11-2013-2014-Cibernetica, informatica giuridica, tecnocrazia

7/22/2019 11-2013-2014-Cibernetica, informatica giuridica, tecnocrazia

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11-2013-2014-cibernetica-informatica-giuridica-tecnocrazia 1/25

\nivlrsitê hlfoi Stuhi hi \hinl > Hip`rtimlntg hi Scilnzl fiurihickl > Inegrm`tic` Fiurihic` --> Ciblrnltic` I fr`hg 2:03->2:08

Xlstg hispgnibiol su oiclnz` Crl`tivl Cgmmgns - kttp4//crl`tivlcgmmgns.grf/oiclnsls/by-nc-nh/2.</hllh.it 0 / 2<

Ciblrnltic`, inegrm`tic` fiurihic`, tlcngcr`zi`

0.- Zrlmlss`4 hirittg l inegrm`tic` ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2 2.- Intrghuzignl4 ciblrnltic` l inegrm`tic` fiurihic` ....................................................................................................................................... 8 3.- Zrim` ciblrnltic` l grhin`mlntg fiurihicg ................................................................................................................................................... 6 3.0.- O` ‟prim` ciblrnltic`”4 ùtg-grf`nizz`zignl hli sistlmi ..................................................................................................................... 6

3.2.- O’grhin`mlntg fiurihicg cgml sistlm` ùtgpgilticg .............................................................................................................................. ; 8.- O` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ cgml mghloog tlcngcr`ticg hi cgnvivlnz` ........................................................................................... 9

8.0.- Clnni suo cgntlstg ckl k` h`tg grifinl òo` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ .......................................................................................... 0: 8.0.0.- Ol trl e`si hloo` ‟Sgciltê hloo’inegrm`zignl” nloo’\nignl Lurgpl` ........................................................................................ 00 8.0.0.- (*) O` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ l ol istituzigni cgmunit`ril ............................................................................................... 02 8.0.2.- ‟Sgciltê hloo’inegrm`zignl”, ‟fgvlrn`ncl”, ‟l-fgvlrn`ncl” .................................................................................................. 05

8.2.- O` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ cgml ‛cgnhivisignl’ hi risgrsl ........................................................................................................... 05 8.2.0.- O` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ cgml iner`struttur` tlcngogfic`4 coguh cgmputinf ............................................................. 05 8.2.2.- O` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ cgml mghloog hi cgnvivlnz`4 io sgciò cgmputinf .............................................................. 0;

8.3.- Cgncousigni .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2: <.- @pprgegnhimlnti ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22 5.- Zrincipòi rielrimlnti ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 22

I p`r`frèi lvihlnzi`ti cgn io slfng (*) cgstituiscgng ‟@pprgegnhimlntg” l plrt`ntg sgng gfflttg hloprgfr`mm` h’ls`ml plr foi stuhlnti hi Fiurispruhlnz` l Scilnzl fiurihickl, ngn plr foi stuhlnti hiScilnzl hli Slrvizi fiurihici pubboici l priv`ti.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/deed.it




> Zrlmlss`4 hirittg l inegrm`tic` >


0.- Zrlmlss`4 hirittg l inegrm`tic`

Gccgrrl riprlnhlrl o` tr`tt`zignl svgot` nlool olzigni prlclhlnti, in grhinl ò ‟hirittg hloo’inegrm`tic ”̀ plr egrmuo`rl ` o-cunl gsslrv`zigni ckl cgnslntgng hi prgslfuirl io hiscgrsg l p`ss`rl òo` ‟inegrm`tic` fiurihic`”.

Nloo` prlmlss` ò cgrsg si lr` inhivihu`tg un r`ppgrtg tr` i hul tlrmini, ‟hirittg” lh ‟inegrm`tic`”, cgniuf`ti in hulslnsi4- cgml ̀ ppoic`zignl hlo hirittg òo’inegrm`tic 1̀ - cgml ̀ ppoic`zignl hloo’inegrm t̀ic` ò hirittg.

Foi `rfgmlnti svgoti in prlclhlnz` sgng st`ti suhhivisi in r`fignl hloo` mghòitê hi cgmunic`zignl lolttrgnic` cginvgo-t`, slcgnhg o’grmì ngtg scklm` qu`hrip`rtitg.

In un clrtg slnsg, si può gsslrv`rl cgml og svgofimlntg hlo cgrsg k` slfuitg hul p`ss`ffi ngtlvgoi4 hòo` ‟cgmuni-c`zignl”, ̀ oo` ‟hieeusignl”, ̀ oo` ‟cgnhivisignl”.

HLSXIN@X@RIG

0 mgoti

LMIXXLNXL

0

0 ?-> 0

‟Cgmunic`zignl”

Cgntr`ttg tlolm`ticg

Zgst` lolttrgnic`

0 -> mgoti

‟Hieeusignl”

Ngmi ` hgminig

Rlspgns`bioitê hlo prgvihlr

Oiblrtê hi lsprlssignl su Intlrnlt

mgoti

‟mgoti -> 0”

‟Intrusignl” (7)

Zriv`cy, Rislrv`tlzz`, H`ti plrsgnòi

Crimini inegrm`tici

Mgoti ?-> mgoti

‟Cgnhivisignl”

Cgpyrifkt, cgpyolet, Crl`tivl Cgmmgns

Zllr tg pllr

Sgciò Nltwgras





> Zrlmlss`4 hirittg l inegrm`tic` >


Sl ol priml hul sgng strutturl cgmunic`tivl ` hist`nz` fiê cgngsciutl prim` hi Intlrnlt, o` tlrz` invlcl – cgml hi-cki`r`tg nloo` slntlnz` @CO\/RLNG fiê più vgotl cit`t`0 – r`pprlslnt` un` egrmuo` ‟nugv`”, hlo tuttg hivlrs` hòol pr l-clhlnti.

Si ë vistg cgml o` ‟cgnhivisignl”, cgsï cgml svioupp`t`si `ttr`vlrsg Intlrnlt, `ssuml un` struttur` cgstitutiv` ‟rltic g-o`rl”, slfulnhg in p`rticgo`rl io mghloog hloo` rltl ‟hlclntr`t`”.

Eifur` 04 mghlooi hi rltl2

Si può quinhi sgstlnlrl ckl su Intlrnlt o` ‟cgnhivisignl” k` un` struttur` rlticgo`rl, l quinhi ckl i tlrmini ‟rltl” l‟cgnhivisignl” pgssgng lsslrl utioizz`ti cgml singnimi.

Si ë vistg, nlo cgrsg hlool olzigni prlclhlnti, cgml plr o` p`rticgo`rl mghòitê hloo` cgmunic`zignl g plr io eunzign`-mlntg hli sistlmi utioizz`ti si`ng lmlrsi hli prgbolmi ckl io hirittg pgsitivg k` e`tic`tg ` risgovlrl. In p`rticgo`rl, si ricgr-h`ng4

(0) ‟cgmunic`zignl”4 `. ougfg l mgmlntg hi cgncousignl hlo cgntr`ttgb. egrm` hlo mlss`ffig hi pgst` lolttrgnic`

(2) ‟hieeusignl” `. n`tur` hlo ngml ` hgminigb. rlspgns`bioitê hlo prgvihlr

(3) ‟intrusignl” `. Hirittg ̀ oo` rislrv`tlzz`b. Crimini inegrm`tici (in p`rticgo`rl, ̀ cclssg ̀ busivg ̀ i sistlmi inegrm`tici)

(8) ‟cgnhivisignl”

`. tutlo` hlo hirittg h’ùtgrl in ̀ mbitg inegrm`ticg b. Rlspgns`bioitê hlo prgvihlr nli sistlmi pllr tg pllr plr vigo`zignl hlo hirittg h’ùtgrl

c. Rlspgns̀ bioitê hloo’utlntl (in p`rticgo`rl nli sgciò nltwgras) plr ol inegrm`zigni mlssl ` hispgsizignlhlo pubboicg

Si ë vistg `nckl cgml ol r`figni hloo` hieeicgotê nlo risgovlrl i prgbolmi hlriv`nti hòo’lsplrilnz` si pgssgng lssl n-ziòmlntl co`ssieic`rl in hul c`tlfgril4

0 «Xkl Intlrnlt is tklrlegrl ` uniqul `nh wkgooy nlw mlhium ge wgrohwihl kum`n cgmmunic`tign±, Einhinf nn. 22, 23, 28, 2<, @ml-

ric`n Civio Oiblrtils \nign v. Rlng, hlcisignl hloo’00 fiufng 0995, Histrlttg grilntòl hloo` Cgrtl hloo` Zlnnsyov`ni`, in 929 E. Supp.;28, ;3: –;89 (LH Z`. 0995)1 slntlnz` hloo` Cgrtl Suprlm` hlfoi St`ti \niti Ng. 95 –<00, 09 m`rzg 0996 – 25 fiufng 0996, in <20\. S. ;88 (0996), p`f. ;<:.2 Z@\O B@R@N, Gn Histributlh Cgmmunic`tigns Nltwgras4 R@NH, 0952, n. Z-2525, p. 8





> Intrghuzignl4 ciblrnltic` l inegrm`tic` fiurihic` >

Xlstg hispgnibiol su oiclnz` Crl`tivl Cgmmgns - kttp4//crl`tivlcgmmgns.grf/oiclnsls/by-nc-nh/2.</hllh.it < / 2<

- ‟tlolgngmicg”4 Si può hirl ckl io sistlm` k` un` einòitê intrinslc`, svioupp`nhgsi in eunzignl hi sl stlssg ;.

Scilnz`

Mghlrn`

Xlgri`

hli sistlmi Ciblrnltic`

Ngzignl flnlròl

hi sistlm`

Sistlm` ckiusg

l ‛st`ticg’

Sistlm` `plrtg

l ‛hin`micg’

Sistlm` ùtgpgilticg

l ‟tlolgngmicg”

Gccgrrl ricgrh`rl foi lolmlnti c`r`ttlrizz`nti o` ‟ciblrnltic`” ckl sgng st`ti inhivihu`ti nloo` prim` olzignl4 (0) R`pprlslnt`zignl hi tutti i prgclssi sistlmici in tlrmini hi eoussg inegrm`tivg 4 si unieic`ng tuttl ol himlnsigni

hloo` rlòtê. Xuttg ciò ckl ë n`turòl g ̀ rtieiciòl, bigogficg g um`ng, lmpiricg g spirituòl, inhivihuòl g cgoolttivg ë tr`hgt-tg in ‟input” l ‟gutput”.

(2) @pprgccig intlrhiscipoin`rl, prgprig plrcké sgttlnhl `h un` visignl unit`ri` hloo` rlòtê, si hieegnhl in tuttl olhiscipoinl scilntieickl4 inegrm`tic`, bigogfi`, sgcigogfi`, psicgogfi`, eiogsgei`, hirittg.

(3) Uisignl cgsmgogfic`, io c`r`ttlrl tgtòizz`ntl cgnelriscl `h un` egrtl cgnngt`zignl spirituòl ckl ricki`m` Spi-ngz`, m` `nckl nlw `fl l fngsticismg9, ̀ oo’intlrng hi «un` visignl unieic`t` hi mlntl, vit` l m`tlri`±0:.

In leeltti, cgml `nticip`tg nlool olzigni prlclhlnti, o` ciblrnltic` può lsslrl cgnsihlr`t` cgml o’uotim` lsprlssignl – o` più rlclntl l sgeistic`t` – hlo r`zignòismg. \n sintgmg hi ciò, plr lslmpig, ë ckl io s`plrl ë gplr`tivg, ngn cgntlm-po`tivg.

Io ‟sistlm`" nloo` ciblrnltic`, `bbi`mg vistg, si cgneifur` in trl mghi4(0) In slnsg ‟gfflttivg”4 ‟prim` ciblrnltic`” g ‟ciblrnltic` hloo'`h`tt`mlntg”, cgnclrnl og stuhig hloo` tlnhlnz`

hi un sistlm` ` ritgrn`rl in lquioibrig hgpg un` plrturb`zignl ckl prgvilnl hòo'`mbilntl. O'grhin`mlntg fiu-rihicg vilnl cgneifur`tg cgml un sistlm` in fr`hg hi ùtgflnlr`rsi l hi lvgovlrsi, in r`ppgrtg simbigticg cgnfoi ̀ otri sistlmi sgciòi (lcgngmi`, rloifignl, tlcngogfi`, cuotur`)1

(2) Cgml ‟intlr`zignl” tr` gsslrv`tgrl l sistlm`4 ‟slcgnh` ciblrnltic`”, in p`rticgo`rl o` tlgri` hloo` ‟cgm-

polssitê” utioizz`nhg strumlnti cgnclttuòi prgvlnilnti h` hivlrsl ‟scugol hi plnsilrg” (lrmlnlutic`, ihlò ismg,nlglmpirismg). Nlo hirittg, qui lmlrfl o` cgnsihlr`zignl hlo r`ppgrtg tr` grhin`mlntg fiurihicg l fiurist`,cgnclpitg cgml ‟intlr`zignl” tr` gplr`tgrl l sistlm`1

(3) Cgml `ttribuzignl hi sgfflttivitê ò sistlm`, ckl hivlnt` ‟intlooiflnz` `rtieiciòl”4 tlrz` ciblrnltic`, ri-fu`rh` o` pgssibioitê hi svioupp`rl strumlnti lolttrgnici hgt`ti hi intlooiflnz` `rtieiciòl l hi cgnelrirl ` qulstimlzzi un` vlr` prgpri` ùtgcgscilnz`00. Nlo c`mpg hlo hirittg ciò sifnieic` h` un` p`rtl cgnslntirl o` sgouzig-

; M@RIG F. OGS@NG, Sistlm` l struttur` nlo hirittg, Ugo. 0. Hòol grifini òo` scugo` stgric`, 3 vgos., Xgring4 Fi`ppicklooi (Mlmgrilhloo'Istitutg fiurihicg. \nivlrsitê hi Xgring. Slril 2 038) 095;1 Ih, Sistlm` l struttur` nlo hirittg, Ugo. 2. Io Ngvlclntg, 3 vgos., Mio`ng4Fiueerë (038) 2::2, ibihlm. O` ‟tlolgogfi`” ë og stuhig hloo` eunzignl g hloog scgpg, mlntrl cgn ‟tlolgngmi`” si inhic` o` c`r`ttlristic`hi pgsslhlrl ung scgpg intrinslcg. Hò puntg hi vist` tlgrlticg4 io primg tlrminl può cgntlmpo`rl inhieelrlntlmlntl un einl ‛lstlrng’l tr`sclnhlntl gppurl ‛intlrng’ l imm`nlntl, mlntrl ò slcgnhg può lsslrl `ssgci`t` sgog un` einòitê intlrn`. @ocuni stuhigsi `f-frlf`ti òo` ciblrnltic` in lpgc` più rlclntl quòieic`ng o` ‟tlolgngmi`” ngn cgn io e`ttg hi lsslrl ‛ scgpg plr sl stlssg’, blnsï hi ls-slrl ‛slnz` scgpg’ M@X\R@N@ L U@RLO@, @utgpgilsi. O'grf`nizz`zignl hlo vivlntl, cit., p. 0809 O` ciblrnltic` vilnl inhic`tl cgml «tkl bifflst bitl gut ge tkl eruit ge tkl Xrll ge Angwolhfl tk`t m`nainh k`s tàln in tkl o`st2::: yl`rs± FRLFGRY B@XLSGN, Stlps tg `n lcgogfy ge minh (0962), Ulrsg un'lcgogfi` hloo` mlntl, @hlopki4 Mio`ng (Biboigtlc`scilntieic`1 0, cgoo`n` hirltt` h` Fiuslppl G. Ognfg) 0965, p. 89<. Zlròtrg, ë intlrlss`ntl ckl o` ‟mlo`” – cgn t`ntg hi mgrsg l ogsogf`n ‟tkina hieelrlnt ”– cgstituiscl io m`rckig hi un` sgciltê hi fr`nhl succlssg – @ppol – egnh`t` h` Stlpkln Vgzni`c l StlvlnDgbs l m`ssim` m`nielst`zignl hloo` cuotur` inegrm`tic` sprifign`t`si `ttgrng òog [LRG[ Z@RC QCer. ZKIOIZZL BRLXGN, Kistgirl hlo'inegrm`tiqul (09;6), tr`hgttg h` Uòlri` Xrie`ri, O` stgri` hloo'inegrm`tic`, Bgogfn`4 C`pplooi 0992, p. 208. Io simbgog hloo` mlo` ri-cgrrl splssg nloo` ‟cuotur` k`calr”, r`pprlslnt`nhg io eruttg prgibitg hloo` Flnlsi1 o` scilnz` mghlrn` hi Nlwtgn1 o` eifur` hi @o`nXurinf (io quòl si suicihò inflrlnhg hlo vlolng iniltt`tg in un` mlo`). O’lsgtlrismg ckl circgnh` qulst` visignl vlnnl utioizz`tg `n-ckl ` eini cgmmlrciòi4 plr lslmpig, i primi M@C vlnnlrg vlnhuti ` 555 hgoo`ri o’ung. 0:

ERIXDGE C@ZR@, Xkl wlb ge oiel 4 ` nlw scilntieic unhlrst`nhinf ge oivinf systlms, in (0995).00 Ë intlrlss`ntl ckl qulstg tipg hi `pprgccig vlnf` `hgtt`tg nloo` e`nt`scilnz` plr imm`fin`rl ipgtlsi in cui o` mlntl um`n` vilnltr`selrit` in ‟clrvlooi `rtieiciòi” MICKLO KG\LOOLBLCP, O` pgssibioitê hi un'isgo`4 Bgmpi`ni 2::91 X\OOIG @UGOLHG, O'lolncg tlolegnicghi @to`ntihl, Xgring4 Linùhi 2::<.





> Intrghuzignl4 ciblrnltic` l inegrm`tic` fiurihic` >


nl hi c`si fiuhizi`ri l quinhi o` hlcisignl `foi ùtgmi, hòo'òtr` p`rtl o` pgssibioitê hi `mmlttlrl ckl un `flntl`rtieiciòl pgss` lsslrl fiurihic`mlntl rlspgns`biol, l quinhi cgnh`nn`tg plr ol sul ‟sclotl”.

In ci`scung hli c`si, og strumlntg cgnclttuòl utioizz`tg hòo` ciblrnltic` plr lo`bgr`rl o` ngzignl hi ‟sistlm`” ë pr g-prig quloog hi ‟rltl”. In òtri tlrmini, o` cgnclzignl ‟rlticgo`rl” hloo` cgnhivisignl hlool risgrsl inegrm`tickl k` un` m`triclciblrnltic` ngn sgot`ntg hò puntg hi vist` `ppoic`tivg l pr`ticg, m` sgpr`ttuttg sgttg o’`splttg tlgricg.

Slmprl nlo cgrsg hloo` prim` olzignl, si ë gsslrv`tg cgml hòo` ciblrnltic`, l quinhi prgprig òo’intlrng hi qulstg

cgntlstg eiogsgeicg – `nzi, ihlgogficg – ë sgrtg ung stuhig suo mghg hi egrmòizz`rl o’lsplrilnz` fiurihic`, in p`rticg o`rl òeinl hi cgnslntirl4(0) o’`rckivi`zignl lolttrgnic` hli h`ti fiurihici1(2) o` prlvisignl hlool slntlnzl mlhi`ntl `nòisi hli prlclhlnti fiurispruhlnziòi1(3) o` egrmòizz`zignl ogficg-simbgoic` ̀ ppoic`t` ̀ o hirittg02.

Pulstg stuhig intlrhiscipoin`rl si ë prgfrlssiv`mlntl lvgoutg lh ë gr` mlfoig ngtg cgml ‟inegrm`tic` fiurihic`”, hi-scipoin` tr`tt`t` in qulstg cgrsg.

@ qulstg puntg ë nlclss`rig `pprgegnhirl in ckl mghg si cgneifur` o’`pprgccig ‟ciblrnlticg” òo` himlnsignl fiurih i-c`, plr vlrieic`rl cgml si pgss` rinvlnirl o’lsprlssignl hlo r`zignòismg in qulst` egrm` mlntis l nlool sul mgotlpoicim`nielst`zigni.

Zrim` hi lntr`rl nlo mlritg hloo` qulstignl, gccgrrl plrò cgmpilrl in vi` prloimin`rl un` histinzignl mgotg impgrt`n-

tl. Ine`tti, un cgntg ë èelrm`rl ckl o` tlcngogfi` inegrm`tic` si `ppoicki ò hirittg, un òtrg cgntg ë sgstlnlrl ckl io hirittghlbb` lsslrl cgnclpitg in mghg inegrm`ticg. Io primg `ssuntg ë hi c`r`ttlrl pr`ticg, io slcgnhg tlgrlticg. Ckl si pgss`ngutioizz`rl strumlnti inegrm`tici nloo’`mbitg hlo hirittg ineouiscl sgot`ntg sgttg io prgeiog hloo` pr`ssi. Ritlnlrl invlcl ckl iohirittg hlbb` lsslrl cgnegrml òo` visignl ciblrnltic` – plrcké ë hi qulstg ckl si tr`tt` – cgmpgrt` o` nlclssitê hi v`-foi`rl o` olfittimitê sgttg io prgeiog eiogsgeicg. L’ qulstg io mgtivg – plròtrg – plr cui o’inegrm`tic` fiurihic` `pp`rtilnlòo’`mbitg hloo` eiogsgei` hlo hirittg.

In qulst` slhl si ritilnl gppgrtung tr`tt`rl lntr`mbi foi `spltti, prim` plrò quloog hi c`r`ttlrl tlgrlticg, pgi quloogmlr`mlntl pr`ticg. O` r`fignl hi tòl sclot` ë h`t` hòo` cgnst`t`zignl ckl ol tlcngogfil ` suppgrtg hloo` pr`ssi fiurihi-c` sgng st`tl intrghgttl suoo` b`sl hloo` visignl ciblrnltic`. In sgst`nz`, ë o` visignl `h `vlr cgnhizign`tg foi invlsti-mlnti, pubboici l priv`ti, l quinhi ol cgnslfulnti inngv`zigni `hgtt`tl.

Zlr m`ffigrl cki`rlzz`, si ritilnl gppgrtung tr`tt`rl foi splcieici tlmi in cgrrispgnhlnz` hloo` vlrsignl hi ciblrnltic`

ckl si può hirl lsslrnl io prlsuppgstg. Hi cgnslfulnz`, o` tr`tt`zignl ckl slful rifu`rh` io tlm` hloo` ‟inegrm`tic` fiu-rihic`” – ngn più quloog hlo ‟hirittg hloo’inegrm`tic ”̀ – lh ë struttur`t` in qulsti tlrmini4

Ciblrnltic` Inegrm`tic` fiurihic` @rfgmlnti tr`tt`ti

Zrim` ciblrnltic` O'grhin`mlntg fiurihicg vilnl cgneifur`tg cgml un sistlm`

in fr`hg hi ùtgflnlr`rsi l hi lvgovlrsi, in r`ppgrtg

simbigticg cgn foi òtri sistlmi sgciòi (lcgngmi`, rloifignl,

tlcngogfi`, cuotur`)

‟Sgciltê hloo’inegrm`zignl” cgml mghloog hi cgnvivlnz` hi

c`r`ttlrl tlcngcr`ticg.

Slcgnh`

ciblrnltic`

Pui lmlrfl o` cgnsihlr`zignl hlo r`ppgrtg tr` grhin`mlntg

fiurihicg l fiurist`, cgnclpitg cgml ‟intlr`zignl” tr`

gplr`tgrl l sistlm` ckl vlrtl lscousiv`mlntl suo pi`ng

egrmòisticg (‟nickioismg fiurihicg”).

Fiustizi` lolttrgnic`

Olfim`tic`@mministr`zignl hifitòl

Xlrz` ciblrnltic` Cgnslntirl o` sgouzignl hi c`si fiuhizi`ri l quinhi o`

hlcisignl `foi ùtgmi. Zgssibioitê hi `mmlttlrl ckl un

`flntl `rtieiciòl pgss` lsslrl fiurihic`mlntl rlspgns`biol,

l quinhi s`nzign`tg plr ol sul ‟sclotl”. Hleinizignl hi un

`mbitg ‟`rtieiciòl” cgml nugvg tlrrlng hi b`tt`foi` tr` foi

St`ti.

Intlooiflnz` `rtieiciòl l r`fign`mlntg fiurihicg

Intlooiflnz` `rtieiciòl l rlspgns`bioitê fiurihic`.

Sgfflttg `rtieiciòl l sgvr`nitê (clnni òo` ‟fulrr`

ciblrnltic`”)

02 M@RIG F. OGS@NG, Fiusciblrnltic`. M`cckinl l mghlooi ciblrnltici nlo hirittg , Xgring4 F. Linùhi 0959.





> Zrim` ciblrnltic` l grhin`mlntg fiurihicg >


Ol prgssiml olzigni slfuir`nng o` slfulntl sc`nsignl4- olzignl ghilrn`4 prim` ciblrnltic`1- prgssim` olzignl4 fiustizi` lolttrgnic`, olfim`tic`, `mministr`zignl hifitòl l ‟nickioismg fiurihicg”1

- (plnuotim` olzignl)4 tlrz` ciblrnltic`1- Cgncousigni.

3.- Zrim` ciblrnltic` l grhin`mlntg fiurihicg

Zlr cgmprlnhlrl in ckl tlrmini o` himlnsignl fiurihic` si` cgnclpit` òo’intlrng hloo` prim` ciblrnltic`, gccgrrl h l-hic`rl un` brlvl prlmlss` òo’`pprgegnhimlntg hi qulst` prgsplttiv`.

3.0.- O` ‟prim` ciblrnltic`”4 ùtg-grf`nizz`zignl hli sistlmi

@oo’intlrng hi un sistlm`, ` bln vlhlrl, si histinfugng hul cgmpgnlnti, o` ‟struttur`” l o` ‟eunzignl”. O ` ‟struttur`” ë«o` hispgsizignl hli sugi sgttgsistlmi l cgmpgnlnti in ung sp`zig trihimlnsignòl in un h`tg mgmlntg±03. In òtri tlrmini,lss` r`pprlslnt` un` rlo`zignl cgst`ntl tr` un h`tg insilml hi v`ri`bioi, òo’intlrng hi ciò ckl ë hleinitg – cgnun’lsprlssignl òqu`ntg lvgc`tiv` – «sp`zig cgnclttuòl±08. O` hleinizignl hi ‟eunzignl” ë mutu`t` hòo` m`tlm`tic`, lcgnsistl lsslnziòmlntl nloo` cgrrispgnhlnz` tr` hul v`ri`bioi – x l y `h lslmpig – r`pprlslnt`biol h` rlfgol, ckl nlool

r`pprlslnt`zigni più sgeistic`tl sgng egrmòizz`tl in vlrl l prgpril lqu`zigni, ol quòi hunqul cgstituiscgng ol mghieic`-zigni subitl hòo` ‟struttur`” nlo cgrsg hlo tlmpg. In tò slnsg si hicl ckl «un prgclssg incouhl o` eunzignl hi un sistlm`,ol `zigni rlvlrsibioi ckl si susslfugng o’un o’òtr` h` mgmlntg ` mgmlntg±0<.

In un sistlm` ‟ùtgpgilticg”, ol eunzigni intlr`fiscgng cgn o` struttur`, mghieic`nhgo` in rlo`zignl `foi sc`mbi cgno’lstlrng. In qulstg slnsg, io sistlm` ë hgt`tg hi ùtg-grf`nizz`zignl (sloe-grf`niz`tign)05, ë cigë ihgnlg `h grf`nizz`rsispgnt`nl`mlntl.

Zlr o` ciblrnltic`, o’grf`nizz`zignl hi un sistlm` si misur` cgn io fr`hg hi inegrm`zignl in lssg cgntlnut`. In sintlsi,m`ffigrl ë o` cgmpolssitê hlo sistlm`, m`ffigrl ë o` su` grf`nizz`zignl, m`ffigrl ë o` qu`ntitê hi inegrm`zignl cgntl-nut` l quinhi o` ‟hieelrlnzi`zignl” risplttg ̀ oo’lstlrng.

\n sistlm` ùtgpgilticg può ùmlnt`rl spgnt`nl`mlntl io fr`hg hi inegrm`zignl intlrn`. In qulstg slnsg, io sistlm`ë un ‟sistlm` lsplrtg” l, cgn un’lsprlssignl `ntrgpgmgreic`, svioupp` prgclssi hi ‟`pprlnhimlntg”06.

03 O` hleinizignl ë tr`tt` h` D@MLS FRILR MIOOLR (Oivinf Systlms), O` tlgri` flnlròl hli sistlmi vivlnti , ` cur` hi @nflog Blrltt`, 3lh., E. @nfloi4 Mio`ng (Cgoo`n` scilntieic`1 09) 09;5, p. 56 O’ùtgrl riprlnhl o` ngzignl geelrt` hòo` tr`h izignòl bigogfi`. Zlr òcunistuhigsi, si histinful tr` ‟cgneifur`zignl” l ‟struttur`” ` slcgnh` ckl o` hispgsizignl hlfoi lolmlnti si` ‟ist`nt`nl`” g ‟hurlv gol”. 08 Ibihlm, p. 590< Ibihlm, p. 6: Io sistlm` ë cgmunqul cgmpgstg h` lntr`mbi foi `spltti4 «Struttur` ë o` hispgsizignl hlool p`rti hi un sistlm` cgn-crltg in un h`tg mgmlntg nloog sp`zig trihimlnsignòl. Zrgclssg ë un c`mbi`mlntg hin`micg nloo` m`tlri`-lnlrfi` g inegrm`zignlhi qulo sistlm` nlo tlmpg. I hul cgncltti sgng èe`ttg hieelrlnti l ngn hlbbgng lsslrl cgneusi ± ibihlm, p. 68.05

O` ngzignl hi ùtg-grf`nizz`zignl , pur sl in usg sin h`foi `nni Pu`r`nt`, vlnnl lo`bgr`t` hleinitiv`mlntl sgog intgrng `foi `nniSlss`nt`. Io tlrminl ë us`tg plr o` prim` vgot` in slnsg ciblrnlticg in V. R. @SKBY, Zrincipols ge tkl Sloe-Grf`nizinf Hyn`micSystlm, in «Xkl Dgurnò ge Flnlrò Zsyckgogfy± 36, n. 2 (0986), p. 02< Nloo` slcgnh` lhizignl hi Cyblrnltics, lhit` ` Nlw Ygra lOgnhr` nlo 0950, Ngrblrt Vilnlr `ffiunsl io c`pitgog I[ (Gn Ol`rninf `nh Sloe-Rlprghucinf M`ckinls), rlo`tivg òo’`pprlnhimlntglh òo` riprghuzignl hlool m`cckinl, l io c`pitgog [, cgnclrnlntl ol gnhl clolbròi l i sistlmi in fr`hg hi ùtgrlfgo`rsi (Brìn V`vls`nh Sloe-Grf`nizinf Systlms). Sgog in tòl o`vgrg, slcgnhg òcuni, og scilnzi`tg `vrlbbl m`nielst`tg o` cgns`plvgolzz` hlo mltghgciblrnlticg, inclntr`nhg io sug stuhig ngn più suo tr`selrimlntg hi lnlrfi`, cgml nlo 098;, m` suoog sc`mbig hi inegrm`zignl,Z@MLO@ MCCGRH\CA, M`ckinls wkg tkina (0969), Stgri` hloo'intlooiflnz` `rtieiciòl4 foi ugmini, ol ihll, ol prgsplttivl, Z`hgv`4Muzzig (I@R 4 Intlooiflnz` `rtieiciòl l rgbgtic`1 6) 09;6, p. <<1 @OL[ M. @NHRLV, Sloe-grf`nizinf systlms, Nlw Ygra4 Fgrhgn `nhBrl`ck Scilncl Zuboisklrs (Stuhils in Cyblrnltics1 0;) 09;9, p. <06 Io sistlm` si grf`nizz` h` sé, ‟imp`r`nhg” `h ùtgrlfgo`rsi, quinhi `h lsslrl più leeicilntl plr o` eunzignl cui ë hlstin`tg. In mlri-tg p`rl iooumin`ntl io slfulntl p`ssg hi Vilnlr4 «si può hleinirl sistlm` grf`nizz`tg un sistlm` ckl tr`segrm` un clrtg mlss`ffigh’infrlssg in un clrtg mlss`ffig h’uscit`, slcgnhg quòckl principig hi tr`segrm`zignl. Sl qulstg principig hi tr`segrm`zignl ë

sgfflttg ` un clrtg critlrig hi mlritg suo eunzign`mlntg l sl io mltghg hi tr`segrm`zignl ë grf`nizz`tg in mghg h` tlnhlrl ` mifoig-r`rl io eunzign`mlntg hlo sistlm` slcgnhg qulstg critlrig, si hicl ckl io sistlm` imp`r`± NGRBLRX VILNLR, Fgh `nh Fgolm, Inc. @cgmmlnt gn clrtìn pgints wklrl cyblrnltics impinfls gn rloifign (0958), Hig & Fgolm S.p.`. Ciblrnltic` l rloifignl, Xgring4Bgoo`ti Bgrinfkilri (Foi `rcki) 0990, p. 22





> Zrim` ciblrnltic` l grhin`mlntg fiurihicg >

Xlstg hispgnibiol su oiclnz` Crl`tivl Cgmmgns - kttp4//crl`tivlcgmmgns.grf/oiclnsls/by-nc-nh/2.</hllh.it ; / 2<

3.2.- O’grhin`mlntg fiurihicg cgml sistlm` ùtgpgilticg

Cgml si ë `cclnn`tg in prlclhlnz`, o` scilnz` fiurihic` mghlrn` c gnclpiscl o’grhin`mlntg fiurihicg in tlrmini cgn-vlnzignòi, cigë cgml un` himlnsignl ‟`rtieiciòl” risplttg òo’insilml hlfoi inhivihui ckl cgmpgnfgng o` sgciltê. In m` s-sim` sintlsi, io hirittg si rihucl òo` olfiso`zignl, o` quòl trgv` io sug egnh`mlntg nlo pgtlrl hlo sgvr`ng l o` su` r`fignlhi gbblhilnz` nloo` min`cci` hloo` s`nzignl.

O` ciblrnltic`, hi e`ttg, ngn rieiut` qulst` impgst`zignl, m` o` r`pprlslnt` in mghg più sgeistic`tg. O'grhin`mlntg fiu-

rihicg vilnl cgneifur`tg cgml un sistlm` ùtgpgilticg, in fr`hg hi ùtg-grf`nizz`rsi l hi lvgovlrsi. In qulst` slhl ci si`ccgntlnt` hi ricki`m`rl io plnsilrg hi ung hli m`ssimi stuhigsi4 Niao`s Oukm`nn.

O` tlgri` hi Oukm`nn si cgnclntr` suoo` rlo`zignl tr` io ‟sistlm`” l io sug ‟`mbilntl”, hunqul prgpri`ml ntl sufoisc`mbi tr` intlrng lh lstlrng. O` struttur`, in òtri tlrmini, k` o` eunzignl hi ‟eiotr`rl” g ‟rihurrl” o` cgmpolssitê hlo cgntl-stg, slolzign`nhg, tr` tutti foi lvlnti pgssibioi, qulooi prgb`bioi. O’grhin`mlntg sgciòl – io hirittg, in splciò mghg – cgnsln-tl ì cgnsgci`ti hi prlvlhlrl foi leeltti hlool prgpril cgnhgttl l quinhi hi grilnt`rsi nloo’lsplrilnz` cgncrlt`, hunqul cgst i-tuiscl un` f`r`nzi` nlool ‟`spltt`tivl” hli sinfgoi0;. Io ‟sistlm`” nlo sug cgmpolssg, cgsï cgml io sug ‟lquioibrig”, ngn ëòtrg ckl io risuot`tg hloo’intlr`zignl cgn ciò ckl og circgnh`, hunqul nl cgstituiscl io prghgttg. Hi cgnslfulnz` o` ‟strutt u-r`” intlrn` ngn ë cgnclpit` più cgml quòcgs` hi – rlo`tiv`mlntl – st`biol, blnsï ë lss` stlss` ‟eunzignl” hlo cgntlstgin cui lss` si cgoogc`4 o` st`bioitê, in òtri tlrmini, cgnsistl nlo e`ttg ckl lssg si cgnslrv` ngn t`ntg ngngst`ntl tuttl ol in-tlrelrlnzl subitl, qu`ntg in cgnslfulnz` hi lssl4 un ‟sistlm`” sgpr`vvivl – ë in ‟lquioibrig” – sgot`ntg sl o` ‟struttur`” ë

sueeicilntlmlntl cgmpolss` h` `hlfu`rsi `foi stimgoi riclvuti hòo’lstlrng4 io sistlm`, nlo mgmlntg in cui si ùtg-grf`nizz`, ‟rihucl” o` cgmpolssitê hlo mgnhg, `ttribulnhgvi un hltlrmin`tg slnsg mlhi`ntl o` slolzignl hi òcunl rl`-zigni tr` ol pgssibioi òtlrn`tivl plrcgrribioi. In lstrlm` sintlsi, io sistlm` rlfgo`nhg o` ‟tlnsignl” plrmlttl hi rlnhlrl o`rlòtê più prlvlhibiol, hltlrmin`nhg prlcisl `spltt`tivl hi cgnhgtt` l quinhi inflnlr`nhg un` clrt` cgneihlnz` g ‟eih u-ci`” nloo’`mbilntl09.

Nloo` tlgri` hlo sgcigogfg hi Biloleloh, ciò ckl ë lsslnziòl nloo` ‛hin`mic`’ hloo’grhin`mlntg ngn ë o` ‟struttur`” – o`su` intlrigritê – blnsï ol ‟eunzigni” ckl lssg svgofl nli cgnergnti hloo’‟`mbilntl” sgciòl, quinhi io r`ppgrtg cgn o’lstlrng.In flnlròl si può hirl ckl io hirittg cgnelriscl òo` sgciltê un` m`ffigrl st`bioitê, rlnhlnhgo` mlng sgffltt` ` scgm-plnsi, pgické o` prlvisignl olfiso`tiv`2: hi hltlrmin`tl cgnhgttl rlnhl più prgb`bioi clrtl `zigni piuttgstg ckl òtrl, cgnciò f`r`ntiscl o’‟`spltt`tiv`” hi rlfgo`ritê hli cgnsgci`ti20.

Hlo plnsilrg hi Oukm`nn qui intlrlss` sgttgoinl`rl trl punti nghòi.

@nzituttg, ë lvihlntl io c`r`ttlrl ùtgpgilticg hlo sistlm` sgciòl. O` struttur` ine`tti hivlnt` scgpg hi sl stlss` – plr-t`ntg io sistlm` può hirsi ‟tlolgngmicg” – pgické si ùtg-grf`nizz` suoo` b`sl hlool eunzigni g intlrelrlnzl lstlrnl. Hòpuntg hi vist` fngslgogficg, o` tgtòitê hlo sistlm` rieolttl o` prltls` tlgric` hi r`pprlslnt`rl in mghg lscousivg lh `ssg-outg o` rlòtê sgciòl.

In slcgnhg vi ë un` cgnclzignl lsslnziòmlntl prgclhuròl hloo’grhin`mlntg fiurihicg. O` olfittimitê hlo hirittg – iosug egnh`mlntg – rim`nh` slmpoiclmlntl òo` su` vòihitê, quinhi io cgm`nhg ngrm`tivg prltlnhl hi lsslrl `ccltt`tgslmpoiclmlntl suoo` b`sl hloo` su` cgrrlttlzz` egrmòl, ` prlscinhlrl hò sug cgntlnutg `ssigogficg. @nckl i cgmmln-t`tgri itòi`ni, in splciò mghg io Elbbr`dg, k`nng sgttgoinl`tg o’imprlcisignl l o’`rbitr`riltê hloo` cg nclzignl eunzignò-strutturòistic` hlo hirittg.

0; «un sistlm` ë un` cgnnlssignl, hgt`t` hi slnsg, hi `zigni ckl si rielriscgng ol unl òol òtrl l pgssgng lsslrl hloimit`tl nli cgn-ergnti hi un `mbilntl. O` hltlrmin`zignl hli cgneini hlo sistlm` ngn ë cgmpiut` sgog hòo` tlgri`, m` hì sugi stlssi mlmbri ±@OBLRXG ELBBR@DG, Eunzignòismg strutturòl l sgcigogfi` hlo hirittg nloo'gplr` hi Niao`s Oukm`nn , Mio`ng4 Fiueerë (Stuhi hisgcigogfi` hlo hirittg 2) 096<, p. 8: O` er`sl ë riprls` h` @@. UU., Rloifign. Systlm unh Sgziòis`tign, H`rmst`ht-Blroing4 Oucktlr-k`nh, 0962, 00). Cer. `nckl NIAO@S O\KM@NN, Sgziòl Systlml. Frunhri× linlr òoflmlinln Xklgril (09;8), Sistlmi sgciòi4egnh`mlnti hi un` tlgri` flnlròl, Bgogfn`4 Io Muoing (Cgoolzignl hi tlsti l hi stuhi. Sgcigogfi` )099:.09 Ih, Ulrtrùln4 lin Mlck`nismus hlr Rlhuatign sgziòlr Agmpolxitèt (095;), O` eihuci`, Bgogfn`4 Io Muoing (Intlrslzigni1 236) 2::2.2: Zgstg ckl un’intlrelrlnz` lstlrn` cgmpgrt` un` hlvi`nz` hlo sistlm` risplttg ò sug ‟lquioibrig” , lss` può flnlr`rl hul hivlrslrl`zigni – eunzignòi in mghg lquivòlntl – ò rist`bioirsi hloo’gmlgst`si sistlmic`4 ‟str`tlfi` cgfnitiv`”, cgn o` quòl si `hlfu` o`cgnhgtt` ò mut`mlntg hloo` rlòtê1 ‟str`tlfi` ngrm`tiv`”, cgn o` quòl si plrslful o’`spltt`tiv` ngngst`ntl o` hlousignl ELBBR@DG,Eunzignòismg strutturòl l sgcigogfi` hlo hirittg nloo'gplr` hi Niao`s Oukm`nn , cit., p. 5320 O` prlvlhibioitê `rmgnic` hlool cgnhgttl òo’intlrng hi un` situ`zignl hi ‟lquioibrig” sgciòl ë hleinit` rgutinl, òo` quòl io sgcigogfg

tlhlscg hlhicò plròtrg un s`ffig logfi`tivg, Cer. NIAO@S O\KM@NN, Ogb hlr Rgutinl, in «Ulrwòtunfs`rckiv± << (0958). In rlòtêcgn ciò ngn si inhic` slmpoiclmlntl un` ripltizignl hi flsti, blnsï un mghg plr rimlttlrl in circuitg un eoussg inegrm`tivg cgrrispgn-hlntl `h un` hirlzignl bln hltlrmin`t`4 lss` ë «un` ripltizignl hi hlcisigni4 l gfni hlcisignl ë cgmunic`zignl± OGS@NG, Sistlm`l struttur` nlo hirittg, cit., p. 293





> O` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ cgml mghloog tlcngcr`ticg hi cgnvivlnz` >


Ineinl, tuttg ciò ckl si ckilhl ò citt`hing ë o` ‟eihuci`” nli cgnergnti hloo’ihgnlitê nlo sistlm` ` ripristin`rl o’‟lquioibrig”vigo`tg4 si tr`tt` hloo’ùspicig hi ci`scung suoo` rlfgo`ritê hloo` cgnhg tt` hlfoi òtri cgnsgci`ti22. @ tò prgpgsitg, ngn ë unc`sg ckl, riprlnhlnhg ol strutturl cgnclttuòi hloo` tlgri` hloo` cgmpolssitê, si inhicki o` prghuzignl hi ngrml cgml vlr`l prgpri` «str`tlfi`±234 ciò ckl cgnt` hloo` olffl, ine`tti ngn ë ckl lss` si` imm`nc`biomlntl rispltt`t` spgnt`nl`mlntl – g e`tt` rispltt`rl cg`ttiv`mlntl – qu`ntg ckl lss` ‛sgpr`vviv`’ `h un` lvlntuòl vigo`zignl. In òtri tlrmini, un` r lfgo`ë fiurihic` sl o` m`ffigr`nz` hli citt`hini vi si `ttlnfgng ngngst`ntl un` – g più – cgnhgttl cgntr`ril `h lss`28.

Mi p`rl ckl ngn vi si` un mgtivg prgpri`mlntl r`zignòl òo` b`sl hloo` riclrc` hi rlfgo`ritê h` p`rtl hloo’inhivihug.Hlo rlstg ngn si può n`scgnhlrl ckl ol egrml hi tutlo` hloo` ‟eihuci`” slmbring piuttgstg hlbgoi, pgické ngn `vrlbbl piùslnsg p`ro`rl hi ‟hiritti”, lsslnhg ol rlo`zigni sgciòi rihgttl ` slmpoici ‟sc`mbi ineg rm`tivi”.

O’irr`zignòismg – o` pltizignl hi principig – ckl si n`scgnhl hiltrg io cgnclttg hi ‟eihuci`” ë impoicit`mlntl `mmlssg`nckl h` un `ttlntg cgmmlnt`tgrl, io quòl scrivl4 «Eihuci` ë un cgnclttg ckl si rlffl su sl stlssg. \n` cgstruzignler`fioissim`1 m` slnz` hi lss` ci s`rlbbl io vugtg±2<.

In flnlròl, sl o` ‟tlolgngmi`” r`pprlslnt` un` sintlsi tr` ‟cùs` leeicilntl” l ‟cùs` einòl”, hò puntg hi vist` fiur i-hicg ciò mlttl in hiscussignl io r`ppgrtg tr` ùtgngmi` lh ltlrgngmi` l quinhi io prgbolm` hloo` oiblrtê hi sclot` l hloo`cgnslfulntl rlspgns`bioitê plr ol prgpril `zigni25. In òtri tlrmini, loimin`t ̀– g fr`nhlmlntl rihgtt` – o` slp`r`zignl hlosgfflttg hò sug cgntlstg, eing ` ckl puntg o` su` cgnhgtt` ë ‟`ttiv`” hltlrmin`zignl, l ngn ‟p`ssiv`” sgfflzignl `foiimpuosi ckl prgvlnfgng hòo’lstlrng7

Ngngst`ntl qulstl hieeicgotê, io mghloog hlo sistlm` ùtgpgilticg vilnl utioizz`tg cgml p`r`hifm` sgciòl4 o` ‟Sgciltêhloo’Inegrm`zignl”.

In qulstg slnsg gccgrrl histinfulrl hul prgsplttivl, cgml `cclnn`tg nlool olzigni prlclhlnti4(0) o’`ppoic`zignl hloo` ‟visignl ciblrnltic`” òo` himlnsignl cgoolttiv`1 (2) o’`ppoic`zignl hloo` tlcnic` inegrm`tic` òo’lsplrilnz` fiurihic`. O’grhinl hi tr`tt`zignl ë invlrtitg risplttg ` quloog inhic`tg in prlclhlnz` plr h`rl cgntg hi cgml io slcgnhg prgeiog si`

cgnslfulntl ò primg.

8.- O` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ cgml mghloog tlcngcr`ticg hi cgnvivlnz`

O` ‟Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl” ngn ë ung sogf`n.

Ë piuttgstg un h`tg hi e`ttg.Ngn ë sgot`ntg o’intrghuzignl hi nugvl tlcngogfil, m` un’èelrm`zignl ihlgogfic`, egnh`t` su un p`rticgo`rl sifnieic `-

tg hloo` tlcngogfi` cgml strumlntg hi oiblrtê.\n` oiblrtê ckl si cgneifur` ihlòmlntl cgml `ssgout`. O` ‟Sgciltê hloo’inegrm`zignl” ë un p`r`hifm` cuoturòl, un

mghloog hi cgnvivlnz` sgrtg hòo’lsiflnz` hi cgniuf`rl un` cgnclzignl grf`nicistic` hloo` cgoolttivitê l o` hiels`hloo’inhivihuòismg.

Ë intlrlss`ntl riplrcgrrlrl plr sgmmi c`pi o` su` lo`bgr`zignl, èelrm`zignl l hieeusignl, prim` hi egrnirl òcuniclnni òol sul impoic`zigni fiurihickl.

22 Slmbr` sueeicilntlmlntl lspoic`tivg ckl io sgcigogfg tlhlscg hlscriv` io prlsuppgstg tr`sclnhlntòl hloo’intlr` su` cgstruzignl

tlgric` cgml un` sgrt` hi ‛ùtgsufflstignl’4 «o’`spltt`tiv` hi `spltt`tivl òtrui può, l plr og più `hhirittur` hlvl, pr`tic`rsi cgmlun’`ttivitê rivgot` ` sl stlssi, cgml un` rl`zignl ` prgpril situ`zigni lsistlnziòi± NIAO@S O\KM@NN, Rlcktssgzigogfil (0962),tr`hgttg h` @oblrtg Elbbr`dg, Sgcigogfi` hlo hirittg, Rgm`-B`ri4 O`tlrz` (Biboigtlc` hi cuotur` mghlrn`1 695) 0966, p. 85. Ritlnfgckl ihgnli prgeioi critici egsslrg fiê st`tg egrmuo`ti cgmpiut`mlntl nlo 096< in ELBBR@DG, Eunzignòismg strutturòl l sgcigogfi` hlohirittg nloo'gplr` hi Niao`s Oukm`nn, cit., p. 2:9.23 In qulstg slnsg Cer. M@RIG B@RCLOOGN@, Hirittg, sistlm` l slnsg4 oinl`mlnti hi un` tlgri` , Xgring4 F. Fi`ppicklooi (Muotivlrsum12:) 0995, p. 2628 Suoo` ‟eihuci`”, hi rlclntl Cer. OGRLNTG SCIOOIX@NI, Eihuci`, hirittg, pgoitic`4 prgsplttivl `ntrgpgogficg-eiogsgeickl, Xgring4 F.Fi`ppicklooi 2::6 Suo c`r`ttlrl tr`sclnhlntòl hloo` ‟eihuci`” in Oukm`nn l suoo’utioizzg hli simbgoi – lolmlntg ckl ricki`m` plròtrgòcuni tr`tti hlo plnsilrg c`ssirlri`ng – nloo` rlo`zignl cgmunic`tiv` ckl nl cgnslntl o ’instùr`zignl, Cer. . Ibihlm, p. 062< R@EE@LOL HL FIGRFI, Zrlslnt`zignl, Ulrtrùln4 lin Mlck`nismus hlr Rlhuatign sgziòlr Agmpolxitèt (095;), O` eihuci`, Bgogfn`4Io Muoing (Intlrslzigni1 236) 2::2, p. [I[ Pulst` ngzignl rim`nh` òo’`pgrlticitê intrinslc` òo’ùtgpgilsi in qu`ntg vilnl `ssunt` lx

pgst in eunzignl hlo cgmpolssivg sistlm`.25 Cgsï lsprlss`mlntl ER@NCISCG D. U@RLO@, Cgmpolssitê hlo clrvloog l ùtgngmi` hlo vivlntl, O` seih` hloo` cgmpolssitê, ` cur` hiFi`nouc` Bgccki l Mùrg Clruti, Mio`ng4 Elotrinlooi (C`mpi hlo s`plrl) 09;<, p. 0<5 O` ‟struttur`” si prlslnt` cgml ‛hltlrmin`zignlngn hltlrministic`’, mlntrl o` ‟eunzignl” rlnhl imm`nlntl io e inl l plrt`ntg cgnsistl in òcuncké hi ‛hltlrmin`ntl ngn hltlrmin`tg’






Xlstg hispgnibiol su oiclnz` Crl`tivl Cgmmgns - kttp4//crl`tivlcgmmgns.grf/oiclnsls/by-nc-nh/2.</hllh.it 0: / 2<

In qulst` slhl, plr brlvitê, ci si hgvrê `ccgntlnt`rl hi òcuni spunti hi rieolssignl cgnclrnlnti in p`rticgo`rl i slfulntiprgeioi4 (0) io cgntlstg ihlòl ckl k` h`tg grifinl òo` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’1 (2) o` prgfrlssiv` lo`bgr`zign l hloo`cgnclzignl hi ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ nlool Istituzigni cgmunit`ril1 (3) o’`ttuòl cgneifur`zignl hlo p`r`hifm` hloo`‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ cgml mghloog hi cgnvivlnz` b`s`tg suoo` ‛cgnhivisignl’ hlool risgrsl inegrm`tivl.

8.0.- Clnni suo cgntlstg ckl k` h`tg grifinl òo` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’

O` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ trgv` ol sul grifini in un cgntlstg òqu`ntg cgmpolssg. In qulst` slhl slmbr` suee i-cilntl cgnclntr`rl o’`ttlnzignl su trl splcieici prgeioi4 tlcngogficg, eiogsgeicg l pgoiticg.

Pu`ntg ò primg `splttg, inhubbi`mlntl og sviouppg tlcngogficg k` cgnslntitg hi lo`bgr`rl in mghg ùtgm`ticg qu`n-titê slmprl m`ffigri hi h`ti, cgml himgstr` o’lvgouzignl stgric` `vvlnut` hò primg clnsimlntg hloo` pgpgo`zignl st`tu-nitlnsl hlo 0;9: leelttu`tg plr mlzzg hi scklhl trègr`tl26. Ngn si può nlf`rl io vògrl sgciòl, lcgngmicg l pgoiticghloo’lo`bgr`zignl hloo’inegrm`zignl, ckl k` h`tg grifinl ` nugvl `ttivitê lcgngmickl l `plrtg nugvi mlrc`ti1 hòo’òtr`p`rtl, plrò, ngn si può ifngr`rl ckl nloo` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ tutti i elngmlni sgng hlscritti cgml leelttg hloo` cir-cgo`zignl hlool inegrm`zigni2; l hunqul in mghg egrmòisticg. In p`rticgo`rl, ë utiol ricgrh`rl o’ineoulnz` hltlrmin`ntl hlo-o` ciblrnltic`4 i principi hi eunzign`mlntg hlool tr`smissigni lolttrickl vlnnlrg cghieic`ti in olffi scilntieickl, ol quòi ògrg vgot` eurgng `ppoic`tl prim` ì elngmlni n`turòi l, succlssiv`mlntl, ì cgmpgrt`mlnti um`ni29.

In mlritg ò slcgnhg prgeiog, o` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ ngn sgog ë prgiltt`t` vlrsg io euturg, m` `nzi si nutrl hiqulst` spint` – o` tlnsignl vlrsg o’inngv`zignl, cgml si vlhrê – ckl k` un` prlhgmin`ntl cgmpgnlntl ihlgogfic` l ir-r`zignòl. Ë mgotg sifnieic`tivg ckl io prgfrlssg tlcngogficg vlnf` splssg clolbr`tg cgml un` vlr` l prgpri` ‛rloifig-nl’3:, plrcké ciò rivlo` cgml ol scgplrtl scilntieickl l ol invlnzigni inhustriòi hivlnt`ng o` cgnelrm` pr`tic` hloo` olfit-tim`zignl hloo’ugmg ` hgmin`rl o` n`tur` – sgttg qulstg prgeiog si cgfoil un` hivinizz`zignl hloo’inhivihug30 – l hltlrmi-n`ng un `ttlffi`mlntg hi p`rticgo`rl eihuci` nli cgnergnti hloo` cgngsclnz` scilntieic` l tlcngogfic`, tòl h` segci`rl inun` vlr` l prgpri` ‛mistic` hloo’inhustriòismg’. Og scilnzi`tg, in virtù hloo` cgngsclnz` hi cui hispgnl, vilnl `h `ss uml-rl un rugog s`cròl, ckl olfittim` ngn sgog io sug intlrvlntg suoo` rlòtê n`turòl, m` `nckl un` r`hicòl riegrm` hloo` sg-ciltê, ckl hlvl lsslrl po`sm`t` in eunzignl hlo cuotg hlo Zrgfrlssg. Pulstg `pprgccig cgnhucl `h un` visignl cgsmg-ogfic` – hlriv`t` `nckl hòo’ineoulnz` hloo` ciblrnltic` – slcgnhg o` quòl tuttg ciò ckl lsistl – grf`nicg g ̀ rtieiciòl, m`-tlriòl g spirituòl – s`rlbbl spilf`biol in tlrmini ‛hifitòi’ cgml un e`ttg hltlrmin`tg h` ‛inegrm`zignl’ l ‛grf`nizz`zi g-nl’4 tuttg s`rlbbl r`pprlslnt`biol in ‛zlrg’ l ‛ung’. Zlr lslmpig, Frlfgry B`tlsgn hleinï o` ciblrnltic` cgml «tkl bif-

flst bitl gut ge tkl eruit ge tkl Xrll ge Angwolhfl tk`t m`nainh k`s tàln in tkl o`st 2::: yl`rs±

32

, lh un ùtgrl più rl-

26 Cer. D@MLS BLNIFLR, Ol grifini hloo` sgcilt ̊̀ hloo'inegrm`zignl 4 o` rivgouzignl hlo cgntrgoog, Xgring4 \XLX oibrlri` 099<2; @oo’inizig hlo Ngvlclntg eurgng lo`bgr`tl tlsi lpistlmgogfickl hi st`mpg egrmòisticg, ckl cgnhizign`rgng – l tuttgr` cgnhizign`ng – hivlrsi c`mpi hlo S`plrl. B`sti plns`rl ` A`ro Zgpplr (09:2- 0998) nloo’lpistlmgogfi`, K`ns Alosln (0;;0-0993) nloo` scilnz`fiurihic`, Erilhrick Ugn K`yla (0;99-0992) l Dgslpk Sckumpltlr (0;;3-09<:) nloo’lcgngmi`.29 Zlr o` tlgri` flnlròl hli sistlmi, cer4 BLRX@O@NEEY, Xlgri` flnlròl hli sistlmi4 egnh`mlnti, sviouppg, `ppoic`zigni , cit.1 plr o`ciblrnltic`, Cer. VILNLR, Cyblrnltics gr cgntrgo `nh cgmmunic`tigns in tkl `nimò `nh tkl m`ckinl , cit.1 plr foi sviouppi succlssivihloo` ciblrnltic`, Cer. K\MBLRXG R. M@X\R@N@ L ER@NCISCG D. U@RLO@, (096:), tr`hgttg h` @. Str`f`plhl, @utgpgilsi l cgfnizignl4o` rlòizz`zignl hlo vivlntl, Ulnlzi`4 M`rsioig lhitgri 09;<.3: Cgsï in p`rticgo`rl io pgsitivismg eiogsgeicg gttgclntlscg. Cer. C.K. hl Sìnt Simgn (065:-0;2<) l @ufust Cgmtl (069;-0;<6). Pul-

st` visignl eu cgnhivis` h` mgoti plns`tgri `nckl in Itòi`, h` Fiuslppl M`zzini ` Figv`nni Flntiol, eing ` \fg Spiritg. Hiqulst’uotimg si cgnsihlri o’intlrlss`ntl rielrimlntg òo` scilnz` cgntlmpgr`nl` ckl, plr o` su` univlrsòitê, `ssuml io rugog hi rloi-fignl l si sgstituiscl ò cristi`nlsimg, in @\F\SXG HLO NGCL L \FG SZIRIXG, Xr`mgntg g lcoissi hli vògri tr`hizignòi7, Mio`ng4Ruscgni 096030 Nlfoi scritti hi Uittgrig Ergsini, fiurist` olf`tg òo` scugo` flntioi`n`, si ritrgv` un’intlrlss`ntl lsòt`zignl hloo` tlcngogfi` cgntlm-pgr`nl`4 «o’ugmg nugvg n`scl, vivl l mugrl in m`nilr` hivlrs` h` quloo` hlfoi òtri ugmini ckl eurgng prim` hi oui. Fr`zil òo` e l-cgnh`zignl `rtieiciòl, può lsslrl p`rtgritg h` un` hgnn` rim`st` vlrfinl± U IXXGRIG ERGSINI, O'ugmg `rtieiciòl. Ltic` l hirittgnloo'lr` po`nlt`ri`, Mio`ng4 Spiròi (O'@oinfu`1 85) 09;5, p. ; @nògfg p`r`fgnl biboicg si ritrgv` in Ih, O` hlmgcr`zi` nlo [[I ,M`clr`t`4 Oiblrioibri (Gckl hlo C`mpihgfoig1 92) 2:0:, p. <2, p. <2. @ncgr`, in flnlròl4 «O’ugmg h’gffi ë vlnutg in pgsslssg hiqulfoi `ttributi, ckl nlool e`vgol `ntickl slmbr`v`ng prgpri lh lscousivi hlfoi lsslri sgpr`nn`turòi4 può sòirl ò cilog in un c`rrg hieugcg, può o`nci`rl io euominl l prgvgc`rl un tlrrlmgtg ckl histruff` un’intlr` cittê, può `ssistlrl ` ciò ckl `vvilnl ` hist`nzl rl-mgtissiml l òtri prghifi, ` cui o` tlcngogfi` ci rlnhl grmì `vvlzzi ein hòo’ine`nzi`, si ccké k`nng plrhutg io ogrg c`r`ttlrl prghifigsg,o` ogrg himlnsignl sgvrum`n` risplttg òo’ugmg n`turòl cgngsciutg h` tuttl ol fln lr`zigni prlclhlnti± Ih, O` sgciltê tlcngogfic` l i

hiritti hi oiblrtê, Io hirittg nloo` sgciltê tlcngogfic`, Mio`ng4 Fiueerë 09;0, p. 09< Slbblnl pgst` cgml «mltègr` `rriscki`t`±, o’@utgrlhleiniscl o` sgciltê cgntlmpgr`nl` cgml «plntlcgstl tlcngogfic`± Ih, 09;84 o’inegrm`tic` nloo` sgciltê cgntlmpgr`nl`, O'ugmg`rtieiciòl. Ltic` l hirittg nloo'lr` po`nlt`ri`, Mio`ng4 Spiròi (O'@oinfu`1 85) 09;5, p. 08832 B@XLSGN, Ulrsg un'lcgogfi` hloo` mlntl, cit., p. 89<







clntl fiunsl ` sgstlnlrl – su un` rivist` lccolsi`stic` – ckl «hgbbi`mg `mmlttlrl ckl Hig può lsslrl ò o`vgrg `ttr`-vlrsg o` rivgouzignl inegrm`tic`, l ngn ngngst`ntl lss`± 33. Slnz` b`nòizz`rl, si plnsi òol cgnnlssigni tr` ‛ltic` k`c-alr ’, fngsticismg l cuotur` nlw `fl38.

Zlr qu`ntg cgnclrnl o’`splttg pgoiticg, nlo mghloog hloo` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ si ritrgv` un tlnt`tivg hi sintlsi trì hul lstrlmi hlo plnsilrg cgntlmpgr`nlg4 o` er`mmlnt`zignl inhivihuòistic` hloo` tr`hizignl mghlrn` l o’grf`nicismglsprlssg hì rlfimi tgtòit`ri hlo Ngvlclntg. Sl o` mghlrnitê `vlv` hltlrmin`tg o` scissignl tr` lsslrl l cgngsclnz`,sgfflttg l gfflttg, inhivihug l sgciltê, citt`hing l St`tg, cgscilnz` mgròl l olffl pgsitiv`, i rlfimi tgtòit`ri `vlv`ngtlnt`tg hi loihlrl o` selr` inhivihuòl mlhi`ntl io sug ‛`ssgrbimlntg’ òo’intlrng hi quloo` st`tòl l o` sgvr`ppgsizignlhloo’ltic` hlo rlfiml `h gfni vògrl mgròl1 in qulstg prgclssg hi ‛cgnhizign`mlntg cgoolttivg’, un e`ttgrl cgnsistlntlhloo’`hlsignl h` p`rtl hlo sinfgog lr` h`tg hò s`pilntl cgntrgoog hloo’gpinignl pubboic` `ttr`vlrsg i m`ss mlhi`. Cgn o`‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ si intlnhl rilquioibr`rl io r`ppgrtg tr` o` himlnsignl inhivihuòl l quloo` pubboic`, prgpgnlnhgun mghloog hi cgnvivlnz` ‛`plrtg’ ò ‛pouròismg’ hlool gpinigni ckl plrò gscioo` inlvit`biomlntl tr` inhivihuòismg l grf`-nicismg.

8.0.0.- Ol trl e`si hloo` ‟Sgciltê hloo’inegrm`zignl” nloo’\nignl Lurgpl`

Si ripgrt`ng in sintlsi i hgcumlnti hloo’\nignl Lurgpl` in tlm` hi ‟Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl” suhhivisi ihlòmlntl intrl e`si.

(0) h`foi inizi hlfoi `nni Sltt`nt` ò 09934 o` ‟Sgciltê hloo’Ineggrm`zignl” ë cgnclpit` cgml ‛iner`struttur`tlcngogfic`’, insilml hi slrvizi hi c`r`ttlrl tlcngogficg

- Mlmgr`nhum Cgognn` l io R`ppgrtg H`vifngn (096:)- @ Zgoicy egr inhustriò inngv`tign - Str`tlfic oinls ge ` cgmmunity `pprg`ck, @ cgmmunity str`tlfy tg hlvlogp Lu-

rgpl’s inhustry (09;0) - Oibrg Bi`ncg Io cgmpolt`mlntg hlo mlrc`tg intlrng (09;<)- O` pgoitic` inhustriòl in un cgntlstg `plrtg l cgncgrrlnziòl (099:).(2) hò 0993 ò 09994 o` ‟Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl” ë cgnclpit` cgml mghloog lcgngmicg egnh`tg suoo` tlgri`

hloo` crlscit` lnhgfln` g hloo’’inngv`zignl’

- Oibrg Bi`ncg ‛Hlogrs’ (0993)

- \n` pgoitic` hi cgmpltitivitê inhustriòl plr o'\nignl Lurgpl` , Suo rèegrz`mlntg hloo` cgmpltitivitê hloo'inhustri`hloo` Cgmunitê , io c.h. R`ppgrtg B`nflm`nn , Zi`ng h'`zignl plr og sviouppg hloo` Sgciltê hloo'Inegrm`zignl , OibrgBi`ncg Inslfn`rl lh `pprlnhlrl. Ulrsg o` sgciltê cgngscitiv` (0998)

- Oibrg vlrhl suoo'inngv`zignl (099<) inngv`zignl4 «`bgvl òo, ` sgciò elngmlngn± .(3) hò 0999 `h gffi4 o` ‟Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl” ë cgnclpit` cgml mghloog hi cgnvivlnz` sgciòl, pgstg

cgml vlrg l prgprig gbilttivg pgoiticg

- Cgnelrlnz` F6 suoo` Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl tlnut`si in gcc`signl hlo vlrticl hi Bruxlools nli figrni 2< l 25 Elb-brìg 099<

- cgstituzignl hlo Fruppg Ci`mpi (099<)- Zrimg pi`ng h’`zignl plr o’inngv`zignl in Lurgp` - O’inngv`zignl ò slrvizig hloo` crlscit` l hloo’gccup`zignl (099<)

- Oibrg Ulrhl Oivinf `nh wgrainf in tkl Inegrm`tign Sgcilty4 plgpol eirst (0995)- CGM(95) 39<, O'imp`ttg hloo` sgciltê hloo'inegrm`zignl suool pgoitickl hloo'\nignl lurgpl`. Zrlp`r`rl ol prgssiml

t`ppl

- CGM(95) 5:6, O'Lurgp` in prim` oinl` nloo` sgciltê hloo’inegrm`zignl fogbòl4 pi`ng h’`zignl lvgoutivgQ- R`ppgrtg einòl hlo fruppg hi ‛lsplrti hi òtg oivloog’ Buiohinf tkl Lurgpl`n Inegrm`tign Sgcilty egr us òo. Einò pgoicy

rlpgrt ge tkl kifk-olvlo lxplrt frgup (0996)- Risgouzignl Suoo` sgciltê hloo’inegrm`zignl, o` cuotur` l o’istruzignl (0996)

33 N@XK@N MIXCKLOO, Io rituòl l i nugvi mlhi`, in «Cgncioium± 80, n. 0 (2::<), p. 020 O` rivist` intlrn`zignòl hi tlgogfi` ‛Cgncioium’hlhicò plr intlrg io primg e`scicgog hlo 2::< ò r`ppgrtg tr` rloifignl l tlcngogfi` . 38 Cer. M@RA SXLEIA Intlrnlt hrl`ms4 `rckltipi, miti l mltègrl, Rgm`-Xgring4 Xlolcgm Itòi` \XLX oibrlri` (Mlhi`mgregsi, cgoo`n`hirltt` h` M`ra Stleia l Er`ncg C`roini) 09961 LRIA H@UIS, Xlckfngsis 4 mytk, m`fic & mysticism in tkl `fl ge inegrm`tign (0999),tr`hgttg h` M`rcloog Bugngmg, Xlckfngsis4 miti, m`fi` l misticismg nloo'lr` hloo'inegrm`zignl, N`pgoi4 Iplrmlhium oibri (Sgciltêmghlrn`1 3) 2::0







- XR@XX@XG HI @MSXLRH@M (0996)

- Zrgfr`mm` pourilnnòl plr o’`hgzignl hloo` Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl in Lurgp` (099;) - Hlcisignl n. 0;2/0999/CL rlo`tiv` ò Puintg prgfr`mm` qu`hrg hlool `zigni cgmunit`ril hi riclrc`, hi sviouppg tlc-

ngogficg l hi himgstr`zignl (099; –2::2)- lLurgpl – \n` sgciltê hloo'inegrm`zignl plr tutti (0999)- Risgouzignl hlo 0< fiufng 2::: suoo` crl`zignl hi ung sp`zig lurgplg hloo` riclrc` l hloo'inngv`zignl- Cgnsifoig Lurgplg hi Oisbgn` hlo 23 l 28 m`rzg 2::: – h` cui o’lsprlssignl ‛Str`tlfi` hi Oisbgn`’

- lLurgpl 2::2- XR@XX@XG HI NITT@, hlo 25 elbbrìg 2::0, in vifgrl hò 0º elbbrìg 2::3

- lLurgpl2::< (2::2)- Zrgflttg hi Xr`tt`tg ckl istituiscl un` Cgstituzignl plr o’Lurgp` (28 gttgbrl 2::8, ngn in vifgrl)- Zi`ng pourilnnòl suoo’inngv`zignl (2::<)

- lLurgpl 2:0: (2::<)- XR@XX@XG HI OISBGN@, hlo 03 hiclmbrl 2::6, in vifgrl hò 0º hiclmbrl 2::9- Lurgp` 2:2:4 \n` str`tlfi` plr un` crlscit` intlooiflntl, sgstlnibiol l incousiv` (2:0:)

- @flnh` hifitòl lurgpl` (2:0:)

8.0.0.- (*) O` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ l ol istituzigni cgmunit`ril

In Lurgp` o` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ si cgoogc` òo’intlrng hlool pgoitickl cgmunit`ril cgnclrnlnti og sviouppg inhu-striòl, `hgtt`tl cgn o’gbilttivg hi e`vgrirl o’inngv`zignl tlcngogfic`3<, lh k` subitg un’impgrt`ntl lvgouzignl ckl si puòri`ssumlrl in trl e`si4 iniziòmlntl cgnclpit` cgml insilml hi slrvizi hi c`r`ttlrl tlcngogficg – g ‛iner ̀ struttur` tlcngog-fic`’ – hivlnt` prim` lolmlntg hi un mghloog lcgngmicg – quloog hloo’’inngv`zignl’– l, succlssiv`mlntl, p`r`hifm` hicgnvivlnz` sgciòl l vlrg l prgprig gbilttivg pgoiticg. Ë utiol slfuirl qulstg plrcgrsg, sgeelrm`nhgsi suool t`ppl più si-fnieic`tivl.

Nloo` prim` e`sl, ckl si può e`r risòirl h`foi inizi hlfoi `nni Sltt`nt` ò 0993, o` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ ngn kùn` vòlnz` ùtgngm`, m` rilntr` nlo cgntlstg hlool inizi`tivl cgnclrnlnti o’inngv`zignl tlcngogfic`, o` cui cgnsihlr ̀ -

zignl ùmlnt` prgfrlssiv`mlntl nlo cgrsg hlfoi `nni Gtt`nt`, insilml òo` cgns`plvgolzz` hloo’impgrt`nz` ì eini hloogsviouppg hlo mlrc`tg intlrng. In qulstg cgntlstg mlrit`ng hi lsslrl mlnzign`ti io Mlmgr`nhum Cgognn`35 l io R`ppgrtgH`vifngn36, risòlnti ò 096:, io r`ppgrtg @ Zgoicy egr inhustriò inngv`tign - Str`tlfic oinls ge ` cgmmunity `pprg`ck3; l iohgcumlntg @ cgmmunity str`tlfy tg hlvlogp Lurgpl’s inhustry 39, lntr`mbi hlo 09;0, ngncké io Oibrg Bi`ncg Io cgmpol-

3< Intgrng òo` mltê hlfoi `nni Ngv`nt`, in cgincihlnz` cgn o` ‛oiblròizz`zignl’ hloo` Rltl Intlrnlt h` p`rtl hlfoi St`ti \niti, io slttgrlhlool tlolcgmunic`zigni inegrm`tickl `cquistò un` su` ùtgngmi`, hivlnlnhg gfflttg hi prlcisl inizi`tivl pgoitickl. @nògfkl inizi`-tivl eurgng `hgtt`tl nlfoi St`ti \niti, ` p`rtirl hò Xlolcgmmunic`tigns @ct hlo 9 elbbrìg 0995, Cer. Xlolcgmmunic`tigns @ct ge

0995 , Zub. O@. Ng. 0:8-0:8, 00: St`t. <5 (0995). Cer. plr `pprgegnhimlntg l plr o’inslrimlntg hlool inizi`tivl cgmunit`ril nlo qu `-hrg intlrn`zignòl I. H'LOI@ CI@MZI, Ulrsg o` sgciltê hloo’inegrm`zignl. Pu`hrg hi rielrimlntg cgmunit`rig4 `zigni pgoitickl, `splttifiurihici l grf`nizz`tivi hloo` situ`zignl itòi`n`, in «Inegrm`tic` l Hirittg± 22, n. 0 (0995), p. 0<. Cer. plr o` hiscipoin` hlool tlolcgmu-nic`zigni @. XITT@NG, O’`zignl cgmunit`ri` nlool tlolcgmunic`zigni4 intlrvlnti rlclnti l prgsplttivl euturl, in «Hirittghloo’inegrm`zignl l hloo’inegrm`tic`± 08 n. 5 (099;), p. 906 35 Intitgo`tg prlcis`mlntl Zrincipi l grilnt`mlnti flnlròi hi un` pgoitic` inhustriòl hloo` Cgmunitê . Si tr`tt` hlo primg hgcumlntgueeiciòl – prlnhl io ngml hò rlo`tgrl, o’itòi`ng Fuihg Cgognn` hi Zòoi`ng – `h èelrm`rl o` nlclssitê hi un` str`tlfi` hloo'inngv`-zignl. Cer. O. ELRR@RI BR@UG L L. MG@ULRG MIO@NLSI, Olzigni hi hirittg cgmunit`rig, 8 lh., N`pgoi4 Lhitgriòl Scilntieic` 2::2, p. <:8

36 L. H@UIFNGN, R`ppgrt ` mlssilurs ols ministrls hls èeìrls, 096:. Nlo tlstg si hloinl`ng ol priml inizi`tivl cgncrltl.3; CGM(09;0) 52: hlo 2: gttgbrl 09;0, r`ccgotg in @ Nlw Impltus egr tkl Cgmmgn Zgoicils, Bgooltting hlool Cgmunitê Lurgpll(09;0), 8, pp. 33-80. In p`rticgo`rl, p. 3<4 «Rlinegrcinf inngv`tign `nh tkl tlckngogficò strlnftk ge tkl Cgmmunity skguoh bl gnl getkl cgrnlrstgnls ge ` ognflr-tlrm-grilntlh lcgngmic `nh sgciò pgoicy wkick skguoh slt tkl b`sis egr tkl crl`tign ge slcurl dgbs

b`slh gn prghuctivity fìn, cgmpltitivlnlss `nh frgwtk in gur lcgngmils. It is tkl inngv`tign prgclss tk`t cgnvlrts pgtlntiò tlck-nicò prgfrlss intg lcgngmic `nh sgciò e`ct ±.39 CGM(09;0) 539 hlo 23 gttgbrl 09;0, r`ccgotg in @ Nlw Impltus egr tkl Cgmmgn Zgoicils, in Bgooltting hlool Cgmunitê Lurgpll(09;0), 8, pp. 83-<5.







t`mlntg hlo mlrc`tg intlrng8: hlo 09;< l io hgcumlntg O` pgoitic` inhustriòl in un cgntlstg `plrtg l cgncgrrlnziòl80 hlo099:82.

@oog st`hig intlrmlhig, ckl si può cgoogc`rl nloo’intlrvòog hi `nni hò 0993 ò 0999, `vvilnl o’lo`bgr`zignl hloo` ‛S g-ciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ cgml mghloog hi cgnvivlnz`, hlngmin`tg `nckl ‛Sgciltê hloo` Cgngsclnz`’. Fr`nhl impgrt`n-z`, sgttg qulstg prgeiog, rivlstl io Oibrg Bi`ncg ‛ Hlogrs’ 83 hlo 0993, slfuitg hì hgcumlnti \n` pgoitic` hi cgmpltitivitê in-hustriòl plr o'\nignl Lurgpl`88, Suo rèegrz`mlntg hloo` cgmpltitivitê hloo'inhustri` hloo` Cgmunitê8<, io c.h. R`ppgrtg

B`nflm`nn85, Zi`ng h'`zignl plr og sviouppg hloo` Sgciltê hloo'Inegrm`zignl 86, Oibrg Bi`ncg Inslfn`rl lh `pprlnhlrl.Ulrsg o` sgciltê cgngscitiv`8;, tutti hlo 0998. Hi p`rticgo`rl intlrlssl ë io Oibrg vlrhl suoo'inngv`zignl hlo 099<, nlo quòl

8: Nloo’inngv`zignl si inhivihu` un e`ttgrl lcgngmicg hltlrmin`ntl in grhinl òo` crl`zignl hlo mlrc`tg intlrng. Cer. puntg 58, Hgcu-mlntg CGM(09;<) 30: Cgmpoltinf tkl intlrnò m`ralt , Oibrg Bi`ncg hloo` Cgmmissignl plr io Cgnsifoig Lurgplg hi Mio`ng tlnutgsinli figrni 2; l 29 fiufng 09;<.

80 CGM(099:) <<5, O` Zgoitic` Inhustriòl in un Cgntlstg `plrtg l cgncgrrlnziòl - Grilnt`mlnti plr un` sgouzignl cgmunit`ri`, hlo05 ngvlmbrl 099:. O` tlcngogfi` ë vist` cgml un `cclolr`tgrl hlo prgclssg hi `hlfu`mlntg hlool imprlsl l hlo mlrc`tg lurgplgòo` cgncgrrlnz` hloo'lcgngmi` fogbòl.82 Hlvl lsslrl mlnzign`tg `nckl o’ @ttg \nicg Lurgplg, hlo 2; elbbrìg 09;5, in vifgrl hò 0º oufoig 09;6, in F.\.C.L. O 059 hlo 29fiufng 09;6. Ui si prlvlhlv` o` tr`segrm`zignl hlo Mlrc`tg Cgmunl in Mlrc`tg \nicg lntrg io 0º flnnìg 0993. Cgn lssg si mghiei-cò o'grifin`rig `rticgo`tg hlo Xr`tt`tg hi Rgm` hlo 09<6, inùfur`nhg plr o` CLL un rugog m`ffigrmlntl intlrvlntist` nloo'lcgngmi`slcgnhg trl hirlttrici4 cglsignl lcgngmic` l sgciòl1 cgmpltlnz` in m`tlri` hi sicurlzz` l sòutl hli o`vgr`tgri1 pgoitic` `mbilntòl.O'inngv`zignl `pp`rtilnl òo` prim` oinl` h'`zignl, cgml riclrc` tlcngogfic` `ttu`t` mlhi`ntl un ‛prgfr`mm` qu`hrg’ pourilnnòlprgpgstg in egrm` hi rlfgo`mlntg cgmunit`rig. @oo’`rt.03: E si hicki`r` ine`tti ckl «O` Cgmunitê si prgpgnl o’gbilttivg hi rèegrz`rl olb`si scilntieickl l tlcngogfickl hloo’inhustri` lurgpl` l hi e`vgrirl og sviouppg hloo` su` cgmpltitivitê intlrn`zignòl±. Nloog stlssgslnsg, `nckl io Xr`tt`tg hi M``strickt , hlo 6 elbbrìg 0992, in vifgrl hò 0º ngvlmbrl 0993, in F.\.C.L. C 090 hlo 29 oufoig 0992.O'`rt. F hlo Xr`tt`tg hi M``strickt intrghucl un` prgegnh` rlvisignl nlo Xr`tt`tg hi Rgm`, mghieic`nhg fr`n p`rtl hloo'`rticgo`tg. Zlrclrti vlrsi o'inngv`zignl tlcngogfic` rim`nl `ncgr` sgot`ntg un e`ttgrl lcgngmicg hlo mlrc`tg intlrng – plr qu`ntg riolv`ntl – plrciòë inslritg tr` foi gbilttivi hloo` Cgmunitê Lurgpl` òo’`rt. 3 CL4 «m) io rèegrz`mlntg hloo` cgmpltitivitê hloo'inhustri` cgmunit`ri`1 n) o`prgmgzignl hloo` riclrc` l hloog sviouppg tlcngogficg± mlntrl òo’`rt. 03: sgng hloinl`tl ol mltghgogfil gplr`tivl. In qulstg ihlòlcgntlstg si cgoogc` quòl cgrgoo`rig o` ‛ egrm`zignl prgelssignòl’4 suppgnlnhg un` r`pih` lvgouzignl tlcngogfic` sgng nlclss`rilmisurl fiurihickl eunzignòi òo` riquòieic`zignl hloo` m`nghgplr` (`rt.023).83

CGM(0993) 6:: hlo < hiclmbrl 0993, Crlscit`, cgmpltitivitê gccup`zignl. Ol seihl l ol vil h` plrcgrrlrl plr lntr`rl nlo [[I sl-cgog. O` cgncousignl hlo Oibrg Bi`ncg ‛Hlogrs’ ë sueeicilntlmlntl lspoic`tiv`4 «Sg `s tg lst`boisk tkl b`sls egr suck ` pgoicy gefogbò cgmpltitivlnlss `nh lnsurl tk`t its pgsitivl leelcts gn lmpogymlnt cgml tkrgufk `s r`pihoy `s pgssibol, tkl Cgmmissign prgpgsls tk`t tkl Lurgpl`n Cguncio `hgpt tkl egoogwinf gbdlctivls `nh fuihloinls4 (…) Xkl prgmgtign ge ngn-pkysicò, angwolhfl-b`slh invlstmlnt must bl m`hl tkl tgp prigrity ge tkl flnlrò pgoicy in suppgrt ge invlstmlnt. Xrìninf, rlsl`rck `nh angw-kgw inflnlrò must bl trl`tlh `s prgplr t`rflts ge invlstmlnt in tklir gwn rifkt. Xkl nlclss`ry cgnslqulncls skguoh bl hr`wn ngt`boy`s rlf`rhs ck`nfls in t`x `nh `ccguntinf ruols±. Suoo` cgnclzignl hloo’inngv`zignl, `ncgr` olf`t` `foi `spltti lcgngmici l e gnh`t`suoo` tlgri` lnhgfln ,̀ puntg 0:.0 olttlr` c)4 « @otkgufk lcgngmic mghlos tlnh tg vilw tlckngogficò `ckilvlmlnts `s lxgflnguse`ctgrs, it skguoh bl rlcgfnizlh tk`t tklsl `rl lsslntiòoy tkl rlsuot ge eunh`mlntò inclntivls grifin`tinf in tkl puboic `nh priv`tlslctgrs. Mgrlgvlr, it skguoh bl col`roy st`tlh tk`t `ny tlckngogfy is m`hl by m`n `nh tk`t, in tkis rlsplct, cgntinulh invlstmlnt inkum`n c`pitò is criticò. Sgovinf tkl currlnt lnvirgnmlntò prgbolms wioo bl ` m`dgr ckòolnfl in tkl cgminf yl`rs±. 88 CGM(0998) 309 hlo 08 slttlmbrl 0998, \n` pgoitic` hi cgmpltitivitê inhustriòl plr o'\nignl Lurgpl`. O'inhirizzg pgoiticg si cgn-elrm` nlo slnsg hi rèegrz`rl o'inngv`zignl cgn i e`ttgri imm`tlriòi hi cgmpltitivitê hlool imprlsl l o` sgciltê hloo'inegrm`zignl.8< Risgouzignl hlo 20 ngvlmbrl 0998, suo rèegrz`mlntg hloo` cgmpltitivitê hloo'inhustri` hloo` Cgmunitê, in F.\.C.L. C 383 hlo 5 hi-clmbrl 0998, p. 0.

85 Hgcumlntg O'Lurgp` l o` sgciltê hloo'inegrm`zignl hlo 25 m`ffig 0998, in Bgooltting hlool Cgmunitê Lurgpll (0998), 2. Xr` imlmbri hlo fruppg hi o`vgrg, si slfnò`ng foi itòi`ni C`rog Hl Blnlhltti l Rgm`ng Zrghi. O` ‛Sgciltê hloo'Inegrm`zignl’ ë `ncgr`cgnclpit` cgml e`ttgrl lcgngmicg4 lss` vilnl ine`tti hleinit` cgml io risuot`tg hloo` cgmbin`zignl tr` hul ‛e` ttgri cki`vl’, i sistlmi hitlolcgmunic`zignl l ol tlcngogfil inegrm`tickl4 «Cgmmunic`tigns systlms cgmbinlh witk `hv`nclh inegrm`tign tlckngogfils `rlalys tg tkl inegrm`tign sgcilty ± (p. 23). Io r`ppgrtg vlnnl `ccgotg pgsitiv`mlntl hò Cgnsifoig Lurgplg hi Cgreù hlo 28 l 2< fiufng0998, io quòl rinviò plr io succlssivg Cgnsifoig Lurgplg hi Lssln o` hlcisignl suool inizi`tivl h` intr`prlnhlrl.

86 CGM(0998) 386 hlo 09 oufoig 0998, Lurgpl' s w`y tg tkl inegrm`tign sgcilty. @n `ctign po`n. O` ‛Sgciltê hloo'Inegrm`zignl’ lr`slmprl cgnclpit` cgml slmpoicl iner`struttur` tlcngogfic`, m` vlniv` prlvist` o` cgstituzignl hi un fruppg plrm`nlntl hi hiscus-signl, Inegrm`tign Sgcilty Egrum. O` Cgmmissignl hleinï qu`ttrg `rll hi intlrvlntg, tr` ol quòi mlrit`ng hi lsslrl ricgrh`tl o` prg-tlzignl hloo` prgpriltê intloolttuòl l hloo` rislrv`tlzz` hli h`ti.

8; Oibrg bi`ncg, Inslfn`rl lh `pprlnhlrl. Ulrsg o` sgciltê cgngscitiv` , hlo 29 ngvlmbrl 099<. Slmbr` intlrlss`ntl ngt`rl cgml inqulstg hgcumlntg si intrghuc` io rielrimlntg `h un p`r`hifm` sgciòl, ihlntieic`tg plrò cgn un` hlngmin`zignl ‛ sgciltê cgngsciti-v`’, òo` quòl in slfuitg vlnnl prlelrit` ‛Sgciltê hloo` cgngsclnz`’. Slmprl ` oivloog tlrmingogficg ë intlrlss`ntl riolv`rl ckl nloo`vlrsignl infolsl si utioizz` o’lsprlssignl «Ol`rninf Sgcilty ±, ckl olttlròmlntl sifnieic` ‛Sgciltê hloo’`pprlnhimlntg’, m` `nckl






Xlstg hispgnibiol su oiclnz` Crl`tivl Cgmmgns - kttp4//crl`tivlcgmmgns.grf/oiclnsls/by-nc-nh/2.</hllh.it 0< / 2<

O’`ttuòl cgneifur`zignl hloo` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ òo’intlrng hloo’\nignl Lurgpl` trgv` io sug egnh`mlntg insucclssivi hgcumlnti ueeiciòi, in cui si hislfn` un` splcieic` str`tlfi` pgoitic`4 io Zrgfr`mm` pourilnnòl plr o’`hgzignlhloo` Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl in Lurgp`<9 hlo 099;, o` Hlcisignl n. 0;2/0999/CL rlo`tiv` ò Puintg prgfr`mm` qu`hrghlool `zigni cgmunit`ril hi riclrc`, hi sviouppg tlcngogficg l hi himgstr`zignl (099; –2::2)5:, ngncké io hgcumlntg lLu-rgpl – \n` sgciltê hloo'inegrm`zignl plr tutti 50, lntr`mbi hlo 09991 o` Risgouzignl hlo 0< fiufng 2::: suoo` crl`zignl hiung sp`zig lurgplg hloo` riclrc` l hloo'inngv`zignl52, io Cgnsifoig Lurgplg hi Oisbgn` hlo 23 l 28 m`rzg 2::: – h` cuio’lsprlssignl ‛Str`tlfi` hi Oisbgn`’53. Si può sgstlnlrl ckl ol inizi`tivl in mlritg òo` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’, nlo ogrg

intlnsieic`rsi, qu`si `ccgmp`fn`ng io prgfrlssivg `vvicin`mlntg hlfoi St`ti mlmbri, cgml sl o’\nignl Lurgpl` ngn pg s-s` cgnclpirsi – nloo` mlntl hli fgvlrn`nti – sl ngn in egrm`tg ‛lolttrgnicg’. In tò slnsg, vlh`si lLurgpl 2::2 58 l io Xr`t-t`tg hi Nizz`, hlo 25 elbbrìg 2::0, in vifgrl hò 0º elbbrìg 2::35<, io hgcumlntg lLurgpl2::< 55, hlo 2::21 io Zrgflttg hiXr`tt`tg ckl istituiscl un` Cgstituzignl plr o’Lurgp`, hlo 28 gttgbrl 2::8, ngn lntr`tg in vifgrl56, i hgcumlnti Zi`ng pou-rilnnòl suoo’inngv`zignl5; lh lLurgpl 2:0: 59, lntr`mbi hlo 2::<1 io Xr`tt`tg hi Oisbgn`, hlo 03 hiclmbrl 2::6, in vifgrl

prgmugvlrl og sviouppg hlo m`ssimg oivloog pgssibiol hi cgngsclnz` nlool pgpgo`zigni `ttr`vlrsg un `mpig `cclssg òo'istruzignl l`ttr`vlrsg o'`ffigrn`mlntg cgst`ntl±.<9 Hlcisignl 9;/2<3/CL hlo 3: m`rzg 099;, ckl `hgtt` un prgfr`mm` cgmunit`rig pourilnnòl plr inclntiv`rl o` rlòizz`zignl hloo`Sgciltê hloo'inegrm`zignl in Lurgp` («Sgciltê hloo'inegrm`zignl±) , in F.\.C.L O 0:6/0: IX hlo 6 `priol 099;.

5: Hlcisignl ;2/0999/CL hlo 22 hiclmbrl 099; rlo`tiv` ò quintg prgfr`mm` qu`hrg hlool `zigni cgmunit`ril hi riclrc`, hi sviouppgtlcngogficg l hi himgstr`zignl (099; –2::2) in F.\.C.L. O 25 hlo 0 elbbrìg 0999. in p`rticgo`rl si ripgrt` io cgnsihlr`nhg 204 «cgn-sihlr`nhg ckl ë nlclss`rig tlnlr cgntg hlfoi `spltti ltici hlo prgfrlssg hlool cgngsclnzl l hlool tlcngogfil l hloo` ogrg `ppoic`zig-nl, ngncké svgoflrl ol `ttivitê hi riclrc` nlo risplttg hli principi ltici egnh`mlntòi l hloo` tutlo` hloo` vit` priv`t`±. O` Sgciltê hloo'in-egrm`zignl hi e`ciol usg ë io slcgnhg hlfoi gbilttivi hi «`ttu`zignl hi prgfr`mmi hi riclrc`, sviouppg tlcngogficg l himgstr`zignl±.Cer. Hlcisignl 0999/05;/CL hlo 2< flnnìg 0999 ckl `hgtt` un prgfr`mm` splcieicg hi riclrc`, hi sviouppg tlcngogficg l hi himg-str`zignl intitgo`tg «O` sgciltê hloo'inegrm`zignl hi e`ciol usg± (099;-2::2) , in F.\.C.L. O 58 hlo 02 m`rzg 0999, p. 2:.50 CGM(0999) 5;6 hloo'; hiclmbrl 0999, rlo`tiv` `h un'inizi`tiv` hloo` Cgmmissignl in gcc`signl hlo Cgnsifoig lurgplg str`grhin`righi Oisbgn` hlo 23 l 28 m`rzg 2:::4 lLurgpl - \n` sgciltê hloo'inegrm`zignl plr tutti .

52 Risgouzignl hlo 0< fiufng 2::: suoo` crl`zignl hi ung sp`zig lurgplg hloo` riclrc` l hloo'inngv`zignl , in F.\.C.L. C 2:< hlo 09oufoig 2:::, p. 0.53 Cgnsifoig Lurgplg hi Oisbgn`, 23 l 28 m`rzg 2:::. Cer. ol Cgncousigni hloo` Zrlsihlnz`, §. <4 «hivlnt`rl o’lcgngmi` hloo` cgng-sclnz` più cgmpltitiv` l più hin`mic` hlo mgnhg, c`p`cl hi un` crlscit` lcgngmic` hurlvgol, `ccgmp`fn`t` h` un mifoigr`mlntgqu`ntit`tivg l quòit`tivg hloo’gccup`zignl l h` un` m`ffigrl cglsignl sgciòl ±. Cer. `nckl CGM(2:::) 23, hlo io 26 flnnìg 2::: Zlns`rl o'istruzignl hi hgm`ni - Zrgmugvlrl o'inngv`zignl cgn ol nugvl tlcngogfil 1 CGM(2:::) 03: hlo 08 m`rzg 2:::, lLurgpl.\n` sgciltê hloo'inegrm`zignl plr tutti. Zlr io Cgnsifoig lurgplg str`grhin`rig suoo'gccup`zignl, ol riegrml lcgngmickl l o` cglsignlsgciòl - Zlr un'Lurgp` b`s`t` suoo'inngv`zignl l suool cgngsclnzl, Oisbgn`, 23-28 m`rzg 2::: . Gccgrrl ricgrh`rl ckl og stlssg`nng eu `pprgv`t` o` C`rt` hli hiritti egnh`mlntòi hloo'\nignl Lurgpl`, hlo 6 hiclmbrl 2:::In F.\.C.L. C 358 hlo 0; hiclmbrl2:::, p.0, su cui si `vrê mghg hi ritgrn`rl più `v`nti.58 CGM(2::0) 08: hlo 03 m`rzg 2::0, lLurgpl 2::24 Imp`ttg l prigritê, Cgmunic`zignl ò Cgnsifoig lurgplg hi prim`vlr`, Stgc-

cgom` 23-28 m`rzg 2::0, Cer. p. 34 «Ë gppgrtung ckl io Cgnsifoig lurgplg rib`hisc` ckl o` tr`nsizignl òo` sgciltê hloo'inegrm`zignlë l rlst` un e`ttgrl lsslnziòl plr o` crlscit` eutur` l ckl, plrt`ntg, cgntinu` `h lsslrl ung hlfoi gbilttivi principòi hloo'\nignl±.

5< In F.\.C.L. C ;: hlo 0: m`rzg 2::0.55 CGM(2::2) 253 hlo 2; m`ffig 2::2, lLurgpl 2::<4 un` sgciltê hloo’inegrm`zignl plr tutti . Zi`ng h'`zignl h` prlslnt`rl plr ioCgnsifoig lurgplg hi Sivifoi` tlnutgsi nli figrni 20 l 22 fiufng 2::2.

56 In F.\.C.L. hlo 05 hiclmbrl 2::8, n. C 30:, p.031 Cer. `rt. 3 cgmm` 34 «O'\nignl si `hgplr` plr og sviouppg sgstlnibiol hloo'Lurg-p`, b`s`tg su un` crlscit` lcgngmic` lquioibr`t` l suoo` st`bioitê hli prlzzi, su un'lcgngmi` sgciòl hi mlrc`tg egrtlmlntl cgmplti-tiv`, ckl mir` òo` piln` gccup`zignl l ò prgfrlssg sgciòl, l su un lolv`tg oivloog hi tutlo` l hi mifoigr`mlntg hloo` quòitê hloo'`m-bilntl. Lss` prgmugvl io prgfrlssg scilntieicg l tlcngogficg±.

5; Hlcisignl hlo 5 `priol 2::<, Lst`boiskinf ` Cgmpltitivlnlss `nh Inngv`tign er`mlwgra Zrgfr`mml (CIZ) egr tkl plrigh 2::6-2:03.

59 CGM(2::<) 28 hlo 2 elbbrìg 2::<, O`vgr`rl insilml plr o` crlscit` l o’gccup`zignl Io rio`ncig hloo` str`tlfi` hi Oisbgn`. In p`rti-cgo`rl risuot` lvihlntl ckl o` cgngsclnz` hltlrmin` o` Sgciltê hloo'Inegrm`zignl nloo` su` struttur` tlcngogfic`,4 «Nloo’`vvi`rl io p`r-tln`ri`tg plr o` crlscit` l o’gccup`zignl ò einl hi rio`nci`rl o` str`tlfi` hi Oisbgn`, io Cgnsifoig lurgplg hi prim`vlr` 2::< k` inhivi-

hu`tg nloo` cgngsclnz` l nloo’inngv`zignl i mgtgri hi un` cr lscit` sgstlnibiol lh k` èelrm`tg ckl ë inhisplns`biol svioupp`rl un`sgciltê hloo’inegrm`zignl b`s`t` suoo’incousignl l suoo’usg flnlròizz`tg hlool tlcngogfil hloo’inegrm`zignl l hlool cgmunic`zigni(XIC) nli slrvizi pubboici, nlool ZMI l nlool e`mifoil± CGM(2::<) 229 hlo 0º fiufng 2::<, i2:0: – \n` sgciltê lurgpl`hloo’inegrm`zignl plr o` crlscit` l o’gccup`zignl, p. 3.







hò 0º hiclmbrl 2::96:, i hgcumlnti Lurgp` 2:2:4 \n` str`tlfi` plr un` crlscit` intlooiflntl, sgstlnibiol l incousiv`60 l @flnh` hifitòl lurgpl`62 lntr`mbi hlo 2:0:. Su qulst’uotimg hgcumlntg ci si sgeelrmlrê hi nugvg più `v`nti.

8.0.2.- ‟Sgciltê hloo’inegrm`zignl”, ‟fgvlrn`ncl”, ‟l- fgvlrn`ncl”

In m`ssim` sintlsi, o’ihl` hi egnhg ë quloo` hi un` sgciltê ‟` rltl”, in cui4

(0) ol rlo`zigni intlrplrsgnòi – l qulool tr` istituzigni sgciòi – hivlnt`ng ‟intlr`zigni” g sc`mbi hi inegrm`zigni slcgn-hg un` ogfic` ‟grizzgntòl”1

(2) ol selrl inhivihuòi cgstituiscgng ‟hgmini” cgntlnlnti hi risgrsl più g mlng lstlsl hi inegrm`zigni. (3) io r`ppgrtg tr` istituzigni l citt`hini vilnl rlsg in tlrmini hi ‟p`rtlcip`zignl” ò eoussg inegrm`tivg slcgnh g ogfickl

òfgritmickl. Pulstg sifnieic` ckl io pgtlrl vilnl lslrcit`tg in tlrmini hi ‟cgmunic`zignl” l ‟cgntrgoog”, slcgnhg prgclh u-rl hleinitl nlo hltt`foig, m` slnz` cgnsihlr`rl io cgntlnutg inegrm`tivg.

(8) o` p`rtlcip`zignl ò pgtlrl h` p`rtl hli hlstin`t`ri ngn k` t`ntg o` eunzignl hi cgnslntirl ogrg – plr lslmpig inqu`ntg hlstin`t`ri hi un prgvvlhimlntg `mministr`tivg – hi e`r vòlrl ol prgpril r`figni, qu`ntg hi egrnirl un riscgntrg òsistlm` (ellhb`ca ) èeincké qulstg pgss` rèegrz`rsi l hivlnirl `ncgr` più plrv`sivg. Pulst` ë o` ogfic` hi egnhg hloo`‟fgvlrn`ncl”4 istituirl un sistlm` hi cgntrgooi incrgci`ti, ‟`plrtg” ` stimgoi ckl prgvlnfgng h` hivlrsl hirlzigni l hieelrlntioivlooi, io cui risuot`tg plrò ngn pgss` lsslrl mlssg in hiscussignl.

(<) o` struttur` hlool istituzigni vilnl mghieic`t`, `hlfu`nhgsi ò mghloog hloo` ‟rltl hlclntr`t`”, m` qulstg ngn loim i-n` io prgbolm` hlo r`ppgrtg cgn i sinfgoi inhivihui.

8.2.- O` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ cgml ‛cgnhivisignl’ hi risgrsl

Inhivihu`ti i prlsuppgsti ihlòi l ol principòi egnti, gccgrrl hlscrivlrl io cgntlnutg hloo` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’, m`prim` bisgfn` egrnirl òcunl inhic`zigni prloimin`ri. Si ë `nticip`tg ckl cgn tòl tlrminl si inhic` si` un’iner`struttur`tlcngogfic`, si` un hltlrmin`tg mghloog cuoturòl. Gccgrrl `vvlrtirl plrò ckl o` tlcngogfi` `ttuòmlntl cgnslntl hi svi-oupp`rl mghòitê hi cgmunic`zignl lstrlm`mlntl `v`nz`tl. Ci si rielriscl in p`rticgo`rl òol tlcngogfil ckl vlnfgng in-hic`tl cgn o’lsprlssignl coguh 63. Pui ë intlrlss`ntl tlnlrnl cgntg ngn sgot`ntg plrcké in prgsplttiv` lssl tlnhlr`nng`h èelrm`rsi in mghg plrv`sivg, m` `nckl plrcké in un clrtg slnsg r`pprlslnt`ng o` m`ssim` rlòizz`zignl hi ciò ckl

vilnl intlsg cgmunlmlntl cgml ‛cgnhivisignl hi risgrsl’, hunqul io r ielrimlntg ` tòi tlcngogfil lh ì rlo`tivi mghlooi hiintlr`zignl può lsslrl utiol ` eini lspgsitivi. Zlrt`ntg hi slfuitg si tr`tt`ng i slfulnti prgeioi4 (0) rlo`tiv`mlntl òo` ‛Sgcil-tê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ intls` cgml iner`struttur` tlcngogfic`, io eunzign`mlntg hlo coguh cgmputinf 1 (2) risplttg òo` ‛Sgcil-tê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ cgnsihlr`t` cgml mghloog hi cgnvivlnz`, io sgciò cgmputinf .

8.2.0.- O` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ cgml iner`struttur` tlcngogfic`4 coguh cgmputinf

Si cgnsihlring, in vi` intrghuttiv`, ol `ttuòi tlcngogfil hi cgnnlssignl vi` c`vg (plr lslmpig4 o` eibr` gttic`) g vi` ltl-rl (plr lslmpig4 io wi-ei). Lvihlntlmlntl, o` prgsplttiv` eutur` ë quloo` hloo’incrlmlntg hloo` ogrg hieeusignl l pgrt`t`, inmghg tòl h` `mpoi`rl o` c`p`citê hi tr`smissignl l quinhi io ngvlrg hli slrvizi h` geerirl `foi utlnti. Ngtlvgoi invlstimlntisgng prlvisti nloog sviouppg hi un` p`rticgo`rl tlcngogfi`, hlngmin`t` coguh cgmputinf , ckl prgmlttl hi c`mbi`rl io mg-hg in cui ci`scun inhivihug hispgnl hlool prgpril risgrsl inegrm`tickl l ol cgnhivihl cgn foi òtri.

Flnlric`mlntl, cgn coguh cgmputinf ci si rielriscl òo` pgssibioitê hi `cclhlrl h` rlmgtg l mlhi`ntl hivlrsi hispgsi-tivi lolttrgnici (`nckl tlrminòi mgbioi) ò mlhlsimg hgminig hi h`ti. In slnsg prgprig, cgn coguh cgmputinf si intlnhl ogsviouppg `ppoic`tivg hi un` tlcngogfi` mgotg cgmpolss`, hleinit` in rlo`zignl `h òcunl prlcisl eunzignòitê, cgml o` pgs-sibioitê hi `cclssg slmpoieic`tg, `nckl h` rlmgtg, o’lstrlm` cgneifur`bioitê, o’`h`tt`bioitê, o` tr`sp`rlnz` hi utioizzg68. Zlr

6: In F.\.\.L. C 3:5/0 hlo 06 hiclmbrl 2::6. Slmbr` utiol prlcis`rl ckl io ‛Xr`tt`tg hi Oisbgn`’, cgml inhic` io sug ngml plr lst lsg,`ppgrt` hlool mghieic`zigni ò Xr`tt`tg suoo’\nignl Lurgpl` (X\L, g ‛Xr`tt`tg hi M``strickt’) l ò Xr`tt`tg ckl istituiscl o` CgmunitêLurgpl` (XCL, g ‛Xr`tt`tg hi Rgm`’). Io slcgnhg vilnl inhic`tg gr` cgml Xr`tt`tg suo eunzign`mlntg hloo’\nignl Lurgpl` (XE\L).60 CGM(2:0:) 2:2: hlo 3 m`rzg 2:0:, \n` str`tlfi` plr un` crlscit` intlooiflntl, sgstlnibiol l incousiv`.62 CGM(2:0:) 28< hle/2 hlo 25 `fgstg 2:0:, \n’`flnh` hifitòl lurgpl`.63 In qulstg slnsg, si` sueeicilntl io rielrimlntg ò slrvizig icoguh intrghgttg cgn io sistlm` gplr`tivg iGS <hi @ppol Inc., g ò ‛p`cckl t-

tg’ hi slrvizi plr ol imprlsl egrniti h` Xlolcgm Itòi` S.p.@. l hlngmin`tg ‛nuvgo` itòi`n`’, www.nuvgoìtòi`n`.it. 68 Si ripgrt` hi slfuitg o` hleinizignl lo`bgr`t` hòo’Istitutg N`zignòl hi St`nh`rhs l Xlcngogfi` hlfoi St`ti \niti h’@mlric`4 «Coguhcgmputinf is ` mghlo egr ln`boinf ubiquitgus, cgnvlnilnt, gn-hlm`nh nltwgra `cclss tg ` sk`rlh pggo ge cgneifur`bol cgmputinfrlsgurcls (l.f., nltwgras, slrvlrs, stgr`fl, `ppoic`tigns, `nh slrvicls) tk`t c`n bl r`pihoy prgvisignlh `nh rlol`slh witk minimò







slmpoieic`rl, io v`nt`ffig st` nlo e`ttg ckl òo’utlntl ngn si rickilhgng cgngsclnzl tlcngogfickl plr lsp`nhlrl ol risgrslinegrm`tickl gotrl ` qulool cgntlnutl nlfoi strumlnti lolttrgnici ckl foi sgng eisic`mlntl hispgnibioi in un h`tg mgmlntg (iocgmputlr, io tlolegng cloouo`rl). In lstrlm` sintlsi, ol risgrsl inegrm`tivl vlnfgng tr`segrm`tl in un vlrg l prgprig ‛cgnt l-stg imm`tlriòl’ ckl ci`scung ‛si pgrt` slmprl hiltrg’. O’inegrm`zignl circgnh` o’inhivihug cgml – `ppuntg – un` ‛nuvg-o`’.

Eifur` 24 Xkl Imp`ct ge Sgciò Cgmputinf gn tkl L\ Inegrm`tign Sgcilty `nh Lcgngmy 6<

Eifur` 34 struttur` cgnclttuòl hlo coguh cgmputinf 65

Ol qulstigni fiurihickl sgoolv`tl h` qulst` tlcngogfi` – in leeltti mgotg rlclntl – rim`nfgng `ncgr` irrisgotl, t`ntgckl tr` io 05 m`ffig l io 30 `fgstg 2:00 o’\nignl Lurgpl` k` `vvi`tg un` cgnsuot`zignl pubboic`. Io rlo`tivg r`ppgrtg ein`-ol, hlpgsit`tg og scgrsg < hiclmbrl 2:00, k` riolv`tg òcunl prlgccup`zigni hi egnhg, cgn p`rticgo`rl rielrimlntg ò qu`-hrg hi hispgsizigni fiurihickl rlo`tivl òo` tutlo` hloo` rislrv`tlzz`, òo` hlm`rc`zignl hloo` rlspgns`bioitê tr` foi gplr`tgrisgpr`ttuttg nlo eoussg hi h`ti tr`nsergnt̀ oilri66. I mgtivi hi qulstl hieeicgotê si pgssgng cgmprlnhlrl òo` oucl hi hul gsslr-

m`n`flmlnt leegrt gr slrvicl prgvihlr intlr`ctign±, Cer. ZLXLR MLOO L XIMGXKY FR@NCL, "Xkl NISX hleinitign ge coguh cgmputinf(hrèt)," in NISX splciò puboic`tign4 2:00, 26< AIRSXI @O@-M\XA@ lt ò., Xkl imp`ct ge sgciò cgmputinf gn tkl L\ inegrm`tign sgcilty `nh lcgngmy 4 Dgint Rlsl`rck Clntrl -

Institutl egr Zrgsplctivl Xlckngogficò Stuhils, 2::9, n. 96;-92-69-03;03-3, p. 3965 D. P. @NHLRSGN L K. R@INIL, Xkl euturl ge coguh cgmputinf ) 2:0:, p. 0266 «Xkl L\ olfò er`mlwgra witkin wkick Coguh Cgmputinf must bl impolmlntlh cgneusls `nh crl`tls unclrtìnty in tkl rlspgnh-lnts tg tkl cgnsuot`tign. Xklrl is ` wihlsprl`h nllh egr co`rieic`tign gn rifkts, rlspgnsibioitils, h`t` prgtlctign `nh oi`bioity, lsplciò-






Xlstg hispgnibiol su oiclnz` Crl`tivl Cgmmgns - kttp4//crl`tivlcgmmgns.grf/oiclnsls/by-nc-nh/2.</hllh.it 0; / 2<

v`zigni, rlo`tiv`mlntl4 (0) òo` struttur` ‛egrmòl’ hloo` cgmunic`zignl1 (2) òo` scgmp`rs` hloo` ‛m`tlriòitê’nloo’intlr`zignl tr` ol risplttivl risgrsl.

In mlritg ò primg puntg, gccgrrl `mmlttlrl ckl io coguh cgmputinf ë un` tlcngogfi` ckl cgnslntl un` `ncgr più r`-hicòl ‛cgnhivisignl’ hi inegrm`zigni risplttg òol mghòitê ckl o’k`nng prlclhut`, slbblnl o` struttur` cgmunic`tiv` ngnsi` cgmpolt`mlntl ifngt`, cgml si ë riolv`tg ` prgpgsitg hloo` slntlnz` Rlng v. @mlric`n Civio Oiblrtils \nign6;. In òtritlrmini, io coguh cgmputinf cgstituiscl un` egrm` hi intlr`zignl r`hicòl, un` vlr` l prgpri` ‛rltl nloo` rltl’69.

In mlritg ò slcgnhg puntg, ë gppgrtung ngt`rl ckl ol iner`strutturl tlcngogfickl ‛scgmpìgng’ `foi gccki hlo eruitgrl.Nloo’intlr`zignl cgn òtri utlnti, og sc`mbig hi inegrm`zigni tr` inhivihui hivlnt` inhirlttg, plrcké mlhi`tg hòo` coguh hici`scung hi lssi4 si può sgstlnlrl ckl foi utlnti ‛cgnhivihgng’ ol risgrsl sl lh in qu`ntg intlrslc`ng i prgpri hgmini in-egrm`tivi, cigë ol prgpril coguh ;:. O’imprlssignl hloo’utlntl ë quloo` hi cgstruirsi un` ‛selr` inegrm`tiv`’ g, cgml sufflst i-v`mlntl si ritrgv` in òcuni stuhi cgnhgtti plr cgntg hloo’\nignl Lurgpl`, un` ‛bgoo` hifitòl’ , cgml si ë rielritg nlool primlolzigni.

Eifur` 84 Hrèt Zuboic`tign © Lurgpl`n Cgmmunitils Hifitò Xlrritgry4 Bubbols ;0

8.2.2.- O` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ cgml mghloog hi cgnvivlnz`4 io sgciò cgmputinf

Si può intrghurrl qulstg prgeiog gsslrv`nhg ckl ci`scun` ‛selr` inegrm`tiv`’ può lsslrl cgnsihlr`t` un ‛piccgog uni-vlrsg’ ` sé st`ntl4 prlnhlnhg ‛in prlstitg’ hul eifurl hòo` ‛tlgri` hloo` cgmpolssitê’, si può sgstlnlrl ckl o’inhivihug ë u n‛sistlm`’ l o` sgciltê ë io sug ‛`mbilntl’.

O` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’, in qulstg slnsg, si può hleinirl cgml qulo p`rticgo`rl mghloog hi cgnvivlnz` cgstruitg`rtieiciòmlntl;2 cgn og scgpg splcieicg hi e`vgrirl o’intlr`zignl tr` inhivihui, o` cgnhivisignl hi risgrsl, l, in sgst`nz`,

oy in crgss-bgrhlr situ`tigns. Fuihloinls gn fggh pr`cticl in cgntr`ctinf, mghlo tlrms `nh cgnhitigns, rl`sgn`bol lxplct`tigns egr

slrvicl olvlo `frllmlnts wguoh bl `pprlci`tlh. Xkl puboic slctgr, `s coguh cgmputinf `hgptlrs, cguoh slt tkl rlquirlmlnts egrst`nh`rhs in slcurity, intlrgplr`bioity `nh h`t` pgrt`bioity1 tkus, stimuo`tinf r`pih hlpogymlnt. Rlsgoutign ge tkl sinfol hifitò m`raltissuls is gnoy ` p`rtiò sgoutign sincl Coguh Cgmputinf is inklrlntoy lmblhhlh in ` fogbò iner`structurl. It egoogws tk`t intlrn`tignò`frllmlnts gn clrtìn principols suck `s clrtieic`tign, h`t` prgtlctign `nh slcurity `rl nllhlh. Einòoy, currlnt Coguh Cgmputinf isc`p`bol ge imprgvlmlnt tkrgufk rlsl`rck `nh hlvlogpmlnt, ngt`boy intlfr`tign ge gtklr histributlh cgmputinf mghlos± @`.Uv.,Coguh Cgmputinf Zuboic Cgnsuot`tign Rlpgrt4 Lurgpl`n Cgmmissign, 2:00 Suo tlm`, Cer. Figrn`t` hi stuhig su «lFgvlrnmlnt lCoguh Cgmputinf ±, grf`nizz`t` h` HifitZ@ ` Rgm` io < gttgbrl 2:0:.6; Si hlscrivlv` in rlòtê io eunzign`mlntg hlo sistlm` \SLNLX, Einhinf nn. 22, 23, 28, 2<, @mlric`n Civio Oiblrtils \nign v. Rlng,hlcisignl hloo’00 fiufng 0995, Histrlttg grilntòl hloo` Cgrtl hloo` Zlnnsyov`ni`, in 929 E. Supp. ;28, ;3: –;89 (LH Z`. 0995). Olòtrl egrml hi cgmunic`zignl sgng4 o` cgmunic`zignl ‛0->0’, ckl si rlòizz` tr` sinfgoi inhivihui1 o` cgmunic`zignl ‛0-> mgoti’, nlo oin-fu`ffig fiurihicg più prgpri`mlntl hleinit` cgml ‛hieeusignl’. 69 Ë mgotg sifnieic`tivg, ` tò prgpgsitg, ckl hi rlclntl si si`ng svioupp`ti sistlmi ckl lsòt`ng o’`splttg hloo` cgnhivisignl hlool risgr-

sl sgttg hivlrsi prgeioi4 si plnsi ì sgciò nltwgra (E`clbgga, plr lslmpig), m` `nckl ì sistlmi hi eiol sk`rinf (Lmuol, BitXgrrlnt).;: Ui sgng hivlrsi mghlooi hi `ppoic`zignl ` slcgnh` hlo mghg in cui si cgneifur`ng `cclssg l cgnhivisignl hlool risgrsl hispgnibioi4 priv`tl coguh, cgmmunity coguh, puboic coguh, kybrih coguh , MLOO L FR@NCL, "Xkl NISX hleinitign ge coguh cgmputinf (hrèt)," 3 .;0 O@\RLNX BLSO@Y, Hifitò Xlrritgry4 Bubbols, in «Lurgpl`n Uisigns egr tkl Angwolhfl @fl.± (2::6), p. 8







o’lo`bgr`zignl cgoolttiv` hi inegrm`zigni. @ bln vlhlrl, io cgntlnutg hloo` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’, ngn ë slmpoiclml n-tl quloog hi hieegnhlrl i risuot`ti hloo` riclrc` scilntieic` g tlcngogfic` – `ncgr` un` vgot` si ritgrn` òo’’òe`bltizz`zignl in-egrm`tic`’ – m` prgprig quloog hi cgnhurrl i cgnsgci`ti òo` ‛cuotur` inegrm`tic`’, gssi` ` un` visignl hloo’ugmg imprgnt`t`ò cuotg hloo` tlcngogfi` in tuttl ol lsprlssigni hloo` su` lsplrilnz` hloo` cgntlmpgr`nlitê. In lstrlm` sintlsi,o’lcgngmi ,̀ o` sgciltê, o` pgoitic` – o` himlnsignl cgoolttiv` nlo cgmpolssg – vilnl cgnsihlr`tg cgml un prgclssg hi lo`-bgr`zignl hi inegrm`zigni l hi sc`mbig hi h`ti. Ol istituzigni pubboickl l priv`tl, ol imprlsl, i fruppi sgciòi, i clntri hi pg-tlrl ngn sgng òtrg ckl strumlnti hi cgnvlrsignl hi input l gutput ;3.

Cgn sgciò cgmputinf si inhic` `ppuntg io elngmlng hi plrlnnl intlr`zignl tr` inhivihui cgn cui vlnfgng prghgtti icgntlnuti hloo` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’;8. O’lsprlssignl p`rl òqu`ntg sufflstiv`, prgprig plrcké h` o’ihl` hi un` cg o-olttivitê ckl lo`bgr` i h`ti in slnsg inegrm`ticg, cgml sl ci`scun cgnsgci`tg ngn egssl òtrg ckl un cgmpgnlntl hlo cir-cuitg, l cgml sl o` su` intlr` lsistlnz` ngn `vlssl òtrg scgpg ckl quloog hi e`r eunzign`rl io sistlm`, cigë hi prghurrlcgntinu`mlntl inegrm`zignl.

O’imm`finl hlool ‛bgool’ inegrm`tivl, in qulstg slnsg, ë o` mltègr` hi un` sgrt` hi grf`nicismg ckl può ricgrh`rl `su` vgot` og spirituòismg hi hlriv`zignl grilntòl4 o’inhivihug ‛lsistl’ in qu`ntg ë ‛cgnnlssg’ – sufflstivg o’utioizzg hi qul-st` lsprlssignl hi oinfu`ffig cgmunl – l o` cgngsclnz` ngn foi ë prgpri`, plrcké risilhl `ppuntg in qulst` himlnsignlcgoolttiv` ckl lfoi, cgn o` su` `ttivitê inclss`ntl, cgntribuiscl `h lo`bgr`rl. In qulstg slnsg, io tlrminl ‛inegselr`’ ricki`-m` o` ‛nggselr`’ hi Xliok`rh hl Ck`rhin;<.

;2 Ë blnl cki`rirl in ckl tlrmini si cgneifuri qulst` ‛`rtieiciòitê’. Zlr e`rog, gccgrrl riprlnhlrl qu`ntg lspgstg in prlmlss`. Nlo pl n-silrg mghlrng – hgmin`tg hò r`zignòismg, cgml si hiclv` òo’inizig – si gsslrv` un` hupoicl `str`zignl, cgn rielrimlntg si` ò sin-fgog lsslrl um`ng, si` òo` himlnsignl cgoolttiv`. Zlr un vlrsg o’ugmg ë quòieic`tg cgml ‛inhivihug’, gssi` cgml ‛sinfgo`ritê numl-ric`’, ` prlscinhlrl hòol sul c`r`ttlristickl n`turòi, ckl vlnfgng hi e`ttg `bgoitl1 plr òtrg vlrsg, o` sgciltê ngn r`pprlslnt` più – cgm’lr` in prlclhlnz` – un` himlnsignl n`turòl hloo` ‛plrsgn`’, m` un` selr` ‛`str`tt`’, un` prgilzignl, un `rtieicig privg hi cgnt l-nutg sgst`nziòl. Ciò sifnieic` ckl o` cgnvivlnz` ngn ë più `ncgr`t` `h un grhinl egnh`tivg, `h un` r`zignòitê intrinslc` ì r`ppgrtiintlrplrsgnòi l tòl h` pgrsi cgml inlouhibiol cgst`ntl hi lssi, m` ckl lss` ë hlo tuttg hispgnibiol `h lsslrl m`nipgo`t` h` cki `s-suml io pgtlrl. Nl cgnslful ckl, sl ë vlrg ckl in b`sl ò plnsilrg mghlrng si `mmlttl ckl un grhin`mlntg si` olfittimg blnckéinfiustg, rlprlssivg, tgtòit`rig, ë òtrltt`ntg vlrg ckl qulstg ë io risckig hi gfni egrm` hi cgnvivlnz` ckl si prgpgnf` hi `hlrirl `h unmghloog ‛òtlrn`tivg’ ` quloog n`turòl.;3 @ titgog lslmpoieic`tivg, si ripgrt` o` cgncousignl hi un vgouml hi M`nulo C`stloos, fiê mlmbrg hloo ’ @hvsgry Bg`rh suool tlcngogfil

hloo’inegrm`zignl hlo Slfrlt`ri`tg Flnlròl G.N.\. l ùtgrlvgol stuhigsg hloo’`rfgmlntg4 « Imm`fing ckl quòcung pgtrlbbl hirl4‟Zlrcké ngn mi o`sci`tl sgog7 Ngn vgfoig e`r p`rtl hloo` vgstr` Intlrnlt, hloo` vgstr` civiotê tl cngogfic`, g hloo` vgstr` sgciltê in rltl!Ugfoig SGOG vivlrl o` mi` vit`!”. Blnl, sl qulst` ë o` vgstr` pgsizignl, kg hlool bruttl ngtizil plr vgi. Sl ngn vi gccuplrltl hloolrlti, in gfni c`sg s`r`nng ol rlti `h gccup`rsi hi vgi. Sl `vltl intlnzignl hi v ivlrl nloo` sgciltê, in qulst’lpgc` l in qulstg pgstg,hgvrltl e`rl i cgnti cgn o` sgciltê in rltl. Zlrcké vivi`mg nloo` Fò`ssi` Intlrnlt± M@N\LO C@SXLOOS, Xkl intlrnlt fò`xy4 rleolctignsgn tkl intlrnlt, businlss, `nh sgcilty (2::0), Fò`ssi` intlrnlt , Mio`ng4 Elotrinlooi 2::2. Si prlcis` ckl o` ngzignl egrnit` in qulst`slhl intlnhl rielrirsi òo’`splttg tlgrlticg più ckl ` quloog hlscrittivg. Zlr un `ppr gegnhimlntg hloo` hieelrlnz` tr` ‛sgciltê inegrm`-zignòl’ l ‛sgciltê hloo’inegrm`zignl’, Cer. @NHRL@ MICGNI, Rlti4 grifini l struttur` hloo` nltwgra sgcilty , Rgm`4 O`tlrz` (Oibri hlotlmpg O`tlrz`1 8<5) 2:00, p. 50, ngt` 0:;8 Zlr un` cgmpiut` hleinizignl hi ‛Sgciò Cgmputinf’4 «` slt ge gpln, wlb-b`slh `nh uslr-erilnhoy `ppoic`tigns tk`t ln`bol uslrs tgnltwgra, sk`rl h`t`, cgoo`bgr`tl `nh cg-prghucl cgntlnt. It incouhls `ppoic`tigns suck `s4 - sgciò nltwgrainf sitls wklrl uslrscgnnlct tg `nh sk`rl plrsgnò inegrm`tign witk erilnhs, suck `s in E`clbgga1 - gtklr sgciò nltwgrainf sitls, wklrl uslrs sk`rltklir prgelssignò b`cafrgunh `nh intlrlsts in grhlr tg einh nlw prgsplcts, lmpogylls gr nlw dgbs, `nh tg einh plgpol witk wkgm

tkly c`n cgoo`bgr`tl prgelssignòoy, suck `s in OinalhIn1 - bogfs, wklrl uslrs lxprlss tklmslovls `nh intlr`ct witk gtklrs1 - cgm-mlrciò wlbsitls wklrl uslrs sk`rl t`stls `nh `sslssmlnts suck `s in @m`zgn `nh O`st.EM1 - gnoinl ùctign `nh skgppinf wlb-sitls, wklrl uslrs sk`rl gpinigns `nh dgintoy crl`tl ` rlput`tign m`n`flmlnt systlm, suck `s in lB`y1 - h`t` sk`rinf wlbsitlswklrl plgpol upog`h, sk`rl, t`f `nh `nngt`tl pkgtgs `nh vihlgs, suck `s in Eoicar `nh Ygutubl1 - eiol sk`rinf wlbsitls, suck `slMuol1 - cgoo`bgr`tivl wlbsitls wklrl uslrs dgintoy sk`rl `nh crl`tl nlw cgntlnt, suck `s in Viaiplhi`1 - muoti-po`ylr gnoinl f`mlssuck `s Vgroh ge V`rcrèt1 `nh - mgbiol sgciò nltwgrainf `nh micrgbogffinf `ppoic`tigns, wklrl uslrs lxtlnh tklir tkgufkts `nhmlss`fls òmgst in rlò timl tg `nygnl intlrlstlh, suck `s Xwittlr ± @O@-M\XA@ lt ò., Xkl imp`ct ge sgciò cgmputinf gn tkl L\inegrm`tign sgcilty `nh lcgngmy , cit., p. 05;< Io nlgogfismg «nggselr`± ZILRRL XLIOK@RH HL CK@RHIN, O'`vvlnirl hloo'ugmg, Mio`ng4 Io s`ffi`tgrl (Gplrl hi Xliok`rh hl Ck`rhin15) 0962, p. 2:<, intlnhl lsprimlrl o` struttur` cgstitutiv` hloo` hivinitê imm`fin`t` hò flsuit` er ̀ nclsl. Io cuominl hloo’lvgouzignlbigogfic` um`n` l hlo prgfrlssg scilntieicg s`rlbbl un` cgscilnz` unit`ri` cgmpgst` h` un` «mlmgri` cgoolttiv`± (ibihlm) – io p`-trimgnig cuoturòl in flnlrl – h` un` «rltl nlrvgs`± (ibihlm) – ol iner`strutturl hloo` cgmunic`zignl sgciòl – l h` un` «visignlcgmunl± (ibihlm) – qu`si un grf`ng slnsgriòl cgnhivisg – ckl `vvgofl o` Xlrr` in un «invgoucrg plns`ntl± ( Ibihlm). Og stuhigsg

hleiniscl tòl cgnclttg cgml «selr` tlrrlstrl hloo` sgst`nz` plns`ntl± (ibihlm, p. 283) in cgntr`ppgsizignl cgn o` ‛bigselr`’ tlgriz-z`t` h` Sulss l Ulr n`hsay l nl hlscrivl o’`n`tgmi`, histinfulnhg trl ‛`pp`r`ti’4 lrlhit`rig, mlcc`nicg, clolbròl ckl cgnslntirlb-blrg òo’um`nitê hi «suplrgrf`nizz`rl o` m`tlri`± (ibihlm, p. 259). Suoo’ihlntieic`zignl tr` ‛nggselr`’ l ‛Sgciltê hloo’inegrm`zignl’ Cer. CO@\HIG EINTI, Io pgtlrl tlcngcr`ticg, Rgm`4 Buozgni (Zgoitic` 4 Stuhi l tlsti1 3) 0966, p. 056 O’lsprlssignl ‛nggselr`’ cgmp`rl






Xlstg hispgnibiol su oiclnz` Crl`tivl Cgmmgns - kttp4//crl`tivlcgmmgns.grf/oiclnsls/by-nc-nh/2.</hllh.it 2: / 2<

8.3.- Cgncousigni

Ë utiol r`ccgfoilrl ` qulstg puntg òcunl cgnsihlr`zigni suo primg prgeiog hi qulst` lspgsizignl.O` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ nlo sug sifnieic`tg più pilng rivlo` un` pls`ntl ipgtlc` tlcngcr`tic` ckl invlstl o` v i-

signl hlo mgnhg nlo sug cgmpolssg l ngn sgot`ntg o` himlnsignl hlool rlo`zigni intlrsgfflttivl. In m`ssim` sintlsi, ngn

ë t`ntg io prgfrlssg tlcngogficg in sé ` cgstituirl un prgbolm`, qu`ntg ciò ckl si vugol ckl lssg r`pprlslnti l quinhi ioeinl hlo sug utioizzg.Ui sgng òcunl qulstigni ckl ngn pgssgng lsslrl tr`tt`tl in qulst` slhl, m` ckl mlrit`ng hi lsslrl `cclnn`tl, in

qu`ntg lssl cgstituiscgng io cgntlstg in cui trgv` o` su` cgoogc`zignl io tlm` hlo Hifitò hivihl. In m`ssim` sintlsi, si pgs-sgng egrmuo`rl i slfulnti intlrrgf`tivi4 (0) sgng olfittiml ol sclotl `hgtt`tl in m`tlri` hi pgoitic` lcgngmic`, in rlo`zignlòol rlòi lsiflnzl hlfoi inhivihui l hloo` cgoolttivitê, lh in p`rticgo`rl o’`hgzignl hlo mghloog lcgngmicg egnh`tg suoo` ‛i n-ngv`zignl tlcngogfic`’, ` prlscinhlrl hòo` su` vòihitê scilntieic`7 (2) o` hlcisignl hi plrslfuirl o` rlòizz`zignl hloo`‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ – òmlng in \nignl Lurgpl` – k` `vutg un` cgnhivisignl pgpgo`rl – sl ngn prgpri`mlntl‛hlmgcr`tic`’ – gppurl ë `vvlnut` slnz` ckl i hlstin`t`ri einòi `vlsslrg un` leelttiv` plrclzignl hi ciò ckl si prleifur`-v` l pgtlsslrg lsprimlrl plrpolssitê g hisslnsg7 (3) cgml si cgneifur` gffi o` p`rtlcip`zignl hlo sinfgog inhivihug òo`vit` hloo` su` cgmunitê, `nckl in tlrmini hi cgnhivisignl hli vògri, sl ol rlo`zigni intlrsgfflttivl vlnfgng rihgttl in tlr-mini hi ‛intlr`zignl hifitòl’7

Pulsti intlrrgf`tivi sgng bln r`pprlslnt`ti hòol imm`fini ckl slfugng, riprlsl h` hgcumlnti ueeiciòi hloo’\nignl L u-rgpl`. In sgst`nz`, ol prgsplttivl hi sviouppg hloo` ‛Sgciltê hloo’Inegrm`zignl’ o`sci`ng `plrti hivlrsi scln`ri, òcuni hliquòi ` hir pgcg inquilt`nti.

`nckl in Zunzi, ` prgpgsitg hloo` visignl hlo Flnlrò Intloolct , intlsg cgml cgmunitê pgoitic` in cui si prlscinhl hòo’ihlntitê inhivi-huòl, histrutt` `ttr`vlrsg io prgfrlssg ciblrnlticg l ricgstruit` in cki`vl hifitòl @NXGNIG Z\NTI, O'grhinl fiurihicg hlool m`cckinl.O` Mlttril, Klovétius, h'Kgob`ck 4 o'ugmg-m`cckin` vlrsg o'intlooiflnz` cgoolttiv` , Xgring4 F. Fi`ppicklooi 2::3, p. 395







Eifur` <4 prgsplttivl suoo'lvgouzignl hloo` sgciltê lurgpl` nlo 2::0;5

Eifur` 54 scln`ri pgssibioi plr io 2:3: ;6

;5 DLSSL B.X. M@RSK, Cuotur`o Hivlrsity `nh tkl Inegrm`tign Sgcilty. Zgoicy Gptigns `nh Xlckngogfic`o Issuls , Bruxlools, 2::0





> @pprgegnhimlnti >


<.- @pprgegnhimlnti

5.- Zrincipòi rielrimlnti

@`.Uv., Coguh Cgmputinf Zuboic Cgnsuot`tign Rlpgrt 4 Lurgpl`n Cgmmissign, 2:00.

@O@-M\XA@, AIRSXI, H@UIH BRGSXLR, RGMIN@ C@CKI@, CO@R@ CLNXLNG, CO@\HIG ELIDÓG, @OL[@NHR@ K@CKÉ, SXLE@NGAO\TLR, SULN OINHM@RA, V@INLR O\SGOI, FI@NO\C@ MIS\R@C@, CGRIN@ Z@SC\, YULS Z\NIL L DGSÉ @. U@OULRHL, Xkl imp`ct ge sgciò cgmputinf gn tkl L\ inegrm`tign sgcilty `nh lcgngmy 4 Dgint Rlsl`rck Clntrl- Institutl egr Zrgsplctivl Xlckngogficò Stuhils, 2::9, 96;-92-69-03;03-3.

@NHLRSGN, D. P. L K. R@INIL, Xkl euturl ge coguh cgmputinf 2:0:.

@NHRLV, @OL[ M., Sloe-grf`nizinf systlms, Nlw Ygra4 Fgrhgn `nh Brl`ck Scilncl Zuboisklrs (Stuhils in Cyblrnltics10;) 09;9.

@SKBY, V. R., Zrincipols ge tkl Sloe-Grf`nizinf Hyn`mic Systlm, in «Xkl Dgurnò ge Flnlrò Zsyckgogfy± 36, n. 2(0986), pp. 02<-02;.

@UGOLHG, X\OOIG, O'lolncg tlolegnicg hi @to`ntihl, Xgring4 Linùhi 2::<.

B@R@N, Z@\O, Gn Histributlh Cgmmunic`tigns Nltwgras4 R@NH, 0952, Z-2525.

B@RCLOOGN@, M@RIG, Hirittg, sistlm` l slnsg4 oinl`mlnti hi un` tlgri`, Xgring4 F. Fi`ppicklooi (Muotivlrsum1 2:) 0995.

B@XLSGN, FRLFGRY, Stlps tg `n lcgogfy ge minh (0962), Ulrsg un'lcgogfi` hloo` mlntl, @hlopki4 Mio`ng (Biboigtlc`scilntieic`1 0, cgoo`n` hirltt` h` Fiuslppl G. Ognfg) 0965.

BLNIFLR, D@MLS, Ol grifini hloo` sgcilt ̊̀ hloo'inegrm`zignl 4 o` rivgouzignl hlo cgntrgoog, Xgring4 \XLX oibrlri` 099<.

BLRX@O@NEEY, O\HVIF UGN, Flnlrò Systlm Xklgry. Egunh`tigns, Hlvlogpmlnt, @ppoic`tigns (095;), tr`hgttg h` LnricgBloognl, Xlgri` flnlròl hli sistlmi4 egnh`mlnti, sviouppg, `ppoic`zigni , Mio`ng4 ISLHI (Scilnz` hloo’ugmg1 0:)0960.

BLSO@Y, O@\RLNX, Hifitò Xlrritgry4 Bubbols, in «Lurgpl`n Uisigns egr tkl Angwolhfl @fl.± (2::6), pp. 0-00.

BRLXGN, ZKIOIZZL, Kistgirl hl o'inegrm`tiqul (09;6), tr`hgttg h` Uòlri` Xrie`ri, O` stgri` hloo'inegrm`tic`, Bgogfn`4C`pplooi 0992.

C@ZR@, ERIXDGE, Xkl wlb ge oiel 4 ` nlw scilntieic unhlrst`nhinf ge oivinf systlms, in « (0995).

C@SXLOOS, M@N\LO, Xkl intlrnlt fò`xy4 rleolctigns gn tkl intlrnlt, businlss, `nh sgcilty (2::0), Fò`ssi` intlrnlt ,Mio`ng4 Elotrinlooi 2::2.

H'LOI@ CI@MZI, I., Ulrsg o` sgciltê hloo’inegrm`zignl. Pu`hrg hi rielrimlntg cgmunit`rig4 `zigni pgoitickl, `spltti fiurihici lgrf`nizz`tivi hloo` situ`zignl itòi`n`, in «Inegrm`tic` l Hirittg± 22, n. 0 (0995).

;6 F I@NO\C@ MIS\R@C@ lt ò., Lnvisigninf Hifitò Lurgpl 2:3:4 Scln`rigs egr ICX in Euturl Fgvlrn`ncl `nh Zgoicy Mghlooinf 4 DgintRlsl`rck Clntrl - Institutl egr Zrgsplctivl Xlckngogficò Stuhils (cgoo`n` hirltt` h` Fi`nouc` Misur`c` l Vìnlr Ousgoi) 2:0:, p.35





> Zrincipòi rielrimlnti >


H@UIFNGN, L. , R`ppgrt ` mlssilurs ols ministrls hls èeìrls, 096:.

H@UIS, LRIA, Xlckfngsis 4 mytk, m`fic & mysticism in tkl `fl ge inegrm`tign (0999), tr`hgttg h` M`rcloog Bugngmg,Xlckfngsis4 miti, m`fi` l misticismg nloo'lr` hloo'inegrm`zignl, N`pgoi4 Iplrmlhium oibri (Sgciltê mghlrn`1 3)2::0.

HL FIGRFI, R@EE@LOL, Zrlslnt`zignl, Ulrtrùln4 lin Mlck`nismus hlr Rlhuatign sgziòlr Agmpolxitèt (095;), Oèihuci`, Bgogfn`4 Io Muoing (Intlrslzigni1 236) 2::2.

HLO NGCL, @\F\SXG L \FG SZIRIXG, Xr`mgntg g lcoissi hli vògri tr`hizignòi7, Mio`ng4 Ruscgni 0960.

ELBBR@DG, @OBLRXG, Eunzignòismg strutturòl l sgcigogfi` hlo hirittg nloo'gplr` hi Niao`s Oukm`nn , Mio`ng4 Fiueerë(Stuhi hi sgcigogfi` hlo hirittg 2) 096<.

ELRR@RI BR@UG, O. L L. MG@ULRG MIO@NLSI, Olzigni hi hirittg cgmunit`rig, 8 lh., N`pgoi4 Lhitgriòl Scilntieic` 2::2.

EINTI, CO@\HIG, Io pgtlrl tlcngcr`ticg, Rgm`4 Buozgni (Zgoitic` 4 Stuhi l tlsti1 3) 0966.

ERGSINI, UIXXGRIG, O` sgciltê tlcngogfic` l i hiritti hi oiblrtê, Io hirittg nloo` sgciltê tlcngogfic`, Mio`ng4 Fiueerë 09;0.

---, 09;84 o’inegrm`tic` nloo` sgciltê cgntlmpgr`nl`, O'ugmg `rtieiciòl. Ltic` l hirittg nloo'lr` po`nlt`ri`, Mio`ng4 Spiròi(O'@oinfu`1 85) 09;5.

---, O'ugmg `rtieiciòl. Ltic` l hirittg nloo'lr` po`nlt`ri`, Mio`ng4 Spiròi (O'@oinfu`1 85) 09;5.

---, O` hlmgcr`zi` nlo [[I , M`clr`t`4 Oiblrioibri (Gckl hlo C`mpihgfoig1 92) 2:0:.

KG\LOOLBLCP, MICKLO, O` pgssibioitê hi un'isgo`4 Bgmpi`ni 2::9.

O@TT@RG, FIGRFIG, vgcl Sistlm` fiurihicg, in Ngvissimg Hiflstg Itòi`ng, vgo. [UII, Xgring4 \XLX 096:, pp. 8<9.

OGLUINFLR, OLL, Durimltrics4 Xkl Nlxt Stlp Egrw`rh , in «Minnlsgt` O`w Rlvilw± 33 (0989), pp. 8<<-893.

OGS@NG, M@RIG F., Sistlm` l struttur` nlo hirittg, Ugo. 0. Hòol grifini òo` scugo` stgric`, 3 vgoo., Xgring4 Fi`ppicklooi(Mlmgril hloo'Istitutg fiurihicg. \nivlrsitê hi Xgring. Slril 2 038) 095;.

---, Fiusciblrnltic`. M`cckinl l mghlooi ciblrnltici nlo hirittg, Xgring4 F. Linùhi 0959.

---, Sistlm` l struttur` nlo hirittg, Ugo. 3. Hò Ngvlclntg òo` pgstmghlrnitê, 3 vgoo., Mio`ng4 Fiueerë 2::2.

---, Sistlm` l struttur` nlo hirittg, Ugo. 2. Io Ngvlclntg, 3 vgoo., Mio`ng4 Fiueerë (038) 2::2.

O\KM@NN, NIAO@S, Ogb hlr Rgutinl, in «Ulrwòtunfs`rckiv± << (0958), pp. 0-33.

---, Rlcktssgzigogfil (0962), tr`hgttg h` @oblrtg Elbbr`dg, Sgcigogfi` hlo hirittg, Rgm`-B`ri4 O`tlrz` (Biboigtlc` hi cuotur`mghlrn`1 695) 0966.







---, Sgziòl Systlml. Frunhri× linlr òoflmlinln Xklgril (09;8), Sistlmi sgciòi4 egnh`mlnti hi un` tlgri` flnlròl,Bgogfn`4 Io Muoing (Cgoolzignl hi tlsti l hi stuhi. Sgcigogfi` )099:.

---, Ulrtrùln4 lin Mlck`nismus hlr Rlhuatign sgziòlr Agmpolxitèt (095;), O` eihuci`, Bgogfn`4 Io Muoing (Intlrslzigni1236) 2::2.

M@RSK, DLSSL B.X. , Cuoturò Hivlrsity `nh tkl Inegrm`tign Sgcilty. Zgoicy Gptigns `nh Xlckngogficò Issuls , Bruxlools,2::0.

M@X\R@N@, K\MBLRXG R. L ER@NCISCG D. U@RLO@, (096:), tr`hgttg h` @. Str`f`plhl, @utgpgilsi l cgfnizignl4 o`rlòizz`zignl hlo vivlntl, Ulnlzi`4 M`rsioig lhitgri 09;<.

---, @utgpgilsi. O'grf`nizz`zignl hlo vivlntl (096:), tr`hgttg h` @. Str`f`plhl, @utgpgilsi l cgfnizignl4 o` rlòizz`zignlhlo vivlntl, Ulnlzi 4̀ M`rsioig lhitgri 09;<.

---, Bigogfi` hloo` cgfnizignl (096:), tr`hgttg h` @. Str`f`plhl, @utgpgilsi l cgfnizignl4 o` rlòizz`zignl hlo vivlntl,

Ulnlzi`4 M`rsioig lhitgri 09;<, pp. 2:;.

MCCGRH\CA, Z@MLO@, M`ckinls wkg tkina (0969), Stgri` hloo'intlooiflnz` `rtieiciòl4 foi ugmini, ol ihll, ol prgsplttivl,Z`hgv`4 Muzzig (I@R 4 Intlooiflnz` `rtieiciòl l rgbgtic`1 6) 09;6.

MLOO, ZLXLR L XIMGXKY FR@NCL, Xkl NISX hleinitign ge coguh cgmputinf (hrèt), in NISX splciò puboic`tign, ;::, 08<,2:00.

MICGNI, @NHRL@, Rlti4 grifini l struttur` hloo` nltwgra sgcilty , Rgm`4 O`tlrz` (Oibri hlo tlmpg O`tlrz`1 8<5) 2:00.

MIOOLR , D@MLS FRILR, (Oivinf Systlms), O` tlgri` flnlròl hli sistlmi vivlnti , ` cur` hi @nflog Blrltt`, 3 lh., E. @nfloi4Mio`ng (Cgoo`n` scilntieic`1 09) 09;5.

MIS\R@C@, FI@NO\C@, H@UIH BRGSXLR, CO@R@ CLNXLNG, YULS Z\NIL, ELN@RLXI O@MZ@XK@AI, Y@NNIS CK@R@O@BIHIS, HIMIXRIS @SAG\NIS, H@UIH GSIMG, A@X@RTYN@ STA\X@ L MLO@NIL BICAINF, Lnvisigninf Hifitò Lurgpl 2:3:4Scln`rigs egr ICX in Euturl Fgvlrn`ncl `nh Zgoicy Mghlooinf 4 Dgint Rlsl`rck Clntrl - Institutl egr ZrgsplctivlXlckngogficò Stuhils (cgoo`n` hirltt` h` Fi`nouc` Misur`c` l Vìnlr Ousgoi) 2:0:.

MIXCKLOO, N@XK@N, Io rituòl l i nugvi mlhi`, in «Cgncioium± 80, n. 0 (2::<), pp. 020.

MGH\FNG, ER@NCG, vgcl Sistlm` fiurihicg, in Lncicogplhi` Fiurihic` Xrlcc`ni vgo. [[I[ Rgm`4 Istitutg hloo`Lncicogplhi` itòi`n` 0993, pp. 0.

Z\NTI, @NXGNIG, O'grhinl fiurihicg hlool m`cckinl. O` Mlttril, Klovétius, h'Kgob`ck 4 o'ugmg-m`cckin` vlrsg o'intlooiflnz`cgoolttiv`, Xgring4 F. Fi`ppicklooi 2::3.

SCIOOIX@NI, OGRLNTG, Eihuci`, hirittg, pgoitic`4 prgsplttivl `ntrgpgogficg-eiogsgeickl, Xgring4 F. Fi`ppicklooi 2::6.

SXLEIA , M@RA, Intlrnlt hrl`ms4 `rckltipi, miti l mltègrl, Rgm`-Xgring4 Xlolcgm Itòi` \XLX oibrlri` (Mlhi`mgregsi,cgoo`n` hirltt` h` M`ra Stleia l Er`ncg C`roini) 0996.

XLIOK@RH HL CK@RHIN, ZILRRL, O'`vvlnirl hloo'ugmg, Mio`ng4 Io s`ffi`tgrl (Gplrl hi Xliok`rh hl Ck`rhin1 5) 0962.






XITT@NG, @. , O’`zignl cgmunit`ri` nlool tlolcgmunic`zigni4 intlrvlnti rlclnti l prgsplttivl euturl, in «Hirittghloo’inegrm`zignl l hloo’inegrm`tic`± 08 n. 5 (099;).

U@RLO@, ER@NCISCG D., Cgmpolssitê hlo clrvloog l ùtgngmi` hlo vivlntl, O` seih` hloo` cgmpolssitê, ` cur` hi Fi`nouc`Bgccki l Mùrg Clruti, Mio`ng4 Elotrinlooi (C`mpi hlo s`plrl) 09;<.

VILNLR, NGRBLRX, Cyblrnltics gr cgntrgo `nh cgmmunic`tigns in tkl `nimò `nh tkl m`ckinl, Z`ris - C`mbrihfl4Klrm`nn & Cil - Xkl Xlckngogfy Zrlss (@ctuòités scilntieiquls lt inhustrilools1 0:<3) 098;.

---, Fgh `nh Fgolm, Inc. @ cgmmlnt gn clrtìn pgints wklrl cyblrnltics impinfls gn rloifign (0958), Hig & FgolmS.p.`. Ciblrnltic` l rloifignl, Xgring4 Bgoo`ti Bgrinfkilri (Foi ̀ rcki) 0990.

11-2013-2014-Cibernetica, informatica giuridica, tecnocrazia

Documents

Transcript of 11-2013-2014-Cibernetica, informatica giuridica, tecnocrazia