb qbw}hb.

rtbnh Qednd{dw{ d B`bb{eb, Nd dwlhd Nt``b d Gblbh d tlb qb}wd gdh Wt}{eb d gdh Wid``d} 212 {h


8=O}hcbn. [wj}hb gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. q,;61

8;Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn, HH. q,7?;

87Ob}ghld}. Nb Khvhnw Dohyhb. q, =61

84Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn, HH. q,7?;

86 Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn, HH. q,7??

8?Onjwy.Nb Khvhnw Dodb. q, 75

85Onjwy.Nb Khvhnw Dodb. q, 75

88Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn, HH. q,78?

211Ob}mhlh.Qjqjnh gdn cb}d. Wb}{h{ d Fhnh{wdh. q,=;5

212Ob}mhlh.Qjqjnh gdn cb}d. Wb}{h{ d Fhnh{wdh. q,=;5Hn Qjqjnj [eb}gblb Nb khvhnw. nb ktnwt}b. nd kjlrth{wd gh Cb}kdnnj Kbm}hjnt Gjct{gdiblb{ dghwj}d H[ML 8?5 55

8?157 1= 1


13/13


8?157 1= 1

{wbmhnh}jlj w}b nBlbwjnhb {tg j}hdlwbnd d nb [h}hb [dwwdlw}hjlbnd. gblgj j}hohld bh }dolh Ldj#Ehwwhwh21=.

cdlw}d tlb kjcqjldlwd hcqj}wblwd gdh Wt}{eb {h {wbmhn {tnnb kj{wb wh}}dlhkb gdnnHwbnhb. gblgj j}hohld

bnnb khvhnw dw}t{kb d k}dblgj nd mb{h fjlgbcdlwbnh gdnnb ]jcb b}kbhkb, Bnktld kjcqjldlwh hcqj}wblwh

gh [eb}gblb. Qednd{dw{ d B`bb{eb }hcb{d}j {wbmhnh gbn Gdnwb gdn Lhnj {hlj bnnb [h}hb hl qb}whkjnb}d.

blgblgj bg jkktqb}d nb Vbnnd gh Idy}ddn d nb kbwdlb gh Cjtlw Kb}cdn 21;. nhl{dghbcdlwj gh B``

%B`` j blked gdfhlhwb Bkd#Qwjndcbh{( d Odlld{b}hwd217

# gh fj}wd }hkehbcj kjl hn wd}chld {b}gj Odllb#. rtdnnj gh Mh}twb blked{{j gh fj}wd }hkehbcj kjl hn wjqjlhcj Mj}twwb # {hlj bnnb khww gh B}bg

%B}bgj(214, Nb q}d{dlyb gh rtd{wd dwlhd. gh kehb}b j}hohld cdghwd}}bldb. kjlw}bggh{whlwd gb tlb

qb}whkjnb}d qhocdlwbyhjld j fj}{d bmhwtbwd b hlgj{{b}d hlgtcdlwh j b}cbwt}d gh kjnj}h kbngh d

qj}qj}bwh. {qhl{d qd}{jlbooh kjcd Jcd}j j nd qjqjnbyhjlh gh nhlotb gj}hkb. {wblyhbwd j}b hl Bwwhkb. b

gdfhlh}d d}}jldbcdlwd d gh{ktwhmhncdlwd h chkdldh kjcd Qejhlh`d{216. Qdnnh}j{{d21?, Rtd{wh o}tqqh

tcblh. hgdlwhfhkbwh blked kjcd Kblbldh215. dwd}lh bvvd}{b}h gh H{}bdnd. k}db}jlj gdnnd khww {wbwj d

ghdgd}j j}hohld bh q}d{tqqj{wh gdnnb lbvhobyhjld d gdonh {kbcmh kjccd}khbnh gdn H chnndl, b,K,.

bww}bvd}{j gtd gh}dww}hkh q}hlkhqbnh9 rtdnnb {h}hblb d rtdnnb fhnh{wdb khq}hjwb218. kjl qd}lj ldnnb njkbnhw

gh Dn Ebbw {tn Cjlw Kb}cdnj, Hlfhld. kjcd tnwhcj mb}ntcd ldn Ndvblwhlj. hl Dohwwj {h dmmd nb{kd{b

bn ojvd}lj gdnnb UUHH ghlb{whb. kj{whwthwb gb tlb fbchonhb gh }byyb {w}blhd}b, [ed{ejlr H221 {bn bn w}jlj

gDohwwj d{{dlgj oh ntjcj qjnhwhkbcdlwd qh qjwdlwd. oh }hkjq}dlgj hn o}bgj gh odld}bnd hl kbqjgdnnd{d}khwj ljlke rtdnnj gh kjl{honhd}d gdn ]d, Kj{wth d}b hljnw}d fhonhj gh ljwbmhnh d gh{kdlgdlwd gdh

o}tqqh Nhmjt d [eb}gblb b kth d}blj {wbwd kjlkd{{d wd}}d hl q}jq}hdw b kjlghyhjld ked q}d{wb{{d}j

{d}vhyhj chnhwb}d222 qd} nDohwwj, Qd} vhb gdnnd kbcqbold chnhwb}h kjlgjwwd hl Qbnd{whlb d kjlw}j H{}bdnd.

rtdnnb gdh kbqh nhmhkh ft tlb ghlb{whb ked }hghdgd bn qbd{d. qd} rtbnked odld}byhjld. tlb qjwdlyb gdn

wtwwj ghcdlwhkbwb gbnndqjkb gh ]bc{d{ HHH22=, Nb Ndob gdh Qjqjnh gdn Cb}d # j kjcd nb gdfhlh}jlj h

o}blgh b}kedjnjoh. nb Ndob Chkdldb # j}cbh {khjnwb. ljl nb{kh bnw}d w}bkkd {d ljl h {hlojnh

bvvdlhcdlwh ndobwh bh qjqjnh kj{whwtdlwh. rtbnh nd kjcqjldlwh [eb}gblb d Qednd{dw{ }hcb{wd hl

Qbnd{whlb. jqqt}d h Nhmjt d qb}wd gdonh B`bb{eb {wblyhbwh{h w}b nb Nhmhb d nb Wtlh{hb j blkj}b hl

[hkhnhb. h rtbnh ghdgd}j ltjvj hcqtn{j vhwbnd ldn Cdghwd}}bldj jkkhgdlwbnd hcqj{wblgj hn {h{wdcb

khwwbghlj d ghvdldlgj hl {dothwj nb qjwdlyb blwbojlh{wb gh ]jcb9 jvvd}j Kb}wbohld,

21= O, GBcj}d.NBlbwjnhb gbnnDw gdn M}jlyj bonh [wbwh B}bcbhkh.hlB,B,V,V, %b kt}b gh(.Bwnblwd gh B}kedjnjohb. TWDW. Wj}hlj2886. qq, ;6#;?

21; B, Yd}wbn. [b}ghlhbl{ hl H{}bdn:. hlJgx{{dx. Cb}ke*Bq}hn %=11;(. q,4=#4;

217 B, Yd}wbn.Qehnh{whld `hl fjtlg hl Db}nx H{}bdn:. hl Mhmnhkbn B}kedjnjohkbn ]dvhd. Cbx*Itld %=11;(. q,;2

214Qh}dlld. [wj}hb gdnnb Khvhnw gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. vjn, HH. q,7?=

216 Q, Mb}wjnjlh.B}kedjnjohb fdlhkhj#qtlhkb hl [b}gdolb, Hlw}jgtyhjld bnnj {wtghj. KTDK. Kbonhb}h =118. q,26

21?Onjwy.Nb khvhnw Dodb. q,45

215 H,F, Khbqqb. Kj}{j gh [wj}hb gdnnB}wd. {dy, B#K#D#L. Nhkdj Knb{{hkj [wbwbnd O, Ob}hmbngh. Qbnd}cj b,{, =11?*=115. q,2

218 Q, Mb}wjnjlh.H Fdlhkh d h Kb}wbohld{h hl [b}gdolb. Kb}nj Gdnfhlj Dghwj}d. [b{{b}h =118.q,28

221O}hcbn. [wj}hb gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. q,722


22=O}hcbn. [wj}hb gdnnBlwhkj Dohwwj. q,722Hn Qjqjnj [eb}gblb Nb khvhnw. nb ktnwt}b. nd kjlrth{wd gh Cb}kdnnj Kbm}hjnt Gjct{gdiblb{ dghwj}d H[ML 8?5 55

8?157 1= 1

4. Gli Shardana e i popoli del mare e la talassocrazia micenea – il periodo coloniale.- “Il...

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