" Esistono persone cosi` pazze da scendere in profonde miniere

1

Esistono persone cosi` pazzeda scendere in profonde miniereper osservare le stelle del cielo

(Naturalis Historia - Plinio 23-79 aC)

2

1021 stelle Mtot=1021M=1054 g

R=12109 ly=2middot10-31 gcm310-23torr

1 atomo H 10m3

modello evolutivo dellrsquoUniverso nascedallrsquoosservazione di alcune propr fondam

abbondanza relativa elementi relazione massa-luminosita` stelle (diagr H-R)

Regolaritarsquo su larga scala

Legge di Hubble (v recess sect) radiaz di fondo a 276 K

Origine ldquospettacolarerdquo Big-Bang

Universoosservabile 1010 1011 sect 1010 1011

3

Lrsquoespansione dellrsquoUniverso la Legge di Hubble

Spettri ottici delle stelle dipendono dagli elementichimici superficiali righe caratteristiche

Misura red-shift velocita`di allontanamentodella sorgente luminosa

sect in allontanamentotutte le aumentano

red-shift

Il red (o blue) ndashshift Z e`dato da

0

0vZ

Lrsquoeffetto Doppler prevede che

111Z (Z per v ltlt c)

Il valore di Z osservato serve per calcolare v

quasi tutte le galassie sono in allontanamento

v = Hmiddotd (d = distanza)

H = 15 kms106anni luce = 50 kmmiddots-1middotMpc-1

H e`detta costante di Hubble

4

Se v recessione e`rimasta costante neltempo ogni galassia in allontanamento danoi era un tempo arbitrariamente vicinaIl tempo trascorso da allora e`pari a

t = dv = H-1

Questo discorso vale per tutte le altre galassieIn un lontano passato ( tempo di Hubble H-1 )tutta la materia contenuta nellrsquoUniverso dovevaessere compressa ldquoovunquerdquo ad una densitaàrbitrariamente elevataLrsquoetarsquo dellrsquoUniverso e`quindi stimata essere

tUniverso H-1 = (167)middot109 anni

Questo semplice calcolo ha condotto alla ipotesicosmologica che lrsquoUniverso abbia avuto inizio conuna esplosine primordiale di proporzioni davveroinimmaginabili il Big-Bang appunto

5

La radiazione di fondo

Nel 1965 i due radioastronomi Penzias e Wilsonscoprirono del tutto casualmante un altrofondamentale fenomeno cosmologicoLa radiazione di microonde che riempie uniformemente tutto lrsquoUniverso

Misure successive hanno mostrato che questaradiazione e`consistente con quella di un corponero alla temperatura T = 276 K

Tale radiazione non puoèssere generata daalcun oggetto astronomico noto (spettro difrequenza ed isotropia)

6

Si pensa che questa radiazione di microonde abbiaavuto origine in una epoca remota essa costituisceil piuàntico segnale mai misuratoQuesta radiazione e`la stessa che era presente neiprimi istanti di vita dellrsquoUniverso

Originariamente Trad = 1012 K

Con lrsquoespansione dellrsquoUniverso

RmaxT = cost (legge di Wien)T 1R

La radiazione si e`raffreddata fino a raggiungerela attuale temperatura di 276 K

Dalla legge di Stefan-Boltzmann

33

T2520c

KT13

N

Per 276 K densita`dei fotoni = 430 cm-3

N eènorme rispetto al numero NB di nucleoni

NB = NAvogUniv = 12middot10-7 cm-3

NBN = 10-9

NellrsquoUniverso vi eùn nucleone ogni 109 fotoni

7

La fisica nucleare e lrsquoorigine dellrsquoUniverso

negli hellip ultimi 10 miliardi di anniformazione di stelle e galassienascita vita e morte delle stellenucleosintesi degli elementi

Astrofisica fisica nucleare

nei hellipldquoprimi tre minutirdquocreazione p n d He

mpgtkT per Tlt1012K

8

Elementi di fisica nucleare

NAZ X

242He

011H 20

4020Ca

14623892U

A e X definiscono univocamente lrsquoisotopo

XA H1 He4 Ca40 U238

Mn lt ZmP + NmN

A=Z+N

Ma = Mn + Zme ndash Be(Z)c2 me = Be(Z)c2

Ma 109 eVme 5middot105 eVBe = 136 eV

Atomo Idrogeno

Be(Z) 157middotZ73

Mn = Mn - ZmP - NmN E = Mnc2

E rappresenta lrsquoenergia rilasciata nelporcesso di formazione del nucleo

E rappresenta lrsquoenergia necessariaper disintegrare completam il nucleo

9

nucleo E EA2H 222 1114He 2830 70712C 9216 76816O 12762 79840Ca 34205 85556Fe 49226 879238U 180170 757

reaz esotermicaA lt 60 fusioneA gt 60 fissione

10

Reazioni nucleari

1 + 2 3 + 4 x + A B + y A(xy)B

Qn = (Mn1 + Mn2 ndash Mn3 ndash Mn3)c2

Qa = (Ma1 + Ma2 ndash Ma3 ndash Ma3)c2

Qa = Qn + mec2(Z1+Z2-Z3-Z4) + Be(Z1)+ Be(Z1)-Be(Z3)-Be(Z4)

Qn = Qa - Be (Be ltlt Qa)

nelle tavole delle masseeccesso di massa atomica M

M = (M -AmiddotMU)middotc2 (MeV)

MU = 112 massa atomo neutro di 12CMU = 931494 MeVc2

11

EsQ ndash valore reazione

3He(3He2p)4He

Q = 2middotM(3He) - M(4He) - 2middotM(1H) = 1286 MeV

3He + 3He 2p + 4He

12

Sezione drsquourto

geom = (Rp+ Rt)2

Rp

Rt

R = r0middotA13

1H + 1H = 02middot10-24 cm2

1H +238U = 28middot10-24 cm2

238U +238U = 48middot10-24 cm2

si misura in barn 1b = 10-24 cm2

= middot2

cmE2p

tp

tp

mm

mm

lab

tp

tcm E

mmm

E

dipende essenzialmente dalla natura dellaForza in gioco (nucleare em debole hellip)

15N(p)12C = 05 b Ep= 2 MeV3He( )7Be = 10-6 b E= 2 MeVp(p e+ )d = 10-20 b Ep= 2 MeV

13

HHe LiBeB Fe Pb

Lrsquoorigine degli elementi

14

Gli elementi di gran lunga piu` diffusi sonoH (80 ) ed He (20)H + He = 99 materia UniversoTutti gli altri i ldquometallirdquo assommano allrsquo 1

Alti picchi H He Fe Pb

Profonda valle Li Be B

1948 GamowNella prima frac12ora di vita dellrsquouniversoA A+1 A+2 hellip (cattura p n)Picchi He Fe Pb stabilita` nucleare

1957 Fowler e CameronElementi piu` pesanti sintetizzati nelle stelleesplos supernovae dispers nello spazio

3 12Cp + 12C 13N hellip + 12C 16O hellip

Li Be B Non esistono nuclei stabili con A=5 e A=8con H ed 4He le reazioni possibili sonop + 4He 5Li + 4He + 4He 8Be +

15

+ 8Be = 10-14 s

Q = -921 keV

Q2

R2vR2

trel

cont = 10-19 s

tcon ltlt + 8Be 8Be + 12C

La nucleosintesi degli elementi pesanti continuatuttrsquooggi durante le fasi evolutive delle stelle

Superato il gap A=5 A=8 nelle stelle si formanogli elementi piu` pesanti per processi di fusione

16

Perche` esistono Li Be B

Come si sono formati gli elementi con A gt 60

Produzione di Li Be B per ldquospallazionerdquo

p + 12C

11B + 2p10B + 2p + n10B + 3He9Be + 3p + n9Be + 3He + p7Li + 4p + 2n 7Li + 4He + 2p6Li + 4p + 3n6Li + 4He + 2p +n6Li + 4He + 3He

17

Formazione degli elementi con A gt 60

reazioni di cattura (n)Decadimento XnX 1A

ZAZ

XnX 2AZ

1AZX1A

ZSe e` stabile

X1AZSe e` instabile

si formano isotopi pesanti dellrsquoelemento X

YX 1A1Z

1AZ

si forma un nuovo elemento Y piu` pesante

Yield produzione elementi X e Y dipende dan (n)

Meccanismi di produzione dei neutroni13C(n)16O 18O(n)21Ne 22Ne(n)25Mg

18

- B2FH Burbidge Burbidge Foyler e Hoyle- Cameron

Abbondanza relativa elementiPenetrazione barriera coulombiana

H ndash burning (H He)He ndash burning (He C O Ne)C O Ne ndash burning (produz di 16 A 28)Si ndash burning (produz di 28 A 60)Processi s r e p (produzione di A 60)Processi (produzione D Li Be B)

19

Il diagramma H-R

osservabili Temperatura superficiale (colore)Luminosita`(brillantezza)

2middot103 K lt T lt 5middot104 K 10-4 lt LL lt 106

Piano L-T non e` uniformemente popolato

Sequenza principale (MS) cluster giganti rosse cluster supergiganti nane bianche

LL e` il rapporto tra luminositaàssolute

20

M = 2middot1033 gR = 139middot1011 cm = 14 gcm3

T = 5800 KL = 383middot1033 ergs = 239middot1039 MeVs

L = 4middotmiddotR2middotmiddotT4corpo nero

= 567middot10-5 ergmiddotK-4middots-1middotcm-2

LL = (RR)2middot (TT)4

21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60

superGiganti rosse LL = 104 TT = 12 R R = 400Per MM lt 50 si ottiene lt 10-6

stelle a bassissima densita`

Nane bianche LL = 5middot10-3 TT = 2 RR = 2middot10-2

per MM = 04 (teoria evoluz stellare)si ottiene = 8middot104

LL = 5middot10-4 TT = 13 RR = 01Poiche` L M72 (stelle della MS)MM = (LL)27 = 01 = 100stelle molto dense

22

Determinazione distanze stelle MS

classe spettrale LL LH-R L

L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r

Per le stelle della MS L T55

L M35

23

MS contiene il 95 delle stelle

Struttura intrinseca delle stelle e`governatadalle stesse leggi fisiche che governano il sole

dallo studio stelle binarie Mdal digramma H-R L

L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106

Es stella con M = 10M

Riserva combustibile = 10 volte riserva soleRate combustione 104 rate del sole Vita molto piu`breve

La massa eìl parametro fondamentale chedetermina il percorso evolutivo della stellaIl suo punto rappresentativo si sposta lungoil diagramma H-R lungo una traccia fissataa priori dal valore della massa M

24

Ammassi globulari stelle relativam vicine tra lorosi suppone che siano tutte alla stessa distanzasi suppone che si siano formate contemporaneam etaè composizione chimica simili

Stelle meno brillanti (piccola massa) si trovanoancora sulla MSStelle piu`brillanti (massa maggiore) si sono gia`mosse verso la regione delle giganti rosse

ldquolegge orariardquo della evoluzione stellare

Ammassi globulari

25

Nascita di una stella

- gas interstellare collassa in caduta libera

- [ ] [opacita` ] [Erad ] [T ] questa fase dura circa 30100 anni

- segue la fase di equilibrio radiativo si forma una protostella (luminosa) 2Ecin = 2ET = - EG (teorema viriale) per 106 108 anni L cost MS

-Stella entra nella MS del diagramma H-R punto di ingresso dipende dalla massa M

26

Vita di una stella H-burning

Durante la fase di compressione EG ET

Quando Tcore = (12)middot107 Kiniziano le reazioni termonuclearihydrogen burning

Contrazione gravitazionele si arrestaEirrad = E da reaznucleari

Per un lungo periodo la stella cambia pocola sua Tsuperf e la sua luminosita`L ( MS)

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV

e` nella MS da 5middot109 anniSole vi restera` per altri 5middot109 anni t = 1011 anni

Stelle con M 10M L 104 L t 107 anni

Dallrsquoorigine dellrsquoUniverso vi sono state moltegenerazioni di stelle massive nate e morteEsse hanno provveduto a diffondere i ldquometallirdquocioe`gli elementi piu`pesanti nel cosmo

27

Vita di una stella He-burning

La fase di H-burning ha accumulato nel core della stella prevalentemente 4He

I processi nucleari quindi si arrestano e la stella riprende la sua contrazione gravitazionale

T aumenta e H-burning inizia in una shell piu esterna attorno al core

Il core di 4He diventa sempre piu`denso e massivo

La crescita di Tint provoca aumento di pressione e una espansione delle regioni esterne

R cresce di un fattore 3050

La superficie esterna si raffredda

La stella diviene una gigante rossa

Inizia combustione dellrsquoElio

3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella

Dopo la stadio di Gigante rossa la sorte di unaStella dipende dalla sua massa

01 lt MM lt 14La stella non riesce ad innescare altre reazioninucleari Si contrae Tsuperf aumenta ed infine lastella si dissolve rilasciando nello spazio il suoinviluppoSuccessivamente il suo core esaurendo energiadiminuisce la sua luminisita` e si trasforma in unanana biancaLa nana bianca si spegnehellip (nana nera)

29

14 lt MM lt 8 nova rilascio massa-energia graduale E = 1045 erg

MM gt 8 supernova meccanismo esplosivo E = 1051 erg rilasciati in pochi giorni fondo di Et = 1036 ergs per molti anni

Morte di una stella

Per stelle piu`massive si innescano altri ciclidi reazioni nulceari

contrazione aumento T

fusione nucl

Con la formazione del ferro (A=60) non si hapiu`guadagno di energia nelle reaz di fusione

30

Il ciclo vitale delle stelle

Lrsquoorigine degli elementi e la loro diffusione nel cosmo

31

velocita`di reazione nelle stelle

plasma stellare conNX particcm3 del tipo XNY particcm3 del tipo Yaventi velocita`relativa v

scegliamo arbitrariamenteXndashproiettili e Y-bersagli

v

v=0

Le particelle X vedono unrsquoarea effettivaF = (v)middotNY [cm-1]

Il flusso di particelle di tipo X e`J = NXmiddotv [cm-2s-1]

La velocita`di reazione r e`data da

r = FmiddotJ = NXmiddotNYmiddot(v)middotv [cm-3s-1]

32

Nel plasma stellare le particelle hanno unadistribuzione di velocita`(v) dipend da T

1dvv0

middotv ltmiddotv gt

0

dvvvvv

r = NXmiddotNYmiddotlt(v)middotv gt [cm-3s-1]

NXmiddotNY rappresenta il numero totaledi coppie di particelle non identicheIl prodotto e`massimo per NX = NY

Per particelle identiche il prodotto NXmiddotNY deve essere diviso per 2 (ldquodouble countingrdquo)

r = NXmiddotNYmiddotlt middotv gtmiddot(1+XY)-1

ltmiddotv gt = rate di reazione per coppia diparticelle

densita` [gcm3]frazione in massa Xi

frazione in mole Yi

Ni=middotNAvXiAi = middotNAvYi

33

Vita media

Y(X) = vita media di un nucleo X per ilprocesso di distruzione causato dal nucleo Y

XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx

effetto particelle identiche XY e`cancellato

Se il plasma contiene n diversi elementi

n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp

Distrib Maxwell-Boltzmann

kT = 00862middotT6 [keV]

sulla terra kT = 26middot10-5 keVcentro del sole (T6=15) kT = 13 keVsupernova (T6=5000) kT = 430 keV

35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy

M=mx+my = mxmy(mx+my)

kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36

Determinazione del rate di reazione

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

Reazioni indotte da neutroni- prime fasi dellrsquoUniverso- nucleosintesi stellare

n p + e- + ( 10 min)

non possono essere presenti nel gas protostellaredevono essere prodotti tramite reazioni nucleari13C(n)16O 18O(n)21Ne 22Ne(n)25Mg

Sono i neutroni cosi`prodotti chesintetizzano gli elementi con A gt 60

termalizzano attraverso scattering elastico (v) distribuzione di Maxwell-Boltzmann

reazioni a due corpiA(n x)B (x = p )

37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4

J=momento angolare stato eccitato

J1J2 = momento angolare stati iniziali(somma stati finali e media stati iniziali)

ltC|HI|1+2gt = elem matrice canale ingresso formazione stato eccitatolt3+4|HII|Cgt = elem matrice canale uscita dedacimento stato eccitato

38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB

nel caso delle reazioni A(n x)B

Elemento di matrice scritto in terminidelle ampiezze di transizione

2middotn(En)middotx(Q+En)

canale di ingresso n(En) vnmiddotP(En) P(En) = penetraz barriera centifuga Per neutroni termici =0 e P0(En)=1 n(En) vn

canale di uscita x(Q+En) Per neutroni termici Q gtgt En

x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39

Reazioni indotte da particelle cariche

reazioni fusione hanno Q gt 0non avvengono ldquospontaneamenterdquo avvengono solo per T gt 106107 K

reZZ

V2

21C

r = R = R1 + R2 fme2 = 144 MeVmiddotfm EC MeV

kT MeV T 1010 K T = 15middot107 K

Effetto tunnel

40

Gia`nel 1920 (Eddington) era chiaro cheLrsquoenorme energia liberata nelle stelle eradi origine nucleare

Classicamente la barriera coulombianacostituiva un ostacololdquoinsormontabilerdquo

Nel 1928 Gamow presento` la suateoria quantisitca dellrsquoeffetto tunnel

Rc = raggio di ritorno classicoRn = raggio nucleare

21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K

A bassa energia per E ltlt EC

P = exp(-2middotmiddot)

veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41

(E) 2 1E(E) exp(-2middotmiddot)

(E) = 1Emiddotexp(-2middotmiddot)middotS(E)

Il fattore astrofisico S(E)

S(E) definito da questa equazione contienetutti e soli gli effetti nucleari dellrsquointerazione

E` (era) necessaria una estrapolazione

42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

Sostituendo lrsquoespressione di (E)

dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]

b2 e`detta energia di Gamow EG

Per reazioni non risonanti S(E) varia lentamenteS(E) cost = S(E0)

dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE

E0 si trova derivando lrsquointegrando e trovando

il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]

p + p E0 = 59 keVp + 14N E0 = 265 keV3He + 3He E0 = 215 keV + 12C E0 = 56 keV16O + 16O E0 = 237 keV

picco di Gamow per la reazione p + p

44

Meccanismo di cattura non risonante

Onda piana incidente stato stazion nucleo composto

B|H|A+x 2

single-step process

processo puramente em bremsstrahlung

45

Meccanismi risonanti

uno stato eccitato di energia Er del nucleocomposto si forma nel canale di ingresso

tale stato decade poi ai livelli sottostanti

Lo stato si forma solo se Q + ER = Er

ER = Er - Q

Ef|H|Er 2middot Er|Hf|A+x 2two-step process

amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46

J=momento angolare stato eccitatoJ1J2 = momento angolare stati iniziali

somma stati finali e media stati iniziali

2middot

1J21J21J2

21

ldquofattore statisticordquo

22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2

Formula di Breit-Wigner

conservazione mom angolare e parita`(regole di selezione)

j1 + j2 + = J

(-1)middot(j1)middot (j2) = (J)

47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp

Per risonanze strette ( ltlt ER)la quantita` Emiddotexp(-EkT) cambia di pocoNellrsquointervallo enegetico della risonanza

dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba

e`detta ldquostrengthrdquo della risonanzacorrisponde alla sezione drsquourto integrata

48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Nel caso di risonanze strettePicco Gamow picco risonanza

Nel caso di piu`risonanze

j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49

Importanza risonanze in ambiente astrofisico

Consideriamo la risonanza nel canale 14N(p)15Ocorripondente al livello dello 15O con le seguenti proprietarsquo Er = 892 MeV J = frac12+

Viene raggiunta per energia del protone pari aER = Er- Q = 16 MeV (Q=73 MeV)

Ampiezze parziali p = 01 MeV = 1 eV

protone in onda s ( = 0) InfattiJ1(protone) = frac12 J2(14N) = 1 J = frac12

Jgs(15O)= frac12- al gs [frac12+ frac12-] transiz E1

(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50


sarebbe ridotta in proporzione a E2J+1 = E

3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV

La vita media dei nuclei e le altre proprieta`delle stelle cambierebbero drasticamente

Supponiamo invece lo stesso livello shiftatoin basso di 15 MeV Er = 742 MeVER = Er- Q = 10 keV

In queste condizioni(ER=10 keV) = 329middot10-23 eV

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp

p sarebbe ridotta del fattore di Gamow exp(-2)

eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51

Il rischio delle estrapolazioni hellip

52

Un caso ldquoeclatanterdquo d + d 4He +

Estrapolazioneldquoteoricardquo

Una misura venne fatta nonostantefosse giudicata ldquoinutilerdquo dai teoriciehellip

53

d + d 4He +

Teorici in coro ma ersquo ovvio

54

bull bosoni identici con T= 0 L + S paribull E1 and M1 fortemente depressibull pura transizione E2

a bassa energia cattura in onda S5S2 5D0 domina su 1D2 1S0

Lo stato D dello 4He risulta fortemente esaltato dalla barriera centrifuga

d + d 4He +

55

Finora abbiamo assunto interazionetra due nuclei ldquonudirdquo Vcoul

Se interagiscono atomi o ioni (esperimenti in laboratorio)

Effetto di schermo degli elettroni atomici

per r gt Ra Frepuls=0

per r lt Ra elettroni = cost -Z1eRa

tot = n + elettroni = Z1er - Z1eRa

Lrsquoaltezza efficace della barriera diviene

Eeff = Z1Z2e2Rn - Z1Z2e2Ra

RnRa 10-5 correzione trascurabile

Ma se RC gt Ra lo spessore di barrieraPuo`cambiare significativamente

56

Classicamente RC e`dato dalla relazioneE = Z1Z2e2RC

RC gt Ra E lt Ue = Z1Z2e2Ra

Abbassamento della barriera della quantita` Ue

Aumento della energia cinetica di interazionea nuclei nudi della stessa quantitaÙe

E = Es + Ue

Plasma stellare gas di ioni e di elettroni21

Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3

RD = 54middot10-9 cm Ra

Per maggiori RD diminusce correzione screening fondamentale

at = baremiddotf f=exp(middotUeE)

at Ue bare

bare RD plasma lt middotv gtplasma

57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ

Effetto dello screening elettronico (nel lab)

fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma

Utot(r)=Ucoulomb - Ue Eeff = E + Ue

potenzialedi ScreeningUe=

58

Soleplasma gas perfetto a T =107 KDistribuzione Maxw-Boltz distrib ltEgt ~ 10 keVdensita`=150 gcm3

Luminosita`L = 21039 MeVsQ-valore Q=2673 MeV

r = LQ = 1038 s-1

Laboratorio10-36cm2 lt s lt 10-33cm2 Efficienza di rivelazione ~ 10 Corrente del fascio IP ~ mA spessore bersaglio ~ gcm2

eventomese eventogiorno

Rateo di conteggi atteso

PAv

lab IA

Nr

enorme problema sperimentale

59

Possibili soluzioni sperimentali

Diminuire fondo ambiente LNGS - LUNA Misura diretta reazioni di fusione nella zona del picco di Gamow Ecm EG

Misure in coincidenza recoil separator ERNA misure dirette ad energia EcmgtEG

estrapolaz ldquorealisticardquo

ldquoscavalcarerdquo la barriera coulombiana metodo del ldquotrojan horserdquo ASFIN misura indiretta per Ecm EG

60

Metodo del Trojan Horse

Meccanismo quasi libero

Reazione a 3 corpi a + A c + C + s

con A clusterizzato in x s per studiare a + x c + C di interesse astrofisico

A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x

effetti coulombiani (barriera + el screening)

trascurabiliSe Ea gt Ecoul

Eax0 misure a energie astrofisiche Se Vrel= Va-VFermi 0

61

Dalla sezione drsquourto a tre corpi misurata dalla rivelazione in coincidenza di c e C

Misura della sezione drsquourto di nucleoldquonudordquo di interesse astrofisico

|G(Ps)|2= distribuzione drsquoimpulso di s entro A

KF= fattore cinematico


x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd

astrofisica misurata

62

6Li(d)4He 6Li(6Li)4He 6Li =d

(Engstler S et al 1992 Z Phys A342 471)

bull CSpitaleri et al 2000 sottoposto Phys Rev C)

7Li(p)4He 7Li(d)n d =p n

Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV


bull(Spitaleri C et al 1999 Phys Rev C60 055802)

63

14 BaF2 intorno aljet gas-target perCoinc -rinculi

Filtro di Wienfsuppr= 10-18

fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O

Accettanzapp = plusmn2 = plusmn 2deg

fascio 12C

ERNAEuropean Recoil separator for Nuclear Astrophysics

rivelazione nuclei composti di rinculocoincidenza nuclei di rinculondash

64


Sviluppo di un separatore di rinculi per lo studio e per la misura

della sezione dacuteurto della reazione 12C()16O Ecm= 07 ndash 50 MeV

nucleosintesi durante la combustione dellacuteelio (Teff=02109 K =gt Ecm=300 keV)Evoluzione delle stelle massicce (M gt 10M)

(Ecm= 300) ha due componenti principali

E2 Ex=6917 keV Jp=2+ dir capt E1

Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-

Ex gt 11000 keV Jp=1-

0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062

stellar energywindow

- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00

Interferenza gt0 interferenza lt0

66

ERNA (misura di tot E1 E2 [E0 ] )

nuclei 16O rinculo

dd

tot- (E1+ E2) gt 0 hellip

67

Riduzione del fondo ai LNGS(schermatura 4000 m we)

Radiazione LNGSsuperficie

muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA

Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics

68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente

Altissima stabilitarsquo

69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio

Windowless gas target gas

turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70

Interesse fisico- neutrini solari- 3He galattico

3He(3He2p)4He

La prima misura di una reazione di fusionenella regione del picco di Gamow

71

Una risonanza nel canale 3He(3He2p)4Heavrebbe almeno parzialmente spiegato

Problema dei neutrini solari

aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72

Abbondanza 3He galattico

Qualsiasi teria prevede una concentrazioneattuale di 3He nello spazio interstellare molto maggiore di quanto misurato ( )

time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria

Risonanza meccan bruciam 3He piursquo efficente minori residui di 3He nel core della stella Minor rilascio nello ISM

73

anche misurando sotto il picco di GamowEsistono ulteriori incertezze sperimentali

Esperimenti ldquoaccessorirdquo di LUNA2

Electron screening

Potere frenante dEdxa bassissima energia

(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ

Electron screening effect (in the lab)

fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma


Screening potentialUe=

75

D(3Hep)4He Explored energy range42 lt Ecmlt 138 keV

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76

Potere frenante a bassissima energia

estrapolazione da tabelle di Ziegler

(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA

E = 198 eV Edsoglia = 182 keV

Emin(D2) meV (livelli molecolari)

Emin(3He) 1s2s = 198 eV

3He D2

d 3He

78

Le reazioni di fusione delloHydrogen burning

Dati sperimentali esistentiStato dellrsquoarte attualeProspettive future

Le reazioni del ciclo CNO

Il ldquosolar neutrino puzzlerdquoErsquo possibile nua soluzione ldquonuclearerdquo

La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV

Reazione di partenza

p + p d + e+ +

Per E = E0 = 5 keV 4middot10-28 barn = 4middot10-52 cm2 interaz debole rallenta ciclo combustione

80

p + p d + e+ +

Questa reazione e`nota solo teoricamente

Hamiltoniana interaz p + p Hn + H

H ltlt Hn ldquoregola drsquoorordquo di Fermi

2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2

S(0) = 38middot10-22 keVmiddotb lt v gtpp =12 middot10-43 cm3 s-1

82

ldquosperimentalmenterdquo hellip

PAv

lab IA

Nr

Ip = 1 mA = 1 rlab = 1 evento106 anni = 1023 cm-2

Allrsquointerno del soleXH = XHe = 05 = 100 gcm3

ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y

protoni eta`della stella

lunga vita delle stelle interazione debole

L = 383middot1033 ergs = 24middot1039 MeVsQ(4p 4He) = 267 MeVN = L Q = 092middot1038 s-1

dmdt = 62middot1014 gs(ogni secondo 616 middot106 ton H He)M = 2middot1033 gt = M (dmdt) = 10 middot1011 y (rate costante)

83

combustione del deuterio

pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD

In condizioni di equlibrio dDdt = 0

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

p+p interaz Deboled(p)3He interaz em

1HD

e

Usando i valori dei reaction ratesDH = 56middot10-18 (T6 = 10)

H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84

vita media elementi plasma solarein condizioni di equilibrio

85

La combustione dellrsquoelio

3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH

Allrsquoequilibrio d(3He)dt = 0essendo D = Hmiddotltv gt112 ltv gt12

(3HeH)e = (ltv gt112 ltv gt33)12


3He(3He) = 22middot105 y

3He(dp)4He non eèfficiente perche`ladensita`di d nel plamsa e`bassissima( r = NXmiddotNYmiddotlt middotv gtmiddot(1+XY)-1 )

86

poicheìn un stella esiste sufficiente 4He ceneri di stelle precedenti big-bang

S33 = 5500 keVmiddotb (forte)S34 = 053 keVmiddotb (em)ma nel sole N4HE gtgt N3HE

r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87

Sulla terra EC da elettroni atomici = 769 d misura

7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104

Nelle stelle EC dal plasma = 120 d = 033 y teoria

88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89

[ 1 SNU = 10-36 reaz(atomo berssec) ]

HomestakeReazione usata e + 37Cl 37Ar + e-

Energia di soglia E = 081 MeV

Kamioka (Superk)Reazione usata e + e- ersquo + e-rsquoEnergia di soglia E = 75 MeV

Gallex amp SageReazione usata e + 71Ga 71Ge + e-


90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91

Possibile ldquosoluzione nuclearerdquovariando S33 S17 T

Conoscenza sezioni drsquourto di fusione (E = E0) sorgenti dei neutrini nel sole

e`di fondamentale importanza

Qualunque sia la soluzionedel ldquosolar neutrino puzzlerdquobull fisica del neutrino bull fisica del sole (modelli)bull fisica nucleare

92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18

Nel sole in condizioni di equilibrio

teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura

meccanismi di sintesi e distruzione del dvanno studiati in maggior dettaglioprime fasi universo preced formaz stelle

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50

GRIFFITS et al (1963)SCHMID et al (1997)

S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA

situazione sperimentale

d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95

Dopo H-burning la stella lascia la MS e simuobe verso la regione delle giganti rossemixing convettivo porta materiale internosulla superficie della stella che si muovelungo il ramo orizzontaleLa stella emette il suo inviluppo convettivo e si muove verso la regione delle nane biancheDopo il mixing convettivo lrsquoabbondanza superfdi 3He non cambia significativamente fino alla emissione nel mezzo inyertellare

temperatura superficiale

LL

rilascio 3He nello spazio interstellare (ISM)

96

abbondanza galattica 3He

le abbondanze misurate di 3He non sono spiegate da alcun codice di evoluzione galattica

Superf solare protostella( 5middot109 anni fa)

Osservaz attuale

Ma se lrsquo3He venisse distrutto nelle stellecon maggiore efficienza (S33 )

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97


le abbondanze misurate di 3He non sono spiegate da alcun codice di evoluzione galatticaMa se lrsquo3He venisse distrutto nelle stellecon maggiore efficienza (S33 )

Risonanza ER = 16 keV keV


Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be

I br non dipendono solo dalla sezione drsquourto

Non ersquo sufficiente misurare la 3He(3He2p)4He

reazione responsabiledella produzione di 7Be

da 7Be e da 8B

99

Produzione 7Be da 7Be da 8B

S17 valore assoluto ( 7Be) e ( 8B)


4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow

Situazione sperimentale

7Be(p )8B

S17

101

ldquocollo di bottigliardquo del ciclo CNO

S1 14 fortemente dipendente da interferenzacon risonanza sotto soglia (livello 7271 keV 15O)

15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103

turnoff distacco da MSesaurito H compressione aumento T innesco CNOturnoff dipende fortemente da S1 14

S1 14 fissa lrsquoeta` degli ammassi globulari

alcuni ammassi risultano piu`vecchi dellrsquoUniverso S1 14 cronometro dellrsquoUniverso

104

105

LUNA2 future plans

inline Cocroft Waltoncomputer remote controlterminal voltage 40400 kVripple 10 Vppstability 20 VppRF ion source

HVEE

presently undergroundassembled amp tested

hellip ready to go

106

LUNA short term plans

LUNA1 (50 kV)

Gamow peak will be totally explored

107

LUNA2 (400 kV)

Solar neutrino problem

Astrophysics amp cosmology

pp-chain CNO-cycle3He(3He2p)4He 14N(p)15O

7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109

14N(p)15O ldquocollo di bottigliardquo del ciclo CNO


110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111

esaurito H compress aumento T innesco CNO



turnoff (distacco da MS) dipende fortemente da S1 14

112

PowerPoint Presentation

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2

1021 stelle Mtot=1021M=1054 g

R=12109 ly=2middot10-31 gcm310-23torr

1 atomo H 10m3

modello evolutivo dellrsquoUniverso nascedallrsquoosservazione di alcune propr fondam

abbondanza relativa elementi relazione massa-luminosita` stelle (diagr H-R)

Regolaritarsquo su larga scala

Legge di Hubble (v recess sect) radiaz di fondo a 276 K

Origine ldquospettacolarerdquo Big-Bang

Universoosservabile 1010 1011 sect 1010 1011

3





red-shift


0

0vZ








4


t = dv = H-1




5





6







33

T2520c

KT13

N




NBN = 10-9


7





mpgtkT per Tlt1012K

8


NAZ X

242He

011H 20

4020Ca

14623892U


XA H1 He4 Ca40 U238

Mn lt ZmP + NmN

A=Z+N



Atomo Idrogeno

Be(Z) 157middotZ73




9



10

Reazioni nucleari

1 + 2 3 + 4 x + A B + y A(xy)B








11


3He(3He2p)4He


3He + 3He 2p + 4He

12

Sezione drsquourto

geom = (Rp+ Rt)2

Rp

Rt

R = r0middotA13

1H + 1H = 02middot10-24 cm2

1H +238U = 28middot10-24 cm2

238U +238U = 48middot10-24 cm2


= middot2

cmE2p

tp

tp

mm

mm

lab

tp

tcm E

mmm

E



13

HHe LiBeB Fe Pb


14








15

+ 8Be = 10-14 s

Q = -921 keV

Q2

R2vR2

trel

cont = 10-19 s




16




p + 12C


17



ZAZ

XnX 2AZ

1AZX1A

ZSe e` stabile

X1AZSe e` instabile


YX 1A1Z

1AZ




18




19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 112

3





red-shift


0

0vZ








4


t = dv = H-1




5





6







33

T2520c

KT13

N




NBN = 10-9


7





mpgtkT per Tlt1012K

8


NAZ X

242He

011H 20

4020Ca

14623892U


XA H1 He4 Ca40 U238

Mn lt ZmP + NmN

A=Z+N



Atomo Idrogeno

Be(Z) 157middotZ73




9



10

Reazioni nucleari

1 + 2 3 + 4 x + A B + y A(xy)B








11


3He(3He2p)4He


3He + 3He 2p + 4He

12

Sezione drsquourto

geom = (Rp+ Rt)2

Rp

Rt

R = r0middotA13

1H + 1H = 02middot10-24 cm2

1H +238U = 28middot10-24 cm2

238U +238U = 48middot10-24 cm2


= middot2

cmE2p

tp

tp

mm

mm

lab

tp

tcm E

mmm

E



13

HHe LiBeB Fe Pb


14








15

+ 8Be = 10-14 s

Q = -921 keV

Q2

R2vR2

trel

cont = 10-19 s




16




p + 12C


17



ZAZ

XnX 2AZ

1AZX1A

ZSe e` stabile

X1AZSe e` instabile


YX 1A1Z

1AZ




18




19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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4


t = dv = H-1




5





6







33

T2520c

KT13

N




NBN = 10-9


7





mpgtkT per Tlt1012K

8


NAZ X

242He

011H 20

4020Ca

14623892U


XA H1 He4 Ca40 U238

Mn lt ZmP + NmN

A=Z+N



Atomo Idrogeno

Be(Z) 157middotZ73




9



10

Reazioni nucleari

1 + 2 3 + 4 x + A B + y A(xy)B








11


3He(3He2p)4He


3He + 3He 2p + 4He

12

Sezione drsquourto

geom = (Rp+ Rt)2

Rp

Rt

R = r0middotA13

1H + 1H = 02middot10-24 cm2

1H +238U = 28middot10-24 cm2

238U +238U = 48middot10-24 cm2


= middot2

cmE2p

tp

tp

mm

mm

lab

tp

tcm E

mmm

E



13

HHe LiBeB Fe Pb


14








15

+ 8Be = 10-14 s

Q = -921 keV

Q2

R2vR2

trel

cont = 10-19 s




16




p + 12C


17



ZAZ

XnX 2AZ

1AZX1A

ZSe e` stabile

X1AZSe e` instabile


YX 1A1Z

1AZ




18




19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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5





6







33

T2520c

KT13

N




NBN = 10-9


7





mpgtkT per Tlt1012K

8


NAZ X

242He

011H 20

4020Ca

14623892U


XA H1 He4 Ca40 U238

Mn lt ZmP + NmN

A=Z+N



Atomo Idrogeno

Be(Z) 157middotZ73




9



10

Reazioni nucleari

1 + 2 3 + 4 x + A B + y A(xy)B








11


3He(3He2p)4He


3He + 3He 2p + 4He

12

Sezione drsquourto

geom = (Rp+ Rt)2

Rp

Rt

R = r0middotA13

1H + 1H = 02middot10-24 cm2

1H +238U = 28middot10-24 cm2

238U +238U = 48middot10-24 cm2


= middot2

cmE2p

tp

tp

mm

mm

lab

tp

tcm E

mmm

E



13

HHe LiBeB Fe Pb


14








15

+ 8Be = 10-14 s

Q = -921 keV

Q2

R2vR2

trel

cont = 10-19 s




16




p + 12C


17



ZAZ

XnX 2AZ

1AZX1A

ZSe e` stabile

X1AZSe e` instabile


YX 1A1Z

1AZ




18




19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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6







33

T2520c

KT13

N




NBN = 10-9


7





mpgtkT per Tlt1012K

8


NAZ X

242He

011H 20

4020Ca

14623892U


XA H1 He4 Ca40 U238

Mn lt ZmP + NmN

A=Z+N



Atomo Idrogeno

Be(Z) 157middotZ73




9



10

Reazioni nucleari

1 + 2 3 + 4 x + A B + y A(xy)B








11


3He(3He2p)4He


3He + 3He 2p + 4He

12

Sezione drsquourto

geom = (Rp+ Rt)2

Rp

Rt

R = r0middotA13

1H + 1H = 02middot10-24 cm2

1H +238U = 28middot10-24 cm2

238U +238U = 48middot10-24 cm2


= middot2

cmE2p

tp

tp

mm

mm

lab

tp

tcm E

mmm

E



13

HHe LiBeB Fe Pb


14








15

+ 8Be = 10-14 s

Q = -921 keV

Q2

R2vR2

trel

cont = 10-19 s




16




p + 12C


17



ZAZ

XnX 2AZ

1AZX1A

ZSe e` stabile

X1AZSe e` instabile


YX 1A1Z

1AZ




18




19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 112

7





mpgtkT per Tlt1012K

8


NAZ X

242He

011H 20

4020Ca

14623892U


XA H1 He4 Ca40 U238

Mn lt ZmP + NmN

A=Z+N



Atomo Idrogeno

Be(Z) 157middotZ73




9



10

Reazioni nucleari

1 + 2 3 + 4 x + A B + y A(xy)B








11


3He(3He2p)4He


3He + 3He 2p + 4He

12

Sezione drsquourto

geom = (Rp+ Rt)2

Rp

Rt

R = r0middotA13

1H + 1H = 02middot10-24 cm2

1H +238U = 28middot10-24 cm2

238U +238U = 48middot10-24 cm2


= middot2

cmE2p

tp

tp

mm

mm

lab

tp

tcm E

mmm

E



13

HHe LiBeB Fe Pb


14








15

+ 8Be = 10-14 s

Q = -921 keV

Q2

R2vR2

trel

cont = 10-19 s




16




p + 12C


17



ZAZ

XnX 2AZ

1AZX1A

ZSe e` stabile

X1AZSe e` instabile


YX 1A1Z

1AZ




18




19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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8


NAZ X

242He

011H 20

4020Ca

14623892U


XA H1 He4 Ca40 U238

Mn lt ZmP + NmN

A=Z+N



Atomo Idrogeno

Be(Z) 157middotZ73




9



10

Reazioni nucleari

1 + 2 3 + 4 x + A B + y A(xy)B








11


3He(3He2p)4He


3He + 3He 2p + 4He

12

Sezione drsquourto

geom = (Rp+ Rt)2

Rp

Rt

R = r0middotA13

1H + 1H = 02middot10-24 cm2

1H +238U = 28middot10-24 cm2

238U +238U = 48middot10-24 cm2


= middot2

cmE2p

tp

tp

mm

mm

lab

tp

tcm E

mmm

E



13

HHe LiBeB Fe Pb


14








15

+ 8Be = 10-14 s

Q = -921 keV

Q2

R2vR2

trel

cont = 10-19 s




16




p + 12C


17



ZAZ

XnX 2AZ

1AZX1A

ZSe e` stabile

X1AZSe e` instabile


YX 1A1Z

1AZ




18




19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 112

9



10

Reazioni nucleari

1 + 2 3 + 4 x + A B + y A(xy)B








11


3He(3He2p)4He


3He + 3He 2p + 4He

12

Sezione drsquourto

geom = (Rp+ Rt)2

Rp

Rt

R = r0middotA13

1H + 1H = 02middot10-24 cm2

1H +238U = 28middot10-24 cm2

238U +238U = 48middot10-24 cm2


= middot2

cmE2p

tp

tp

mm

mm

lab

tp

tcm E

mmm

E



13

HHe LiBeB Fe Pb


14








15

+ 8Be = 10-14 s

Q = -921 keV

Q2

R2vR2

trel

cont = 10-19 s




16




p + 12C


17



ZAZ

XnX 2AZ

1AZX1A

ZSe e` stabile

X1AZSe e` instabile


YX 1A1Z

1AZ




18




19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 112

10

Reazioni nucleari

1 + 2 3 + 4 x + A B + y A(xy)B








11


3He(3He2p)4He


3He + 3He 2p + 4He

12

Sezione drsquourto

geom = (Rp+ Rt)2

Rp

Rt

R = r0middotA13

1H + 1H = 02middot10-24 cm2

1H +238U = 28middot10-24 cm2

238U +238U = 48middot10-24 cm2


= middot2

cmE2p

tp

tp

mm

mm

lab

tp

tcm E

mmm

E



13

HHe LiBeB Fe Pb


14








15

+ 8Be = 10-14 s

Q = -921 keV

Q2

R2vR2

trel

cont = 10-19 s




16




p + 12C


17



ZAZ

XnX 2AZ

1AZX1A

ZSe e` stabile

X1AZSe e` instabile


YX 1A1Z

1AZ




18




19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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11


3He(3He2p)4He


3He + 3He 2p + 4He

12

Sezione drsquourto

geom = (Rp+ Rt)2

Rp

Rt

R = r0middotA13

1H + 1H = 02middot10-24 cm2

1H +238U = 28middot10-24 cm2

238U +238U = 48middot10-24 cm2


= middot2

cmE2p

tp

tp

mm

mm

lab

tp

tcm E

mmm

E



13

HHe LiBeB Fe Pb


14








15

+ 8Be = 10-14 s

Q = -921 keV

Q2

R2vR2

trel

cont = 10-19 s




16




p + 12C


17



ZAZ

XnX 2AZ

1AZX1A

ZSe e` stabile

X1AZSe e` instabile


YX 1A1Z

1AZ




18




19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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12

Sezione drsquourto

geom = (Rp+ Rt)2

Rp

Rt

R = r0middotA13

1H + 1H = 02middot10-24 cm2

1H +238U = 28middot10-24 cm2

238U +238U = 48middot10-24 cm2


= middot2

cmE2p

tp

tp

mm

mm

lab

tp

tcm E

mmm

E



13

HHe LiBeB Fe Pb


14








15

+ 8Be = 10-14 s

Q = -921 keV

Q2

R2vR2

trel

cont = 10-19 s




16




p + 12C


17



ZAZ

XnX 2AZ

1AZX1A

ZSe e` stabile

X1AZSe e` instabile


YX 1A1Z

1AZ




18




19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 112

13

HHe LiBeB Fe Pb


14








15

+ 8Be = 10-14 s

Q = -921 keV

Q2

R2vR2

trel

cont = 10-19 s




16




p + 12C


17



ZAZ

XnX 2AZ

1AZX1A

ZSe e` stabile

X1AZSe e` instabile


YX 1A1Z

1AZ




18




19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 108

Slide 109

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Slide 111

Slide 112

14








15

+ 8Be = 10-14 s

Q = -921 keV

Q2

R2vR2

trel

cont = 10-19 s




16




p + 12C


17



ZAZ

XnX 2AZ

1AZX1A

ZSe e` stabile

X1AZSe e` instabile


YX 1A1Z

1AZ




18




19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 112

15

+ 8Be = 10-14 s

Q = -921 keV

Q2

R2vR2

trel

cont = 10-19 s




16




p + 12C


17



ZAZ

XnX 2AZ

1AZX1A

ZSe e` stabile

X1AZSe e` instabile


YX 1A1Z

1AZ




18




19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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Slide 104

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Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

16




p + 12C


17



ZAZ

XnX 2AZ

1AZX1A

ZSe e` stabile

X1AZSe e` instabile


YX 1A1Z

1AZ




18




19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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Slide 107

Slide 108

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Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

17



ZAZ

XnX 2AZ

1AZX1A

ZSe e` stabile

X1AZSe e` instabile


YX 1A1Z

1AZ




18




19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

18




19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

19

Il diagramma H-R






20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

20






21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 112

21

LL = 106 TT = 4 R R = 60






22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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Slide 112

22



L = wterramiddot4r2

terraw4L

r


L M35

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

23




L M35

MM = 01 50 LL = 10-2 106




24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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Slide 112

24




Ammassi globulari

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

25






26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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26






4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV




27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 108

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Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

27











3 12C + 12C 16O +

28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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28

Morte di una stella



29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 112

29



Morte di una stella



fusione nucl


30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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30



31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 112

31




v

v=0





32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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32


1dvv0


0

dvvvvv







frazione in mole Yi


33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 91

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Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

33

Vita media


XY

XYY

X NX

1NX

dt

dN

vNNr1

dt

dNYXXY

Y

X

vN

1X

YY

vN

1Y

Xx



n

1iiii

n

1i i

vNX1

X1

34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

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34

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v223

2 exp

kTE

EE exp




35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 104

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Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

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Slide 112

35

kT2vm

kT2m

v4v2x

23x2

xx exp

kT2

vm

kT2

mv4v

2y

23y2

yy exp

0 0

yxyx dvdvvvvvv

vx vy Vcm v = vx-vy


kT2v

kT2v4v

2232 exp

kT2VM

kT2M

V4V2

cm23

2cmcm exp

0 0

cmcm dvdVvvvVv

0

dvvvvv

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 5

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Slide 112

36


dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


n p + e- + ( 10 min)





37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 7

Slide 8

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Slide 49

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Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

37

2

III1221

21212 21HCCH431

1J21J21J2

1 + 2 3 + 4




38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

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Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

38

2

III2nn nAHCCHxB






x(Q+En) x(Q) = cost

ldquolegge 1vrdquo

2middotvn 1vn

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

39



reZZ

V2

21C



Effetto tunnel

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

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Slide 112

40





21

nC

21nC

C2

C

2

n

1RR

1RRRK2

R

RP

arctanexp

21

C2 EE2

K



veZZ 2

21

21

21 EZZ29312

amuE keV

41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

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41






42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 107

Slide 108

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Slide 112

42

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

23

21

exp


dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

0

23

21

exp

2121

2

2121 ZZ9890

eZZ2b

[ (MeV)12 ]



dEE

bkTE

ESkT8

v21

00

23

21

exp

43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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43

32

0 2

TkbE


il punto di massimo

3126

22

210 TZZ221E

[keV]



44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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44



B|H|A+x 2

single-step process


45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

45





ER = Er - Q


amiddotb

Q

ER

Er

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

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Slide 112

46



2middot

1J21J21J2

21


22R

ba

2EE

= a + b + hellip

22

R

ba12

11

2BW

2EE1

1J21J21J2



j1 + j2 + = J


47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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47

dEkTE

EEkT8

v0

BW23

21

exp


dEEkTE

EkT8

v0

BWR

R23

21

exp

022

R

ba2R

0BW

2EE

dEdEE

ba2R

2

0BW 2dEE

1J21J21J2

21

ba


48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 111

Slide 112

48

2ba2

RRR 4EE

R0

BW 2dEE

kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp



j

jj

2

23

kT

Ef

kT2

v exp

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

49







(ER=16 MeV) = 033 eV

Q

ER

Er

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

50



3

(10 keV) = (16 MeV)middot(742892)3 = 057 eV




kT

E

kT2

v RR

223

exp

Poichersquo

MeV61v

keV10v

3121061kT

1600kT10

MeV61

keV10

exp


eV10889MeV621

734

966keV10 23

PP

exp

exp

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

51


52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

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Slide 91

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Slide 93

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Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

52




53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

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Slide 111

Slide 112

53

d + d 4He +


54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

54




d + d 4He +

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

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Slide 13

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Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

55











56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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56





E = Es + Ue


Av2D Ne4Tk

R

i

i

ii

2i A

XZZ

Es p + 12C con T=108 K e = 102 gcm3




at Ue bare


57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

57

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Processi stellari

atom bare

plasma



58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

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Slide 51

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Slide 91

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Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

58



r = LQ = 1038 s-1




PAv

lab IA

Nr


59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

59






60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

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Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

60





A

a C

c

spettatore s

Partecipante x




61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

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Slide 71

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Slide 87

Slide 88

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Slide 91

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Slide 93

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Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

61






x(ac)C

2

scCc

3

dΩdσ

)G(P(KF)dEdΩdΩ

σd


62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 111

Slide 112

62





Ue=340plusmn51 eV

Uth=186 eV

Ue=350 eV

Uth=186 eV



63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

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Slide 112

63



fascio 12C

Faraday cup

16O

camera ionizz

Filtro di Wien16O


fascio 12C



64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

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Slide 106

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Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

64







Ex = 7117 keV JP=1-

Ex = 9580 keV Jp=1-


0-

0+

0+

3-

1-

1-

2+

16O

2+

4+

2-

12C+4He6049

6130

0

6917

7117

8872

9580

9847

10367

10957

J

400

Ex (keV) cm (keV)

27

062


- 45

2418

- 245

2685

3195

Ecm (keV)

experiment

Q = 7162 keV

65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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65

stars ERNA

100E-02

100E-01

100E+00

100E+01

100E+02

-100E-01 400E-01 900E-01 140E+00 190E+00 240E+00 290E+00 340E+00


66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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66


nuclei 16O rinculo

dd


67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 111

Slide 112

67



muonineutroniFotoni

10-6

10-3

02

LUNA


68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 5

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Slide 7

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Slide 10

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Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

68

Bassa energia

Alta corrente


69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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69

camera di reazione

sorgente di ioni

Assefascio


turbo turbo

fascio

detector

calorimetro

mbar

10-3 bar10-5 bar

70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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70


3He(3He2p)4He


71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

71



aumento

diminuzione

diminuzione

72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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72



time (109 anni)

3H

eH

(1

05)

initial value

teoria


73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 111

Slide 112

73



Electron screening


(E)

Ue

dEdxmisura di

D(3Hep)4HeLNGS

3He(dp)4He Bochum+

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

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Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

74

ebareat UEE σσ

Shielded Nucleus

Electroncloud

Bare nucleus

RaRnRc

shieldedRc

bare

Projectile

EE

ZZ64515

at

eU

eEf

21μ

Ue ltlt E

EE

Efbare

atat σ

σ


fat(E)

Stellar processes

atom bare

plasma



75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

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Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

75


S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

1105

countsday

6 countsday6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 10 12 14

p= 03 mbar

p=01 mbar

p=02 mbar

p=005 mbar

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

4 6 8 10 30 50

bare nuclides

shielded nuclides

S(E

)[M

eV

b]

Ecm[keV]

Ue=(132 + 9) eV

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

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Slide 109

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Slide 111

Slide 112

76



(Golser et al)

protoniin 4He

Ziegler tables

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

77

LUNA




3He D2

d 3He

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


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Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

78





La catena pp

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 5

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Slide 7

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Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

79

Hydrogen burning

la catena pp

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV


p + p d + e+ +


80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

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Slide 91

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Slide 93

Slide 94

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Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

80

p + p d + e+ +




2

rel

iHfvE2

i (p+p)f (d + e+ + )

(E) = dNdE 3

2

hdpp4

Vdn

3

2

3e

2e

e hdpp4

Vh

dpp4VdndndN

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 7

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Slide 109

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Slide 111

Slide 112

81

e2

e2e63

22

e dpEEphc

V16

dEdn

dndEdN

E

e

2

rel

e dpiHfvE2

d

73

45e

2cm

=145middot1070 eV-2 s-1 cm-6

g = 143510-49ergcm3 = 861010-5MeVfm3

22

rel

iHfgWfv1

W=(E+mec2)mec2

|f|H|i|2 1

Per E = 1 MeV = 10-47 cm2


82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

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Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

82


PAv

lab IA

Nr



ppH

H vN1

H

= 09middot1010 y





83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

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Slide 15

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Slide 79

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Slide 81

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Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

83


pdpp

2

pdpp vDHv2H

rrdtdD


pd

pp

e v2

v

HD


1HD

e


H(H) = 1010 y H(D) = 16 s

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

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Slide 44

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Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

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Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

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Slide 73

Slide 74

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Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

84


85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

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Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

85


3312HeHepd

3

rrrrdtHed

33

3333

12 vHeHevDH






86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

86



r34 016middotr33

formazione del 7Be

3He(4He)7Be

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

87


7Be(e-)7Li Q = 0862 MeV

E = 862 keV 896 E = 384 keV 104


88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

88

p(7Be) = 150 ye(7Be) = 033 y

EC 998 (p) 02

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

89







90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

90

-80

-60

-40

-20

00

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Be)

[10

9c

m-2

s-1

8Bcm -2 s -1

Kam

Hom

Gallex + Sage

BP 95

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

91





92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

92

pp - chain

CNO - cycle

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

d(p)3He

3He(3He2p)4He

4He(3He )7Be

7Be(p )8B

15N(p )15O

(4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 + 267 MeV)

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

93

pd

pp

e v2

v

HD

= 56middot10-18


teoria

Nel sistema solare

eHD

10-5 misura


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

0 10 20 30 40 50


S-f

acto

r (k

eV

b)

Ecm (keV)

GAMOWPEAK

LUNA


d(p)3He

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

94

3He(3He2p)4He

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

95



LL


96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

96




Osservaz attuale


3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

97





Osservaz attuale

3H

eH

(1

05)

tempo (109 anni)

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

98

4He(3He )7Be




da 7Be e da 8B

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

99




4He(3He )7Be

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

100

S17S17 30

= S17S17 = 30

picco Gamow


7Be(p )8B

S17

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

101



15N(p )15O

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

102

15N(p )15O


103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

Slide 98

Slide 99

Slide 100

Slide 101

Slide 102

Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

103




104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80

Slide 81

Slide 82

Slide 83

Slide 84

Slide 85

Slide 86

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Slide 90

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Slide 102

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Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

104

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

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Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

105

LUNA2 future plans


HVEE


hellip ready to go

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

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Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

106


LUNA1 (50 kV)


107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

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Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

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Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

107

LUNA2 (400 kV)




7Be(p)8B

4He(3He )7Be

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

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Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

108

3He()7Be

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

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Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

109



110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

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Slide 103

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107

Slide 108

Slide 109

Slide 110

Slide 111

Slide 112

110

15N(p )15O


Luna

111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

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111





112


Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 2

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" Esistono persone cosi` pazze da scendere in profonde miniere

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